^'il 


V^, 


s^a^ 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


/> 


.^^'.-^ 


* 


<5- 


Lv5~ 


1.0 


I.I 


11.25 


2.2 


1^    112.0 


lA.  Illll  1.6 


V] 


V] 


7 


% 


^? 


1%  X 


>> 


^^ 


'f? 


motograpnic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


33  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


Wjw 


V 


iV 


N> 


..^^^ 


C/j 


^ 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICIVIH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notas  tachniquas  at  bibliographiquas 


Tha  Instituta  has  attamptad  to  obtain  tha  bast 
original  copy  avLilabia  for  filming.  Featur9!i  of  this 
copy  which  may  ba  bibliographically  uniqua. 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  tha 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  'jsual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommag^e 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaur^e  et/ou  pelliculde 

Cover  title  missing/ 

Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


r~l    Coloured  maps/ 


Cartas  g^ographiquas  en  couleur 


□    Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 

I      I    Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 


D 


Planches  et/ou  illustrations  an  couleur 


Bound  with  other  material/ 
Relii  evec  d'autres  documents 


□    Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

Lareliure  serree  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distorsion  le  long  de  la  margti  int6rieure 


D 


n 


Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajouties 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  itait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  iti  film^es. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentairen  suppl^mantaires: 


L'lnstitul  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  Iu3  a  dtd  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-dtre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  mithode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiquAs  ci-dessous. 


pn    Coloured  pages/ 


Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagdas 

Pages  restored  and/oi 

Pages  restaurdes  et/ou  peliicul^es 


I      I    Pages  damaged/ 

f~~]    Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 


□    Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  dicolor^es,  tacheties  ou  piqudes 


Pages  detached/ 
Pages  ddtachdes 


r     I    Showthrough/ 


Transparence 

Quality  of  prir 

Quality  inigale  de  ('impression 

Includes  supplementary  materii 
Conr,iprend  du  materiel  supplementaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  idition  disponible 


I      I    Quality  of  print  varies/ 

I      I    Includes  supplementary  material/ 

|~n    Only  edition  available/ 


D 


Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partieilement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'er^ata,  une  pelure. 
etc..  ont  4t6  filmies  d  nouveau  de  facon  it 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  filmd  au  taux  de  rMuction  indiquA  ci-dessous. 

10X  14X  18X  22X 


2*y 


30X 


y 


12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


Th«  copy  filmed  hsr«  has  be«n  reproductd  thanks 
to  tha  ganarosity  of: 

Library 
Agriculture  Canada 


L'axamplaira  fiimA  fut  raproduit  grdca  k  la 
g^n^rositA  da: 

Bibliothdque 
Agriculture  Canada 


Tha  imagaa  appaari.ng  hara  ara  tha  bast  quality 
possibia  considaring  tha  condition  and  lagibility 
of  tha  original  copy  and  i^  Icaaping  with  tha 
filming  contract  spacifications. 


Original  copias  in  printad  papar  covars  ara  filmad 
beginning  with  tha  front  covar  and  ending  on 
tha  last  page  with  a  printed  or  Illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  bacic  covar  whan  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copiea  ara  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
siorv.  and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printad 
or  illustrated  impreasion. 


Tha  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  —^(meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  appliea. 

Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc..  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  expoaure  ara  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  comer,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  framea  aa 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Lee  imagaa  suivantas  ont  iti  reproductas  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compta  tenu  de  la  condition  at 
de  la  nettet*  de  l'axamplaira  film*,  at  en 
conformity  avec  lea  conditions  du  contrat  de 
flimage. 

Laa  axemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprimdft  sont  filmte  en  commenqant 
par  le  premier  plat  st  an  terminant  soit  par  la 
darniire  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'Impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  selon  la  cas.  Tous  les  autrvs  axemplaires 
originaux  sont  filmte  an  commandant  par  la 
premiere  page  qui  comporte  une  ampreinte 
d'impreeaion  ou  d'illuatration  at  en  terminant  par 
la  derniire  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  dee  symbolea  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
demiire  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
caa:  le  symboie  — »>  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbole  V  signifie  "FIN". 

Laa  cartas,  planches,  tableaux,  etc..  peuvent  etre 
filmte  A  dea  taux  de  rMuction  diffirents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtrs 
reproduit  en  un  seul  cliche,  il  est  film4  i  partir 
da  l'an«ile  supArieur  gauche,  de  gauche  i  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  baa.  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  nicassaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  m^thode. 


1  2  3 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

^>mJ^ 


m 


»ECI^L  CONSUI.A.R  REP»OKTS. 


\ 


CANALS  AND  IRRIGATION 


IN 


FOREIGN  COUNTRIES. 


m  FROM  THE  CONkSULS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  Hi  ANSWER 
TO  CIRCULARS  FROM  THE  DEPARTMENT  OF  STATE 


ARRA.NGEMENT. 

Page. 

Part    I.    Canals T'-asi 

Part  II.    In-igation 255-484 


WA^ISrGTON-: 

^'    >0;f>%|ERNM'KNT    FBI N TING    OFFICE 

1891. 


SSSEESH" 


mmmm 


^l-AL 


coisrsuL^H 


REl>OHT8. 


II 


■J 


'ANALS  AND  IRRIGATION 


m 


roHEIGM  CODUTKIES. 


ir.''sr;s,:.™-K'K'-»" 


.1 


ARRA.NGEMENT. 

I^AiiT    I.    Canals.  ^^^ 

PaktU.    Irrigation." ''"251 

255-494 


WASHINGTON". 

GOVERNMENT    PRInttato    « 

^KINTINa    OFFICE. 

1«91. 


-f»s' 


IV 


J 


-I- 


■K 


IdeTelopment.  a 

I'  S?*;""**""  »i 
1;  Welland  Cani 

Mand8t.Lawr 

Titrol  aud  tolls, 

.item  of  Canada 

^nala,  20;Grenv 

ty  navigation,  2! 

Jm  Lock,  24;  W« 

Idins  and  Cornw 

VHtructed  up  to 

pnt,  and  Rapide 

Jnal    32;  Wellan 

pie  district  navii 

^Keon,  34;  oonfej 

I  canal  comniissio 

nts,  38;  Corn  we] 

-nsburg Canals;  G 

la  Canal  improv 

m,  Granville,  an 

#per  Ottawa  navit 

\tf,  cost   of;  Ot^ 

■Juor,  and  deepen 

ntreal,  47;  canal 

J»,  distances  and  c 

tColumhia:  Geom 

T8  and  ditches,  53 


[Water  ways  of,  f 
fimma:  Cana/soi 
»••  Canals  of,  69. 


Canal,  60,  61. 


loto  end  Lake  Bii 
light;  imgatingct 


Jfalea:  Canals  of, 
Ex.  45~-»i 


CONTENTS, 


PAET  I.-0ANA1S. 
DOMINION  OP  CANADA. 

.stem  of  Canada,  17.  iWt  t  J^  "P^nditWM  of  CiSuife  '  c«'  - 

Int  and  Ra^ide  Plii  Ki  »|f  "^^^f  ois  danah  ?f         liSl^^S*'  ^'  °»°at 
fnal,  32 ;  WellanH  PoJ;  i    i  •  ""^ »  Galops  Canaf  "'amsbnrjr,  Farrand'n 

ftle  di8trioVnav?gat?o'n *^  "o^ rr/«^. «      ;  ffr^,'*'  **>«  ^Sl  . 
I-Keon,  34;  confedeSn  a.:^°*°*^  *' ^Wsholm  T  ^id« /nS     ®'^*''  »«<*  New- 
i  canal  oomniisaion  ann^i*?^  expenditnrea  on  oanaWrA.^^"*?*'  **  I^ake  Bob- 
'its,  38;  CornwSj'rM°*'"®°*  a°d  "Port  of? sSi??    k"*  *"  confederatfon 

d  Canal  improvSts    4  f^''»P«>veIneBt8,  39  rMur^v^^^  aaS  Wil- 

.ok,  Grenville,  and  Cari'Unn 'n  ™Pf*'^*"»«nt«  of  BurhSon  ^*^*"*i' '•'^  J  Wei- 


SOUTH  AMEBIOA. 
I  Water  ways  of,  57.  68  * 

»ut««a  ;  Cana/8  of.  68  59 
Canals  of,  69.         '   ^' 

WEST  INDIES. 
f^i/^fiS/a?-— «... .«  «e..„,  .,  ,„,„,.,^„_  ^^  ^ 

CONTINENT  OP  ASIA 

AUSTRALASIA. 
^'aJw;  Canals  of,  71-77. 


CONTENTS— CANALa 
CONTINENT  OF  EUBOPE. 

BKLQIUM. 


Cttual  dit  de  Baccordou.ent  I  Gaur7'r;.n  f    »    ^°^'  Nieiiport  par  Furnes    and 

=;«^^  -»'  "•*.  -"5";  ".X"i.^Ui:nssir.rii^^ 

DBNMARK. 

I'KANCB. 

dal  period,  and  boatmen's  corVSiii^^^^^  mxteentli  century.  lOjT^ Te  fet 
repubhc,  111 ;  special  appropriatfon  "f  ^n'  ??.>"'  «'""*«  '  canaJsdnring  thtZt 
steam  navigation.  113 ;  census  of  canal  Imlts  iik •''"T'^  ""4.  ''""cessioas ;  can"l 
compulsory  towing,  steam  navication  M«.  '  '  ,*°"""8  *^^""'  'ho  bank.  115 • 
">g,  117j  canal««f'iaiIwaytrafflnr7'lV«.'„f'*P"*'^'''5  the  Rhine,  cable' wi 
revenue  and  oxpen.litures.™  I'i-  'the  iCrr"'  ''^.•^''*^«'- ^"^^^^  H9;  canli 
122;  expense,  working,  salUf  the  wiif„r,^.T'' /'?'.'''*''?''«")  canal,  desor  ption 
123;  motliods  of  irriga  iornrocedZ  r^  ?.^^  of. tlistribution,  irrisatZ  tables' 
the  Loz5re;  sonrces^f  w^tKuppIy'  cZittt  '//'Ration,  1^4 ;  ^e^Lrtmen   oj 

Ca,.aroVTann?*'->r^«"'^  ^^«'-  rainW],^!^?'*'""^^'  "^  ^«^''«'  ^25;  water  diatribuf 

v.anai  ot  laucarviile,  stat  sties  of  l<>H_i4n.  i  ^ 

130,  131 ;  canal  ftom  Nantes  to  bS  ?li«S-  ^™™ paen  to  the  sea,  statistics  of 
va.  railway  traffic,  133.  ^^'  '^^scnption  and  statistics  of,  131,  1327om^ 

GERMANY. 

'''7o^,T:lifh,irSe%Sr7-?^?'s\r.°'  '''^  «<'™'»'«*ratFon  and  oonstmc 
Canal,  13!);  KhOne-MarneTanal  lio-uT'^Q''^  Canal  system,  136-139;  BroS 
144;  Nied  Canal,  144. 145  ;Sics2^\ht^i*l^^^^^  l^V^^^'  Moselle  SSl, 
lod;  West  Prussia,  153.  "'iA«/-i&u,  Ji^ast  Prussian  oanala,  150- 


The  Corinth  canals,  154, 155. 


GRBBCE. 


KUSSIA. 


Tickhvinsky  system;  Rybinsk  and  Rnln„L^-7'^^°'^*'^°<^8'^  system,  161 :  the 
portation,  163  f  irrigknVrnll*8ri64f  SSSS^^^ 

SWXSBir. 

TrollhSttan  Canal,  166;  Gota  Canal,  167-169. 


CONTENTS — CANALS. 

THE  tTNITBI)  KINQDOM. 


m 


EBKland:  Early  En«l.^  canal.  l««Vo^^ISr^^^^^^ 

nav.Kation,  "\-"^'J*"'^^,^?toirg   190-  Lewlsand  Liverpool  Canal.  l.)l-19a; 


/ 


OONSUXjA-R  rbjports. 

CONTINENT  OF  AMERICA. 

Pago. 

^'^Cana^^^ofrafaai  (Commercial  ARont  Leiebman  of  Morrlsburg) 9-11 

BuSton  Kay  Canal  (Consul  Roberts  of  }  anulton) {Mi 

gonth  America— 

^'*  wkter  ways  of  (Consul  Borstel,  of  Pernambuco) 57 

^"^ctn^alsofVconsul  Walthall,  of  Demorara) ^8 

""'^(Report  by  cSnsui  Whelpley.  of  BarraBquilla)  59 

West  Indies- 
French  West  Indies :                      iTi„^i^m                                           60 

Canals  of  Guadalonpe  (Consul  Bartlett) "" 

CONTINENT  OF  ASIA. 

*^*^Kioto  and  Lake  Biwas  Canal  (Consul  Smithers,  of  Osaka) 63 

"''Esdfo°ril»cS5Sl;-irciii-K,»gr.::::;::"  ^ 

AUSTRALASIA. 

New  South  Wales  (Consul  Griffin,  of  Sidney) ''^ 

CONTINENT  OE  EUROPE. 

Belgium:                   ,_     .         /•  t  ..o,»^                                         79 

Canal8of(Con8nlPreston,  of  Liege)-... gg 

fiftnals  of  f Consul  Steuart,  of  Antwf  rp) •"•••• ,"  V tn 

Krfthint  Haiuaut.  and  Namur  (Con«ul  Roosevelt,  of  Brussels)  .  - . ... .  -  - .  •  « 

Be&  Caua"s-AX"ty  and  Manner  of  Construction  (Consul  Butter-  ^^ 

field,  of  Ghent) 


Daninnrk : 

o.,^:r;;:■'■■'"•''c»"."^BV^l.i;;;;:;;;■;:;;:'....:::::;:::;:::;:::::;:::;  .g 

UniteSKLloiSr"^^*^'*' Gothenburg)  »«« 

*^igland  jgg 

gpSS°S^.'.?:r^--' .«, 

Inlant' naviiration  „f /r.        ,              ^''*""'^' ^°I«>",,  of  Sheffield)    '"      a^ 
„     Canals  of  uffiwp^^^P'l?''!  Reid,  of  Dablin^ 
Scotland:         ^^"t"  (ConanI  Ruby,  of'selfaet)     ^ 233 

Wales:  ^^""""^  B«>wn,  of  Glasgow)  238 

C^l- of  (CoasulJones.  of  Cardiff)  ...*.." ''*' 

247 

Paet  II—Ibeigation. 

Egypt:  CONTINENT  OP  AFRICA 

Maa^L^r"^"-«(»o5r^"i,^^^^^^^^^ 

MadK'    -^^^y"^  (Consul  Campbell) 2«l-300 

""'  °^  Cape  Town)..../.;;:; 301-307 

307-310 

^entlne  Republic  (ConsnlT™^"  ""  "^^«^^^- 
*B»h-    J     ^^""'"^  ^«''«'' «f  Buenos  Ayres)  . 

f"!»*<Con8nl  Burke)....  -^•..  311-395 

BritS«^?°°l"' Clay  ton)     

Ss?.?--<consuiwk-airofi,v^;^^^^^^^ --':::::::::::;;:■•     S 

^^.PanamaCConsal-GeneralAdamson)...  ^^e^^S 

D"tch"GuTar?c;tS''"^""'«^  32Q 

Venezuela  (ConVuffidorr^'a'^^^^^  .-V         3^ 

Nicaragua  (Consul  Wife  „>^<^"ayra) 5?? 

Salvador  (Consul  Tuns/^hi^o''"*^"*) ^i 

Spanish  West  Indies"    *^^'  °^  ®*"  Salvador)  .:;; .::;         B 

Santiago  de  Cuba  (Consul  Reio^er) ' 333 

333 


i 


f 

i 


>'!■■ 


-\ 


1    J(    - 


'^ 


I* 
/ 


9t 

100 

107 

187 

.    im 

133 

134 

147 

150 

163 

154 

156 

165 

166 

IfiD 

214 

ai4 

Id)...  ^^ 

233 

236 

238 

245 

247 


-( 


.  255-278 
27a,  280 
281-300 

300 

301-307 
307-310 


311-335 

S2S 

325 
32&-328 

328 


330 
331 
331 


^1 


"  'i*» 


333 
333 


CONTENTS — IBUIQATION.  ^        ▼ 

Mexico  fConiiiil-Gen«rftl  Mom,  Mcxioo  City) 334-3:17 

Coahoila((;(in8nl  WoesHiicr, f,«  "iultlilo) 337 

Lower  CalKonila  (CoiiHul  Vic    ;•  of  La  Paz) ,         338 

Sonera  (Couaul  WUiard,  of  Oaayinaa) 839 

CONTINENT  OP  ASIA. 

Asiatic  Tnrkey : 

Asia  Minor  (Consnl  Eramett,  of  Smyrna) ., 341 

8ivtt8(CoiiMulJowott) 34a 

Palestine  (('onHiil  aiiluian,  of  Jerusalem) , '. 342-347 

Syria(CouHul  Bissinger.of  Beirut) ,...  347-353 

Ceylon  (ancient  irrigation  In  Ceylon) 35i>,  3(iO 

China: 

Canton  (Consul  Seymonr) 361 

New  Chwaug  (Vioe-Consul  Bandinel) 362 

Ningno  (Consul  Pettus) 363 

Province  of  Fo-Kion  (Consul  Campbell,  of  Foo-Chow) 364 

Province  of  KiangSn  (Consul  Jones,  of  Chin  Kiang) 306 

Shanghai  (Consul  General  Kennedy) 367 

Philippine  Islands  (Consul  Webb,  of  Manilla) 368 

Siam  (Consul-Geueral  Child,  of  Bangkok) 369 

AUSTRALASIA. 

New  South  Wales  (Consnl  OrifHn,  of  Sydney) 371-380 

Development  of  irrigation  in 380-394 

HAWAIIAN  ISLANDS. 
Irrigation  and  its  effects  in  Hawaii  (Consnl-Oeneral  Severance,  of  Honolulu)  391-407 

CONTINENT  OF  EUROPE. 

Austria-Hnngary  (Consul-General  Goldschmidt) 409-410 

Belgium  (Consul  Stewart,  of  Antwerp) 410-421 

France  (Consul-Genoral  Rathbone,  or  Paris) 4"22-4!i6 

IJuuclies  du  Khouc  (CousulTrail,  of  Marseilles) 426-404 

Cogna«  (Consul  Earle) 464 

Havre  (Consul  Dufais) ., "'  404-466 

Nice  (Consnl  Hathaway) 406-408 

Holland  (Consul  Ellis, uf  Rotterdam) ..''.  468 

Holland  (Yice-Consul  Yinke,  of  Amsterdam) ',\\\         468 

Italy: 

Genoa  (Consul  Fletcher) 469 

Naples  (Consul  Caniphausen) \\         469 

Palermo  (Consul  Carroll) , V.'.V.  470 

Messina  (Consul  Jones) "  471-475 

Sicily  (Consul  Jones,  of  Messina) ,",',  475-477 

Catania  (Consnl  Lamantia) .''[  478-482 

Portugal : 

Cape  Verde  (Consul  Pease,  of  Santiago) 483 

Spain : 

(Consul  Perez,  of  Santander) ; 483-493 

(Consul  Ingrabam,  of  Cadiz) 494 


"f 


'WJ 


it 


U 


1.-1 


m 


-■\ 


A  COMMUNICATION 


FROM 


THE  SECRETARY  OP  STATE, 


TRANSMITTING 


Special  reports  of  consular  officers  on  irrigation,  canals,  and  port  regula- 
tions. 


December  5, 1890.— Eeforred  to  the  Committee  on  Printing. 


Department  of  State, 

Washington,  December  3,  1890. 

SiE :  I  have  the  houor  to  transmit  herewith  a  series  of  special  reports, 
from  the  eonsular  officers  of  the  United  States,  on  irrigation,  canals,  and 
port  regulations  in  their,  several  districts,  covering  the  following  phases 
of  the  subjects  enumerated,  viz : 

Irrigation.— Ax&3i&  irrigated ;  quantity  and  quality  of  crops  grown ; 
sources  of  water  supply;  character  of  works  used  for  storage  and  dis- 
tribution of  water ;  systems  of  water  distribution  and  cost  of  same  to 
the  users  thereof ;  ownership  of  water;  character  of  climate  and  na- 
ture of  soil  of  irrigated  regions,  etc. 

Canals. — The  time  and  manner  of  their  construction ;  their  extent 
and  capacity ;  the  traffic  upon  them ;  the  effect  they  have  had  in  cheap- 
ening the  cost  of  transportation;  extent  of  the  use  of  irrigating  canals 
and  the  benefits  derived  therefrom,  etc. 

Port  regulations.— FiloUge ;  lights  and  light  dues ;  quarantine  rules 
and  regulations,  etc.* 

Congress  appropriates  $20,000  annually  for  the  publication  of  consu- 
lar reports,  general  and  special,  and  the  reports  herewith  would  have 
been  published  under  the  provisions  of  this  appropriation,  butthatthe 
general  and  special  reports  already  published  and  being  prepared  for 
publication  during  the  year  will  exhaust  the  same;  hence  the  present 
transmittal  for  publication. 

In  this  connection  it  may  be  proper  to  say  that,  in  addition  to  the 
regular  monthly  series,  the  following  special  reports  have  already  been 
published  during  the  present  yeai 

Cuttou  textiles  in  foreigucouutiies;  flies  in  Spanish  America;  carpet 
manufactures  in  foreign  countries;  malt  and  beer  in  Spanish  America; 


*  Port  legulatious  in  a  separate  volume. 


3 


4 


CANALS   AND   IBRmATION    IN  POBKIGN   COUNTRIES. 


fo^  g  "coan  rU'  f lVb  '  ^^fr.gerators  and  food  preservation  in 

Gas  amrgas  inSc  ire  Lid  Z!"^^^^^^^^  '•  •^' "''"''"  of  Preparation^ 
and  manufactur^of  ruSL^^d^  L^r^^^^  S'?'"^ '  '°^'*  ''"**^«^  »»PP»y 
and  coal  con«ump?^  in  Spl^i^'AmenL  ^'^^^  '^^'^ 

for  the  nse  of  the  DeSmeat  '        I^^'^^'^S"^^*'^"^.  l>e  ordered  printed 
I  have  the  honor  to  be,  sir,  your  obedient  servant, 
Hon.  Thomas  B.  Reed,  '^^^^  ^'  ^i-aine. 

Speaker  of  the  Mouse  of  Bepresentativea. 


}; 


m 


m. 


on  in 
:ion: 

ppiy 

coal 

with 
Qted 


B. 


,■>"<*, 


CANAL  CIRCULAR. 


Department  of  State, 
Washington,  D.  C,  July  31, 1889. 
Gentlemen  :  The  Chamber  of  Commerce  of  St.  Paul,  Minn     bv 
resolution,  transmitted  by  its  president,  has  requested  the  Department 
to  secure,  through  the  consular  oflQcers,  reports  upon  the  canals  in  the 
several  countries,  viz : 

f  h«  f  Iffl^®  *"^  T'^'^^L  ""^  *^^^''  construction,  their  extent  and  capacity, 
the  traffic  upon  them,  the  general  management  thereof,  the  effect  thev 
have  had  in  cheapening  the  prices  of  transportation,  etc.:  also,  reports 
riS  ffom  th?m^"*  ""^  *^^  °'^  ^"^  irrigating  canals  and  the  benXde 

.rnI*!?c.?K-'  J^«^f «re'  requested  to  prepare  reports  covering  the  fore- 
going subjects,  adding  such  other  information  as  may  contribute  to  the 
complete  illustration  of  the  important  matters  embraced  by  the  resolu- 
tion, and  to  forward  the  same  to  the  Department  at  your  earliest  con- 
venience. 

I  am,  gentlemen,  your  obedient  servant, 

William  F.  Wharton,      * 
Acting  JSecretary. 
The  Consular  Officers  of  the  United  States. 

6 


M, 


mtiS.m0\ii'mi  Ji'W'tii'f 


PART    I. 


CANALS. 


m^ 


1 


i 


CONTINENT   OF   AMERICA. 


7 


DOMINION  OF  CANADA. 
CA]ffAIS  OF  CANADA. 

liEPOUT  BY  OOMMEBOIAL  AGENT  LEISHMAN,    OP  MORRlSliVRQ. 
OANAT,  DEVELOPMENT. 

prrZc'°a"U''v:?ltr'""  """  """"'^  '"  ^^""^"^  "O™  -■">''  "y  «"> 
In  1867  the  uuion  of  the  provinces  was  effected  and  thev  became  tho 
property  of  the  Dominion  Government,  subject  to  the  controf  of  th« 
department  of  inland  revenue,  but  their^onsCet  LfmaintenaLf  and 
repairs  are  provided  for  by  the  department  of  railroads  and  canals 

Sault^Ste  MaSranfl  ^«"f"d  Canal  systems,  in  co^Sunction  witi'he 
aauit  ate.  Mane  Canal  and  the  Great  Lakes,  give  an  unbroken  wafAr 
communication  from  Duluth  via  Montreal  to  Liverpoora  disfanZ  nf 
4,618m,l^s  of  which  71  miles  are  artificial  navigation    '  '^  ""^ 

in  1841  the  system  of  canals  between  Montreal  and  Lake  Onfarm 

C1810..  at  the  time  when  the  canals  were  originally  constructed 
fh J/'wH^T^-*^?"'  ^^^  experience  of  subsequent  j  ears  hav^  proven 
that  while  the  intermediate  river  affords  a  sufficient  depth  for  ?esJels 
tTL^?^.  ^''*'  '\*t^  "^"^^«  themselves  at  certain  periods  of  low  waS 

o  J?f  J\^"',P'°''  ^^°^^^  constructed  between  Montreal  and  Lake  Erie 
are  the  Lachine,  Beauharnois,  Cornwall,  Farran's  Point  RapWe  pfa?' 

Sits't'hrtot^hS;  n?'  -g^-gate  'length  of  Se' ctffis'^io'i 
S  nnk«  f«  fiit  H  ^  ^^  overcome  by  locks  is  533i  feet  and  the  number 
of  looks  18  fltty-three.  The  greatest  navigable  depth  is  14  feet  and  that 
at  present  to  be  found  only  in  the  Welland  CaoT,  which  wL^o^^^^^ 

in  the  vearTsT  ";;'^  *'?  ""^IT^^^  d»"ng  the  ^eas^n  orissr"'^ 
Ia4e  tKanals  oVU?l^'^^^  ^^  *^«  Dominion  Government  to  en- 
large  tne  canals  on  the  Si.  Lawrence  route,  an^  it  was  subseouentlv 

vesS'^futet  dtf?  ^T""  ^'r^^  ^^  '^'"'^'^  would  accomrodS 
vessels  ot  14  teet  draft.    In  conformity  w  th  this  scheme  of  enlarp^r 

ment  all  permanent  structures  such  as  locks,  bridges,  ete.,whTchfre 
being  built  are  required  to  be  of  sunh  Tir««o.fL„o"t  1^,.  !:_'_!l"'^",^f® 

vessels  of^l4  feet  draft.    The  newlocks'are  270 'fteT  long "Swe^^^^ 
gates,  45  feet  wide,  and  with  a  clear  depth  of  14  feerof  watir  on  the 

9 


10 


CANALS   OP  CANADA. 


«  nL  a.  1  .  • ,  ^K  *"  o[<^'^e»«e^  Stone,  backed  up  with  large,  flat-bedded 
stone,  and  laid  throughout  in  hydraulic  cement.  Tbo  faci'  stoneg  are 
laid  m  regular  courses,  the  thickest  course  being  at  the  bottom  and 
diminishing  upwards  in  regular  succession.  The  foundation  timbers 
are  pmo  IJ  inches  square  and  covered  with  two  thicknesses  of  planks. 

LAOHINE  CANAL. 

The  Lachine  Canal  is  located  on  the  northern  aide  of  the  St.  Law- 
rence  River.  It  extends  from  the  city  of  Montreal  to  the  village  of 
iiachine,  and  was  constructed  to  overcome  the  St.  Louis  rapids.  It  is 
8J  miles  in  length,  has  five  locks,  and  a  total  lockage  or  rise  of  45  feet. 
Its  mean  width  is  150  feet.    It  consists  of  one  channel  with  two  distinct 

flonH.T«i'?fi''fl'  *.^^.^^^^.J'°^  *^«  enlarged.  Its  present  navigable 
S  if  iV^?\^".5,^'^^  *he  excavation  of  the  canal  prism  to  a  further 
depth  of  2  feet  it  will  accommodate  vessels  of  U  feet  draft.  A  portion 
of  this  canal  is  lighted  by  electricity.  Its  copstruction  consists  of  the 
excavation  of  earth  and  rock,  and  the  manner  of  letting  the  work  is  by 
pubhc  tenders.  The  work  on  this  canal  was  commenced  in  1821,  and 
the  first  vessel  passed  through  it  in  1826.  ' 

BEAtlHARNOIS  CANAL. 

This  canal  conimences  15i  miles  west  from  the  head  of  the  Lachine 
Canal.  It  is  on  the  south  side  of  the  St.  Lawrence  River  and  connects 
Lakes  St.  Louis  and  St.  Francis  and  passes  the  three  rapids  known 
respectively  as  the  Cascades,  the  Cedars,  and  the  Coteau.    Its  length 

L  «i^  9nn'  f  ^  °«"^^^^  fJj"?^^  '?  "*°®'  ^"^  *^«'^  dimensions  are  the 
niirnf '  ^•*^«^?V''"^  .T^  ^^  ^''^^  '«  '^'^^^-  The  total  rise  or  lockage 
overcome  18  82  J  feet;  the  navigable  depth  is  9  feet;  the  breadth  of  the 
canal  bottom  is  80  feet,  and  its  breadth  at  the  water  surface  is  120  feet. 
Opened  in  October,  1846,  for  navigation. 

CORNWALL  CANAL. 

The  Cornwall  Canal  was  commenced  in  1834  and  opened  for  navi- 
gation m  1842.  It  is  situated  on  the  north  side  of  the  St.  Law- 
rence, opposite  the  village  of  Cornwall,  anr^  commences  32?  miles 
troni  the  head  ot  the  Bean harnois  Canal.  It  extends  past  the  Long 
Sault  Rapide.  It  is  the  longest  canal  on  the  St.  Lawrence,  being 
llj  miles  m  length,  has  six  locks,  two  of  which  are  the  new  or  ehlarged 
T^lu  •a}''^?^  ""rf  ?''  lockage  overcome  is  48  feet.  The  navigable 
S  'Mn%^\  ^S  ^"^^^'^^^  at  the  bottom  is  100  feet  and  at  the  water 
surface  150  feet.  Four  new  locks  are  under  contract  and  are  now  in 
the  actual  course  of  construction,  together  with  the  supply  weirs  and 
bndges,  also  the  enlarging  and  deepening  of  the  canal  prism.  Its 
water  is  utilized  for  motive  power  by  varied  and  extensive  manufac- 
turing industries.    This  canal  was  formed  by  excavation  and  crib  work. 

WILLIAMSBURG  CANALS. 

The  Farran's  Point,  Rapide  Plat,  and  Galops  Canals,  are  collectively 
„Wn"/f,  the  Williamsburg  Canals.  They  are  situated  on  the  north 
snore  ot  the  St.  Lawrence  River  and  were  constructed  to  overcome  cer- 
tain rapids,  the  names  of  which  they  bear.  They  were  formed  by  cut- 
ting through  projecting  points,  and  with  the  material  iPmnvAd  inr.infli..« 
DAys,  and  indents  in  the  shore  line,  making  a  continuous  range  of  bank 


4 


'C/> 


CANALS   OP   CANADA. 


11 


0 


'CJl 


ine  current,  the  depth  of  water,  or  other  circurastancea,  the  bank  is 
nmdesohd  by  a  hue  of  rough  crib  work,  and  along  the  outer  Ze  of  the 
bank  as  well  as  the  two  inner  sides  of  the  oaual  f  wall  of  broken  stone 
hif fi'f "  .J'"'.*  l^  ^r^^""^  *^«  ^*^«^'"»  of  the  sides.    The  ohanndis 

tir  TZbrtd?h  n^f^H*''"  ""''^''t  .«^«P^'  ""''^  2  horizontal  to  iver 
tical.     1  he  breadth  of  the  canal  is  90  feet  at  the  surface  of  the  water 

Sal  ii  thTZfn?  lu  T^'^'  ^^  ^  ^^^'  '^'^'''  The  Farran4  Point  Oa! 
na  is  the  first  of  the  division  in  ascending  the  river.    It  commenofti  K 

miles  from  the  head  of  the  Cornwall  CanaL    It  was  opened  Tm?  is 

rise  of 4 fee^'  "nt  h"\'"  ^'"« V^'  ^^«  ''"^  ''^'^^  ^'"»  «^^«^"  or  to'ti 
surface  ^^'^    ''''"  ^^  ^'^^^  ^^^*  '^'^^  «^«^  t^'^  ^«ter 

thf  %wrnf  ^u^-'f  *^^  ''r'^  ^^  *'-^^  ^^''^^^  ^"'1  is  located  opposite 
Farran'sToint  £n7    tT^'    ^a  T'^'^^^f «  l^^  m^'es  fro.n  the  head  of 
j^arransPointCanal.    Tt  was  first  opened  for  navigation  in  September 

llf 'of  iu'flr^  tV'' ^'V^^^'  ^^'  *^"  ^^^I^^'  ^"d  a  total  riseC  lock! 
^?1L"^  feet.    The  enlargement  of  this  canal  in  conformity  with  the 

TlTT  *"*  r  I  ^f''^'^^.  ««^^°^«  ^»^«  ^«en  commenced.  The  work 
already  accomplished  consists  of  the  enlargement  of  the  channel  wiv 
above  and  for  some  distance  below  the  guard  lock  at  the  lead  of  tS« 

ttr'^itfthe  oldTcr ^^^^  ''  ^  "^\'^ '^  ^•"'^  afuppl/^U^f conned 
lion  with  the  old  lock.    Arrangements  are  n  progress  for  the  f^uVircra 

Tthe  canal  iXt  "'sr.^'  ''^\^""1'  oo««'«ting^ofTie  prism  au 'ffik 
at  tne  canal  outlet.    Soundings  have  been  taken  and  snecifications  arA 

being  prepared  with  a  view  of  advertising  the  work  forpuWic  tenders 
r«ni?^  ?.'-^?S^^  commences  4J  miles  fFom  the  head  of  Kanide  PlS 
lockage  of  IsJie/^'V'  length,  has  three  locks,  and  a  total  rise  or 
lockage  ot  16f  feet.  It  was  first  opened  October,  1847.  The  new  work 
completed  on  this  canal  consists  of  the  deepening  of  a  channel  wa7at 
""^rtr  ^w ',P^^H^  facilitaring  access  to  the  canaJ.  '   ""^^  ^* 

oft3  -1  -"^"^  £^°*^  connects  Lake  Erie  with  Lake  Ontario  It  is 
26f  miles  m  ength  extending  from  Port  Colborne  to  PoShousie 
liJr  *r°ty-«»^  ^ocks  and  a  total  rise  or  lockage  of  326*  feet  Its 
construction  was  commenced  by  an  incorporated  company.*  The  first 
nril^-  *T^^  November  30, 1824.  The  company's  fiuancikl  resources 
Sain°  th«^L^n!,*^  the  constantly  large  outlay  that  was  necessary  to 
Jiri^n  i«.i^^  *'*'?^  '"  the  efficient  condition  its  importance  required 
m^l  tH^o  ^''\  ""^^  passed  authorizing  its  purchase  by  the  Govern! 
ment.  This  canal  was  opened  for  navigation  in  1841.  It  hS Tono 
through  several  subsequent  changes,  thi  tendency  of  which  has  been 
to  greatly  increase  its  depth  and  dimensions. 

Sellar  Leishman, 
UNITED  STATES  CONSULATE,  Commercial  Agent. 

Morrisburg^  September  30,  1889. 


BUHLINGTON  BAY  CANAL. 

REPORT  BT  COmVL  SOBERT&,  OF  nAMILTON. 

The  only  canal  within  my  consular  district  is  a  short  one  about  half  a 
mile  m  length,  connectiuff  Lake  Ontario  with  T^nHi»„^..    1  T,^^"  * 

fh^baXS^fh^rif  ^  ^''1\^^  sandy  beach  wh^ch  diliS  iSe  wXs^f 
the  bay  from  the  lake,  and  this  short  canal,  which  has  no  locks,  gives 


12 


CANALS   OP   CANADA. 


Lead  of  uavigation  ou  Lake  Ontario         '  '  ^^'"''ton  became  the 

BuTS;:.^^f  CtTlfnn^llSs^^S^^^^  --^  ^^^  ^^«  ^^-^of 

das  and  Hamilton  about  this  tinTiilui"^''"'  ""^^^^  »*^»>'«  »f  Dan- 
pleted  in  1832,  the  «Hme  ymr  tSwitn^PH  h''"'"^  I"  '«^«'  »"^^  ««'"■ 
liDgton  Bay  enterprise.  For  vearsT  L  i^^^^^  "'?  «o'"P'«tio»  of  the  Bur- 
business,  but  the  «ul«Pnn»,.f         ;  ^^^''•'"'''^'"es  Canal  did  a  larire 

Grand  Trunk  Railway  r^^^^^^^^  Great  We^telnll 

ition  of  tolls  on  the  Burlington  BarCanarJ^^  "'''^«";  '^'»«  «»>«■ 
board  of  trade  as  early  as  1«40  a^^  !■  ^^"^  «"lvooated  by  a  local 
that  the  tolls  werrflLlly  a%is^«  1  T -'"""^  ^'^^^  «"«^  persistence 

mpost,  productive  of  TnLailpa^f^^^^^^^  T  ^"  '''^^^•"^ 

the  purpose  of  driving  shipping  away  froXe  noT'  '"'^  '"'"^'"^  ^"'^ 

thXlti^g  Wi^st^rf^^^^  «tr"'^'-  !,  ^"?   '"^^«^>ted  for 

answers  to  the  inquiries  s^ul?Ued  ?n  the  drcXr"''^  ^^'^  categorical 

not  reported  as  fiuinhed  until  183^7    S,ce  then  5S«  .  i  "^"'"P/Vt^  '*  l>y  1825,  but  it  wL 

se|,ffiu1?4°^Uo"ft'te7r^^^^^^^^^  138  feet;  navigable  for  ves- 

Ihe  management  is  under  controlof  ti  .   i       '?^^  **"'"  J'®""  »""""!. 


United  States  Consulate, 

Hamilton,  August  7, 1889. 


Albert  Roberts, 

Consul. 


THE  WELLAND  CANAL. 

Ji^poijr  BY  oomvL  whelak,  of  fort  brie. 

HISTORY  OP  CONSTRUCTION. 

dis'trfct^a  "d  conne'c^^^^  through  the  consular 

owes  its  origin,  in  great  VarTtnJh/  ?^  ^"^  "^'t^  those  of  Ontario, 
William  Hamilton  mS  t,Tho  was  borT  n'S"'t  ^"^^  Perseverance  of 
in  1793.  Like  many  S"  tLrear  v  iit^f  ^P^? ''^^^^^  ^^^^^^chusetts, 
"  United  empire  loyalists  ?h,«n  J  seUlers  of  this  section,  known  as 
after  the  ReyolStionaT.rwar      *"'''  emigrated  to  Canada  shortly 

otheVtSg^Xledtemiflif^^^^  -anhood,  he  was,  among 
what  is  now  the  dt|  of  8t  CatC  1\  "T^'''  '".  *^^  neighborhood  of 
summer  seasons  led  him  to  in vS^     ^^jcarc.ty  of  water  during  the 

,.,  .^.  .,,,  ^,  „„,^j^_,  ^^^  two  lakes  by  a  canal  across 


CANALS   OF   CANADA. 


18 


tho  Niagara  ponlsnla,  by  which  a  fnll  aiul  never-faillntf  supply  of  water 
would  be  obtained,  \he  obHtructions  to  Niagara  River  navication  turned 
ftud  overcome,  and  the  cities  of  Montreal  and  Quebec  made  successful 
rivals  of  New  York  and  other  competinjr  Atlantic  ports.  As  in  the 
case  ot  all  great  undertakings,  there  were  forebodings  of  disaster  and 
loss  of  investment,  opposition,  and  manifold  dilViculties,  and  the  pro- 
ject was  apparently  abandoned.  But  Mr.  Merritt's  tireless  euerirv 
never  slumbered,  and  in  1824  he  succeeded  in  organizing  and  in  haviiii 
lucorporated  the  Welland  Oanal  Company,  with  a  capital  of  £40,000. 
Mr.  George  Keeper  was  chosen  president;  Mr.  Merritt  was  made  flnau- 
cial  agent,  and  proceeding  to  Montreal,  New  York,  and  other  places 
succeeded  in  enlisting  capitalists  in  the  undertaking,  and  in  raisintr 
sofflcieut  funds  with  which  to  commence  work. 

The  first  sod  was  turned  on  November  30, 1824,  but  the  work  pro- 
?f;«ofif.?^'^T?^  ^^i^i?  difficulty  of  procuring  money  as  needed. 
if  Jfrfni^  legislature  of  Ui)per  Canada  made  a  grant  to  the  company 
ot  1J,000  acres  of  land  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  canal,  and  empow- 
ered  the  government  to  take  stock  to  the  amount  of  £40,000.  The  leg- 
islature  of  the  Lower  Province  and  also  the  British  Government  ren- 
dered some  assistance  to  the  company ;  and  in  1829  the  work  had  so  far 
progressed  that  two  schooners— the  Anne  and  Jane  of  Toronto,  and 
theK.  E.  Houghton  of  Youngstown,  N.  Y.— passed  up  the  canal  to  Port 
Kobmson  were  there  locked  into  the  Welland  River,  and  proceeded  bv 
way  of  Chippewa  to  Buffalo.  The  canal,  as  originally  laid  out,  was 
completed  in  1833,  but,  it  seems,  required  further  and  large  expe™ 
tures  for  needed  improvements  and  repairs. 

In  1842  the  Canadian  government  bought  of  the  company  all  its 
interest  and  stock  in  the  canal,  and,  assuming  the  sole  control  and 
roanagemeut,  immediately  commenced  improvements.    The  main  line  of 
tne  old  canal  was  27^  miles  long,  with  a  total  rise  or  lockage  of  32(5* 
feet  and  a  depth  of  water  of  10  teet.    It  had  26  lift-locks  and  1  guard 
iocK.    In  1870  the  government  found  it  necessary,  in  the   interest 
ot  commerce,  to  enlarge  the  canal  throughout.    From  Port  Dalhousie 
the  Lake  Ontario  entrance,  south  to  Alianburgh,  a  distance  of  119  miles 
a  new  channel  was  dug,  connecting  with  the  old  line  at  the  latter  place 
so  that  from  Port  DaM.ousie  to  Alianburgh  there  are  now  two  listinct 
lines  ot  canal.    From  Alianburgh  to  Port  Colborue  the  old  canal  was 
enlarged.  ^^ 

The  Welland  has  one  entrance  from  Lake  Ontario  serving  for  both 
the  old  and  new  canals,  and  two  from  Lake  Erie,  one  for  the  main  line 
at  Port  Oolborne,  and  one  for  the  feeder  at  Port  Maitland,  18  miles 
farther  up  the  lake ;  it  also  has  an  entrance  from  the  Niagara  River  at 
Chippewa.  The  main  and  enlarged  line  is  that  between  Port  Dalhousie 
and  Port  Colborne;  it  is  26|  miles  long  and  100  feet  in  width  at  the 
bottom,  with  a  depth  of  water  throughout  of  14  feet :  it  has  25  lift  locks 
each  45  feet  by  270.  The  feeder  is  21  miles  in  length,  has  2  locks? and 
a  depth  o:-  9  feet  of  water.  The  new  aqueduct  at  Welland,  through 
Which  the  waters  of  the  canal  are  conveyed  over  the  Welland  Rivvir  is 
a  stupendous  work  of  massive  stone  masonry.  It  is  about  422  feet'  in 
length,  and  Its  breadth  is  120  feet ;  its  channel  is  86  feet  wide,  the  bot- 
tom being  6  feet  below  the  low- water  lino  of  the  river,  which  passes 
under  the  aqueduct  through  6  arches,  each  of  40  feet  span. 

Besides  the  new  aqueduct,  the  enlargement  involved  the  building  of 

i^Jnli'l^.?!'A?/.^^^^iiy,^^^^^^         7  culverts  to  carry  the  waterl  of 

.  «..«ci  Mic  ciiciii,  X  ciaverc  lor  a  roadway  and  the  Grand 

iruuk  Railway  tunnel,  which  is  665  feet  long,  16  feet  wide,  and  18  feet 


14 


OAHAU   OP   CAHADA. 


for,  <li,l  "  ^.^  Sr?,"  P"'';"'  fa««r  in  the  S^''J'r.™' '  ^"™<to 


^ '- _J__  -"o,»oi  S83,m 

"^"''^rnent  of  tonnane  of  VK     i  ~ L 

~ . '         '  ^^^'''  ^^^^^  and  the  season 


Tear. 


1883... 
1884... 
1885... 
1886... 
1887..., 


I  of '^osBels.  of  property. 


385, 6Ifl 
435, 332 
382,  620 
422,511 


641,  790 
«0«.  30,"! 
494,  597 
699,  542 


■M 


thus  mtik- 
inoial,  and 
'ot  of  the 

*  managed 
i"tH  uIor»|if 
>'ied  with 
>ut  $4,000 


II 


'■II 


CANALS   OP   CANADA.  |g 


Tsar. 


'£::::::::••• 

1H84....     •••  — 
■18M....     

1886....     ::: 


Tonnage  of  vc««eU. 

f»n«.llan.       P^'ted 
I     BtatM. 


Sl«,  484 
471,  274 
480,0'Jl 
402,  914 
405,360 


Ifl-J,  580 

370,  oaa 
30'j,  ;i:io 

847,  277 
888,928 


079,040 
748,  IDA 
«5I,351 
IfH),  101 
824,  UU 


Tont. 
008,  9ai« 
827, 196 
WO,  120 
830,961 
814,478 


^'"*'"'ff">/Propert!,  passed  through  the   JVelland  r,,..  ,  .  ■  " 


Tear. 


Property   I  I>ro|.erty  /    ,„ 


1885 

ifS?:::::::-"-'- 

'**" 


Tons. 
332,364 
314,  »3fl 
202,  978 
273,484 


Toni. 
494,  497 
SOD,  842 
801,  9U 
653,810 


820,961 
»U,  478 
824,  IMS 
827,  300 


Amomt  of  tolls  collected  on  the  Wetland  Canal  for  a  mriod  .f  ^  ~~~ 

~ «-»»a«/or  apenod  of  six  years  commencing  1882. 

Tear. 


Tear. 


1882 

1883 

1884 


Tolls 
colleoted. 


$108, 040 
184,077 


176, 106      1887  .■;.■.■.": 


\2 ■ 

J™2 


Tolls, 
colleoted. 

♦161, 600 
173, 984 
157,  212 


United  States  Consulate, 

I'ort  Urie,  September  28,  1889. 


James  Whelan, 

Consul. 


WELLAKD,  RIDBAU,  AND  ST.  LAWRENCE  CANA18 

i«"l^UTf\re"^i?i?C,*»re,lr'"  ^-'o-onns  to  secure  .nor* 
ami  Lower  St.  Lawrellce  C)f„a,°*  TierZ.!"^  '^*,  "'<'"'""'■  kI."™ 
a-ect  .aueaod  traosportatiou  iu  a^oT.era&^te'atC^^ro'r'^ 

EIDEAU  OANAL. 

WsX^o!?Sa?a":lr™a".'o'{^'^"„«T™'"»'  ^-^ -^'^  m  the 
Lower  to  Upper  Oanida  "S  ?L  S?  f  "."''""^  '°L""«'y  saPPUes  from 
Its  use  i.  now  very  valuable  to  tJecoanrvlKr^,,'''',™'''''?  WockadeS^ 


16 


CANALS    OF    CANADA. 
WBLLAND   AND  ST.  LAWRENCE  CANALS. 


larked  r{L'e\>^?elnt\fz:"nT^^^^^  ^"  '''' --^  «- 

mo  tons,  open  a  comple  e  wa  e™  fh?^"''^  ^^  ^T  ^*^««^1«  «f 

vest  to  tbe  ocean.  fS  6  m^uthgT Si  v.^  gram-producing  north, 
railroads  north  and  south  oHtori^n  .?,'/?  *^''  ""^  ^'  '^»'«  ^^^^  the 
now  passing  will  doubMess  exceXl  «nv    '^««^?«™P«tition.    The  season 

graii  passing  out  to  the  o' ean'by  thS  foufe    "''  ''^'  '"  *'"  ""'"'^"*  ^^' 

,  u»r»«(;  a  aeries  of  eighteen  years,  ended  December  31,  1888. 


1889*. 


TOTU. 

,o7„  -  44,110 

ira::: ??•«'« 

1874 i!"!""' 

1875 

1878 

1877 

1878 

1879 ■ 

1880 ■ 

1881 

1882 ■ 

1883 ■ 

1884 ;; 

\f^ ••]    n\Wi 

?||5 19,418 

\fl 23,940 

"*" 16,973 


30,  660 
24,017 
13,  930 
15,735 
13,688 

8,854 
10,  688 
12,467 

9,655 

12,  205 
13,256 

13,  826 


Tons. 
310, 090 
231,  050 
345,  720 
400, 157 
248,  555 
194,  559 
248,  S94 
188, 106 
271,, 545 
240,601 
121,  393 
205, 870 
146,  7tl 
135,  804 
114,090 
146, 151 
210,  755 
150, 833 


Tong. 
119,541 
254,  534 
180,  042 
18),  1^8 
103, 477 
144,501 
169, 185 
185,931 
144,  276 
162,  891 
103,  075 
64  797 
182, 143 
118,811 
117,536 
218,  807 
114,9,'!8  1 
194,886 


Tons. 

3,920 

2,693 

2,  613 

377 

813 

1,  IIU 

10,  216 

1,217 

803 


252 
537 
975 
279 
61 


7,504 
1,188 
5,  953 
3,  38S 
24,  490 
2,810 
3,088 
1,196 
477 


Tong. 
080 
64 
3 


500 
1,454 
2,405 


1,711 
555 


731 

10,  746 

1,116 

4,891 

12,  050 

26, 629 


6 

1,  954 
518 
477 


811 


To,it. 
1,541 
2,300 

3,  557 
3,301 

4,  ;)04 
2,949 

1.  833 
2,100 

2,  387 
1,418 
1,371 

225 
10,  971 
9,018 
1,028 
14,  571 
12, 149 
13,  358 


long. 
479, 882 
524,  899 
663,813 
620,  938 
374,  962 
384,807 
448, 931 
889,  296 
4.30,  795 
417,  863 
235,  752 
275,  594 
355,  336 
288,  752 
248,310 
403,928 
375,543 
404,  045 


*i!"iscal. 


CANAL   VS.   RAILWAY  TRANSPORTATION. 
CANAL  CONTROL. 

route  from  the  lake  to  the  ocean  ^^  *^^  ^''t'^*'  ^^^er 


CANAL  TOLLS. 

thJtoCaS'.'wI.fcn  Sk^tt  K""  «™=""'™'™  »  ™c-Pt  for 
the  money  returned  to  th^  "L  ^i       Government  and  00  per  cent,  of 

furn«to7tte  the  V«ln  "Pon  w  H"r?hf  f  ^^^^ 

throngn  the  St.  LawrS  S!Z  a'Xo' t*?  the  cZtrT"  If  1  ""'''^ 

leaves  the  wat(>r  route  for  "onsnmnH^n  L  I    ^^""'^^.^•.    If  the  gram 

loses  the  advantage  of  the  return  of  the  ^x!"'''''''''''''^'''  '^'  ^««««^ 


■iiMitfwfc^ 


'X 


Total. 


Tons. 
479, 882 
524,  809 
663,813 
620,  938 
374,  962 
384,807 
448, 931 
880,  296 
430,  795 
417,  ^:53 
235,  752 
275,  594 
355,  335 
288,  752 
248,310 
403,928 
375,543 
404,  04S 


CANALS  OF  CANADA. 
CANAL  RECEIPTS  0;d  EXPENSES. 


17 


^"^^^2^^^  f  er  deductin, 

pay  the  ruiiuiug  expenses       '  thought,  will  but  little  more  than 

rated  and  sustained  euSf  ^^t  Sfifol  thel^u^bS'^^ '«  ^^^^^ 

M.  11.  TWITCHELL, 

United  States  Consulate,  Consul. 

Kingston,  November  14^  1889. 


THE  CANAL  SYSTEM  OP  CANADA.* 

th??u'gh^t^ZThri?!So'"ori^.  ""'T  ^''^'^^«'  -^««e  waters  flow 
from  l^ndduLac  at  heSdof  j;^^^^^^  waterway  extending 

Isle,  .distance  ol  2,3^  miles    A  on'i  i?.^.'^^  *^^  «^r^'t«  of  Bellf 

u  abundant  water  powe^  and  in  Us  nnm™?^'^"T*«"*^i«tance8 
and  commodious  harbors  numerous  bays  and  inlets  are  safe 

^^J&Z^  ^^-^  -f  i^i".  to  the  volume  of 
Eicheheu  Elvers,  the  former  brSn^i? N  f  t'^^^' are  the  Ottawa  and 
;«!!!^.^r_^"-^«^  forests  o/onS:fnl\r^ 


I  the  white mana;pe;;;rorthnVest:;nH'^^^^^^  tribeslo,;^ before 

bosoms  the  first  explorers  and  ZVlZ^^TJ^fT-     ^P°"  ^^«'^  ^ro^'-l 
i  -o^eh.;rtofthls^orthernSSf^fK^^^ 

^  country.    Supplies   were  brought  u^ipsrV'^"  ^"^^  ^''^^  t^«  ^'orae 

;  ^^««*^'«  to  Quebec  and  Montreal  ami  iLl    ?t-  ^awreuce  in  seagoing 

.:  I  settlements  throughout  the  country         ''  ^'«tributed  to  the  scattered 

< :               r^^^^o:^^:^:^^  1-^^^  -d  later,  batteaux 
umber  rafts  from  the  U  per  Otuiwa  and  tWT  ^^J''"  "^^^"^«^«'  ^"d 
i                Ottawa  and  the  St.  Lawrence  to  Mo n ft?. i    t1  "'*'i^'-  *'*^***^'*  ^owu  the 
;yhon  their  cargoes  were  eSin<r^l  Si  ?  '  ^^'T  ^'^«''»'  ««d  Quebec, 
life  brought  from  Fral.ce     Tl  e^S  ^r  ,!'''^  ""'"^^^^s  and  necessaries  of 
going  vessels  as  far  as  Montreal  b.,V  ha  w*'"''V^  "a vigable  for  sea- 
Lake  Ontario  there  was  a  rccesi  o?  .^m?!  ^^"^'''^'  ^"^  t'^^  foot  of 
reaches.    On  account  of  the  r^Utv  of  t  P«'*'  ««Parated  by  navigable 
impassable  to  boats  of  any  size  a^(^emb  J  n.o  T''"S^^        ^^^P'^J«  ^r« 
can  be  passed  on  the  downwarVSn    v  L   ^"'*''''  ^"^  '"ost  of  them 
and  built  strongly  enou-h  to  rp.ii  li    ^  r'?'''^  '.'ot  too  heavily  loaded 
The  head  of  naviSm,  on  Uie  Ott  uvf  t? "  ^*  "\^  whirling  waters 
now  the  capital  of  the  Dom?...!!  f  u^l'lL^j^Z^^  '«  the  city  of  Ottawa. 
— ^^^^^^...,F  .wxuieiij  Known  as  liytown.    Be^ 

H.  Ex.  45  JZ^r"  '^""'"^'""  ^"^"^^^^^-N^^^^^  ~^ 


i" 


18 


CANALS   OF   CANADA. 


■1 


flTp  r«iS  nW°*l  *^^  ?r"^^'  ''^^^^  "^^'^  ^*  **>«  «"«"'«'•"  extremity  of 
the  Island  of  Montreal  there  are  several  impassable  rapids. 

Ibe  Ricbelieu,  which  is,  as  I  have  said  the  outlet  of  LakeChamplain 
navi^ltron^  obstructed  at  various  poiuts  as  to  be  unavailabie T^ 

M.t  wh*^.*of  T^""""!  ''T'^^  ''".^^'*'  ^^'  Lawrence,  Ottawa,  and  Riche- 
lieu, with  a  statenieut  showing  their  length  and  that  of  the  navigable 
reaches  between  them,  will  be  found  in  Appendices  A,  B,  and  o! ^ 

The  canal  system  of  Canada,  both  in  its  entirety  and  its  separate 
parts,  has  been  established  to  overcome  these  obstructions,  and!b^/aS 
ficial  channels  at  various  points,  to  render  freely  navigable  the  natural 
routes  ot  transportation.  By  means  of  it  the  whole  St.  Lawrence  "vs 
tem,  trom  Lake  Erie  to  the  sea,  has  been  made  passable  by  a  connect 
Sf^r'^^'^.f  T^'f'-  ^o'^'Prisiug  71^  nnles  of  artificial  navigation,  the 
least  depth  of  which  is  9  feet;  a  line  of  communication  Established 
between  the  St  Lawrence  at  Montreal  and  Lake  Ontario  at  Kingstou 
by  way  of  the  Ottawa  and  the  Eideau  Eiver,  and  a  passage  oSed 
from  the  St.  Lawrence  to  Lake  Champlain  and  the  United  Stftes.^ 

Xhe  history  of  the  efforts  put  forth  to  accomplish  results  so  creditable 
to  the  enterprise  and  liberality  of  the  people  of  Canada  is  an  interesdng 
and  instructive  one,  and  this  report  will  consist  of  a  resume  of  its  salient 
points,  with  such  statistical  information  as  may  pertain  to  it  and  a 
statement  of  the  present  condition  and  future  prospfcts  of  the  System 
For  convenience,  and  because  of  their  relations  to  each  other,  the 
canals  thus  constructed  are  grouped  in  official  reports,  and  by  those 
who  have  written  upon  them,  under  five  heads,  viz  : 

(1)  The  St.  Lawrence  Navigation. 

(2)  The  Eichelieu  and  Lake  Champlain. 

(3)  The  Montreal  and  Kingston. 

(4)  The  Upper  Ottawa. 

(5)  The  River  Trent.  • 
While  I  shall  not  follow  these  divisions,  but  rather  the  chronological 

order  m  treating  of  the  subject,  I  shall  have  occasion  to  refer  to  tliem 
arTkepUn  mS'  ""'"  ^'^  ^"  understanding  what  I  say  ?f  they 

THE  ST.  LAWRENCE  NAVIGATION. 

Before  the  commencement  of  the  present  century,  and  durin-  the 
pemd  of  French  ascendency,  locks,  or  more  properl^small  31  with 
^cks,  had  been  constructed  by  the  French  at  the  Faucille,  the  Troudu 
Mouhn,  Split  Rock,  and  Coteau  du  Lac  to  overcome  the  Cascades,  Cedar 
and  Coteau  Rapids  between  Lakes  St.  Louis  and  St.  Francirs  on  the 
St.  Lawrence  River.  These  canals  were  from  6  to  7  feet  ^ie  had  a 
depth  of  2J  feet  on  the  miter  sills  of  the  locks,  which  were  b^U  of  stone 

?o  loraTreteoir.'" ""''''  '"^  '"'''""  '"^"'^^  ^^  '^''^'^^  ^--"^ 

fh^sin/f  !?f  ^''  a  Channel  with  2^  feet  of  water  was  obtained  around 

he  St  Piert  Sv..'''  ^''"'"n^  ?^^'^'  ^>^  ^'"'"^^^'^^  obstruotions  from 
;i  if!,     x®^'  ^  ^'""'^"  ^^^*^^^  running  across  the  marsh   now 

From  about  the  samo  date  until  the  construction  of  what  is  now 

\IZV.'  ^Y  ^''"'^t"'  ^^11"^'''  ^^^^^^'^"'^  ''^'^  ^1>1«  to  ascend  the  Long 
of  w  noh\  '^''  'ni^'^yf''  '^^- 1'^'-^"»"-«.  '-'y  »^oans  of  two  small  locks,  onS 
ot  which  was  situated  nei.r  the  village  of  Moulinette,  and  was  cou- 


fw 


<• 


tjif 


CANALS    OF   CANADA. 


19 


t 


<• 


structed  and  maintained  by  Adam  Dixon,  a  merchant  of  that  village. 
But  after  the  conquest  of  Canada  by  the  British,  and  its  division  into 
the  Upper  and  Lower  Provin^ies,  the  country  above  Montreal  became 
more  thickly  settled,  and  as  tlie  laud  was  brought  under  cultivation 
and  the  crops  more  than  met  the  wants  of  the  inhabitants  the  question 
ot  the  best  method  of  securiuj?  for  their  surplus  i)ro(lucts  cheap  and 
expeditious  transportation  to  tide  water,  and  thereby  stimulating  immi- 
gration and  8ettlem(Mit  became  a  very  important  one. 

Both  tlie  upward  and  downward  trade  was  very  much  embarrassed 
by  the  difficulties  and  delays  of  the  passage.  In  coming  down  the  boats 
could,  It  IS  true,  carry  full  loads,  and  the  loss  of  time  and  danger  at  the 
'rapids,  while  sufficiently  great  to  be  a  serious  incumbrance  to  com- 
^merce,  were  inconsiderable  when  couii)ared  with  what  was  experienced 
on  the  iipward  trip.  Ascending  freight  had  to  be  hauled  from  Montreal 
to  Lachine  and  then  loaded  on  boats,  which  could  not  carry  above  8 
tons,  and  generally  started  in  companies  and  kept  close  together  that 
the  crews  might  heli)  one  another  in  pushinu'  up  against  the  swift  cur- 
r  rent.  At  the  foot  of  some  of  the  rapids  the  whole  cargo  had  to  be  un- 
shipped and  carted  to  the  next  navigable  reach,  while  at  others  the 
same  course  had  to  be  pursued  with  a  greater  or  less  part  of  the  freight 
that  the  boats  might  be  sufficiently  lightened  to  enter  the  small  locks 
which  attorded  the  only  means  of  passing  the  obstructions. 

The  average  time  between  Lachine  and  Kingston  on  the  upward  trip 
was  12  days,  and  the  actual  expenses  of  a  Durham  boat,  with  an  aver- 
age cargo  of  8  tons,  was  about  $26.50  per  ton. 

The  time  occupied  in  coming  down  was,  of  course,  much  less,  not  usu- 
ally exceeding  4  days,  and  the  expense  proportionally  smaller.  The 
vexatious  delays,  and  the  additional  expenses  of  the  many  portages 
and  the  frequent  transshipments  from  boat  to  cart  and  from  cart  back 
to  boat  were  discouragements  to  trade  too  grave  to  be  longer  submitted 
to  by  the  enterprising  and  energetic  men  who  were  transforming  the 
wilderness  of  Upper  Canada  into  fruitful  farms  and  lining  its  available 
streams  with  saw  and  grist  mills. 

In  1804  the  government  of  Lower  Canada  completed  a  .S-foot  channel 
through  the  Lachine  Bapids,  close  to  the  north  shore,  by  which  boats 
could  be  dragged  or  poled  from  Montreal  to  Lachine. 

At  about  the  same  time  the  Imperial  Government,  primarily  for  mili- 
tary purposes,  enlarged,  reconstructed,  and  put  into  more  advantageous 
positions  the  old  French  locks  at  Split  Rock  and  Coteau  du  LacN  and 
built  a  new  canal  nearly  half  a  mile  in  length,  with  three  locks,  around 
the  cascades,  instead  of  the  old  locks  at  the  Faucille  and  the  Trou  du 
Moulin.  In  1805  and  1800  Lower  Canada  appropriated  $8,000  for  the 
improvement  of  navigation  on  the  St.  Lawrence,  and  some  work  was 
done  at  various  i)oints,  mainly  in  dredging. 

During  the  war  of  1812  the  construction  of  a  canal  to  connect  Mon- 
treal with  Kingston,  at  the  foot  of  Lake  Ontario,  by  wav  of  the  Ottawa 
Kiver,  was  agitated  as  a  military  measure,  and  various  plans  and  routes 
were  proposed. 

The  Imperial  Government  urged  upon  the  provincial  authorities  the 
desirability  of  prosecuting  the  work  and  offered  to  aid  them  by  an  ap- 
propriation of  £70,000 ;  but  the  return  of  peace  took  away  the  immediate 
necessity  for  military  works,  and  the  people  were  unwilling  to  assume 
the  burden  of  constructing  this  <;aual.  The  public  men  of  Canada,  and 
those  interested  in  the  commerce  of  the  Diovince.  felt  that  5li«  Sf,  Law- 
rence route  was  destined  to  be  the  most  important  contributor  to  the 
commercial  prosiierity  of  the  country,  and  that  any  money  that  could 


20 


CANALS   OP   CANADA. 


i-w 


be  spared  from  its  slender  resources  for  internal  improvements  could  be 
most  profitably  spent  on  the  St.  Lawrence  between  tide  water  and 
Kingston. 

In  1815  the  legislature  of  Lower  Canada  passed  a  bill  granting  the 
promoters  of  a  scheme  to  build  a  canal  around  the  Lachine  liapids  a 
sum  of  money  in  aid  of  its  construction,  and  in  1818  a  joint  commission, 
constituted  by  the  governments  of  Lower  and  Upper  Canada,  and  rep- 
resenting  each,  made  a  very  instructive  report  in  which  they  recom- 
mended that  canals  should  be  built  at  the  Lachine  Ilapids  and  between 
Lake  St.  Francis  and  Lake  St.  Louis,  and  at  the  rapids  above  Lake  St. 
Francis. 

In  1819  the  above  mentioned  bill  was  rei)ealed  and  another  was  passed, 
incorporating  a  joint  stock  company  for  the  same  purpose,  with  a  capital 
of  $600,000 ;  and  in  the  same  year  another  company  with  a  smaller  cap- 
ital was  chartered  to  construct  what  is  now  known  as  the  Chambly 
Canal  around  the  Chambly  Kapids  in  the  Richelieu  liiver.  In  1817  the 
locks  between  Lakes  St.  Louisand  St.  Francis  were  enlarged  by  the 
Eoyal  Statr  Corps  from  G  to  12  feet  in  breadth,  and  the  depth  of  water 
on  sills  was  increased  from  2 J  to  3i  feet,  so  as  to  admit  bateaux  and 
Durham  boats  capable  of  carrying  100  barrels  of  flour.  The  amount 
expended  on  these  works  can  not  be  ascertained,  as  all  record  thereof 
was  destroyed  by  fire. 

THE  LACHINE  CANAL. 

The  joint  stock  company,  whose  incorporation  in  1819  for  the  con- 
struction of  the  Lachine  Canal  was  noted,  caused  extensive  surveys  and 
estimates  to  be  made,  but  was  obliged  for  want  of  money  to  petition  the 
government  of  Lower  Canada  to  assume  the  further  prosecution  of  the 
undertaking.  In  1821  the  act  incorporating  the  company  was  repealed, 
and  the  government  was  empowered  by  provincial  statute  (George  IV, 
chapter  6)  to  construct  the  Lachine  and  Montreal  Canal  as  a  provincial 
work.  The  design  which  had  been  recommended  by  the  company's 
engineers  was  adopted  by  the  government;  commissioners  were  ap- 
pointed to  carry  on  the  work  in  accordance  therewith ;  ground  was 
broken  on  the  17th  July,  1821,  and  the  canal  was  completed  and  opened 
for  trafiBc  in  1825. 

The  canal,  as  then  built,  extended  along  the  north  side  of  the  river 
from  the  outskirts  of  Montreal  tc  the  village  of  Lachine.  It  was  8  miles 
and  718  yards  in  length,  28  feet  in  breadth  at  the  bottom ;  at  the  water 
surface,  48  feet  in  earth  and  30  feet  in  rock,  and  had  5  feet  depth  of 
water.  There  were  seven  locks,  built  substantially  of  stone,  100  feet 
long  and  20  feet  wide,  and  of  a  depth  sufficient  for  vessels  drawing  4* 
feet  of  water.  ^ 

The  excavations  were  principally  through  earth,  with  a  cutting  about 
1  mile  in  length  at  the  Lachine  end  through  a  limestone  formation. 

The  total  cost  was  $488,404.15,  all  of  which  but  $40,000,  contrib- 
uted by  the  Imperial  Government  to  secure  free  passage  of  military 
stores,  etc.,  was  paid  by  the  government  of  Lower  Canada.  Of  the 
amount  paid  by  the  province  a  small  part  was  probably  derived  from 
tolls,  as  the  loans  authorized  by  the  various  acts  amounted  onlv  to 
$388,000.  ^ 

OTTAWA  CANALS. 

In  1810  the  Imperial  Government  began  tlie  eonstruetiou  of  a  series 
ot  three  short  canals  designed  to  overcome  the  Long  Sault  and  other 


'f 


Pm 


CANALS    OF   CANADA. 


21 


4 


rapula  on  the  Ottawa  River  above  St.  Anne's.  Tliev  were  all  on  the 
noitli  side  of  the  river,  and,  like  the  liideau  Canal  hereafter  referred 
to,  were  bn lit  by  the  royal  staff  eorps,  and  were  intended  to  form  a 
part  of  the  inland  system  of  comnmnieation  between  the  lakes  and 
Montreal  which  the  Imperial  Government  had  determined  to  establish 
tor  military  purposes,  and  which  the  construction  of  the  Eideau  Canal 
would  complete. 

GRENVILLE  CANAL. 

The  Upper  or  Grenville  Canal  overcomes  the  Lon^  Sanlt  Rapids,  and 
was  the  first  of  the  three  built.  The  original  plan  contemplated  locks 
corresponding  in  size  to  those  on  the  old  Lachine  Canal.  Three  were 
commenced  and  completed  upon  this  scale,  but  the  other  four  were 
Can  l"^°"        enlarged  scale  adopted  in  the  mean  time  for  the  Rideau 

The  channel  was  excavated  partly  through  solid  rock  and  partly 
through  dirt.  It  was  6f  miles  long,  from  20  to  30  feet  wide  on  the  bot- 
?™\^^.*So  5  ^?.^^  ^®®*  ^*  ^^®  surface.  There  were  seven  locks,  four 
oi  Jini/^f,^'^"^  ^"'^  ^2  ^^'^^  wide,  and  three,  at  the  upper  end, 
about  107  feet  long  and  19  feet  wide,  with  a  depth  of  6  feet  of  water  on 
tue  siJls. 

The  capacity  of  the  Ottawa  route  from  Montreal  to  Kingston  as  oriei- 
nally  established  was  limited  by  the  dimensions  of  these  three  locks 
which  could  only  admit  vessels  of  about  95  feet  in  length  by  18A  feet 
m  breadth.  -'      j 

CHUTE  1  BLONDEAU  CANAL. 

The  Middle  or  Chute  k  Blondeau  Cannl,  overcoming  the  rapids  of  the 
same  name,  was  commenced  somewhat  later  than  the  Grenville  Canal 
and  completed  in  1832.  It  was  cut  through  solid  rock,  was  one-eighth 
of  a  '"lie  in  length,  and  30  feet  wide  at  top  and  bottom.  There  was 
one  lock  130|  feet  long,  32|  wide  at  the  upper  end  and  36^  feet  wide  at 
the  lower  end,  with  6  feet  of  water  on  the  sills. 

CARILLON  CANAL. 

The  Lower  or  Carillon  Canal  overcomes  the  Carillon  Rapids,  and  was 
commenced  at  about  the  same  time  as  and  completed  a  vear  later  than 
the  Chute  a  Blondeau  Canal.  To  avoid  expensive  excavations  a  summit 
level  was  made  and  water  supplied  to  the  canal  from  a  neighboring 
tributary  of  the  Ottawa  through  a  feeder  .62  mile  long.  This  canal  wai 
2i  miles  long,  30  feet  broad  on  the  bottom,  and  50  feet  at  the  water 
surface.  The  locks  were  three  in  number,  two  of  them  rising  and  one 
falling;  one  of  the  lift  locks  was  128  feet  long  and  32*  feet  wide,  and  the 
other  and  the  guard  lock  were  120^  feet  long  and  32*  feet  vvide;  all 
three  had  6  feet  of  water  on  the  sills.  The  original  cost^of  this  series  of 
canals  can  not  be  even  approximately  ascertained,  as  all  papers  relating 
to  their  construction  were  burned  in  Montreal  In  1852. 

RIDEAU   CANAL. 

In  further  pursuance  of  the  scheme  in  accordance  with  which  the  fore- 
going works  had  been  commenced,  the  Imperial  Government  began  in 
oepcemoer,  IbiiO,  the  construction  of  a  canal  from  the  city  of  Ottawa 
then  the  inconsiderable  village  of  By  town,  at  the  head  of  navigation  ou 


»&^« 


22 


CANALS   OF   CANADA. 


tlio  Ottawa  Kivor,  to  Kingston,  at  tlio  lower  end  of  Lake  Ontario 
aiim  work,  now  known  as  the Kidcau  (.'anal,  consisted  in  the eonversion 
of  the  Eideau  and  Cataraqui  Rivers,  two  obstructed  and  rapid  streams, 
into  one  continuous,  navigable  channel.  The  headwaters  of  the  two 
ny^ers  were  separated  by  aporta^je  of  a  little  more  than  a  mile  in  width. 
The  Kideau,  following  a  tortuous  course  of  86  miles,  and  flowing  with 
a  comparatively  slow  and  easy  current  through  a  gradually  deepening' 
channel,  finally  discharges  itself  by  an  abrupt  and  almost  perpendicu* 
Jar  fall  of  45  feet  into  the  Ottawa  Kiver  near  the  city  of  Ottawa.  The 
Cataraqui  winds  its  devious  way  in  the  oi)posite  direction  for  a  distance 
of  45  miles,  and  empties  into  Lake  Ontario  at  Kingston. 

The  method  of  construction  adopted  was  the  conversion  of  a  ravine, 
which  ran  into  the  Kideau  about  2  miles  above  its  mouth,  into  a  canal, 
with  eight  locks,  and  so  overcoming  the  Rideau  falls;  raising  the  waters 
of  the  Kideau  and  Cataraqui  for  the  remaining  distance  by  a  series  of 
high  dams,  and  supplementing  them  by  short  canals  at  various  points 
where  the  obstructions  were  too  large  to  be  overcome  by  the  slack 
water.  After  various  modifications,  during  the  progress  of  operations, 
in  some  of  the  details  of  the  plan,  the  work  was  finally  completed  and 
opened  for  traffic  in  September,  1832.  The  whole  route  was  126A  miles 
long,  but  only  16^  of  it  was  canal  proper.  The  breadth  of  the  canal 
was  at  bottom  60  feet  in  earth  and  54  feet  in  rock,  and  at  the  surface 
80  feet  m  earth,  and  the  navigable  depth  of  the  whole  work  was  U  feet. 
There  were  47  locks— 33  being  ascending  and  14  dtscending,  going 
from  Ottawa  to  Kingston— 134  feet  long  and  33  feet  wide,  with  5  feet 
of  water  on  the  sills,  and  a  total  lockage  of  446J  feet,  282^  rise  and  164 
fall.  There  were  24  dams,  11  of  which  w6re  of  cut  stone,  and  the 
remainder  of  wood  and  clay.  The  stone  dams  were  from  5  to  60  feet  in 
height,  and  those  of  wood  and  clay  from  6  to  45  feet.  The  works  were 
constructed  in  the  most  thorough  and  substantial  manner,  under  the 
direction  of  Colonel  By  of  the  Koyal  Engineers.  The  total  cost  of  the 
undertaking,  including  the  land  exproi)riated,  was  $3,911,701.47,  which 
was  borne  by  the  Imperial  Government. 

This  canal,  with  the  three  canals  on  the  Ottawa,  before  described 
and  the  lock  afterwards  built  at  St.  Anne's,  formed  the  Montreal  and 
Kingston  route,  and  furnished  a  continuous  inland  water  way  between 
the  two  places.  They  were  built,  as  has  been  stated  before,  primarily 
for  military  purposes  to  secure  communication  between  the  Lower  St. 
Lawrence  and  Lake  Ontario,  by  a  line  farther  back  from  the  boundary 
between  Canada  and  the  United  States,  and  less  exposed  in  case  of  war 
than  the  St.  Lawrence  route.  They  were  originally  called  and  are 
still  named  in  official  pa})ers  "  The  Ordnance  Canals." 

The  war  office  of  the  Imperial  Government  retained  control  of  them, 
and  bore  the  expense  of  their  maintenance  until  the  year  1857,  when 
after  much  negotiation,  they  were  transferred  to  the  board  of  public 
works  of  United  Canada. 


m 


HA 


ElVER  TAY  NAVIGATION. 

The  river  Tay  falls  into  the  Rideau  at  the  foot  of  Lower  Rideau  Lake. 
About  8  miles  from  its  mouth  is  the  flourishing  town  of  Perth.  In  1831, 
a  company  was  incorporated  to  improve  the  navigation  of  this  river. 
The  works  were  immediately  commenced  and  were  finished  in  1834. 
They  consisted  of  five  locks  with  dams  and  slides.  Four  of  the  locks 
were  of  stone  and  the  other  was  of  wood.  They  were  101  feet  long  and 
20  feet  wide,  Lad  a  depth  of  4  feet  on  the  sills  and  a  lockage  of  28  feet. 


CANALS   OF   CANADA. 


23 


m 


ilA 


The  total  length  of  the  channel  was  8A  miles.  The  cost  of  these  im- 
provements was  $17,764.05,  of  which  $7,764.05  was  loaned  by  the  gov- 
ernment of  Ui)per  Canada  and  never  repaid.  The  works  have  long 
since  fallen  into  decay  and  disuse. 

Very  lately  a  survey  has  been  made,  having  in  view  the  construction 
of  a  short  canal  to  connect  the  town  of  Perth  with  the  Rideau  Canal,  and 
so  secure  for  the  town  communication  with  the  various  canal  systems. 

OTTAWA  RIVER  NAVIGATION. 

The  Ottawa  River,  at  its  junction  with  the  St.  Lawrence,  is  divided 
into  four  distinct  channels.  Two  of  them  pass  back  of  the  island  of 
Montreal  and  divided  by  the  He  Jesus,  discharge  into  the  St.  Lawrence 
below  the  city  of  Montreal.  The  other  two,  and  the  only  ones  used  for 
navigation,  flow  on  each  side  of  an  island  known  as  He  Perrott,  which 
lies  between  the  mainland  and  the  upper  end  of  the  island  of  Montreal 
and  empty  into  the  expansion  of  the  St.  Lawrence  called  Lake  St.  Louis, 
a  few  miles  above  the  Lachine  Rapids. 

Vdudreuil  lock,— In  these  latter  two  channels  are  the  first  obstruc- 
tions to  navigation  on  the  Ottawa.  The  upper  of  them,  although  af- 
fording a  more  cinuiitous  route,  was  in  its  natural  state  passable  at  all 
stages  of  water  for  boats  of  moderate  size,  and  to  make  it  still  more 
available,  a  lock  large  enough  to  pass  a  steamer  of  twenty  horse  power 
was  built  between  the  village  of  Vaudreuil  on  the  mainland  and  He 
Perrott  as  early  as  1816.  This  lock  was  reconstructed  in  1832-'33,  on 
the  same  scale  as  the  locks  of  the  Grenville  Canal,  and  was  maintained 
as  a  private  work  until  the  completion  of  the  lock  at  St.  Anne's,  in  th  3 
lower  channel,  when  it  was  abandoned. 

St.  Anne's  lock.— The  lower  channel,  which  is  much  the  more  direct, 
18  obstructed  Just  opposite  the  village  of  St.  Anne's  at  the  head  of  the 
island  of  Montreal,  by  a  succession  of  short  rapids.  The  necessity  of 
overcoming  these,  ,nd  relieving  trade  from  the  exactions  of  the  owners 
of  the  private  lock  at  Vaudreuil,  was  early  felt,  and  soon  after  the 
completion  of  the  Ottawa  River  and  Rideau  Canals,  urgent  representa- 
tions were  made  to  the  Government  that  the  benefits  of  this  system 
was  being  partially  lost,  and  a  monopoly  of  the  traffic  secured  to  this 
private  company  who  owned  the  lock  at  Vaudreuil  by  the  want  of  a 
lock  at  St.  Anne's. 

Nothing  decisive  was  done  until  1840,  when  the  work  of  constructing 
a  lock  at  this  point  was  begun  by  the  government  of  Lower  Canad^ 
and  after  the  uniou  was  carried  to  completion  by  the  Government  of 
the  United  Provinces.  It  was  opened  for  use  on  the  26th  of  June 
1843.  The  canal  was  one-eighth  mile  long  and  the  lock  190  feet  long 
by  45  wide,  with  7  feet  on  the  sills  in  the  ordinary  state  of  the  rlVer 
and  6  feet  at  low  water,  and  had  a  wing  dam  and  capacity  fo-  large 
steamers.  It  cost  $134,456.51,  of  which  $19,860.02  was  paid  by  the 
government  of  Lower  Canada,  and  the  remainder  by  the  United  Prov- 
inces. 

CHAMBLY  CANAL. 

The  Richelieu  or  Sorel  River  is  the  channel  by  which  the  waters  of 
LakeChampIain  tlow  into  the  St.  Lawrence.  Its  mouth  is  near  Sorel 
46  miles  below  Montreal.  It  was  navigable  at  all  times  a  distance  of 
14  miles  from  Sorel  to  St.  Ours,  at  the  foot  of  the  Chambly  rapids, 
ii!,^^!^^  ..^p.r,,,  ^.^trri-vi  XixjUi  >jt.  xjiim  lo  oi.  Juuu.s,  anu  were  impassable 
both  because  of  the  shallowness  of  the  water  and  the  strength  andra- 


fl 


24 


CANALS   OF   CANADA. 


pidity  of  tlio  ctirronfc.    Tlio  ooinpaiiy,  whinh  was  chaifonwl  in  isi7 f^  • 

»»s  appolZl  to't,  Vo  d  ,  g„  o^   "be Tork  i.;r,£'f-V  ""«"'""'>'"">' 
wore  prooeeilcl  wiili  '  """  ""*  "Pessary  surveys 

iiiK  the  reaiilt  l,oi,o,l  for,  it  w™  I      Uv  a,.tV,  S^T^^^      •  "M""  ''™'""'- 
til  after  the  union  in  IKii  h,^?  ti  i.-L  '  f  "®'  '^"*^  '^  ^'^»  "'^♦^  "»■ 

tu.,.  wL  tie,,  ..,.n^.i":;i;^-;t ^^;a';s:-rg-,  -f«sit 

tion.  '  "'^^  ^'"^®  ^<^6n  maintained  in  this  condi- 

feet  at  tha  snrfu.«     Tii,.!  ^'  '^^  **^^*^  ^^'^®  »^  <^^e  bottom  and  GO 

feet  wide  and  h/a  liff  h.  i  •  f^  V^^^^  'o^k  was  122  feet  long  and  23i 

feet  wde^HlS  fee' onfald^^^^^^^  '^.T  V^'  ^^et  lon|  ami  23| 

sills  was  7  feet?  ^  ^""-^  '^''^^-    "^^^  '^'^P^'*  «^  ^^ter  on  thi 

.n.;^?ofTJw:?  cTnSaTliUrVw^^^^  ™  T^'  ^^*^«  «overn- 

Government  of  tC  U  ited  Pmvinces  Sut'i55lJ5'?'-t'  ""^  '^' 

peuded  on  the  dam,  and  $634,711.96  oS  the  canal.    ^^"'^'^^^'^^  ''^'  ^^^ 

WELL  AND  CANAL. 

two  lakes  can  not  bo  s  S\v  'fh  nnv  J     ^l'^*^^'«»««    "  ^he  levels  of  the 

cause  the  va  i  tions  in  tl  i     p  l;/^' f '^^^"^'^' ^'^*^'' ^ 

identical.    It  ifhoweie.   4  neSv  .    '"""^f'  "'  "^^  '^^^  ^^'^^^  ^''^  "«' 
--,  _i,..«,e.,  ah  nearly  as  can  be  ascertained  326|  feet. 


CANALS    OF    CANADA. 


25 


is  «iKT,,rHM,'r.,?f''''-'"'''  "''■"'■  "  """»»«  ''"-  "-'".  «"'l  ita  au-rent 

8oatb«»terly  ami  empties  into  Lake  bS  ^  KiverHows 

tl.e'^mo.KT.;!,'  G;r,f  St-ef'^'  ""^""^  »'■  '""">  «™'  i»  «t"at«.  at 

taimsi,  a  ii„7o™si„,{ii„t'it;'™Strori,o^  .'■■"''  ''^?"  '""^  • 

of  eaiial  and  railivav  tlip  ,.  i  , ,  t ,  i, .  fi  '  •  "?  ''^  *  combination 

but  tins  plan  v  «  "oo,  lai^nlS  ,  /,  V^f  r"'r.™''':<^'y,™»"  '="I"«=ity  i 
communication  liZil  X  w]  lie  ,  r,K  ",^ rtc  einnned  to sccnro  water 
larsc  to  adn.it  sclmoncrs  ^1  si „^s   '""'  """  •""'"  »  «"""  ^uiHciently 

unsuitableness  for  luMivilv  l«vw  p<i  hw^  o    i  .,     **^e  Niagara  and  its 
tiofs  and  va^iorler  „U°a„t  w  S  wS^'d^cS'bf  h"^"?  ""J"'"- 

iS|;e=t"o:::^tSKb:'!;s:3S^^^ 

per  and  Lower  Canada  became  neSa^v  Al  thf«o  '™^"^'  ^^  ^P' 
sponded  liberally  both  in  H.p  \vnl?»f  V  ^'  .  *^^^®.  ^o^^eniments  re- 
grauts  of  land    ^  ""  '''^^  °^  '"'''""'  «"l>scriptions  to  stock,  and 

wis\tStT;;xtS  trat'S'r.'^'^  "r??^r^  ^^-^--^  ^bat  it 

the  aatunu,  of  tS  yet    w     fst  at  tln^r  ^'^  ^f.^'*  ^"*?  ^^«  «^°'^»  ^y 

tt^crpan^;  sr^eiiSSS^^ 

tain  their  water  sinnlvW]  ft  '^  ^'^^,*^*'''  '^"*^  determined  to  ob- 

diminished  IsASf^-'v/        i    depth  of  cutting  was  at  the  sam^  tim« 
nisned  lo^  teet,  and  the  danger  of  a  recurrence  of  the  accident  be" 


i 


26 


CANALS   OF   CANADA. 


fore  referred  to  very  much  lessened.  Work  was  agaiti  beffun  and  pros- 
ecuted with  so  imiob  vi^or  that  on  November  30,  1821),  two  schooners 
ascended  the  csanal  from  Lake  Ontario  to  tlie  Welland  kiver. 

Ill  a  report  of  the  oi)eration8  of  the  cornpauy  published  about  this 
time  the  route  as  then  established  is  thus  described: 

Vessols  (IrawiiiR  Jj  feet  of  wator  and  not,  having  more  than  21^  feet  breadth  of  beam 
will  8uil  «lo\vu  the  river  Niagara  until  tlicy  approach  about  one-fourth  of  a  mile  from 
the  month  of  the  Wellaud  River.  Th.-re  they  will  enter  a  canal  15  chains  in  lenirth 
which  has  been  cut  acnm  a  i><)int  of  land  into  tiie  Welland  Kiver,  np  which  they  will 
pass  a  distance  of  'Ji  mileH.  'J'hey  will  then  ascend  two  locks  into  the  deep  out  and 
pass  through  it,  a  distance  of  Iti^  miles  more,  into  Lake  Ontario. 

The  feeder  was  20  feet  broad  at  bottom,  40  feet  at  water  surface,  and 
0  feet  deep.  The  success  of  the  scheme  led  the  Government  in  1831  to 
grant  the  company  a  loan  of  $200,000  to  assist  in  carrying  out  a  pr(  ct 
for  an  extension  of  the  main  line  over  the  Wellaud  River  to  Port  Uol- 
borne  by  enlarging  the  feeder  for  about  5  miles  so  as  to  make  it  a  navi- 
gable channel,  and  excavating  a  new  canal  for  the  remaining  distance 
between  the  main  line  as  originally  completed  and  Lake  Erie. 

This  work  was  flnished  in  1833  and  the  line  thus  constructed  occupied 
nearly  the  same  site  as  the  enlarged  line  of  1841  and  the  old  line  of 
the  present  day,  having  the  same  termini  on  the  two  lakes.  It  was  27* 
miles  long  and  the -breadth  at  the  bottom  was  24  feet.  There  were  40 
locks,  built  of  wood,  all  110  feet  long  by  22  feet  wide,  except  the  first 
three  ascending  locks  from  Port  Dalhousie,  which  were  130  by  32  feet, 
and  one  at  Port  (Jolborne,  from  the  canal  into  Lake  Erie,  which  was  125 
by  24  feet. 

At  the  solicitation  of  the  company  an  act  was  passed  in  1839  author- 
izing the  purchase  by  the  province  of  the  rights  of  the  private  stock- 
holders, and  shortly  after  the  union,  in  1841,  the  purchase  was  made 
and  the  line  was  transferred  to  the  new  board  of  works  of  Canada. 

Up  to  this  time  it  Lad  cost  the  province  of  Upper  Canada,  in  loans, 
which  were  never  paid,  in  advances,  and  in  the  purchase  of  stock, 
$1,751,427.77,  and  in  addition  $100,000  had  been  contributed  to  its  con- 
struction in  the  pnnrhase  of  the  company's  stock  by  the  government  of 
Lower  Canada,  and  $222,;i20  in  loans  by  the  Imperial  Government,  mak- 
ing the  total  cost  $2,073,047.77. 

BURLINGTON  BAY  CANAL. 

A  low,  sandy  beach  originally  separated  Burlington  Bay,  on  which 
the  city  of  Hamilton  is  situated,  from  Lake  Ontario.  The  construction 
of  a  canal  to  connect  these  two  bodies  of  water  and  enable  vessels  to 
reach  Hamilton  and  the  Desjardius  Canal,  a  work  belonging  to  a  private 
company,  and  leading  to  the  town  of  Dundas,  was  authorized  by  an  act 
passed  by  the  legislature  of  Upper  Canada  on  the  19th  March,  1823. 

Work  was  commenced  under  local  commissioners  in  1825,  and  the 
canal  was  opened  for  the  passage  of  vessels  in  1830,  and  completed  in 
1832. 

From  1832  to  1841  the  work  was  gradually  extended  and  the  channel 
deepened.  The  canal  was  half  a  mile  long,  from  108  to  138  feet  wide, 
and  10  leet  deep,  and  was  simply  an  artificial  channel  between  two 
lines  of  wooden  piles,  backed  witli  stone. 

The  amount  expended  upon  this  woik  up  to  the  time  of  the  union,  in 
1841,  was  $124,300.08.  ' 


^1 


t 


CANALS    OF   CANADA. 


27 


ffl 


€ 


DESJAKDINa  UANAL. 

Tlio  DcHJiudiiis  OuiiJil  above  rcferml  to  tines  not  pioix'ily  Ix-loiiji  to 
the  cautvl  s.VHtoms  of  (Jiuiada,  hut  a  brief  rerenuico  to  it  iii  this  place 
may  be  of  luteiest.  Jt  mm  built  by  a  private  coinpanv  iiicorpomted  in 
January,  1826,  by  the  lofji.slaturo  of  Upper  (Jaiuuhi,  and  was  opened  for 
vessels  drawing  7A  feet  of  water  in  August,  ISW,  It  exten«led  from  a 
point  at  the  head  of  Burlington  Bay,  2  miles  north  of  Hamilton,  to  the 
town  ot  Dundas,  and  was,  including  natural  and  artificial  navigation 
S^o^ww!'  ''^  ^^*\^  ""'^^  '"  It^nfith.  It  (!ost  $<J8,C84,  and  of  this  amount 
f 08,000  was  advanoed  at  dilleient  times  by  the  governriuMit  of  Upper 
Canada  in  the  form  of  loans  at  6  ])er  cent.  It  is  perhaps  needless  to 
add  that  neither  the  principal  nor  interest  of  these  loans  has  over  been 
paid. 

COKNWALL  OANAL. 

The  Cornwall  Canal,  which  overcomes  what  are  known  as  the  Long 
Hault  Kapuls  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  was  the  first  canal  constructed  on 
the  scale  recommended  by  Colonel  Philli)ott,  and  adopted  bv  the  gov- 
ernment of  United  Canada,  for  the  enlargements  and  new  works  then 
projected. 

The  circumstances  connected  with  the  submission  of  this  rejjort  and 
the  adoption  of  the  scheme  suggested  in  it  will  be  alluded  to  hereafter. 

1  I  ,  u  ^^  ^^  ^^^^  *''*^  attention  of  the  government  of  Upper  Can- 
ada  had  been  called  to  the  important  question  of  the  navigation  below 
TqTq^'u  ^5'  ^"*^  *^'*'  J"^'"^  commission  appointed  by  the  two  provinces  in 
1818  had  reported,  as  has  been  stated,  in  favor  of  improvements  at  the 
Long  Sault  Rapids.  Examinaions  and  reports  were  made  by  several 
engineers,  acting  under  govemiuental  authority,  but  nothing  decisive 
was  done  until  1832,  when  the  house  of  assembly  of  Upper  Canada 
recommended  the  immediate  commencement  of  improvements  between 
Cornwall  and  the  head  of  the  Long  Sault  Rapids  on  a  scale  to  admit 
vessels  drawing  9  feet  of  water,  and  appropriated  the  sum  of  $280,000 
theretor.  ' 

In  1833  a  coraraission  was  appointed  for  the  purpose  of  carrying-  out 
the  provisions  of  the  act,  in  accordance  with  plans  submitted  to  the 
Government.  In  1834  the  work  was  put  under  contract,  but  the  rebel- 
bon  of  1837  and  financial  causes  retarded  its  comi)letion.  Work  was 
entirely  suspended  in  1838,  but  in  1842  it  was  resumed  by  the  govern- 
ment of  the  United  Provinces,  and  the  canal  was  formally  opened  in 
uuue,  1843. 

The  canal  extended  along  the  north  shore  from  the  town  of  Cornwall 
to  the  village  of  Dickinson's  Landing,  was  lU  miles  long,  100  feet  in 
breadth  at  the  bottom,  and  150  feet  at  the  wafer  surface,  and  I)  feet  in 
depth.  ' 

There  were  seven  locks,  overcoming  a  rise  of  48  feet,  200  feet  long 
and  55  feet  wide,  with  a  depth  of  9  feet  on  the  sills.  Supply  in  reiru- 
lating  weirs  at  the  head  of  the  canal  and  at  each  of  the  locks  were  afU^r- 
wards  added.  The  whole  work  cost  $1,933,152.09;  $1,420,310  was  ex- 
pended by  the  government  of  Upier  Canada  and  the  balance  by  tne 
Upper  Provinces.  '' 

Towards  the  year  1832  the-  government  of  Lower  Canada  had  re- 
moved  some  of  the  obstructions  in  these  same  rapi.ls  and  cut  a  canal 
about  one  fourth  of  a  mile  long  acioss  the  point  at  Cedar  Village,  and 
commenced  a  canal  intended  to  be  two  thirds  of  a  mile  long  across  the 
point  just  above  the  old  canal  at  Cotean  du  Lac.    The  latter  canal  was 


■  •-•MI.K.- 


28 


CANALS   OP  CANADA. 


upon  ir,  inittl  1841,  when  a  Mr.  MrlJaini^  completed  it  bv  iK'imiHMion  nf 
any  l,„t  local  p,„,,„HB.  ,„i„  tl,„  comKli™  ^Vho  c'oZuu'S::?.  '"' 

UNION  OP  UPPEIl   AND  LOWER  CANADA. 

In  1841  tho  provinces  of  tTpperand  Lower  (Xanadu  were  nnitod  iindnr 

rrirA\ZMion.r  hi'ir  "■"'  '".^"^'  '■"•'^^«"'^'  s:.t:z:;u!:^^ 

niHcn  luui  Demi  ,ione  by  the  respective  pn.n  nc<'8  and  bv  the  Jiimi.iii 
watZw.';;^"'  \-T''^'  ''*""''^'"*^'  ^''•'  <'•«»»«''•'«  to  a  freruvigo,?;e 

rrnm.^ud  '?/'"*""'''•'' .'^•'•'  "'^"'^'  ''•^"'  '"'Provements,  bo  1    of  a 
lerin.inent  and  teniponiry  character,  had  been  nuide,  but  tho  wii.t  of  L 
detuu  c  and  comprehensive  scheme  had  been  seri     s  V  felt      S^ 
and  dd  erences  „f  opinion  an.l  poliey  ha<l   preveZ   u  ht  irt    <t^^^^^^^^^^ 

"  :^e!;:iSo{^';;X:'"^""^'  '"'•  '•  ''^  '^'^*^»'^^^"  of';;;;.:^;;;;;rx 

wntf 'i'?''^*' '"''''"  ^'*T  T'^''^  **>'  "'t''i"s<>n<'int  coniniissions  and  in  other 

provinus  seemed  hkely  to  be  consummated,  Lord  Durham   tinMi  i.nv 
ernor-Kenera  ,  in  preparation  for  the  evei.t,  cc.nnnissione     LieXa^^^^^^ 

iJl    ■     }■         "'*^  inland  water  commumcat  on  of  tho  Canadas  "     Ili^ 
examination  seems  to  have  been  a  very  minute  and  Lareftil  o  e  and  l,^^ 

tXT.'lu-'?..??''''"''*'^;  j^.f«r'''-»  "t'H^  basis  ol  the  ac  on  S^^ 
taken  by  the  Government  of  Canada  in  relation  to  the  imnrovemeit  of 
their  ^^'ater^vays.  He  advocated  the  a.loption  of  a  nil  E  svSn  of 
nav.jration  improvements,  and  ur«ed  that  they  sho  i Id  ^i  o'i  i  s<^?i 
commensurate  with  what  he  believed  was  to  be  tl  e  d  re  trtle  if 
Canada.  He  recomnicnde.l  that  the  locks  thnMifjlo^utXrwhoio 
Lawrence  system  should  be  made  of  the  same  d  mens  s  T  tl.^« 
adop  ed  for  the  Cornwall  Canal,  which  was  theruiX  c^t  rLfto  w^^^^ 
with  locks  200  feet  in  length  by  55  feet  in  brea,  th  w  th  ^fS  wS 

g'owt^lake  cominer'"^  ''^'""''  ""^^^"^^'^  ''  ^^«  "«««««*^'««  «f  '^^ 

WORKS  CONSTRUCTED  UP  TO  184L 

fl«^i®*f  *^'"f"^***.  *^'^  ^'^'"^  "'  the  narrative  of  what  works  liad  been 
finished  and  what  were  in  progress  at  the  date  of  the  unio    n    v  be  m 
aid  to  a  proper  nnderstandins"  of  what  was  still  necessar    t    be  do  m  in 
order  to  perfect  the  various  lines  and  brine,  them  tTSe   eaf^^ 
oTwlls'^SlSa^''*"^^^"'  -^'  -  -  «^^^^»  «-^  adopted  b^fhVird 

There  had  been  constructed  : 

First.  On  the  St.  Lawrence  route- 

St!  Loui'^  ^''''^'"'  ^''"''''  *°  "^^^■^^'"e-  tbo  Lacbiue  Itapids  or  Sault 
S.r*^  Welland  Canal,  to  connect  Lakes  Ontario  and  Erie 


w 


<■ 


TO 


. 


CANALS    OF    CANADA.  29 

n3  Vn  ^"'"""ff*""  ""y  <''»'«••',  wlii.'li  WU8  nitlier  Hub^ldiary  to  tlia.i  a 
part  of  th«  Ht.  riiiwrciice  routv. 

(4)  The  DesjunliiiN  Cum.l,  wl.ich  wasowiuMl  by  u  private corno.at ion 

sr^.  "i  "i"'  / '^M  '•";"  'T'"'  I''/:  <>'>v'*'nnne„t,  anil  was  a  lo.'tl  XTr! 
Second,  (hi  the  Montreal  ami  Kinjj.stoii  route  • 

abolVs'r  AnS."  ""'^  ^'^^''^'''^  <''^"'^''''  "''"»"«•  the  rapids  of  Ottawa, 

!S)  m!'*^  Ivideau  (Janal,  between  Ottawa  and  Kiuffston. 
a)  The  Iliver  Tay  Canal.  " 

There  was  also,  aw  a  part  of  and  necessary  to  this  Hv.stem  until  thw 
u?  vlSSif ''"  '"'"''  ^'^""^'«'  ^^'"  I*"^'"^<^  '-'^'  before  described! 

Tliere  were  in  process  of  construction  : 
SaurKapki;.^''''''''"'''' ''*"''' *  The  Cornwall  Canal,  to  avoid  the  Long 

On  the  Ottawa :  The  St.  Anne's  lock,  which  was  intended  to  super- 

treal  ..wi^r"'".^^"'  ""l  ^'"•*"'""''  ""^^  *^*^"'l"«t«  the  works  of  t^ioZ. 
treai  ana  Kin{,'ston  system. 

And  on  the  Kichdieu  :  The  St.  Ours  lock,  which  with  the  Chambly 
S?V«'"^?^p'^?','^''"^.^'''''  •'<>""'HM.ced,  was  intended  to  overcome 
the  Chambly  Rai)uls  ami  remove  all  obstruction  to  navigation  between 
the  St.  Lawrence  and  Lake  Chnmplain.  "«twcen 

In  addition  there  were  two  or  three  works  at  various  points  on  thw 
Kiver  Trent  which  were  of  local  importance  only  ^  ^ 

There  had  been  expended,  or  advanced  ui)ou  loans  which  had  never 
been  repaid,  for  the  construction  of  these  various  works  as  foUows? 

By  tlio  government  of  Lower  Civimda : 

Ou  the  Lachino  Cniml a„„^   .^,  ,, 

On  the  Chambly  Cinml  P'J«,404. 15 

On  thoSt.Aniu>Hlock....    ;J2-^,4.JI.58 

On  the  weiiundcan.1. ...::::;::::::::::::::::::::;:::;::;;:;;;;  ^jj-^og 

Total : 

a40,705.75 

By  tlio  government  of  Upper  Canada:  .  ~ 

On  the  WcUaml  Canal ,  ,,,    .  .„  _ 

0;i  the  Cornwall  Canal  ....  ,'!^i*r  '^'^^ 

Ou  the  Burlington  Hay  Canal  ..  loVo-     ^^ 

On  the Desjardina Canal...  lJ4,3i)6.0H 

On  the  KivorTay  Canal  08,000.00 

On  the  Kiver  Trent  Canal..! 5,6:10.35 

V 9ii,44<>.3U 

Total — 

3,490,401.90 

By  the  imperial  government :  - 

On  the  Rideau  Canal o  n,^  ^«.   . 

On  the  Lachine  Canal  3,911,701.47 

On  the  Welland Canal..!.". J5^^^-^ 

2-22,2a0.00 

Total 

4,173,921.47 

Total  by  governments TT;.,,  ^.,.,  ,= 

By  private  corporations :  o,  oUo,  u.^y.  12 

On  the  Desjardins  Canal on  ^o.  /^ 

On  the  River  Tay  Canal !!!•!!!!!!!!!!!! in  nnn'nn 

Grand  total ~~ 

8.545,713.12 

In  addition  to  this  amount  there  was  what  the  war  department  of  the 
imperial  government  had  spent  on  the  locks  between  Lakes  St  Louis 
and  St.  Francis,  on  the  St.  Lawrence,  and  on  the  Ott^w.  r\:n;,,  "? 
rccoru  01  wiiich  has  been  lost.  " '     * 


30 


CANALS   OP   CANADA. 


Lawrence,  and  the  Lacliine  Pan  i?  .*^?  "PP^^  ^akea  with  tbe  Sf 
the  Ottaw^*  «A'«teuKS  hi  oco  nrS  '^a  rSm^  *^^  «^-  Lawrence  and 
several  stretches  between  the  two  tiT  '  ^'de-water,  there  were  still 
qnately  provided  thr  TIu>1p  Z  *i  '*'^'  '''^''^  '^"<'  at  all,  or  very  iimdfl 
and  St.  i>ancis  and\he  STo^.  /'^'1''^''  ^^^^'^^^  Lakes  St.  louS 
and  Prescott.     '  '*^'^'^''  "**  '''P>^'«  ^^^tween  Dickinson's  Lamlin^ 

bJit  hr;^eS:Cl^S^^X---tbes,nall  locks  originally 
ro.val  staff,  and  the  canals  b^Kv  if  '''''^''*'  '''"'^  improved  by  the 
"1 1S^2,  across  the  po'ni  a?  C  lar  V  |Lf  1,^!;''^"*  "^'^'"^^^  ^^"a^'t 
These  weretotally  inadeonatetn  t  Jli  ^^  **"*^  ^''^  P«'"t  J"st  above  it 
litt  e  practical  usl  AtlhJ^  ?ef th^rrwe^e '^n^  ''^'"'^  ^"^  ^^^^  of 
Uj)on  the  union  all  the  works  001,1.1!?^^  1^  ''"Pavements  at  all. 
ferred  to  the  board  of  public  works  ^'^'*'^  ''''^  '"  P'^«^'«««  ^ere  trans: 

n«o(  ihcations,  was  adopted.  '       '^  *^®  ^^^^^'^  itself,  with  some 

sni^i^^ns^S'Sn^^-^^^^^ 

the  "^'-s.itiesof  [he  W  ^"utVhiS^Rr  ^''f  ^^^  <J"ite  be^-ond 
soon  outstripped.  '      ^  ''^'''^  ^^'^  growing  trade  of  the  country 

^  The  trst  new  work  entered  upon  after  the  union  was  the  Beauharnois 

BEAUHARNOIS  CANAL 

presented  three  distinct  scSes  for  ft.  Jf^°  Cornwall  and  Kingston  " 
point.  The  tirst  of  them  wE  Vw?L  ''"P'ov^njents  in  view  at  this 
most  feasible,  contem pTaT^i  the  cot  ru^^^^^  ""'  ^"  ^^^«  ''^oll  The 

the  rapnls  and  theuse  of  theSt  wlnf  1  /  ^^"^"^^  ^^n^ls  at  each  of 
were  (o  be  on  the  north  side  nfTif!-^^^*''''^®"  ^'»«^«''  These  canals 
overcome  by  nine  lock  This  p  aiMvTi;.?^  the  descent  was  io  be 
the  legislature,  but  was  i.ever  aSed  mfon  ^  ^n''"'*  ^'^  ^  committee  of 
based  upon  carelul  in-pstitron!..!  P^"*    Subsequently  other  nlan« 

Alexander  SteU^o  ,  a  f  Srr'st^f '"^"^^  toparlfamentb'^Mr: 
shared  the  same  fate  as  that  of  Mr  Mills  Thf"  7^f  ^'*^^^'  ^uc  they 
the  south  side  of  the  river  as  best  ad«nf.?f^J''^*^^^«°"emen  urged 
lence  of  location  and  economy  in  ^^^^^  »^ot J  m  respect  to  con  ven 

suggested.  ""™^  '"  expenditure,  tor  the  improvemento 

military  reasons  thev  should  be  f.lup  f     ""f,"^'^'  ^"^  advised  that  for 

In  the  inemorandiim  s^.b mitted  Iv  tt  bn^/T*^'"^^  "^  ^^^  "^«r! 
diately  after  the  union  i)roviS.,  \i^         ^^^^/^  of  public  works  imme 
of  the  St.  Lawrence  S^iSon  •;;  r!!^;!!!!:!!/- P^lf  ting  this  sS; 
the  uusc  was  estimated  at:|l,023,Gt)0r""""''    "'  ^'''^^''^  P'a»,  and 


CANALS   OF   CANADA. 


31 


Before  anything  was  done,  and  in  Fehrnnrv  i«^o  *i  .. 
ot  the  boani  of  works  repor  ed  in  ?nvt  nf  o  '  •  .  '  "'^  chief  engineer 
«  .ore,  chiefly  on  the  grom%  tla"  uTonld  ir^f'^'r'""'"',""  ^^«  *^«"^^ 
ot  all  water-cours^s,  especially  of  thrOffiw.  i^^^"'  """^^  n.dej.endent 
IJ^lJe  for  2  or  3  weeksSongeJe^^S^se^ar^a^lfrroTt^^^^^^^ 

byl't^^^iple'f;^^ 

substantially  the  plan  recouVmended  by  Cshw  '  '^  ^f ^lian.ent,  and 
canal  on  the  south  side  of  the  river  «nri  r„  ®.*«^e"s«n»  to  wit,  a  single 
was  adopted.  The  canal  was  ope^erfor^vi"'^.-"'""  ^^'''^^'"^«  "''^•'•i, 
but  various  defects  were  soon  deveioi  ed  .T  K""" ."'  ^''^  ^^"  ^^^"  ^^^^^ 
per  entrance,  and  it  became  necestpr?!^  the  construction  of  the  up. 
627  feet  long'and  the  other  ?92feetTo^„*^  Th«  1^'  ^"'"  '''''  ^^''^•»«'  «"« 
1850.  -lecciong.     1  he  dams  were  completed  in 


120  tSe'LVfL^'^I^'io^nS  f  ^l  ^^T^^  ^*  ^^^  ^-^tom,  and 
wide,  with  9  feet  of  water  on   h^s      'Zl  o-f' "^  ^«"^«"J  ^fi  feet 

Subsequently  regulating  we hs  were  conir.  J.  ?"^"«'  V'^^  «^"  «^  ^*'^t. 
and  a  dike  about  5  miles  lo  g  was  bu  ?  «^  h^  "J  'i'^''  ^^  ^^^  '««'^'^^' 
prevent  flooding.  ^       ^  ^"''*^  ^t  the  head  of  the  canal  to 

^22  TS-^^^/r""^  "^""^^  ""^  ^^^  ^o^k  up  to  18G7  was  «1  fill  lo.  i ,      .     ,  . 
«22,/83.45  was  expeued    on   the  dimr  nJ  !      '     •',*-*'^^' *^^^^Jch 

exact  amount  of  which  I  can  not  ^hiJnr        ^  considerable  sum,  the 
^  From  the  head  of  the  Cornwall  Rn«i  ti   '^^™«^e«  ti-om  overflow. ' 
for  a  distance  of  5  miles,  Znfoibw  ?^^^^^^^ 
rents  with  intervening  spaces  of  smooTh^S   "'  '"^^^  ""^  ''''''  ^^'■ 


Th 


WiLLIAMSBUSG  CANALS 


tb^  w\l[!:m'  buTcaT4''    d'^^^^  T^'^^  ^—  collectively 

The  construction  of^these  canals  had^llf " '"'  "^''^  '''^' «*" ^'^^^'' "^er^ 
commission  of  1818,  an,rsSquent  v  ^Mf  T"'"'"^?^^^  ^'^  '^^  ^^iut 
Colonel  Phillpott,  and  had  been  the  sub^.S  ^^"J'"!'-'^  ^^^uglisli  and 
oat  of  the  legislature.  "^^^'^'^  °^  "'"''^  discussion  in  and 

PARRAND'S  POINT  CANAX. 

was  completed  in  1847     It  w^^  h?1  %  ®^f ' '^^  ^construction,  and  it 

.broad  at  the  bottom,  and  90 S  bSirtlf  ?/ ?  "^"« ,^«"8>  ^0  feet 

one  lock  200  feet  long  and  45  feet  wide  wftl  Q  fif '^-  '"'^""«-    ^^  ^'^d 

and  overcoming  a  rise  of  4  feet!  '  *^^^  ^^  '''^**^^  »»  the  sill, 

RAPIDE  FLAT  CANAL. 

^iTr^^^Jle'tu^^'^^lfV'''''''^'''''^  <""■«>  series,  the  R„pi.,e 
aa  1826,  work  wa'/not  cimTe  ,SSn  'TZ'^"']  ^r"  "«<">  """Sr^ 

locks,  200  feet  long'and  45  feet  wideiri*^^^^^^^^^^  There  were  two 

and  overcoming  a  ?ise  of  1 4  feet!'  ^*  ""^  '''''*''''  *'"  ^'^^  s'Hs, 


32 


CANALS   OF   CANADA. 


i 


GALOPS  CAXAL. 

l^ulnf  r  ''^;  fr^^l  long,  \vitl.  one  lock,  200  leet  loiifj  by  45  feet  wide 
aud  of  6  feet  lift.    From  the  head  of  this  mnoi  ti.n  "S^f  t  „  ' 

navigable  for  2^^-  miles  to  the  foo   of  tl.e  TiaC  Itnids     TnnT  ''^' 

in^ao''  "^'''"  ^^''  •^""'"''"  '^"^^  ^^'  commeuced  in  1851  and  completed 
o^:t'^^SlS^::^^Si^  Sr-  «^  ^^e junction  canal, 

burfcruals'"ct7$I  aiS'If^^^^^^^^     denominated  geT.erally  the  Williama- 
unit^ed  provinces    ^^'^^^'^"^'^^l  ^^"^^  ^^^  P^^l  into  the  treasury  of  the 

hams  burg  Canals  are  not  used  by  (tsceudini  crafts  of  anv  kil?  f  Y'^' 
heavily  loaded,  nor  by  ascending  passenger  vessels  ^       ' '  ""^''' 

LACHINE  CANAL-ENLARGEMENTS  OF  1843. 

Besides  the  construction  of  the  Beauharnois  and  Williamsburff  Tannic 
and  the  completion  of  the  works  which   .  ere  i)ai  tiall v  Sf  «K     ?•  ^' 

The  old  canal  built  iff  1825,  had  long  before  become  utterlv  inaria 
quate  to  the  requirements  of  commerce.  "«'-"me  utterly  inade- 

Colonel  Phillpott  had  proposed  that  the  old  line,  the  location  of  winnh 
had  never  been  quite  satisfactory,  be  abandoned  Z  arf  en  relv  new 
??  wL  T^^'f  f''  ''"  ""  ^'."«^'  ^^"«'  '*"d  this  plan  had  nmny  advicater 

them  equal  to  those  of  the  Cornwall  ami  B^'ihtrE  C^,^       *"  "^"'^^ 
During  the  progress  of  the  work  and   the   urgent  reoiP.f  nf  ih. 
mercantile  interests  this  plan  was  so  far  modiS^s  to  Tn'rLse    he 
depth  of  locks  Nos.  1  and  2  at  Montreal  from  9  feet  tTia  i\T/^      I 
on  the  snis,  and  tl  us  enable  the  lar^estT^^^^^ 
VIS.  ed  Montreal  to  pass  easily  into  the  first  bfsin  Sfth?  canal 
Ihe  work  was  sufficiently  advanced  in  1848  to  permit  pasSof  boats 

a-cwuu  tnc  movliucatiuii  ui  the  original  plan  just  adverted  to. 


CANALS   OF   CANADA. 


33 


'f\ 


The  capacity  of  the  canal  was  more  th  ii  doubled  by  these  improve- 
ments and  the  number  of  locks  reduced  from  seven  to' five 

The  enlargement  cost  $2,149,128.70  and  was  of  course  paid  for  bv  the 
Government  of  United  Canada.  ' 

WELLAND  CANAL  IMPROVEMENT  OF  1842-'49. 

The  Welland  Canal  as  originally  built  had  never  been  satisfactory 
either  in  its  location,  its  dimensions,  or  in  the  character  of  the  work,  and 
It  had  never  been  looked  upon  as  pcrnjanently  completed. 

From  time  to  time  surveys  and  investigations  had  been  made  and 
changes  and  improvements  suggested,  but  nothing  of  any  moment  had 
been  done. 

As  soon,  however,  as  the  line  came  whollv  under  the  control  of  the 
government  by  the  purchase  of  the  interests  of  the  private  holders,  it 
was  determined  by  the  board  of  public  works  to  commence  improve- 
ments. *^ 

It  was  decided  that  all  the  locks  should  be  rebuilt  in  stone  and  their 
dimensions  increased  to  120  feet  long  by  2G  feet  broad,  with  8i  feet 
water  on  the  sills;  that  the  aqueduct  required  to  carry  the  canal  over 
the  Welland  Eiver  should  be  rebuilt  of  stone;  that  the  feeder  should 
be  converted  into  a  navigable  canal ;  that  the  harbors  on  both  lakes 
should  be  improved,  and  finally  that  the  projected  Port  Maitland 
Branch  should  be  undertaken  and  completed "  with  an  entrance  lock 
from  Lake  Erie  200  feet  long,  45  feet  wide,  and  having  9  feet  depth  of 
water. 

The  works  were  commenced  in  1842  and  completed  in  1849. 

The  original  plan  was  modified  during  the  progress  of  tlie  work  so 
as  to  make  the  locks  150  feet  long  by  26*  feet  wide,  and  the  bed  of  the 
main  line  26  feet  wide  at  the  bottom. 

As  the  Grand  Eiver  gave  evident  signs  that  it  could  not  be  relied 
upon  as  a  feeder,  it  was  decided  to  obtain  the  water  supply  for  the 
canal  from  Lake  Erie.  To  do  this  it  became  necessary  to  lower  the 
summit  level  8  feet  to  that  of  Lake  Erie. 

This  undertaking  was  commenced  in  1846,  but  was  not  finally  com- 
pleted, so  as  to  render  the  canal  independent  of  the  Grand  liiver  until 
a  few  years  ago. 

These  enlargements  and  improvements  cost  the  government  of  Can- 
ada up  to  Ist  July,  1867,  $4,900,820.60. 

TRENT  RIVER  AND  NEWCASTLE  DISTRICT  NAVIGATION. 

The  Trent  River  and  Newcastle  district  navigation  in  its  present 
condition  does  not,  in  either  section  of  it,  form  a  completed  system,  but 
consists  simply  of  local  improvements  whicli  have  been  made  from  time 
to  time  and  at  various  points  between  Trenton,  on  the  Bay  of  Quinte, 
into  which  the  Trent  Kiver  empties,  and  Lake  Simcoe,  a  large  body  of 
water  north  of  Toronto,  and  about  half  way  on  a  direct  line  between 
Lake  Ontario  and  Georgian  Bay. 

These  improvements  are  of  two  kinds,  viz,  those  to  render  the  channel 
navigable  for  vessels,  and  those  to  facilitate  the  i)nssage  of  lumber. 

Those  of  the  former  kind  are  .situated  between  the  mouth  of  the  river 
Trent  and  the  town  of  Lindsay  on  the  Scugog  River,  and  between  Lind- 

SaV  and   Port,  Pprr\7    nf  tlia  l>aa«l  nf  r..il.-»  t-ion-ri^c 

The  total  distance  between  the  Bay  of  Quints,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
H.  Ex.  45 3 


I 


34 


CANALS   OF   CANADA. 


river  Trent,  and  Port  Perry  is  IGl^  miles,  of  which  34A  miles  are  not 
navigable  for  vessels  drawing  6  feet  of  water  *  * 

coSructedr"^  '"  *  "'^''^  the  works  which  have  been  or  are  being 

CANAL  AT  CHISHOLM  RAPIDS. 

iAf^J'^fl^  ""ir"  '"  the  Chisholm  Kapids,  15  miles  above  Trenton, 
18  a  fall  of  something  more  than  8  feet,  ami  here  in  1873  a  canal  2,927  feet 
l.?«7^'  cntthrongh  bedded  limestone,  and  a  dam  built  to  make  still- 
water  navigation  for  the  remainder  of  the  distance  <,overed  by  the  rap  ds. 

and  33  feet  wfde.''"^  ""^  '^'''"'"^  "''''""'^'  ^^^  ^""*  ^  "•"'^^^  ^^"^'' 

CANAL  AT  LAKE  BOBOAYGEON. 

Between  1833  and  1835  a  short  canal,  with  a  wooden  lock  was  con- 
structed  at  Lake  Bobcaygeon  140f  miles  above  Trenton.    By  tlds  canal 

woofn'one'  n^7!•r''^^'*'"^  '"^'^  ^'^^''"^  ^^*^^'»  substituted  for  le 
wooden  one  in  1857    vessels  drawing  not  more  than  4  feet  are  pinhlpri 

to  pass  from  lakes  Chemong,  Buckhorn,  and  Pigeon  to  stirgeoilke 

f.Sl^H'"-M  "t*'  "»^?«"^'»S  «iver  to  the  town  of  Lindsay?  wiSs  con- 
nected with  Lake  Ontario  by  railroad. 

eo^v:i;Stol\rbe'r1L:?  "^"'^^^  '"  ''**  ^"^^  ^'^«  subsequently 

HasUngh  Loclc.-ln  1844  a  lock,  now  known  as  Basting's  Lock  and 

a  darn  was  completed  at  Crook's  Rapids,  a  point  32^  miles  abox^  the 

^^^^fFln^V^^^^  ^^'^''  lock;  naVigation'is  obtained  from 

Jiuiey  8  1^  alls  to  Whitla's,  a  distance  of  GOA  miles,  and  during  the  same 
year  a  dam  was  built  at  Nine-Mile  Eapids  ^  ^ 

Loch  at  WhitWs.-ln  1843  a  lock  was  constructed  at  Whitla's  93 
mries  above  the  mouth  of  the  Trent,  by  means  of  which  vISs  mav 

Upon  these  works  there  was  expended  by  the  government  of  U  per 

ted  St'aS  Tnfo  K>r't?;.^'';'^  the^overnment  ofT^d- 

r..  is7n  ^'i    ^1    ,  l^J' t^^^/'^^®  ^^  confederation,  $216,921.98. 
in  1870  the  lock  at  Lindsay,  which  had  been  converted  infn  n  «i,M« 

l^tre  m\e^bf37'f"r'^^'  tl.epronnceo? Ontario,  "usdimt-' 

In  thefall  nf  1S«?  w  ^^  ''"^^'  ""'^^  ^  ?^*  «*"  ^^'^*«^'  «"  the  sills. 
is  known  ftlBh.r/ir^  commenced  at  various  points  along  what 
^ai?nny^!f  the  Black  Lake  division,  which  extends  from  Lakefleld  to 
Balsam  Lake,  the  summit  level  on  the  main  line  of  the  Trent  River 
navigation,  aud  satisfactory  progress  has  been  made.  At  the  Ui  ner 
Rapids,  between  Deer  Bay  and  Buckhorn  Lake,  a  ift  lock  and  smaM 
canal  one-fourth  mile  long  are  being  built.  ' 

At  the  falls  between  Sturgeon  and  Cameron  Lakes,  a  canal  about  onfi 
third  of  a  mile  in  length  with  two  lift  locks  is  under  contract 

The  contract  for  the  former  of  these  routes  requiri  th  t  it  shall  bo 
completed  this  year,  and  for  the  latter  that  it  sh'all  1  -  completed'llext 

infj""5?f  M  ^^^«  been  given  out  for  the  construction  oi  a  canal  2i  miles 
1  nSI  wf '•?  ^f  J^^ksand  regulating  dams,  around  theBur leigS 

tS  10  ks'S.l  ;;.o"^''''**'"'  ^^'"  not  yet'been  commenced.^' 
inese  Jocks  and  the  service  works  are  to  be  134  feet  lontr  33  feet  widfi 
and  have  a  depth  of  5  feet  on  the  sills.    When  tlmv  Z^^yyii^^Zl^^' 

i^gatiiT"''"''"''  """"  ''^''"  "^'  ^""^"^  ^^^  "^"^«  of  direct  "and  latS 


I 


I 


es  are  not 
are  being 


i  Trenfon, 
2,927  feet 
nake  still- 
he  rapids, 
ihes  long, 


was  con- 
liis  canal 
3(1  for  the 
B  enabled 
eon  Lake 
5h  is  con- 
sequently 

iock,  and 
bove  the 
jed  from 
the  same 

litla's,  93 
sels  may 
Whitla's. 
>f  Upper 
of  Uni- 

)  a  slide, 
sdi  men- 
sills. 
>ng  what 
efleld  to 
it  Kiver 
i  Upper 
id  small 

out  one- 
shall  bo 
;ed  next 

2i  miles 
(igh  and 

et  wide, 

lateral 


t 


I 


CANALS  OP  CANADA. 
CONFEDERATION. 


^5 


tario  and  Queb^and^he  p  ovin^s  of^^^^^^  s;S'  '^Tr^'^f^  ^  O"" 

EXPENDITURES  PREVIOUS  TO  CONFEDERATION. 

spe'^Lpof/thlclrals'Zlw^^^^  had  been 

distributed  as  shown  on  iranneS  sche^^^^^^^^ 


Manner  of  expenditure. 


Lacliiue  Canal 

BeauharuoiH  Canal ..." 

Corn  Willi  Canal 

"WilliamaburK  Caniil ..'..'. 

General  expondit mo  ... 

BurliiiKton  Jiay  Ciinal...     .   

Desjai din  Bay  Canal !!!!!!! 

St.  Lawrence  system, 

Welland 


Dnring  the 
union. 


$2, 149,  )28. 70 

1,611,424.11 

4«4,  014.  32 

1,320,055.54 

116,821.31 

a08,  328.  32 

52,  263.  U3 


St  Ann's  lock 

Chute  &  Blondoau  Canai.".'.'. ." 

Kideau  Canal 

Kiver Tay  navigation  ...'. 


«,  043,  230.  23 
6,  564,  592.  06 


Total  cost  to 
June  30, 1867. 

*2,  587, 532. 85 

1.611,424.11 

1,  933, 152. 69 

1,  320,  055. 54 

11«,821.31 

■132,  684. 40 

160,947.93 

8, 153,2]8.8.'t 
7,  638,  239. 83 


Montreal  and  Kingston  system 
Chats  (Upper Ottawa).... 


St.  Ours  lock  and  dam . . 

Chambly  Canal ^ll\"["\" 

Richelieu  and  Lake  Champlain  system 
Kiver  Trent  navigation.  .>oi»iu 

Total  expenditure 


134,  450. 51 

63,  053. 64 

4, 004,  764. 07 

17, 764. 05 

4,  280,  038.  27 
482,  950.  81 

121,  537. 65 
634,711.76 

760,  24^41 
309,371.31 


21,620,008.46 


by  the  Imperial  G overmen t  $13  ST/s^^^Jh"  ^f  °^t?^.1  $4,173,921.47 
and  $40,684  by  private  corpoVattJnf  '  ^  *^'  ^"'^'^  Provinces, 

Iinperia'ftveJnltt  rfhe'relj^^Sor  an'^^'^,  ^^^^^^^'^^^^  ^^  '^^ 
locks  and  canals,  between  akes  St  LoSs  ami  sT  ?.T™'"^  f  *?"  ^^^ 
struction  of  the  three  Ottawa  T^iv^rn.uA  5  "  ^^^^''^^S'  '»«d  the  eon- 
$48,405.83  spent  b/theTovrnrnPn!  n?T  ^''^^f^  ^'^^l  ^'so 

improve  the  chanS  throu jrthrLachLe^C^^^^^^^  ^^ttempting  to 

As  a  result  of  this  erpenditm-e,  a™t^Sg  ^^^^^^^^  ?<l?'f  «' 

came  into  possession  of  the  Dominion  n«r.,S«+^i^  there 

Canada,  transferred  under  tlmnri.,?.'  ^fL^^  ^^^  «««®ts  of  United 
248^  miles  of  can  a  w"?h  iS'S  Twhtlf^on^f  -f  «<^f ^deration, 
100  locks  were  in  Unnor  (J^Lnalo  l',i  Iq  •  '  ^^^^  "^'^^^  of  canal  and 
were  in  Lower  Canada  '       ^  ^'^  ""^^'  ^^  ^'^"^1  ^'"^  ^2  locks 

was  9  feet  on  the  mkor  sS  '  '"'""''  ""^  '"""'  "«!'"'  '»'  wl'i<=l> 


36 


CANALS   OF   CANADA. 


The  Montreal  and  Kiugston  system,  including  the  river  Tav  navijra- 
^on  comprned  134.39  miles  of  canal  and  64  locks,  the  least  depth  of 
which  was  5  feet  on  the  miter  sills.  * 

^vl^'?^^^it}^^'£!il  1"  ^^'•^-  ^^'^^'^  ^""'"f^  f'"'"  Montreal  to  Kingston 
mi     1  -  feet— 401i  feet  rising  and  177  feet  falling. 

.   ^^'^''^^'eH/^'xl  Lake  Chaiuplain  system  comprised  12.13  miles  of 
canal  and  10  locks,  the  least  depth  of  whicii  wasTftu-t  on  the  miter  sills 
,,.     rm°®  ^'®^''*'  ''?®''  *^®  completion  of  the  works  above  described 
very  little  was  done  beyond  what  was  necessary  to  keep  them  in  repair. 

APPOINTMENT   OP  CANAL  COMMISSION. 

.  ^"  ^f^,^}'f  Governor-General  of  the  Dominion  appointed  a  commis- 
sion, of  which  the  late  Sir  Plugh  Allen  was  chairman,  "  to  make  inTirv 
as  tQ  the  best  means  of  securing  a  thorough  and  com'-    r  .  ".-vi  i,„ 
provement  of  the  canal  system,  and  to  collect  reliable  infc    ,  nnnn 

which  to  base  a  plan  therefor."  "'  *^ 

REPORT  OF  CANAL  COMMISSION. 

The  commission,  after  a  careful  and  searciiing  inquiry,  submitted  an 
elaborate  report.    In  this  report  they  discussed  quite  exh.iustivelv  to 
commercial  and  engineering  a8])pcts  of  the  questions  submitted  to  them 
detailed  the  result  ot  their  investigations  under  each  head,  and  made 
certain  recommendations,  of  which  the  following  is  an  abstract  • 

1.  Thatone  uniform  size  of  locks  an  I  canals  be  established  throughout 
the  whole  of  the  St.  Lawrence  route,  including  the  St.  Lawrence  canals 
proper,  the  Welland  Canal,  and  the  proposed  Sault  Ste.  Marie  Canal. 

That  the  locks  be  made  270  long  and  45  feet  wide,  with  a  depth  of  12 
feet  clear  on  the  miter  sills,  and  that  the  bottom  of  the  canals  be  sunk 
at  least  1  foot  below  the  miter  sills  of  the  locks,  with  a  width  throujih- 
out  of  not  less  than  100  feet.  They  stated  that  these  dimensions  would 
enable  vessels  of  the  usual  build,  carrying  1,0U0  tons,  to  pass,  and  if 
their  breadth  of  beam  and  sectional  areas  were  increased  the  canals 
might  be  navigable  for  vessels  of  1,500  tons. 

In  giving  their  reasons  for  fixing  the  greatest  depth  of  water  on  this 
route  at  12  feet,  the  commission  say : 

,T,2ilVrTt7/M  w"*TTu''  ""^'''*  *?  ^"^  ^««*  informed  on  the  subject  recom- 
mend a  dralt  of  14  feet  and  others  m  much  as  16  feet,  regard  must  nevertheless  be 
had  to  the  capabilities  of  the  harbors  and  the  eugineerTng  characteristics  of  ou? 
canals,  as  weii  as  the  prudent  suggestions  of  moderate  and  experienced  men  who 
have  limited  their  views  to  12  feet.  It,  would  be  extremely  unwisHSarkTu  mao- 
nifacent  schemes,  exceed  ng  the  resources  of  a  young  country,  witrtLvi^wonn: 
troducing  ocean  vessels  into  ourcanals  and  lakes. 

2.  That  the  locks  on  the  proposed  Bay  Verte  Canal  be  made  270  feet 
^^"/^"^^A^J^ft  wide,  with  a  depth  of  15  feet  on  the  miter  sills. 

3.  That  the  locks  in  the  Ottawa  system  be  made 200  feet  long, 45  feet 
wide,  with  a  depth  of  9  feet  on  the  miter  sills. 

1   ^'  ^"^l?^^  the  locks  in  the  Richelieu  Eiver  be  also  made  200  feet 
In^Si^'f"  .     ^^M^  "^V^®'  ^•f'^^ucl^  a  ^epth  on  the  miter  sills,  not  exceed- 
^K   T^'  ^^  *^^  channel  of  the  Eichelieu  would  afiord. 

Ihe  dimensions  fixed  upon  for  these  routes  were  thought  sufficientlv 
large  to  accommodate  the  largest  barges  used  for  carrying  lumber,  thiit 
being  the  main  article  traus;)orted  through  them  fe   «  '"^M  ^^^ 


ly  naviffa- 
b  depth  of 

Kingston 

3  miles  of 

niter  sills. 

described 

in  repair. 


El  commis- 
ce  inquiry 

•  rfre  im- 
•■'"      upon 


mitted  an 
lively  the 
[  to  tlieiu, 
md  made 
it: 

lougliont 
ce  canals 
ie  Canal, 
pth  of  12 
I  be  sunk 
througli- 
ns  would 
3,  and  if 
e  canals 

r  on  this 


Bct  recom- 
'thek'ss  be 
ic8  of  our 
men  who 
■k  iu  iiiag- 
iew  of  in- 


270  feet 

?,  45  feet 

200  feet 
exceed- 

Bciently 
>er,  that 


CANALS   OP   CANADA. 
IMPUOVEMENTS  RECOMMENDED. 


87 


■• 


nortJ.mi'inTM  ^^^  improvements  recommended,  accordinff  to  their  im- 

In  the  first  class  they  put : 

7  mr  '""P^o^'.ement  of  the  Ottawa  and  Ohamblv  Canals 

5.  The  construction  of  the  proposed  Bay  Verte  Canal 

In  commenting  upon  the  above-mentioned  works  th.  report  says- 

mending  which  of  them  sbonkl  be  Lrnioceo  pTwftI  f  f *''"^''''™''"'^  inrocorn- 
that  they  should  be  undertaken  in  thfoKr  in  wW  V  '"*  '''^  respectfully  suggest 
as  possible  simultaneously.  "  ^^'''^'  ^''^^^  ^""^  mentioned,  or  as  far 

They  put  in  the  second  class : 

Which  have  been  chirtPrArrfLTi;^  to  the  private  companies 

13.  The  construction  of  the  Geor£,ian  Bay  Canal 

regrdatfnTwlVs' be'^b  xn?  ?:?'  ^''^  '^'''''  '^"' ^^  --  ^'-s  and 
thi  S  otLT  respect^not^^^^  '''P^^^  ^^  ^^t^^'  I'"* 

Je\r;r„rr  tXT;S'S'\i,"^  fe^l^-r'i--.  »"<>?-"  "^ »-« 

««.uy  8urvc;ysana  examinations  were  made  and  schemes  for 


3i)] 


38 


CANALS  OF  CANADA. 


LAOHINE  CANAL  IMPROVEMENTS. 

a.m  a  .te,"f.:  of'lLtet^L'n'erioZ'if'"  "  ■"-","^-"1'  of  1=0  feet 

In  the  enlarged  system  there  are  also  five  locks  970  fp«f  ;»  i       *u 
and  45  feet  in  width     Thp  riAt^H.  ,.f  V,'.V  'ocks,  ^7U  teet  in  length 

100  feet,  «  19  feet,  and  for  tUeZltale?";  I's'fee?  '"''  *''  "  ™'"'  "' 
J^wo  new  o,a.o„r.v.f„eed  basi„«  are  ia  pr«,esB  of  co„str„ction  at  St. 

finished  early  in  the  summer  of  the  present  year!  ^  "'^'^  '^'"  ^^ 

lliese  enlargements  have  cost  up  to  June  1882  .«f;  -^d?  n^  r*-        i  • 


t 


CANALS   OP   CANADA. 


39 


f  nv?i  n  ^  pass  tbrougli  the  whole  canal  in  about  2^  hours,  wliilc  bartres 
hnnrl  ^^^''""•^"f  «««"Py  3  hours,  and  those  towed  by  ho S  4  to  5 
hours.  Tugs  are,  however,  fast  taking  the  place  of  h/rses  tor  tow?n2 
pnrDoses,  except  at  t -e  locks,  where  hSr«es  hive  to  be  uS^ 

CORNWALL  CANAL  IMPROVEMENTS. 

i«  n!!^  ;'"P^ovement  ou  the  Cornwall  Canal  was  commenced  in  1876  and 
18  now  progressing.  "^'  v>cu  m  xo<o,  ana 

8n;fH."n7M""^V'  ^ower  entrance  channel  has  been  formed  300  feet 
south  of  the  old  one  and  extending  back  3,800  feet  until  it  ioiriP  th« 

line  z/o  leec  Jong  b^  45  feet  wide,  and  w  th  a  depth  of  14  feef,  nn  thl 
miter  sills,  and  a  basin  826  feet  long  between  these  two  locks  have  heln 
?pT  w  '•^-  w,*^^  ^l«epe"ing  of  the  canal  so  as  to  aZit  vessels  of  ?S 
feet  dralt,  and  the  enlargement  of  the  four  locks  near  the  upper  entranoA 

Tl'ere  S  W^"^  V''  '^^^'^^^  ^''«  Projected Tmprovrents" 
«'-.4S»'7  ,    T-    «Pent  on  these  improvements  up  to  June  30  ] 882 
$j4u,.309.57,  making  the  total  outlay  on  this  <5anal  $2,522,519.81.  ' 

PRESENT  CONDITION   OF  BEAUHARNOIS  AND  WiLLIAMSBURa  CANALS. 

Nothing  has  yet  been  done  to  carry  out  the  recommendations  of  Mm 
commission  .n  regard  to  the  remaining  canals  on  th^  St  Lawrence  v  z 
the  Boauharnois  and  the  Williamsburg  Canals,  and  thev  remain  of  IS 
same  dnnens.ons  as  they  were  originally  con, pie  e     to  wit  Tfeet  de,.th 

GALOPS  RAPIDS  IMPROVEMENTS. 

general  level,  and  these  projections  have  to  be  removed 
enSfee'i'o?'oanri^'"f"^  °^  *^''  ^.^j'^*'  *«  ^"«t«  th«  ^^^ds  of  the  chief 

tbJt^lnre^^rS'.Tr^.,'!!'''''^'  '"•"-^'  »  »-  '--"""ted,  and 


40 


CANALS   OP   CANADA. 


lue  ciianiieJ  oi  the  river  and  nvoirj  fiw»  wnu: > .,       .        .     v'  ""^^ 


avoid  the  Williamsburg  Canal  on  the  dowu- 


MURRAY  BAY  OANAL. 

wlfole^^th/bPsrir"*"'  "l-"^''  ^J'^  «"ff"'eer8  reconiinended  as,  on  the 

on  the  line  from  Presqne  Isle  at  SlSslooo  «-!«,333.3J,  and 

be  m-f,!«'nt"«fi  p""*  D''Il''r"n'^'"  "'  P«l'lic  Works  caused  a  survey  to 

t„ne  tte  project  .,as  been  ^rc^euU^^S  tl^^^^Si  ^IS/'aS! 

ta,^'err„'o?';:e"X7brre"^4rerafs^^^^      °'  '»-'  T- 

on,men.;e,l  that  &  consiieLtio'nKeforred      ""  """""'""'  """  '■'"'• 

prS,:^'fo'i^T<;;s„'e°ti'o:/s?„*^s\L\t^^^^^^^^^^^^ 

tbori.ed  tl,e  Government  to  n.uiertafe  "beS  '  ^»''""'"*"'  ""- 

The  contracts  call  for  tLe  completion  of  tbe  nudertaking  in  1885. 


m 


4 


ami  lifjbt- 

ilile  to  imo 

tliodowu- 


remity  of 
J)  of  laud 
u,  aud  ou 

3  out  iuto 
lis  pcuin- 

ted  to  the 

atrip,  by 

Irie  to  the 

Qinent  of 
jross  the 
)  Harbor, 
r  the  Bay 

5,  on  the 
les  long, 
!!•,  would 

ites  and 
aflicient 
!.33,  and 

urvey  to 

a  canal 

nee  that 

imly  ad- 

impor- 
lud  rec- 

and  the 
lent  au- 

ged  ad- 
iue  Isle 
Awarded, 
canal, 
1  be  re- 
e  given 

'OSS  the 
noes, 
m,  and 
'ntario. 

85. 


CANALS   OP   CANADA. 
WELLAND   CANAL  IMPROVEMENTS. 


41 


i 


.   Its  en  argcment  was  recommended  as  the  first  uwi  .?«,..        V    . 

it  was  soon  found  that  bowZ?  arulilfi    """I"  ^  '  ■"■'  ^°^''°"'»,  but 
the  score  of  ecoio,^,  tlie^Seme.r^- m!^?!*  °°"r  ','"«'"  '»  »■' 

eaJt«Tdrfthe"ilS"i!;*  extenS^'l>"VC,  T^"'  """  """'''  '»  '"» 
a  distance  of  11.83  inilCT  th™  IL  f...^^  ,  Daibousie  to  All,nd>tirj{, 
Allanlinrg  to  Port  ColbLr  e  a  rtis  imf  ^l''fS?'™.f'"'  »'''  "'"""  '*™ 
proyemel  havelc^n  S  ml  ac^rdingly  •'*  '"""^'  ""''  '""^  ""• 

H„,4erst5,raml  Port  o'Xorne     '''  "'"'  """^  ™"'"  ""»""-'  ''«'«<"' 

tin^frSMSSd  t'^ibe'Iew^Sl'Sn^  IT,"'  *^L«'°-  '"»<''- 
there  is  only  one  chaun el  M,«  !Ji',i  .1  T  -^  '''"''jirg  to  Port  Colborae 
fore  described  '     "  "'''  """''  '"'""e:  been  enlarged,  as  be- 

for  the  feeder  rout^at  Port  M.iZ^A  1  *',  '  "■■'  Colborue,  and  one 
Niagara  Kiverrthetow"  of  Chippewa'''''  """  ""  "'"'""«"'  f™"'  "-« 
fro?Zrnlato,"sie''fo°p"rt'  clS:im  *°?  "^  e-»«"g,  extends 

structed,  aud  these  have  a  denfh  of  nnit  i o  p  .  ^^^i^^ks  had  been  con- 
the  rest  have  a  depth  of  14feet  The  J.^^lnl  i^i  *''"  ™^^""  '"^«'  ^'"'« 
ated  in  that  part  of  the  line  in  wl.^.i.  h,^     T  ^f''^^  ^'^'  l^o^ever,  .^itu- 

'  %r A^  ^'^^  '^^'  ^'  otiriirr^xr^^  -'^  ^^  --^  -  as 

tie^oVflteotorsToTo  mfnuTef  "'^^^'^' ^^^ 

pla?ted^:fLth  siderandTt^ff  ^  with  «tone  and  trees  have  been 

?s^xrb;sSEHf?--"^ 

Iii?Il'^t7^i«l^;t''''''^^^      '^"^''  ^'^'^""^'«  to  Thorold  the  ca.al  is 
lished.      -^    ''"^      "^  "  '•^"'^'"  ^^  seiiiaphore  signals  has  been  estab- 

Passage  is  afforded  at  all  stages  of  the  lake  level  to  v<388els  drawing 


i 


42 


CANALS   OF   CANADA. 


u„«n  this  cauul  lor  c<„;»truction  ,i„™Su  SpuiuVu Y^lJ-'-""  """" 

BURLINGTON  BAY  CANAL. 

T.lK.'".KZt,ctl  *'""'"  """"'"'  ""••«"'"W""y  -  i'  waa  in  1832, 

ST.  ANNK'S  LOOK  IMPEOVKMENTS. 
ArH^  l^^^i*  now  lock  was  eominonciMl  at  St.  Anne's,  200  feet  lonrru.ui 

GRKNVILLE  CANAL  IMPROVEMENTS. 

The  onlarsement  of  the  Grenvilie  Canals  was  entered  upon  avear 
earlier  and  comprise*!  the  construction  of  tWe  locks  200  feet  Ion i  .uuU? 

Pie  elVtuTho  tu^t  H  7'*^''  "'  ''^•^  ^^'"^'    '^^'-  locks  hat T,^,n  com 
piered,  out  the  two  at  the  lower  entrance,  whiclj  -irpi  tn  t.it«  m.«,v1„      \? 

fonr old  ones  can  not  be  brought  into  fuH  nse  ^n  iU^.'  1  eH,np^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 

re  made  in  the  channel.    When  these  arc  finished,  wind,  Sbe  (    rin^ 

the  curri^it  year  the  dimensions  of  the  channel  will  have  bee     ncrea^^^^^^ 

00  to  SOteet  at  the  surface,  and  crossinj?  basins  constructed   it  an 
$l"7?3;580.^!*''"'^     ''  ^"'"  ''  '""'•      ""'''  ''''  *«  June  Sof  1882,  ;S 

CARILLON  CANAL  IMPROVEMENTS. 

The  improvements  on  the  Carillon  Oaual  were  commenced  at  about 
the  sam-.  time  as  and  in  connection  with  those  on  the  Grenvilie  Thev 
compnsed  a  dam  800  fe^t  in  length  across  the  Ottaw^  R  ve^  three 

The  dam  and  slide  were  co,ni)leted  in  November,  1881,  and  the  canal 


' 


i 


*i 


r 


l:>i 


a 


*i 


OANAT.fi   OP   CANADA.  Am 

7  n.il„«,  the  level  of  the  Hver  l.«!  h  ^^'^«"^''  »e  (Junal,  u  .listance  of 
.water  on  ti.e  10^0^811  k  of  the  «  ^.  "  r^i'^e.!  so  that  the  depth  of 
incroHse,!  2  foot  U  mw  ox.m  .?n?i  ihn  m  ''**'''''  ^'.^  *^''"'  «""'i'  '"»«  »»i'«n 
A  Bh.n.ieau  Canal  yhg  beV™  wf  n^  ",r«*"''>;  "^" "«'"^'  ^ho  (Jhute 
wonhl  havo  been  obv  fe.  b^ this  new  ro;"'  ^^  ?'"'''"«  ^^'"'^^'^^ 
iHRh  many  atean.ens  arc  ,  nable  s/onrM  '  ^"J  '\''.'^"  "'«  ^^»t«'' «» 
the  chute,  and  havo  to  n  "e  h o  c a n aT  i«"i'r"  ^''''''  ^*^'  ^-^''^'^  ^^ 
and  itH  reconstruction  and  rJnou.'^^J^^^^^  of  repair, 

EIDEAU  CANAL—PIIEHENT  CONDITION. 


UPPER  OTTAWA  NAVIGATION. 


Montreal  and  Kingston.  AbovftSnn?nf  n.V^'T*  ^'^  ^^«««'«  ^^o'" 
the  Mattawan,  a  distance  of  S  n^  ies  the.;  .r  /'"  ^''i''  *''^  '"^"^'^  «f 
gable  water,  separated  by  rap  dsTml  ib  S.! J  H  ""T  ^^'^}^^^^  «f  "avi- 
improveu.ent  of  this  part  of  tho  river  iSfJl..''"'  *"  "'^^'ffation.  The 
it  with  the  Montreal  and  Kinirsto  .  .1.^^^^^^^^  ^''*'  P"''^'"*'"  of  connecting 
line  between  the  St.  iTiwi^n^vrRWrr  i  ^""^  f.'  %^^'^o^^  projected 

CHATS  CANAL. 

Kls'Une^^t^lra'^^^^^^^^^^  the  Chats  Rap- 

Government  of  Upper  CanS<?rfho'-^^'''^'^«^I'«nded  by  the 

make  the  locks  190  fSt  lo  ig  1 ,745  L^rS'    ?^  ^^*^"  ^^«  *« 
route  to  a  7-foot  navigation  '^''*^'  *"^  '^^^^P^  the  whole 

chalSof  th^^rnlirrwa^rlb.!";;;!^^^^^^^^^^^^  --  -rk  on  the 

for  some  distance  throngh  Sur       x^ek  n n!i  h'"'"/  ""^"'^^  '''-^^^  *«  b« 
and  the  undertaking  wal  abZloned?     '     ^  ^'''''*^^'^  ^'"'^  expensive, 

CULBUTE  CANAL. 

iung,  ana  iias  2  locks,  built  of  wood   on,  V  'I'V"  ""  "'^^-^-'if^^'itn  oi  a  mile 
w,th  »  depth  „,  6  Wof  watri'.;;:i',r'l'rif  C-eL'Slit"^ 


I 


I 


44 


CANALS  OP  CANADA. 


(lam  223  feet  long  and  2  subnierffed  dams,  all  made  of  wood,  by  which 
fhe  water  is  raised  and  a  7-foot  navigation  secured  between  the  head  of 
Gland  Calumet  Falls  and  the  foot  of  the  Joachim  Falls,  a  distance  of 
< 7  miles.    The  works  cost  )i^313,412.81. 

BISSUM^  OP   WORKS  COMPLETE. 

Thefollowing  statement  shows  in  brief  the  works  heretofore  described 
With  the  cost  of  each  up  to  June  30,  1882.  ' 

Statement  of  works  and  coat  up  to  June  30,  1882. 


Works. 


Before  ounfed' 
eratiuo. 


Lncliine  Canal 

BeaubaruoiH  Canal. ... 

Cornwall  Canal 

Williamsbiirgb  Canal . 
Genoral  oxDenditures. 
Biiilincton  Bay  Canal. 
Deojardius  Bay  Canal. 

St..  Lawrence  system. . 
Wellaud  system 


St.  A  lino's  look 

Ottawa  Cii    il 

Kideau  Canal , 

River  Tay  navigation 

Montreal  and  Kingston  system 

Chats , 

Culbnte 


$2,  587,  632.  85 

1,611,424.  11 

1,  ii-IS,  152.  C!) 

1, 320,  055.  54 

116,821.31 

432,  684. 40 

150,  947.  93 


Since  confed- 
eration. 


Total  cost  to 
June  30, 1882. 


$5,  579, 163.  90 

68,  7S4. 40 

689,  367. 12 

1,077.00 

237, 890. 33 

30, 426. 89 


8,  LIS,  218.83 
7,638,239.83 


TTpiier  Ottawa  . 


St.  Ours  look  and  dam. 
Chambly  Canal 


Kiclielieu  and  Lake  Cliamplain 
Kiver  Trent  navigation , 


Grand  total . 


134, 456.  ,'51 

63j  0.53.  64 

4, 004,  764. 07 

17,  764.  05 


4,  280, 038.  27 
482,  950.  sT 


6.  506, 688.  64 
12, 690,  488.  25 


404,  787. 15 

2,  822, 800.  28 

67, 402. 19 


3,  294,  989.  62 


$8, 166,  696. 75 

1,  680,  178.  51 

2,  622,  519.  81 
1, 321,  732. 54 

354,  720.  64 
463,111.29 
150,  947.  93 


14, 659, 907.  47 
20,328,728.08 


539, 243.  66 

2, 885,  853.  92 

4, 132, 166.  26 

17, 764.  05 


313,412.81 


482, 950. 81 

121,  537."6r 
634,711.78 


313,412.81 
42,"  606.' 64 


7,  575,  027.  89 


482,  950. 81 
313,412.81 


796, 363. 62 


121,537.65 
677,  318. 42 


756, 249.  41 
309,  371. 31 

21, 620. 068.1l6^ 


42,  606.  64 
6, 398.  01 

22, 854, 583. 99 


798,  856. 07 
315, 769. 32 

44,474.652.45 


Of  this  grand  total  a  little  less  than  half  was  expended  before  con- 
federation and  the  balance  has  been  expended  since. 

PROJECTED  WORKS. 

There  remains  to  be  referred  to  what  are  known  in  oflQcial  reports  and 
pamphlets  as  "  projected  works." 

OTTAWA  SHIP  CANAL. 

Ottawa  Ship- canal— Troh^h]  J  the  most  important  of  these  is  the  Ot- 
tawa ship  canal,  to  which  reference  was  made  under  the  head  of  upper 
Ottawa  navigation,  viz,  a  line  from  Montreal  to  Lake  Huron  by  way  of 
the  Ottawa  and  French  Rivers. 

These  rivers  formed  the  old  French  route  from  Quebec  and  Montreal 
to  the  far  west,  and  its  course  may  be  thus  traced.  The  Ottawa  was 
entered  at  St.  Anne's,  just  above  Montreal,  and  ascended  as  far  as  the 
mouth  of  the  river  Mattawan,  305  miles  above  Montreal,  and  192  miles 
above  the  citv  of  Ottawn.     Tlw^  Mnffnwan  wna  fniir>n^n.ri  .,«  ifc  « — ,,„« 

almost  due  west  44^  miles  to  the  upper  end  of  what  is  known  as  Trout 
Lake,  which  lies  at  the  summit  level.    Theie  a  low  sandy  ridge  or 


a^ 


I 

i 


CANALS   OF   CANADA. 


45 


m 


i 


portage  three-fourths  of  a  mile  wide  was  crossed  to  the  northeast  shore 
of  Lake  Nipissing,  and  the  lake  was  traversed  about  half  its  length,  a 
distance  of  30  miles,  to  the  headwaters  of  one  of  the  tributaries  of  the 
French  Kiver.  The  course  of  this  tributary  and  of  the  French  iliver 
was  followed  for  50  miles  to  the  mouth  of  the  latter,  at  the  east  side  of 
Georgian  Bay,  which  is  the  northeastern  end  of  Lake  Huron. 

This  line  of  navigation  has  been  examined  several  times  by  compe- 
tent engineers  under  the  direction  of  the  department  of  public  works 
of  Canada.  Their  reports  developed  the  fact  that  the  total  distance  by 
this  route  from  Montreal  to  Lake  Huron,  and  through  it  to  Chicago,  is 
very  much  shorter  than  (some  claiming  that  it  is  not  more  than  half  as 
long  as)  by  the  St.  Lawrence  and  lakes,  and  it  was  stated  that  all  ob- 
structions to  navigation  could  be  overcome  by  the  construction  of  a 
series  of  short  canals,  the  aggregate  length  of  which,  including  the 
Lachine  and  Ottawa  Canals,  would  be  58  miles,  and  the  aggregate  lock- 
age 098  feet,  or,  if  dams  were  used  at  various  points  to  deepen  the 
waters  in  certain  rapids  so  as  to  make  them  navigable  and  additional 
locks  constructed,  the  total  length  oJ  the  canal  might  be  reduced  to  29^ 
miles  instead  of  58,  although  the  lockage  would  be  greater  by  a  little 
over  10  feet ;  both  plans  contemplated  at  least  10  feet  draft. 

The  cost  of  the  first  plan  was  estimated  at  $24,000,000,  and  of  the 
latter  at  $12,057,680.  It  was  further  claimed  that  by  damming  the 
mouth  of  Lake  Nipissing,  at  the  head  of  French  Eiver,  so  as  to  raise  tlie 
surface  of  its  waters  about  23  feet  above  its  natural  level,  it  would 
form  a  reservoir  which  would  be  more  than  sufficient  to  insure  a  con- 
stant supply  of  water  on  the  summit  reach.  The  chief'physical  obsta- 
cles to  carrying  out  the  undertaking  were  said  to  be  that  the  cutting  on 
the  upper  section  of  the  Ottawa  and  French  Rivers  would  have  to  be 
through  Laurentian  and  Silurian  rock. 

The  mouth  of  French  Elver  forms  a  safe  and  commodious  harbor. 
It  is  also  claimed  that  this  route  would  be  open  wiihin  a  fortnight,  at 
the  most,  as  long  as  the  St.  Lawrence. 

Of  the  feasibility  of  the  undertaking  I  am  not  able  to  judge,  but  the 
fact  that,  with  all  the  energy  that  Canada  has  shown  in  the  matter  of 
her  water  communications  and  the  frequency  with  which  the  enterprise 
has  been  before  parliament,  no  steps  have  been  taken  to  put  the  mag- 
niflcant  project  into  execution  would  seem  to  indicate  that  the  judg- 
ment of  the  majority  is  against  it.  Of  this  project  the  canal  commission 
say :  "  The  importance  of  this  work  to  the  whole  Dominion  can  not 
well,  prospectively,  be  overestimated,"  but  in  view  of  the  wide  dis- 
crepancy in  the  estimates,  they  recommended  further  examination  at  as 
early  a  day  as  possible. 

Trent  River  navigation. — Another  projected  lino  is  that  which  com- 
prehends as  a  part  of  it  the  Trent  River  and  Newcastle  district  naviga- 
tion, of  which  I  have  spoken  before,  and  is  intended  to  shorten  the  dis- 
tance by  water  between  Lakes  Ontario  and  Huron.  The  route,  as  a 
whole,  and  in  its  various  sections,  has  been  repeatedly  surveyed,  and 
as  late  as  1880  a  new  survey  of  the  whole  route  was  authorized. 

This  survey,  which  is  now  in  progress,  is  designed  to  be  very  complete 
ami  reliable,  and  to  determine  definitely  the  feasibility  of  constructing 
the  line.  The  plan  has  been  to  improve  the  Trent  River  to  Rice  Lake, 
secure  a  navigable  channel  through  a  series  of  connected  lakes  until 
the  summit  level  between  Lakes  Ontario  and  Huron  is  reached  at  Lake 
Balaam,  689^  feet  above  Lake  Ontario,  thence  descend  118^  feet  by  a 
canal  and  the  Talbot  River  to  Lake  Siincoe,  and  124|  feet  more  by  the 
river  Severn  to  Georgian  Bay, 


I 

r,4 


46 


CANALS   OP   CANADA. 


In  luakmff  then,,  the  department  of  railways  and  canals  say : 

ad^a::Siri<I:^:i'',^Sor^,:illXti!f';^  *'"J!^^^  the  greatest  i.„,necliate 
part,of  the  ben,     ^^'^il^:^:i':^£:^i^,':Z.:^Z^^  would  for™  an  integral 

«I  8  4  408  to  9^fi7^S^^^  •"""'  ™"'"»IJ'  esttoatod  at  from 

The  year  before  the  canal  commission  made  their  renort  a  Pnm«or,x, 

with  com|.eto..t  powers,  they  do  not  M  warr,„?5,l  ifil  '"""'"''.'""'y 
»..yexpe,idit,„.o'of  the  public reso^ryal^T  ''=™'"'n™l'"g 

tiot     "h'^'jo^jrintKiito'S'.''  ""•"^-•-."y  reason  of  itsposi- 


ti 


i 


CANALS   OF   CANADA. 


47 


oiild  be  so 
would  be 
he  Straits 

ion  of  the 
bed  under 

t  immediate 
an  integral 

I  has  had 
ovince  of 
Canal,  to 
y  way  of 
Toronto, 
times  has 
d  is  now 
1,  to  con- 
in.    This 
foininent 
rioters  or 
have  de- 
ll a  com- 
that  the 
opposite 
3  on  the 
il. 

at  from 
e  depth 
ore  8ub- 

ompany 
is  canal, 
ing,  say 
onipany 
sending 

out  the 


NEL  OF 


rnment 
>minioa 
Br  com- 
f  some 
uuder- 
hannel 

ts  posi- 
e  head 

e  com- 


4i 


i 


Such  a  condition  of  things  was,  of  course,  a  serious  embarrassment 
to  the  ambition  of  Montreal  to  become  the  center  of  the  foreign  com- 
merce  of  Canada,  and  detracted  largely  from  the  alue  of  the  St.  Law- 
rence system  as  the  highway  from  the  northern  and  western  ports  of 
the  continent  to  the  sea.  The  extent  to  which  it  operated  to  discourage 
foreign  trade  is  indicated  by  the  fact  that  up  to  1825  there  were  in  the 
port  of  Montreal  only  too  small  wharves,  with  a  frontage  of  only  1,120 
feet  and  a  depth  of  only  2  feet  of  water,  and  in  1830  the  greatest  depth 
of  dockage  was  5  feet,  and  the  frontage  had  not  greatly  increased. 

In  response  to  urgent  demands  for  greater  facilities  the  harbor  com- 
missioners of  Montreal  were  organized,  and  the  management  of  all 
matters  connected  with  the  improvements  of  the  harbor  confided  to 
them. 

Before  the  end  of  1832  the  wharfage  had  been  increased  to  an  aggre- 
gate frontage  of  4,950  feet,  or  nearly  a  mile,  with  a  depth  of  water 
varying  from  5  to  20  feet. 

In  1841  the  board  of  public  works  of  the  United  Provinces  was  au- 
thorized to  improve  and  deepen  the  channel  below  Montreal,  and  during 
the  five  succeeding  years  $3U0,0(J0  was  spent  for  the  purpose  under 
their  direction. 

In  1851  charge  of  the  undertaking  was  transferred  to  the  harbor 
commissioners  of  Montreal,  who  already  had  control  of  the  improve- 
ments in  the  harbor  proper,  and  by  the  latter  part  of  1853  a  channel 
150  feet  wide  and  16  feet  deep  was  obtained. 

During  the  next  decade  the  work  was  steadily  pushed  forward,  and 
in  1859  a  depth  of  18  feet  had  been  reached,  and  in  1805  a  channel  300 
feet  wide  and  20  feet  deep  was  completed. 

In  1873  the  Dominion  Government  was  authorized  to  contract  a  loan 
of  $1,500,000  to  defray  the  expenses  of  completing  the  channel  to  a 
depth  of  not  less  than  22  feet  at  low  water,  interest  at  5  per  cent.,  and 
a  sinking  fund  of  1  ;  er  cent,,  to  be  paid  annually  by  the  harbor  com- 
missioners of  Montreal  out  of  the  revenues  of  that  port. 

It  was  determined  by  the  commissioners,  after  the  work  was  under- 
taken, to  make  the  depth  25  feet,  and  a  channel  of  this  depth  was  com- 
pleted in  1882,  Even  before  the  formal  opening  of  this  channel  it  had 
been  determined  to  increase  its  depth  to  27^  feet  at  the  earliest  practi- 
cable date,  so  that  the  largest  ocean  steamers  might  be  enabled  to  reach 
Montreal  in  8afetj\  The  General  Government  has  alreadv  loaned  the 
harbor  commissioners  $900,000  at  4  per  cent,  to  carry  out  this  determi- 
nation, and  the  work  will  be  vigorously  entered  upon  at  the  opening  of 
navigation  this  year. 

WHARFAGE  FACILITIES  AT  MONTREAL. 

During  the  period  covered  by  these  operations  in  the  river  itself  the 
wharfage  facilities  had  been  gradually  extended  to  keep  pace  with  the 
increasing  number  and  size  of  the  vessels  coming  to  this  port  from 
the  sea,  and  the  rapidly  advancing  foreign  and  domestic  commerce  of 
the  dominion.  There  is  now  an  unbroken  line  of  wharves  extending 
from  Point  St.  Charles,  above  the  entrance  of  the  Lachine  Canal,  to 
Hochelaga,  a  distance  of  3^  miles,  with  an  aggregate  frontage  of  24,809 
feet,  or  4,17  miles,  16,458  feet  of  which  have  a  dei)th  of  25  feet,  2,391 
feet  a  depth  of  20  feet,  and  5,960  a  dcDth  of  fronj  10  to  20  feet. 

The  earlier  wluirves  were  built  of  piles  ])laced  in  a  closed  row  and  backed 
with  earth  and  stone  filling.  From  1846  to  1878  they  were  built  en- 
tirely of  cribwork,  strongly  framed  of  pine  and  other  timber,  and  tilled 


48 


CANALS   OF   CANADA. 


i 


and  backed  with  stone  ballast  or  the  ordinary  dredging  from  the  har- 
bor. Since  1878  open  pilework  has  been  used  where  there  was  no 
danger  from  violent  shoving  of  the  ice. 

The  whole  work  in  the  harbor  proper  has  cost  about  $3,000,000,  of 
which  only  about  half  a  million  has  been  furnished  by  the  Government, 
the  rest  being  paid  by  the  harbor  commissioners. 

The  necessity  of  providing  a  revenue  from  which  to  pay  the  interest 
on  the  loans  contracted  by  the  harbor  commissioners  and  the  General 
Government  to  accomplish  these  improvements  has  compelled  the  ex- 
action of  large  harbor  dues  and  tolls.  These  are  heavy  taxes  upon 
shipping  and  a  great  embarrassment  to  the  carrying  trade  of  Canada. 

Kllbrts  have  been  made  from  ti!ne  to  time  to  prevail  upon  the  Gen- 
eral Government  to  treat  the  deepening  of  the  channel  as  a  public 
work,  and  assume  the  debt  already  incurred,  and  carry  on  future  oper- 
ations, and  thus  make  possible  a  substantial  j  eduction  in  the  dues. 

Municipal  and  interprovincial  jealousies  have  no  far  prevented  any 
definite  action  being  taken  in  this  direction,  but  there  is  some  prospect 
that  tlie  hopes  of  those  who  have  been  active  in  the  matter  will  be 
realized,  and  the  improvements  of  the  St.  Lawrence  below  Montreal 
be  put  upon  the  same  footing  as  those  above  and  made  a  public  work. 

CLOSING  REVIEW  OF  THE  CANAL  SYSTEMS  OF    CANADA. 

The  spirit  with  which  the  vast  undertaking  which  has  been  described 
was  entered  upon  when  Canada  was  small  in  population  and  feeble  in 
financial  strength,  the  unvarying  courage  and  energy  with  which  it  has 
been  pushed  forward  from  step  to  step  amid  many  discouragements 
and  against  formidable  obstacles,  and  the  magnificent  results,  looking 
at  them  in  their  physical  and  political  aspects,  which  have  been  achieved 
are  apparent  from  the  foregoing  narrative. 

How  far  the  construction  and  maintenance  of  these  water  ways, 
especially  the  Sc.  Lawrence  route,  have  operated  to  build  up  Canada 
and  increase  its  foreign  and  domestic  commerce  and  divert  to  Canadian 
channels  the  carrying  trade  of  the  West;  in  other  words,  how  far  the 
sanguine  expectations  of  the  projectors  and  promoters  of  these  im- 
provements have  been  realized,  is  a  question  not  easily  answered. 

The  canal  systems  of  Canada  have  unquestionably  fostered  inter- 
provincial trade,  have  built  up  local  traffic,  have  bound  more  closely 
together  the  difterent  parts  of  the  province,  and  in  earlier  times  did 
much  to  stimulate  immigration  and  open  up  the  country  to  settlement 
and  cultivation.  The  Welland  Canal  in  particular  has  "been  and  still  is 
the  channel  of  a  large  and  productive  trade  between  the  numerous  and 
important  lake  cities  and  towns  on  both  sides  of  the  line.  But  the 
canals  as  they  existed  in  1871  were  amply  sufficient  for  the  needs  of 
local  and  interprovincial  trade,  and  the  promoters  and  advocates  of  the 
improvements  and  enlargements  which  have  been  completed  since  then, 
and  upon  which  nearly  #20,000,000  have  been  spent,  had  in  view  some- 
thing  more  ambitious  and  comprehensive  than  to  provide  for  this. 

The  canal  commission  but  echoed  the  sentiments  expressed  by  the 
public  m"n  of  the  Canadas  as  early  as  the  beginning  of  the  century, 
and  iterated  and  reiterated  by  the  advocates  of  internal  inprovements 
from  that  time  forward,  when  they  say,  "  It  only  requires  an  energetic 
eftbrt  upon  the  part  of  the  Dominion  to  make  the  St.  Lawrence  the 
great  Ui/hway  between  the  sea  and  the  West,  at  the  very  base  of  the 
Eocky  Mountains." 

To  secure  for  Canada  all  those  advantages  which  the  possession  of 


4 


\ 


CANALS    OF   CANADA. 


49 


^ 


tills  magmficent  natural  water  way  ought  to  give  it,  to  make  the  St 
LaNVTeuce  route  in  its  wliole  lengtli  tlie  Ingliway  by  which  tesnrnlus 
lirocucts  of  the  West  would  s.ek  an  outlet  to  tL LI  to  pi  f  i^  nto  a 
l)08ition  to  comi.eto  successfully  for  the  export  trade  of  the  con    ncnt 

obhcN^w'^;?"?!^'""""^."  '*"^^  of  communication,  have  Sen  tbe  g  e 
objects  which  these  works,  particularly  the  recent  enlaroements  .,  1 
improven.ents  on  the  St.  Lawrence  route,  wereexpected  to  aSnpIish 
Just  so  far  as  these  objects  have  been  or  shall  be  obtainerto  th^^ 
extent  to  which  a  fair  share  of  the  grain  transportation  of!  continent 
has  been  or  shall  be  secured  by  Canada,  so  for,  to  that  exten  have 
the  hopes  of  the  men  who  planned  and  carried  out  these  cSietus 
and  improvements  been  realized,  and  the  va«t  expentmureTu  caS 
and  yearly  outlay  for  repairs  and  interest  which  the  cSrv  Lis  s  b 

"of  hL'aite^t'on^  'J"  ''''''''■    '''''^'''  "^y  thisTt^dWd   t"an 
not  De  said  that  the  outlook  is  an  encouraging  one.    The  export  trid« 

ol  the  continent  consists,  and  must  always  consist  to  a  large  c^^^^^^ 

the  carriage  o    gram.    The  Montreal  Corn  Exchange,  in  a  rSnt  me 

.norial,says:  "A  nominal  share  of  the  grain  tradeof  Uieco^tiSisan" 

essential  element  in  the  prosperity  of  all  other  businesreCS  iuas 

ZvL^'^'^'J'  V"^  f^""^^^*^  ^^^'"^^^^^  '^  accommodate  cat  le  umber' 
provisions,  and  other  between  deck  cargoes  can  not  be  obtainecPand 
80  far  this  year  the  grain  export  trade  is  absolutely  dorman  Vessel 
after  vessel,  indeed  all  the  ocean  steamers  which  have  ef  thirZ 
since  navigation  opened  this  season,  have  gone  without  sU\^ienrfLErht 
t^^ll^rrthe^rl^^^^^^  ^^"^^  P-pectof  anyimpr^^e'IiiSti 
As  to  the  cause  of  this  most  deplorable  and  disappointing  condition 
mJ  l!?/\''''  are  various  opinions  among  those  who  have  gTven  the 
matter  attention  and  are  most  immediately  interested.  ^ 

Ihe  view  most  generally  entertained  is  that  the  St.  Lawrence  rontn 
18  at  present  handicapped  by  heavy  charges  in  the  form  or^hio  a^.d 
canal  dues,  wharfage  dues,  port-warden  charges,  and  pibtS  fees 
amounting  m  the  aggregate  to  an  almost  prohibitive  toxatiouo"  car' 
riageby  this  route  from  the  interior  to  the  seaboard.    It  is  "sserted 
K  ^iTT'  "^  ^'^^'^^  ''^^'^''^  ^^^""  «^"  l>«  «'^rried  from  Chicago  to 
^fn  .T     Q^T^'^^"^^'"^^^"^  •'^"^^  •*  half  a  bushel  less  than  to  Monti? al 
T}wt  l^-  ^^'^'^^^^.\o^^t^  i«  placed  at  a  great  disadvantage?S 
eially  m  comparison  with  its  chief  competitor,  the  Erie  Oaiml  a  Sd 
vantage  from  which  it  can  not  recover  until  the  G()vernS  ren     ;  ?«" 
canal  tolls  on  eastern-bound  freight  and  assume  thedeSSeSrove^ 
ments  in  the  channel  below  Montreal.  improve- 

V^^Zfiu:^!^!S^'  adu^iniatratiou  newspaper  of  this 

IP  il',^;rf  o^ntTitr  f.rs.'''''  ""•'"« """-  ^-"i-  p««». 

1  liti  roiliictiOD  of  cliar^es  at  tho  port  of  Montreal. 

infciSTof  °£  %? t"'"^  """•"  ''•''  ""'  ""•■"■''^  »f  "■»<'<'  »f  Hie  lead- 

pm  «r.nl™!n^„,1L'f::,:r''"^'°'-.":^  ',?« '°''^""''- »"" »"?• 

policy  of  free  eaualsato;i.earth;V;;;w"vro"rr'to"",S 

cApetieu  10  accrue  by  their  enlargement.  «  "^o 

fl.  Ex.  45 4 


60 


CANALS   OP    CANADA. 


The  Corn  Exchange  of  Montreal  say  : 

ength  and  presents  an  interesting  array  of  statistics,  takei  the  ground 
that  the  struggle  ,8  not  between  the  St.  Lawrence  and  the  New  York 
State  canals,  but  between  land  and  water  carriage,  and  that  TutC 
strugg  e  the  raihyays  are  fast  outdistancing  the  water  ways  and  will/n 
the  end  absorb  the  whole  of  the  traffic;  and  finds  in  thTs  £  rathe? 

Although  it  can  hardly  be  doubted  that  the  actual  cost,  taking  everv 
thing  .nto  consideration,  of  carrying  a  ton  of  wheat  or  gm  n    Sm  any 
of  the  lake  cities  to  Montreal  is  less  by  water  than  by  ra^l,  yet  it  iT  sa"d 
that,  at  the  present  time,  so  keen  is  the  competition  betweeL  ?he  varSs 
railroads  grain  can  be  actually  brought  from  the  far  West  to  Montreal 
by  car  for  something  less  than  by  boat.     While  this  condition  S'  thin.^s 
continues  traffic  will  unquestionably  be  largely  divS  to  the  rafl 
ways  and  the  effect  can  not  but  be  disastrous  to  the  busiuesf  of  the 
wa  er  ways.    The  presumption,  however,  is  that  the  ecouoTic  laws 
which  govern  such  matters  will  eventually  assert  themselves  and  the 
railways  will  be  compelled  to  maintain  siich  rates  as TiU  make  the  r 
business  It  not  actually  remunerative,  at  least  self-supi^tiiTg     men 
the  equilibrium  is  restored  and  when,  by  an  abolition  of  tolls  and  a 
reduction  ot  dues,  carriers  by  the  St.  Lawrence  route  are  enabled  to 
compete  in  rates  with  those  by  other  routes  which  are  whSllv  or  mrtT 
ally  by  wa  er,  it  may  be  expected  that  traffic  will  again  seek  Us  nat 
ral  channel  and  the  country  reap  a  part  at  least  of  thrbenefic  ai  reiu   s 
which  were  hoped  for  when  the  canal  commission's  schSwi^eSed 
upon.    It  may  be  mentioned  here  that  there  is  some  opTosSn   o   he 
policy  of  free  canals  on  the  ground  that  it  will  benefit  AineSnmo 

feet  was  to  enable  the  largest  class  of  lake  craft  to  carry  thei?  car^.B^ 
direct  to  Montreal  without  breaking  bulk,  and  even  t^Vermit  oceaS 
going  vessels  to  go  directly  to  Toronto  and  the  lake  ports 

Subsequent  exi)erience  has,  I  think,  modified  the  views  of  those  wha 
hoped  lor  these  results,  and  the  consensus  of  opinion  now  is  llrit^he 

not  beprofttably  earned  on  in  this  way,  and  that  the  exnense  of  f^kw 
an  ocean  vessel  up  through  the  various  canals   ^I^ike  Se  Ld      f 
3?'.  ''V'  and  bringing  it  back  again,  or  of  seuirng  down  ?o  Mon 
treal  the  large  lake  steamers,  would  more  than  overbalancrthe  S 
S'lrSr. "'  "'""'  transshipments  between  the  point  ot'  depanure 
Indeed  the  opinion  is  freely  expressed  by  those  whose  iudtrmpnt  on 

mtt'rniJst'Tlw^'  '^  "^'^1^'  thatthe\nlargemen':dmK 
ments  in  the  St.  Lawrence  canals,  not  including  the  Welland  havo  nof 

h«fnV«  ffi^U'     i'"       ""  ^"""«»  lo  pass  the  canals  as  they  were  in  1,S71 


•''> 


CANALS   OF   CANADA. 


51 


loriiml  Hliare 
orous  trariH- 

of  inland 
t  at  some 
[\e  ground 
!few  York 
At  iu  this 
nd  will  in 
ct,  rather 
on  of  the 

ingQvery- 
from  any 
'  it  is  said 
le  various 
Montreal 
of  things 
the  rail- 
iss  of  the 
mic  laws 
,  and  the 
ike  their 
.    When 
lis  and  a 
labled  to 
or  parti- 
its  natu- 
il  results 
5  entered 
)u  to  the 
can  pro- 
increase 

irinining 

:ed  at  11 

cargoes 

t  ocean- 

ose  who 
:hat  the 
ute,  can 
f  taking 
and  the 
to  Mon- 
le  addi- 
jparture 

nent  on 
n prove  • 
avc  not 
anspor- 
in  1«71, 
in  some 


''■f 


In  sul)uiittii)g  thus  report  I  desire  to  express  my  indebtedness  for  most 
ot  the  tacts  stated  in  it  to  the  general  report  of  the  commissioner  of 
public  works  of  the  united  provinces  for  the  year  ending  June  30, 18G7- 
the  general  report  of  the  minister  of  public  works  of  the  Dominion 
for  the  period  between  June  30,  1867,  and  June  30,  1882;  the  annual 
reports  ot  the  commissioner  of  railways  and  canals  since  1879-  the 
report  of  the  chief  engineer  of  canals,  submitted  iu  1880  ;  and  a  iWe 
number  ot  other  papers  and  documents. 

I  have  endeavored  to  seek  out  all  the  sources  of  information  to  which 
access  could  be  obtained  and  to  verify  my  statements  in  every  wav 
possible,  and  a  large  part  of  the  time  occupied  in  compiling  this  report 
has  been  devoted  to  eftbrts  in  these  two  directions.  I  could  wish  the 
results  had  been  more  satisfactory,  but  I  submit  them  with  the  hope 
that  they  may  not  be  altogether  useless. 

iSeabgent  p.  Stearns, 

TT  o  ^,  Consul- General. 

United  States  Consulate-General, 

Montreal,  June  1,  1884. 


Appendix  A.— Table  of  distances  and  sections  of  navigation  and  of  obstructions  on  the  St. 

Lawrence  route. 


From — 


Montreal  .... 

Lac'hino 

Meljclii  .i'lo. 


To- 


Lnohine , 

Moloclievillo. 
Valloylield... 


Valloyfield 

Corn  Willi    

Dickinsim's  Landing 

Farrona  Point 

Cioylii's  Inland 

Morriabuigli , 


Head  of  Rapide  Flat. 

Iroqiioitt  Villajie 

Head  (ialops  Kapids.. 

Prcscott 

Kingston 

Port  Dalhousio 


Port  Dalhousle  . 


Cornwall 

Dickinson's  Landing 

Farrano  Point 

tUoylo's  Island 

iIo)Tinbnrjjli 

Kapide  Flat 

Iro(|uoia  Village 

Galops  Kapida 

Prcstott 

Kingston 

Port  Dalliousio 

Port  Colborno 


Sections  of  navigation, 


Port  Colborne  . 


Lachino  Canal 

Lake  St.  Louis. 

Ik'auharnois  Canal 

Lake  St.  Fr.incis 

Cornwall  Canal 

Ki\er  St.  Lawrence 

Farrano  Point  Canal 

River  St.  Lawrencu 

Rapido  Flat  Can  al 

River  St.  Lawrence 

Galops  Canal 

Rivot  St.  Lawrence 

River  St.  Lawrence 

Lake  Ontario 

Welland  Canal  lold) 

Wolland  Canal  (enlarged) 


Bis- 

tauco. 


Miles. 

8i 

15i 

Hi 

,  i 

4 

7ft 
59 
170 

27 

20i 


Obstructions. 


Lacbine  Rapids. 

Cnsoadea,  Coteaii 
and  Cedar  Rapids. 

Long  Sault  Rapids. 

Rapids. 

Rapido  Flat  Rap- 
ids. 

Galops  Rapids. 


Niagara  Rivor  and 
Falls. 


Appendix  B.— Table  of  distance.?,  sections  of  navigation,  and  obstrnclic  as  on  the  Montreal 

Ottawa,  and  Kinnston  route.  ' 


From — 


Montreal 

Lachino 

Foot  of  St.  Anne's  Ca- 
nal and  lock. 

Head  of  St.  Anne's 
Canal  and  lock. 

Foot  ot  Carillon  Civ- 
nal. 

Head  of  Carillon  Ca- 
nal. 

I'oot  of  Grenville  Ca- 
nal. 

Head  ofGrenvillo  C.l- 
nal. 


To- 


Lachino 

St.  Anne's  Canal 

Head  of  St.  Anne's 
Canal  and  look. 

Foot  of  Carillon  Ca- 
nal. 

Head  of  Carillon  Ca- 
nal. 

Grenville  Canal 


Sections  of  navigation. 


Dis- 
tance. 


Ottawa  Citv 


Head  of    Grenville 

Canal. 
OMawii  City 


Kingston  . 


Lachino  Canal 

Lake  St.  Louis 

St.  Anne's  Canal 

Lake  of  Two  Monntains 

and  river  Ottawa. 
Carillon  Canal 

River  Ottawa , 

Grenville  Canal 

Rivor  Ottawa 

Rideau  ('anal 


Miles. 

81 

144 

i 

27 


5.1 
56 


12CJ 


Obstructions. 


St.  Anne's  Rapids. 
Carillon  Rapids. 

LongSaultR.apid3. 


Rapids  and    shal- 
iowH  and  falls. 


I 


I 


52 


CANALS   OP   CANADA. 


Al■J.K^fOlX  C.~Table  of  distaucca,  mdions  of  navigation,  ami  obatruetions  on  LaleCh 

2>liiiH  route. 


am- 


From — 


To— 


Moiitical Soiol 

C'"';' St.  Ours 

hi.  Ours , ' 

?m'  * *",?  H?''H  •  ■    <  I«i>ni'l'>iv  BaViu  '. 

Clmiii  ,l.v  Haain ;  SLJoliu's  

°*' Jo''u  " j  nou8ii'.s  I'oirit... 


SeotiouH  of  niivigotion. 


UivorSt.  r.awronce.... 

Hivor  Ultiliiilioii 

St.  Oimh  lock  unU  dam  . 

l{iver  Jliclrolioii 

<:iiaiiil)lv  Canal 

llivcr  Hiclielieti 


tauco. 

Mitit. 
40 
14 


»2 
12 
23 


ObstruntloiiB. 


St.  Ours  Uapiils. 
Cbanibly  KapUls. 


Appkkoix  ^'-ffJlf'oiving  levgth  of  each  canal,  vumbor  a„d  dimensions  of  locks,  and 
dimensionH  and  tonna;/,;  of  vessels  which  can  pas,  them. 


Locks. 


Lacliino , 

BKaiiharnols... 

Cc»Mnvall 

Williaiimbiirdli 
AV(.'laiKl  (now) 
St.  Ours  luck 

Cliambly 

St.  Aimo'a  luck 

Carillon  ..• 

Greuvillo 

Bideau 


Vessels  pnssin);  through. 


?„ 

cQ 

s 

§ 

H 

12 

1,000  to  1 

50O 

!i 

700 

U 

760 

U 

800 

12 

l,000|tol 

,  .WO 

V 

(iUO 

«* 

230 

u 

700 

!t 

700 

» 

700 

4i 

250 

*Ei.so,282J;  fall,  164;  44Ci. 
NOTK.—Tho  depth  given  in  the  average  depth  at  low  water.     When  the  water  is  unnsiiallv  low  tl.i» 
depth  can  not  be  raaintaiued,  and  the  capacity  of  the  canals  is  reduced  unusually  low  this 


BRITISH  COLUMBIA. 

REPORT  BY  CONSUL  STEVENS,  OF  VICTORIA. 
GEDGHAPHICAL  AND  GEOLOGICAL. 

British  Coliimbia  is  to  a  certain  extent  troiigh-sbapetl,  for  whereas  the  coast  is 
niarg.ne.1  by  the  lofty  yarallel  ranges  of  the  Cascades  and  the  easteru  border  s 
mu^ril  ii?,^*'"^^'  .^^^Vr^ins,  range  beside  range,  the  interior  consists  of  agrea? 
Svii  ^.  I  J'  '— "^"1  ^11 1^^^  Sr*'nt  water  conrses,  the  Fraser  and  the  Thon.psou 
?  tf^n  7^.1^"er  IS  HI  reality  a  tributary  of  the  Fraser,  into  which  it  empties  at 
l.>tton,  but  It  occupies  a  wide  valley  and  drains  an  important  lake  system  in  the 
Znn'.n*'/"  r?.  "^  *'T  prov  nee,  while  the  main  stem  of  the  Fraser  comes  from  the 
Sf  ...i"',,-"  IfY""]'' .T^'"'^''  the  combined  currents  break  th'ir  way  through  in  a 
westerly  direction  to  the  coast,  forming  the  niagiiificeut  Fraser  Canon!  It  is  the  val- 
ley of  the  Thompson,  ..ud  afterward  the  Fia.ser  Cauou,  which  the  Canadian  Pacific 
?^  Ir^  advantage  of  to  mal<e  its  picturesque  passage  of  the  multiplied  coast 

This  southern  central  interior  of  British  Columbia  has  one  of  the  driest  climates  on 
the  continent,  althougli  you  can  see  snow-covered  mountains  in  all  directions  fex- 
Zll^T\^'^^T'^■  'i^'"'''-'  any  hill-top,  and  will  see  portentous  rain  clouds  co™« 
overhead  and  t  ischarging  Itu.  r  contents  on  the  distant  heights.  This  is  due  to  thf 
fact  that  the  rain  clouds,  drifting  in  from  the  Paoilic,  are  arl-ested  by  the  lofty  Cas 
cades,  condensed  by  their  cold  summits,  and  deprived  of  a  large  part  of  t^dr 
moisture,  while  the  remainder,  buoyed  up  in  the  rarefied,  equable,  and  steady  currents 

JhZ  1^'i^  ?v :  ^^  *  r  ^^'^r^i;'^  ''"''*."'^  atmosphere  always  ascending  from  t^e  dry 
plans  drift  oyer  to  the  Kockv  Mountain.^  l.ofore  they  enooimter  any  iutorfereuce  suf- 

iw  L    )•^'''l*''^^'•'1  ':?""^'"?  "*  moisture.    Two  .circumstances  result-one,  the 
absence  of  forests,  which  there  is  not  rainfall  enough  to  support;  and,  second  the 


'<t 


ocka, 

and 

rough. 

?n 

a 

a 

a 

o 

H 

POtol 

500 

700 

760 

800 

O0|tol 

,  500 

(iUU 

230 

700 

700 

700 

250 

CANALS   OF   CANADA. 


53 


^"ttnhlS:;^^  1!^^^^^^^'^^'^  «"PH-'l  '>y  tl.o  abundant 
rivers  wore  inon^\M\hZZA^UouI^^^^^^  "'}"">'•     ^h  all  tl,e.s„ 

try  li«8  1,.,.,,,  nn.h.r.JN';.  .i"  .„"'."''':T  '"  P'^-^t  fiK<''<  M>au  now,  ami  -m  the  wliolo  coun- 


try hm  l.ce,.  un(U;rsoinToTomi.Vu"'Jhn  n' JZ'  ^"'"  V'""'  '"*,T'  '""'  '*''  ^''"  ^^■''"'"  «""•'- 
and  both  the  Fraser  u  id  the  T    !n,,.  i'"""-  '""'"  »''^''  *"  cut  deep  chanu.ds. 

general  lovd  of  the  conutr5?  ^'"""^''""  "»^^' "«^v  «omo  buudreds  of  feet  below  tl; 

hav!,l.Se'oi'2al"for'\b'e1oft?i;:nl'  ^'V'r"'  '^''''''^  ^^"™  *"»°  *"  t'^'e  '^"^  then  to 
have  ^a  chfF  liK  e/pnesH^sho  ^a  8nSeiinn^>V^  enpecially  in  places  where  they 
other,  which  can  be  EeYfor  a  lon^  dttnnni  T^'?'-"''^  i^vv<,o^B,  oue  above  the 
embankment.  From  iiist  Llovv  Kan.lnVf.  ?®  ''\V^'"xJ  "^  ""*'  ^'*"  «««  ^he  railway 
the  8onth  ThompZ,SSre^  rin^dikrilZi^^^  ^'"''^  Thompson  comes  into 
lake,  down  nearly  to  Lytton  these  termce«  forrf  *'"'  ^^'^*«?' . ^^^^k  in(o  a  beantiful 

red  earth,  suddenly  followed  by  an  ol  vp  ^v^^,T^,J^1  •  "*'  "**-'"  '"*«»«»  of  rust- 
With  this  gay  an/fantastic  coirtrwhfcrthfZ.b  v^L"n-°T  ^'''t«  «^P08«re. 
poses  an  artistic  contrast,  and  over  wbTch  l.Vn.if  ^'""*^':S^  „'>r'»"iut  emerald  river  op- 
the  additional  iutercstofgrShStand  IrenrUh  nf  ^^'"^  "^  ?"*'l*^''^  ^'«'''*'  there  goes 
iuff  grotesqneness  of  form  caused  Krwat^^^^^^^^^  of  prospect,  and  a  constantly  chang- 
hardness  into  odd  monumental  sen.l,l.n,o«?  ^/,"*^  '^^''""K  'lowu  rooks  of  unequal 
one  of  archUecturaThurn  o    aSai  Z,^^^^^^  phases  of  mimicry,  reu.inding 

laid  withgreatdepositsof  stiff  cTav    in  te^  t'"*  rocks  are  over- 

tho  streams  of  water  which  f<  low  tL«^  wh.ch  the  action  ot  the  atmosphere  and  of 

tremendous  energy,  hlrwordeen^^.nierrH^S"^      ''''''  ""^  '^"'^  *'^«»  ^^1'  « i 
spires,  and  broken  Valls.Thchblaffrthsfrin^^  '"'"  "/Titanic  towers, 

and  fantastic  shadows  on  the  other  NoralUhl  If  *'  *  ""."•""  ?'*^''  *""•  «"»*  s^^arp 
but  the  strange  forms  and  ludv  bn?«  nf  i^^  f^lT  '•*  ?'* '"  this  grotesque  mold, 
herbaged  terraces  hro^"gh^which  this  Lt'!  '^^  * '^  '''''•^  *''"*'«'  '^"^  the  scantily 
most  strongly  on  the  menfory^'Ser^e  1^  liS^^revideir^eSe!'"^""  *'''™"'^"' 

MINING  AND  FARMING. 

thSraK^fkl'Sl'^'lfrby^^^^^  -<^  «t--l>oat«  ply  along 

wagon  road  was  long  ago  cut  into  thIolifF«nlnr  .1  T  "^^  ^n?  "'^"^  ^'^^hes,  and  a 
the  routes  to  the  C\-irib„o  distr  S  wh?rb  «mi  I/'^  *''*'  lower  Thompson  to  form  one  of 
colonies  of  Chinese  are  busily  e^^^^^^ 

gold.  Ashcroft,  a  modern  town  wrthseterall^nT.  "•  ^''f -l"-  "^^  "^«^  ^^^^^^  for 
point  for  farmers,  cattlen  eHud  mrnerri  th^  is  the  supplying 

Bakerville  and  the  well-sett  ed  gold  mining  re.^* on  of  h«  nLl-?'"'''- '?  ^P''  ^'^"'^°«' 
ing  here,  however  can  onir  hn  ^rm-»  i      •  ^-    ?•      ***  the  northern  inter  or.    Farm- 

str^eamsflowin'.L'^p"cLn°nL'renZs&  '"^^^  '"««*  of'the 

limited  areas  of  bottom  land.  ""gation  difficult  and  expensive,  except  for 

Fruit-raising  succeeds  wonderfully  well     The  Tiiiia  o„/i  *      i 
ered  with  nutritious  bunch  grass  andrr^^ino^wln  I       '^"^^  t'^fploss  valleys  are  cov- 
dustry,  an  industry  which  i^constantlv  on  f7>J^^        ^^^^  ^^  *  '**  "''"*  iunjortant  in- 

IKRIGATINa  DIKES  AND  DITCHES. 

aud  its  adjacsut  ooiiiitry  bv  iiSiat  L   nJw""    **  'l™»riM,a  section 


ffii 


54 


CANALS   OP   CANADA. 


■1 

1 

aTZt'T\'T  "/'ir  r""™»' '»'' '""  '"'»We  to  Kle,       '„l.tl  i,re  more 
<Ii.|l nite,aiHl  I  am  told  tliat  tLe  project  was  a  failure  "  brok.      m„nS 

wl,  Sf  K';"!  ItoTuleT  V'i  """  °°'^-  i"  I« '"ow  "u  Iplie'st:  w'LtTor 
Tf  whici,  rm.'.racUcable!'''""'  ""'  """"•"  "'  "■"'""■  ■"'""•»•  '■"»™»Mou 

to  be  made ;  that  lands  uv.iy  bo  leased  or  sold  lor  paymen  of  ra  es  •  tha? 

land  bPrn^ifpT  p1!  and  necessary  break  waters^  assessment  only  nnon 
land  benelited.    Clerks  to  be  competent  witnesses,  commissioner  Wf 

W  n'''\'-,^''''^*'.°^^^'»  I^'«"«5  outerdikes  andS"     S    Low 
kept,  outer  dike  ceasing  to  protect  inner.    Proprietors  of  in n^'dik,^ 
recourse  to  compel  repairs  of  outer  dikes;   iijn  (TdiL"  l.m 
paired;  mode  of  making  application  for  clr/vinage-lu      of  commis-' 
sioner;  mode  of  valuing  and  assessing  damage  to  lands-cases  o^twn 
proprietors,  but  neither  owning  two-thirds,  how  j,  x)vh  ed  for^  ocemn  .? 
n.a.y  appeal  to  Supreme  Court;  tines  for  ot  icial  ney  ect      t'rb'  1  no  i'ces 
valid  unless  otherwise  specified;  conimissioners  not  1  ab  e  fo  •  S^^^^ 
predecessor;  lieutenant-governor-  in  council  mav  in  ceSn  cases'  nar 
anty  interest  on  two-thirds  money  for  diking;  LessmeX  tir1^^^^ 
terest  so  guarantied,  lien  on  the  lind  therefor.  ''''^''""^^''^^  ^^^  ^^^  >n- 

28  lSSsfv/?f^-'*'l'JN^'''^^^^'"^'"  amended  in  1883,  and  again  April 
28,  1888  (Victoria  51  ,  is  intended  for  the  relief  of  the  settlers  i.dnw, 
ers  of  land  upon  Matsqui  Prairie.    As  its  object  s In  a 'wrerwE^^ 
the  inquiry  of  the  circular  I  am  now  answering,  aiul  may  i^a.ne  sure 
"contribute  to  the  complete  illustration  of  the  n.po,  a1 1  matS  "m 

MATSOUI  LAND   COMPANY. 

r.t'r.,rr'icS!L^i'E.t;^''«''  -'•  ''''•  "■''  '■"■•  •>-'.- -."la;-. 

The  ^inds  lie  on  the  south  bank  of  the  Fraser  River,  some  30  miles 
above  iS'ew  Westminster,  and  about  the  same  from  the  Hter  o f    1  « 
district  described  in  my  dispatch.    By  a,„  act  passed  i     1878  !  M 
Berby  was  permitted  to  dike  in  the  whole  of  the    iTer  la  .Is    it  M^ts' 
qm,  and  to  thus  acquire  a  large  extent  of  the  cou.it^y      Nei-  llS-' 

from  ^iol\T  ^^"^'^  ^^  *'^^, ''''  ^"  P'^>''»'"  '^"  '^«si««nfent  ^  u      g- 
%T]lf3  t^^I^  "''"'  according  to  the  situation  of  their  farms/and 
ny:'^'}V:  au;;iutug  iiom  tiio  conjunction  of  the  dike 
liie  highest  freshet  known  to  have  occurred  in  the' Fraser  prior  to 


m 


i; 


CANALS   OP   CANADA. 


65 


Hf 


.IM  «  TfS  .  ?  '  "'"^  ^^r- ^^^'"^^^  """^  required  by  the  net  to  build  u 
(Ike  8U  tic  eut  to  prevent  a  similar  overtiow.  He  did  thi8,  buildiuir  a 
d>ke  a  loot  lnKl.erti,m.  the  187(5  level.  The  work  whs  complotodM! 
l»81  and  cost  $<(),()()(  >,  it  being  7  miles  lonj;  with  a  breadth  at  the  base 

h'Zr'ZT^^^^^^^  In  1882  ^the  water  rose  about  a  foo 

higher  than  18/6,  and  overtopped  the  dike  at  the  upi)er  end,  making 
several  breaches  and  bursting  two  flood-gates  across  the  mouth  of  the 
sloughs.  With  this  exception  the  dike  stood  splendidly  and  proved 
to  have  been  thoroughly  well  built  and  adapted  to  the  purpose.  Never- 
theless the  enterprise  is  now  suspended  for  want  of  means 
fiir*  ^.^V«J"'e"ced  engineers  have  recently  inspected  and  reported  on 
\^La      a'-    \!  •  /I'''  m?"'«  "^^""^^  ^^'"e  l>>'i«ed  in  thorough  repair  and 

S?.  wi'°  ?''^^'  •    ^^1  ."'^^'"'^^^  "'^^  '■*"  ''^'^  necessary  to  replace 
bulKheads,  stockades,  and  increase  the  height  along  its  entire  length 

iCi4(fnnS"*"T?H'"""* '"  *-'"^  '^r^  ""'"^  «»  ^«t''^'^^'  -'"  cost  no  mor^ 
tnan  «4(),000.    If  the  convenient  sloughs  may  be  made  available  for  oflf- 

take  drains,  the  estimate  will  greatly  be  reduced.    The  present  dimeu- 

.   sions  of  the  dike  are  4  feet  in  width  on  top,  and  slopes  of  one  and  one- 

Halt  of  one,  and  it  is  proposed  to  raise  it  2  feet  above  the  present  level. 

which  will  give  a  height  above  the  flood  line  of  1872. 

It  18,  as  I  believe,  reliably  stated  that  some  12,{)()0  to  14,000  acres  of 

Aor  7'ilr^  '"^'^^  available  under  the  dikage  act,  at  a  value  of  from 
f  Jo  to  f  3/i  per  acre. 

Previously  to  preparing  this  dispatch,  I  addressed  notes  to  ex-Gov- 
ernor Cornwall  Governn  jnt  Agent  So  es,  and  others,  so  that  the  in- 
formation which  I  might  forward  to  the  Department  would  bo  as  com- 
prehensive as  possible.  In  this  manner  I  fully  expected  to  secure  a 
great  deal  of  information  in  regard  to  irrigating  canals  or  <litches.  Mv 
expectations,  in  this  regard,  have  not  been  as  fullv  realized  as  I  hail 
Hoped.  1  lie  two  communications  herewith  were  the  only  answers 
received.  ''      """^^o 

Ashcroft  is  the  residence  of  Cornwall,  the  late  chief  executive  of  the 
province,  who  has  a  fine  i)ack  of  hounds  and  can  give  a  veritable  coyote 
hunt  to  his  visaing  friends.  Thaddeus  Harper,  of  Virginia,  a  large 
stock-raiser,  also  resides  there.  s       ,       ictifoo 

Government  Agent  Souea  to  Consul  Stevens. 

GovBUNMENT  Offick,  Clinton,  Bhitisii  Columdia, 
r»,>..„c.        Ti-      X        ,  Septmither  30,  1889. 

i..„  t^     •  ^  ■      T'-^  *"  acknowledge  the  receipt  of  your  letter  of  the  27th  instant  ask- 
ing tor  mformatiou  on  behalf  of  the  Department  of  State,  for  th^UnUed  States 
regarding  ca.ul.  for  transportation  and  irrigation  in  this  province  ' 

r.S\rr^  I'  ii''^'  *"  ^''^  *^'5*  ^  •*^"'  "°*  "^•''■™  of  the  existence  of  any  canals  in  this 
Prov'nce  for  the  purposes  of  transportation.  ^  ^ 

the  wesKfin.mSi*I"'  J  T\'"^  ^^^.'  •^™'".  *^«  '^'^^"'  «'«I"^  «f  the  Cascades  to 
lue  western  loot  lulls  of  th.-  Selkirk  Mountains  there  s  a  larao  exttiit  of  arid  conntrv 

of  irH  Ttion'  *  Tlfe  VT'^  "'  cultivation,  without  the  artificial  use  ol'S  by  ZS 
wnnM^?  -,  1  *^/'  '"  *"^"''''  '''^®"  .-ippHed  in  connection  with  irri.ration,  and  as  it 
Wn  in"h?s7r?vtcr""^  "'  ^'"  ^''"'^^  "^  '""^  Uu.on-notably  CaUfornia-ia'ui^ 
ntfn  *!"'  PO^V"".  "f  til"  province  above  indicated,  land  suitable  for  cnltivation  is  situ- 
ated, as  a  rule,  m  the  numberless  small  valleys,  and  generally  of  liniited  extent  and 

rne  legal  title  to  water  for  this  purpose  is  governed  by  provincial  Htatnte  t^  wliinh 

^,^,!^',^1^,,*'-^:":, '*?'•)•     Looking  these  over  yon  will  see  at  once  that  the  term 
can  ffi V?;?  s  ;.,]  tr^l.  t" '[^'Sation  h.  t  n«  province.    Any  further  information  that  I 
can  gn  e  I  shall  be  most  happy  to  lurnisli  you  with  at  any  time. 
1  have  the  honor  to  be,  sir,  your  most  obedient  servant, 

F.   SOUES, 

Government  Agent, 


CANALS   OP  CANADA. 


Mr.  Cornwall  to  Vonml  .Sltm 


tin. 


ItorliapH  fiofi,  ;ji,|,o()o  to 


ri";vv«;^M;,„urH,lo,^;:S;,^l^|;,;;!:;[',:;'^^  ".  8HMft,rd  ntton,pt,ul  to 

•  ni.l<'H,  and  ,.t,  n  .vmt.  of  n\L,t  mm  ""  """'  '""■"'  »  '"stunco  if  sonio 

ontH    TlH.r«  „,,,  aIso^,,l:'    i„'  ;,  ,  /;;\!    "•,;  ^^-'-'f   "  '";•  ^vorki„p  with  nicorroct  Kra<\. 


t  ..If.  of  (iM-m  I  havo  no,.,M„o„al  irn.vKLw  I  /'.'"'' •''"'""•''  '•"'^'  ^  '■«'«••«'    «o  iay 

tlio  tiiMo  will  ,.ro  long  .  rriv,,  wl. .      I.  ,T   r  .,   '  '  '"*"  •'""""'inlcato.     I  rmv^oe  tUit 
country  i„  Hvailal.I,.  S>r    rr  Jati,    w       1  .'  i/ '"\  r^'"'"  ^^■'''•"'  '"  """»'  pa  N  '/    '* 


e^n"t^^^t^! --f  7£  lvj--!;;::i  ^£ 


taken. 
AlM.onjrl,,  as  yo,,  ,vlll  ol.Horvo.  I  o 

8>H-  I  ..ortionH  would  bo  frui  losV-  wi  I   il         "^'^'Kf' <>»  Mu<  cultivation   of  tl...  sol 
and  attained.     It  is  hardly  n^eils'srr'^l^oiXrH.a^  •»•«  "'"'*'-• ''« 


\>   th  ron.nvod  expressions  of  rec-r..f %  .If  i  .        -^  or  inipossihle. 
8poo,(,cmfonnati,M,Sn,luMlirecf?of/vo«   eek  '""  ""'^^''^  *°  ^"^"'«'»  J""  with  more 
I  have  the  honor  to  be,  dear  «ir.  jour  obedient  servant. 

C.  F.  COKNWALL. 

soil.    Tli„  l,„.,.,.«.,n    ",,'■"'"  .'^■'  ."'l*?l'»  '»  credited  to  tli,.  ,vrn,„r  r„.„-r- 


"if 


If 

i 


il 
li 


%\ 


CANALS    IN   BRAZIL. 


61 


are, however,  Hurpassed  in  many  nlaeps  in  tlio  rTniforl  sj^nf^.       .  i  ,    • 
iHalio.  I  Haw  in  1«7.3  nour  fh«  ^  ,  .1^  1/         •       "^ '  States,  notably  in 
tion  <,alh,.l  ^nZmH»'i7L[^^^^^^         «'vor,,|.Mt  after  l.avin^r  ti.e  Hta- 
"•Ml  in  tiM,  min  eSrnev    "no  Z'i'T''-'"'^  ^''^^  Amopolis, 

inarkable  as  the  Giant  Su.seway.  ^ '^  "^  ^*"''''''    **''""'^<^  '^«  '•«' 

BOHEBT  J.  SteVKNS, 

VmiED  States  Consttlate,  Con^wf. 

Vic'^orm,  October  24, 1889. 


SOUTH  AMERICA. 


BRAZIL. 

liEPOn'T  ST  CONSUL  IWIfSTEr,  OF  PEllNAMIWCO. 
WATER    WAYS. 

tniflic  or  con)merco  and  /•  1.    ?«  f«J^  ?i  ^"  ^''®  ^"^^''^^  advantage  of 

SO  and  90  inel.es  perTiimun  ''"  ''"'  ^""^'^  '''■»''''««  between 

tl.oy  are  1  rotectod  l)v  u^orU  m'  \vh^  .  '  '^"  'f  "V"^  business,  because 
consular  listricrw  it,  occ  ,t  onn  1,  •  ^"^''•^'?  ^''e  coast  of  this  whole 
and  from  the  Sa^,  tl^S^S  re^F'i'''lf  ^/^  admit  in^jress  or  egress  to 
"Finland  and  formVa      gl  y  LS  »"'«  ''^''^  *'"« 

ocean  upon  the  land  an<i  offers  tSrinn-^^^nii^^^  "^  ^^^ 

In  the  interior,  tralTic  is  eirripVl  nn  i!m  ^  4\®  protection  of  a  river, 

(lise  slung  on  each  side  if  thcMn  Zt^.T^'M  "'^^:l''^^«  the  merchan. 
travel  at^.ight,  m^UanVo  v  a\s  o7t  1V>".  'nn";"-*^'^^^^^^  "^^^  ^"^ 
coi.stant  loading  and  unloadiriffof  h«m.l '.  '"idnight;  this  requires 
fnlly  say  just  here  that  1^1  n^^^^^^^  merchandise,  and  I  would  respect- 
si«i.t  of  this  fact  ami  export tirefrS  '""^^  ^""'"'^^ 

will  not  bear  the  handlir  ,„  a  'm^^^^^^^^  Packages  that  they 

fore,  not  so  readily  so  ms  l^irnnS.l  "^'^  ^^  *  "'^  ''^'''^'  ''^"^^  '^^o,  there- 
aware  how  said  goodrr^chttS'/"^^  7'"'^  ^''^'  exporters  are 
tion  of  Hour  in  thSconsuhr  di  S  "?*^'  ^or  instance,  the  importa- 
barrels  per  anni  i  r  t^  ^wl.  fSn'r  1'  '^'ll*'''  an.ounts  to  about  200,()u0 

but  now  Austria    /pp  is  mttLalfo^^^^^  ^i"',"  '^^  P"*^^"'  "^'^^^^ 

two  Austrian  lines  of  s  eifnu "s  Htpk  1^  ?  vTT  'll^f""^ ''°'"  Trieste  in 
is  owing  to  the  Austria'  t,frSSfg'£te^^^^^^  Whether  this  change 
States  I  will  not  sav  huf  o,.i  fi  •  •  ^^  *^"'^"  ^"'"^  f''om  the  United 
while  it  does  ,00^,;  o  t  rouS^i.TS  ""  ^"?"*^"  ''^''''  ^'  """'^ 
this  barrel  is  better  fiTled  and  S^^^^^ 
Austrian  bnrr.l  nf  «o":'S.'l"'L.f™"?er  so  much  so  tiiat  should  any 

be  in  the  barrel  wh^riVii  mj;"' w  shl?^  l^i-%hoih  heads  wouhl  still 
feet  both  heads  would  L  t  wM.c  it  ami  U^.^-u'r''  ^'"'T^  ^'^^  ^^ 
at  once,  if  an  American  barrel  0^:^^- J'^IJ^^I^S'^^:^ 


58 


CANALS   IN   BRITISH   GUIANA. 


rule  l.oMs  g„o,l  ,„  ,„„„„  i,„t„„c™  of  otl.e/ Americargaocl.Tmport™ 

H.  ClIllISTIAN  BORSTEL, 

United  States  Consulate,  Consul. 

Pernamhuco,  October  14,  1889. 


BRITISH  GUIANA. 


Demerara. 


REPORT  BY  OONSVL  WALTHALL,    OP  DEMERAItA. 

n  Jw  TT  "''''"''^"  and  "trench," '  used  somewhat  iiuliscriminatolv 

structed  for  purposes  of  public  travel  or  traffic,  or  so  use     eTceot  to  h 
united  extent,  by  consent  of  their  proprietors  or  mauaS    There  aiP 

noronn?.."?"^''^'  ^^"""'^'-^  constructed  and  inStS  for  the  p^r-' 
pose  of  introducing  a  supply  of  water  from  the  streams  swimns  ^, ml 

7^":^^.  ''"  "'"'^^  ^^  ''''  ^'^^  ^--'  vil,agei;'i"3:atirs 

tlwrHfv'M^  "'"l^^  important  of  these  is  the  Lamaha  Canal,  by  whicu 
the  city  of  Georgetown  and  a  number  of  sugar  estates  in  the  viH  tv 
are  supplied  w^i  water  from  the  Lamaha  Creek  and  ts  affiants     Th^ 

SeS  ofT?;;.'t''T";"''  "l^^"f-'^  ^^"^  «"  ''''  '^  width  '^^rau'aVeiage 
Pffi^  if  K  ^^^^'    Its  construction-commenced  about  00  years  affo-was 
eflected  by  means  of  contributions  of  labor  from  the  parties  in  teres  t^l 
aided  by  loans  of  money  from  the  Colonial  Governme      the  iutereat  on 
wh-ch  and  the  expenses  of  its  maintenance,  enlargement,  reS 
are  met  by  assessments  levied  on  the  city  and  thfesta  esTtere^tb' 
The  management  is  vested  in  a  committee  of  six  persons  of  whom  th,e« 
are  chosen  by  the  municipal  council  of  Georpetown  and  three  bh« 
pr-.prie  ors  of  estates,  with  the  high  sheriff  of  the  county  (Deme^^^^^^^ 
which  tl',e  canal  lies,  as  ex  ojjicio  chairman.    The  quantky  of  w^^^^^^^ 

Sr^y  WSi^xiir  buffi,""^'"'^^^  "^  ver/raSy^l^f  ^.  a 
lUL  supply  IS  abundant,  but  m  the  dry  seasons  is  re;rulated  bv  nermi^ 

ting  the  various  -  kokers  "  to  bo  opened  only  a  certafn  numbeTorh^urs 
in  each  month,  the  time  being  apportioned  mainly  accord  hi  jr  to  the 
quantity  of  labor  originally  contributed  to  the  Nvork  bfthe  Tesr.ect  e 
estates  The  city  of  Georgetown  being  situated  at  th^termirus  of  ,e 
S'^Sl^c!^  i?  inS^^jIStll—  -  ^PP'^  *^  ^'^e  ^S^  tZ 
Tliere  are  several  other  canals  constructed  and  managed  on  the  same 


sm^ 


'  See  consul's  supplcmon',  to  liis  report  ou  irrigation. 


irom 


CANALS   IN   COLOMBIA. 


59 


the  streams,  lakes,  ami  swamps  in  the  dry  seasons,  dams  or  "stop- 
offs"  are  built  in  some  places,  constituting  extensive  and  permanent 
reservoirs  in  the  rear  of  the  cultivated  hinds  on  tlie  coast.  The  water 
brought  from  these,  by  means  of  canals  and  sluices,  is  employed,  not 
only  for  the  internal  navigation  of  plantations — as  already  explained — 
but  (especially  in  towns  and  villages)  for  various  domestic  ])urposes, 
including,  in  seasons  of  protracted  drought,  when  the  rain  water  in 
tanks  and  cisterns  is  exhausted,  even  the  drinking  uses  of  some  of 
the  inhabitants. 

W.  T.  Walthall, 

Consul, 
United  States  Consulate, 

Demerara,  'November  8,  1889. 


\«iv 


COLOMBIA. 

REVOni  BY  YIOE-aONSUL  WHELPLET,  OF  BAItRAKQVILLA. 

In  reply  to  Department  circular  of  May  2  on  irrigation  and  water 
supply,  and  the  one  of  July  31  on  the  kiiulred  subject  of  canals,  I  have 
the  honor  to  state  that  there  is  no  system  of  artiticial  irrij'  tion  in  ope- 
ration in  this  consular  district,  and  I  believe  no  enterprise  of  that  na- 
ture in  the  country,  with  the  exception  of  such  small  ditches  as  may  be 
in  use  in  some  mining  locality  for  sluicing. 

There  are  no  canals.  In  1783  a  monk  of  Novita  opened  a  narrow 
water  way  for  canoes  between  the  headwaters  of  the  rivers  San  Juan, 
on  the  Pacific  si<le,  and  the  Atrato,  on  the  Atlantic,  called  the  canal 
of  "Kaspadura."  With  that  exception,  and  the  "Panama,"  there  are 
no  records  extant  of  canal  construction. 

Barranquilla  has  for  waterworks  aCornish  pumping  engine, old  style, 
taking  water  through  a  12-inch  main  from  another  pumping  engine  ou 
the  margin  of  the  Magdalena  River,  a  mile  distant. 

Its  distribution,  by  the  ■'  Cornish  "  hydraulic,  is  on  the  "  Holly  "  or 
direct  system,  the  surplus  reaching  a  small  storage  reservoir  back  of 
the  town,  120  feet  above  the  river  level,  intended  to  hold  a  week's  sup- 
ply in  case  of  necessity  for  repairs  to  engines. 

It  is  a  private  enterprise.  Householders  using  the  water  pay  $3  a 
month. 

The  poorer  class,  having  their  own  "  burros"  and  water  barrels,  have 
the  water  carried  from  the  Caiio,  a  branch  of  the  river  in  front  of  the 
town.  Probably  about  one-third  of  the  resident  population  i)atronize 
the  "  water  works  "  owned  and  controlled  by  a  syndicate  of  foreigners. 
The  plant  of  the  enterprise  was  from  England';  the  valves  and  gates 
and  the  connections  are  such  as  were  discarded  20  years  ago  in  the 
United  States. 

Information  obtainable  here,  on  the  subjects  mentioned,  is  of  no  in- 
terest or  value  whatever  to  the  Department. 

P.  M.  Whelpley, 

ViCC-COHHlU. 

Consulate  of  the  United  States, 

JyanannuilUif  iScplcmbor  13,  1889. 


SBB 


wmtmamttm 


60 


CANALS   IN   FBENCrf   WEST   INDIES. 


FRENCH  WEST  INDIES. 
GUADELOUPE. 

REFORT  ItY  CONSUL  liARTLETT. 
CANAL  DES  ROTOUES. 

This  canal  is  about  8  kilometres,  in  length.  It  extends  from  the  Bay 
of  Port  liOiiis  to  a  little  village  called  Gripponin  the  commune  of 
Moriie  Al'Eau,  at  about  halfway  between  Pointe  a-Pitre  and  the  Moule. 

This  canal  was  dug  for  the  purpose  of  transporting  canes  and  sugar 
from  the  different  estates  in  that  vicinity  to  Pointe-^- Pitre,  via  the  Bay 
of  Port  Louis  and  la  Reviere-Sal^e,  and  in  return  plantation  supplies  are 
taken  back. 

The  Canal  des  Rotours  was  constructed  between  1825,  and  1830,  by 
the  Baron  Angot  des  Eotours,  vice-admiral,  then  governor  of  Guade- 
loupe. 

When  first  corai-euced  the  Government's  intentions  were  to  have  con- 
structed this  canal  from  the  Bay  of  Port  Louis  to  the  Moule,  a  distance 
of  about 20  kilometres;  but  owing  to  political  difficulties  which  took 
place  in  1830,  the  canal  was  abandoned  after  reaching  as  far  as  Gris- 
Pont. 

It  is  reported  that  the  digging  of  this  canal  caused  the  death  of  threa 
convoys  of  negroes  from  the  coasts  of  Africa,  owing  to  its  being  situ 
atod  in  a  very  marshy  tract  of  land. 

The  enterprise  having  been  abandoned,  the  Government  leased  the 
canal  to  a  company  for  (JO  years,  from  1830  to  1890.  This  lease  expires 
next  year.  Then  the  canal  will  revert  to  the  owners  of  the  plantation 
through  which  it  passes,  and  which,  on  account  of  mortgages,  now  be- 
longs to  the  Credit  Foncier. 

The  depth  of  the  waters  of  the  canal  at  present  is  about  5  to  G  feet. 

LA  RITI^EE-SALliE 

Is  a  natural  canal  which  separates  Guadeloupe  proper  from  Grand 
'Terre,  about  6  to  7  miles  in  length,  connecting  the  harbor  of  Pointe-a- 
1  itre,  at  its  southern  entrance,  with  the  bay  of  Port  Louis  and  the  sea 
at  Its  northern  entrance;  its  breadth  varies  from  30  to  120  metres, and 
IS  navigable  for  vessels  of  8  to  10  feet  draft. 

No  foreign  vessels  are  allowed  to  pass  through  Riviere-Salee  without 
a  special  permit,  although  it  is  the  natural  route  for  all  droghers  aud 
coasting  vessels  aud  steamers  of  the  island. 

LAMENTIN  CANAL 

Is  a  short  canal  of  about  1  kilometre  in  length,  extending  from  the  Bay 
of  Lamentin  to  the  village  of  that  name.  It  is  used  for  the  conveyance 
of  canes  and  sugar  from  the  plantations  of  that  commune  to  Pointe  a- 
Pitre,  via  Iliviere  Salde. 

Tl-MP  are,  all  over  Guadeloupe  proper,  ancient  canals  cousiriU!ted 
during  tiie  last  century.  Some  are  several  kilometres  in  length.  These 
canals  were  constructed  to  convey  water  from  the  rivers  or  watersheds 


\. ' 


.. 


;| 


'tit, 


CANALS   IN   FRENCH    WEST   INDIES. 


61 


to  the  difterent  sugar  plantations  for  tho  purpc  j  of  workintj  their 
sugar  uiills.  Some  of  these  cauais  were  dug  by  several  proprietors  of 
small  plautatiouH,  combined,  each  proprietor  having  a  limited  time  for 
inakuig  use  of  the  waters.  The  proprietors  of  larger  plantations  con- 
structed their  own  cauais,  but  the  greater  part  of  these  ancient  cauais 
Uas  been  abandoned  since  the  construction  of  large  usines  or  central 
sugar  manufactories. 

there  are  in  Guadeloupe  no  canals  for  irrigating  purposes,  and  thev 
are  not  required.  » f    t        j  ^  ^:) 

Charles  Babtlett, 

United  States  Consulate, 

Guadeloupe,  September  9, 1889. 


[ 


1 


nfii  i  111     


I  ■wnjim 


ae 


^1 


( 


•1 


4 


CONTINENT  OF  ASIA. 


JAPAN. 


THE  KIOTO  AND  LAKE  BIWA  CANAL. 

REPORT  BY  CONSUL  SMITBERS,  OF  OSAKA. 

This  importaut  public  work  was  formally  opened  by  His  Iinperia 
Majesty  tbe  Emperor,  ou  the  9tb  instant.    The  canal  is  desiLmed  to 
connect  Lake  Biwa  with  Kioto,  which  has  a  waterway  extendiuff  to  the 
Bay  ot  Osaka.    The  length  of  the  canal  is  (JJ  miles,  and  has  been  con 
structed  m  6  years,  entirely  under  the  supervision  of  a  Japanese  engi- 

Lake  Biwa  has  an  area  of  500  square  miles  and  is  situated  280  feet 
above  the  sea  level,  and  is  143  feet  above  the  level  pf  Kioto.  The  canal 
hi.s  three  tunnels,  the  largest  being  over  1^  miles.  They  are  lined 
throughout  with  masonry  and  brickwork,  and  have  a  breadth  of  16 
feet  and  a  height  of  14  feet.  There  are  no  towpaths  in  the  tuLaels,  the 
canal  boats  being  propelled  through  them  by  a  chain  laid  at  the  bo  torn 
of  the  watel^  For  the  most  part  the  canal  is  constructed  by  making 
cuttings  and  embankments  along  the  sides  of  the  mountains,  and  is 
lined  throughout  on  the  inside  by  substantial  stone  masonry. 

At  a  distance  of  about  5  miles  from  the  lake,  in  order  to  overcome  the 
ditterence  in  level  between  that  point  and  the  plane  of  the  city  (being 
120  feet  in  a  distance  oi  1,800  feet)  the  boats  are  hoisted  into  a  cradle 
running  on  a  railway  track,  and  are  pulled  up  and  down  by  means  of  a 
wire  hawser,  worked  by  water  power  from  the  canal  abovJ. 

fhv^.^.1  Tr'T*/'*'r\'*''V""^'''''''"^®  ^^  ^'"'''^  navigation  from  lake  Biwa 
through  Kioto  to  Osaka,  one  of  the  largest  commercial  centers  in  Japan 
It  IS  proposed  to  utilize  the  water  power  at  Kioto  for  manutacturing 
purposes,  for  lighting  the  city  by  electricity,  and  for  irrigating  the  rice 

«f  \t®  "^^r^*  "^f  ^''fv  ^^""l]  ^^''''  entirely  completed,  as  stated  in  the  report 
of  Ml.  ianabe,  the  able  engineer,  is  estimated  at  one  million  and  a 
quarter  Sliver  yen,  a  sum  which  would  be  totally  inadequate  to  con- 
structsuoh  a  work  in  the  United  States. 


United  States  Consulate, 

Biof/o  and  Osaka,  Ajwil  12,  1890. 


E.  J.  Smitheks, 

Con  ml. 


63 


mmm 


64 


CANALS   IN   CHINA. 


[IncIosuTo  in  Consul  Smlthorg's  report,  from  the  niogo  News,  of  Saturday,  April  12,  1890.) 

We  have  obtained  some  further  and  interostiiiK  particulars  concerning  the  openinir 
of  the  Kioto-Biwa  Canal  from  a  Kobd  resident,  who  was  a  favored  gucHt  at  the  core- 
monial.  Ainout;  tl'o  foreigners  j)re.sent  wore  Mr.  E.  J.  Sraithers,  United  States  con- 
snl  here,  Admiral  Belknap,  of  the  United  States  squadron  in  these  waters,  and  his 
llag- lieu  tenant,  Mr.  Norris.  The  Kobd  contingent  of  visitors  proceeded  to  Kioto, 
where,  in  consequence  of  an  anticipated  detention  on  the  lino,  they  took  jinrikisha 
to  the  head  of  the  canal  at  Lake  Biwa,  the  whole  way  being  lined  with  troops,  and 
all  ordinary  traffic  stopped.  Arrived  here  they  found  no  less  than  some  30  honse- 
boats  expressly  provided  to  convey  visitors  down  the  canal  to  Kioto,  a  handsome 
boat  having  been  built  for  Hia  Majesty,  and  in  which  boat  Admiral  Belknap  had 
been  asked  to  make  the  journey  of  the  canal  in  company  with  the  Emperor.  His 
Majesty,  however,  as  we  know,  did  not  take  kindly  to  the  water  portion  of  the  pro- 
gramme, and  the  visitors  made  the  passage  by  themselves,  the  first  boat  ever  to  make 
the  journey  of  the  canal  being  that  containing  Mr.  Sraithers,  Admiral  Belknap,  and 
Flag- Lieutenant  Norris.  The  passage  to  Kioto  was  easily  and  comfortably  made  in 
about  one  hour  and  three-quarters.  About  one-half  hour  after  leaving  Otsu  the  tun- 
nel was  entered,  and  this  had  been  lit  throughont  its  entire  length  with  electric  light 
ill  anticipation  of  the  Emperor  performing  the  journey  by  water.  The  depth  of  the 
canal  on  the  occasion  of  which  we  write  was  about  4  feet  of  water,  but  its  dimen- 
sions will  allow  of  an  additional  depth  of  2  or  4  feet  more.  The  banks  throughout 
are  faced  with  stone,  and  the  work,  wo  learn,  reflects  great  credit  upon  those  charged 
with  its  conception  and  execution. 


CHINA. 

REPORT  BY  aONSXIL  PETTV^,  OF  NIHGPO. 
OONSTEUCTION.   ' 

The  history  of  Ningpo  gives  the  time  of  construction  of  the  first  canals 
in  this  district  400  years  B.  0.  That  the  principal  canals  were  natural 
outlets  from  lakes  and  swamps,  the  soil  being  alluvial,  the  same  as  the 
great  valley  of  our  Mississippi ;  hence  the  first  canals  were  like  the 
bayous  of  Louisiana,  their  flow  into  the  river  being  obstructed  by  dams 
at  the  mouth.  Other  canals  were  then  excavated  leading  to  and  being 
supplied  by  these  main  arteries. 


EXTENT  AND  CAPACITY. 

They  extend  all  through  the  valleys  of  China;  all  shipping  to  the 
port  of  Hangchow,  140  miles  north  of  this,  is  by  canals.  Very  few  junks 
can  visit  its  port,  owing  to  rocks,  shoals,  etc.,  at  the  entrance  of  its  har- 
bor. A  large  trade  is  done  by  this  city  with  Ilangchow,  all  produce 
being  carried  by  boats  that  are  made  to  navigate  the  canals.  At  Hang- 
chow the  canals  of  this  district  connect  with  the  Grand  Canal,  which 
leads  as  far  as  Peking.  Almost  every  farm  in  this  district  has  its 
canals  for  transportation  and  irrigation.  We  have  no  means  of  carrying 
in  this  district  except  by  canal  in  the  valleys  and  coolie  carriers  over 
the  hills  J  no  wheel  or  other  carrying  vehicle  except  the  sedan  chair, 
carried  by  coolies. 

CANAL  TRAFFIC. 

There  are  many  varieties  of  boats  for  traffic  on  these  canals :  the 
larger  boats  being  from  40  to  50  feet  long,  t.bout  8  feet  beam,  capacity 
,,.,,,„,  ,.,  iU!,„.  iiifcor  cue  uocu  lui  Liiu  liic-^vL  ciiuiils.  ±iien  anotiier 
class  of  boats  30  ieet  long  and  0  feet  beam,  carrying  8  to  10  tons,  vary- 
ing in  size  to  the  small  foot  boat,  used  in  visiting  the  outlying  farms 
and  gardens.    On  the  main  canals  during  the  day  as  far  as  the  eye  can 


Hills 


vary- 


Till' canals  sli(>vi'«  ■" 
400  il.  V.    The  smiil 


are  tlie  canals  said  to  have  liri'ii  in  existence. 


HiU  Country 

s 


iihcrlfss  snialli'i'  oiu's,  iiscil  fn 


40O 


Thf  ••anals  sliowii  lie.v  aiv  those  on  wliiuli  small  .■nift  niiiy  ply     bi'sicl.'s  i  li.-s.'.  I  here  aiv  ''''!'''»'''»■'*«  ^"''V,, 
ll.  C.    T1.0KS''r '•anals  t^onneoting  these  main  ones  are  said  to  have  been  dug  at  vanoua  times  smee  then. 


!ounti 


a,v  >,>Mnl,.rU.ss  s.nall.r  ..m.s,  ms.mI  fnr  irri^.tiuK  tlu-  fi.Uls.    Those  mavU.d  .lu.s  :  r : : 
irioua  times  since  then. 


are  tlic  ciiiuils  siiitl  to  liave  bi'eii  in  existence 


CANALS   IN    CHINA. 


66 


/ 


see  are  boats  going  and  coming  filled  with  freight  and  passengers.  As 
to  the  extent  ot  trade  by  the.se  canals,  it  is  inipusnible  to  ascertain. 
From  the Ohinese customs  we  hndiu  1888 there  was  di.s!  ibisted  by  these 
canals  115,044  pieces  of  cotton  goods,  353,880  gallons  of  kerosene  od. 
ami  other  lujports  in  proportion,  to  the  outlying  tow  ns  and  cities  of 
thisUiatrict.  The  transportation  of  tea  and  other  native  producit.  which 
pass  through  the  lekiu  stations  or  interior  customs,  which  are  under  the 
control  of  native  officials  can  not  be  got  at,  but  is  immense. 

MANAGEMENT  AND  PBEIOHT  EAi  KS. 

The  mauagom(>nt  is  by  the  native  officials.  The  navigation  is  free. 
Ihetr  principal  duty  is  to  see  there  is  no  obstruction  to  navigation  and 
keep  ui)  the  repairs. 

1  can  only  give  the  rates  to  Hangchow,  as  it  is  the  principal  citv 
which  transports  freight  to  and  from  this  city.  It  is  140  m  ^s  from 
this  port.  The  cost  of  freight  to  this  port  is  about  50  cents  per  cwt 
Ihe  cost  iH  greater  on  <  bis  route  from  the  fact  that  many  haulovers  take 
place,  that  is,  to  luiul  over  from  one  canal  to  another,  and  from  the 
river  to  the  canal.  Then  there  are  5  miles  to  transport  the  freight  bv 
coolies  at  Hangchow.  The  overland  transportation  by  coolies  from 
Jeng'hua  to  Taichow,  distance  100  miles,  cost  $1.15  per  c\n  t.  But  the 
freight  IS  much  lower  on  tl«  >  Grand  Canal,  where  there  are  few  haul 
overs.  Passenger  rates  an  very  low.  Our  missionaries  do  nearly  all 
their  traveling  by  canals.  They  take  their  bedding  and  provisions  on 
the  Chinese  boat^  and  travel  \  .ry  ch(  aply ;  as  for  instance,  ihe  fare 
from  this  to  Hangchow  is  about  70  cents. 

lEElGATING  CANALS. 

Canals  iu  China  are  more  uumerou  4  than  the  roads  in  our  most  popu- 
lous States.  Branch  canals  are  excavated  from  the  main  canals  at 
short  distances,  from  100  to  300  yards.  These  canals  run  at  right  angles 
from  the  main  arteries,  so  that  all  the  fUrmsandgardenscanbe  irrigated 
ivhich  18  done  by  wooden  chnin  puuips  made  to  reach  the  water  from 
the  bank.  They  are  worked  i  /  hand  or  ox.  So  all  farms  in  the  val- 
ley  are  ungated,  always  insuring  a  good  crop  of  rice. 

The  boats  are  propelled  on  these  canals  -v  a  process  called  by  the 
Chinese  "Yo-lu,"  that  is,  sculling,  usin^  2  or  3  men  wi'^i  oars  for 
this  puri)08e.  Ihey  also  use  sails,  which,  when  the  wind  u-  fair  cause 
the  boats  V  make  6  or  7  miles  an  hour. 

Numerous  bridges  cross  the  canals,  mostly  of  stone.  Tf..  canals  are 
thicl^v  settled  with  villages.  Tou  never  go  moi.>  than  3  wiles  on  the 
canal.;  without  coming  to  n  village;  all  seem  busy  and  full  of  life  at 
every  village  or  large  fn'^.    ouse  where  the  canal  is  bridged. 

Accompanying  is  a  dra  tg  which  will  give  some  idra  of  the  extent 
ot  canals  in  this  portion  of  tuis  i)rovince.  !>'  the  northern  portion 
they  are  still  more  numerous. 

Thos.  p.  Pbttus, 

United  States  Consulate,  ^^^^^' 

Ningpo,  September  25, 1889. 

H.  Ex.  45 5 


^1 

I 


66 


CANALH    IN   CHINA. 


THE  IMPERIAL  CANAL. 

liEl'ORT  BY  CONSUL  JONEH.  OF  VIUNKIANU. 

The  imperial  canal  of  Chiua,  linown  the  world  over  as  the  Grand 
Canal  which  extends  from  the  a..cler.t  city  of  K  wa-chow:  some  3mUe8 
above  Chinkjang  to  IVkinjf,  a  (listanceof  (iSo  miles,  is  a  work  of  vadous 
afjes,  and  is  but  partially  artilicial.  '         '^""^ "»  vaiious 

The  original  object  of  its  c()ustr..ctiou  was  to  supply  the  capital  with 
ood  durn.K   he  t.n.es  of  the  predatory  warsof  th«  Mo.  jjols,  an    i  s  m  v 
use  during  the  Kreater  po, ti..n  of  the  distance  is  to  conv-ey  to   he  caoi  d 
the  nee  tribute  from  the  provinces  adjoining  the  Lower  Y ant'  sze  Urver 

BtZ^'^:,r"""' '"'  ""'"'"'  "'  '*"  ''""''""^'  lio  (tile  aS 

The  portion  of  the  canal  from  Kwii-chow  to  Tsinp-KJang-pu  about 
K) 0  miles  where  it  formerly  crosse.i  the  old  bed  of  the  Slo w  Ruer 
dry  since  l.S.,4,  when  the  river,  at  a  ih.od,  deserted  its  former  bed  and 
ma(le  a  new  channel  to  the  Gulf  of  l>echili,  is  mainly  natura!ad  dates 
back  to  sonu.  seven  centuries  B.C.  The  intermediate  ptt  between 
Tsing.K.an«-pu  and  Liu  Tsing-Chow,  in  the  extreme  northof  1 1  e  prov 
nice  of  Shantung,  ,s  for  the  most  part  artificial,  and  dates  rom  the 
Yuen  dyims^y,  in  the  early  part  of  the  thirteenth  century 

I  rom  Liu  Isiug-Chow  to  IVkiiig  the  canal  occupies  part  of  the  course 
of  the  river  Wei,  more  or  less  navigable  as  far  as  vvii-k  ng  fu  L  the 
province  of  Ilonan.  From  Tientsin  to  Tung-Chow,  ii^  Id  e  manner  Ihe 
grain  ,s  carried  along  the  Peibo  Kiver,  and  tVom  Tung-Clow^o  Peking 
a  distance  ot  some  14  or  1.5  miles,  ad vlintage  has  beeu  taS  of  the  bed 
ot  the  u weu-ho  Uiver  to  form  a  water  pas.s^ige,  through  whic  the  ri-^fi 
transterre.1  to  small  boats,  is  .Iragged  with  ditHcultv  ' 

Ihe  hist  portion  of  the  canal  is  mainly  formed  bv  conneciinn- 1  sfrintr 
of  lakes,  of  which  the  Kao-Yii  and  the  Pao  Yiig  arrtre^.rSal     f 

uim.uarge  ot  the  KaoYu  Lake  Iroiii  Kwa  chow  to  Yang-chow 

To  jMcvent  the  aoodiug  of  the  lower  country,  an  important  line  of 
embankment  hasbeeuformed  all  the  vvayfromYang-ChowtoHw^^^^^^^^ 
a  distance  ot  about  100  miles.    Thi.^  embankment  is  the  prhSal  and 
udeed  It  may  be  said  the  only  important  engineering  wo  k  hi  connect 

•  a\'u.:t^e^7foo  feet'Vn  i"  ''''"'''  '^T  '"  ^^  ''  ^-^  ^"^'MviUi  a  width 
at  ine  uase  ot  100  teet,  and  is  jnerced  by  numerous  overflow  or  irrisat- 

ug  sluices.     With  this  exception  there  were  no  materTlTbs  acles  to 
be  overcame  in  the  construction  of  the  canal  reqnirinreSeering 
W KA  V'^T^  ^'''^?'  ""^^  '"  *'""*"^  theconnecting  linksand  in  buTd 
em,.loyed  '™'"'''  ^"  ^''^''''  ^'"  '"^^"'  ^00,000  men  were  a?  times 

The  river  Hwai  (distinct  from  the  Wei  spoken  of  above),  which  drain<* 
the  greater  part  of  the  province  of  Houan,  and  much  of  Cof  AuhuT 
formerly  flowed  past  the  town  of  Elwai-an-fu  into  the  Ye  low  Sea  hav 
Lfke"     '  ^""^^^^^^•'"^^^  the  large  body  of  water  known  a' the  Hungt«Ie 

At  some  time  previous  to  the  twelfth  century,  bydiggino-  connecting 
channels  the  waters  of  the  H.ingtsze  Lake  were  fed  into  the Tao  y/ 
ami  the  lower  course  of  the  Hwai,  from  tue  Hungtsze  to  the  sea/becanm 

.r,7r"%'^u'"'^;r^r7"^^^  by  theefnbankmeiftarovemr 
iV.U"«#;i  -P'eaftiug  over  the  lower  country,  they  were  led  alonff  the 
Ime  of  the  canal  to  the  neighborhood  of  Yang-Chow;  some  20  mites  nlrth^ 


tr^ 


CANALS    IN   CHINA. 


67 


tie  Grand 
lie  3  miles 
jf  various 

sital  with 
^i  its  only 
[le  capital 
ize  Uiver, 
le  Grain- 

i>u,  about 
>\v  River, 

bed  and 
ind  dates 

l»etween 
liie  prov- 
from  the 

le  course 
J,  in  the 
oner  the 
Peking, 
■  the  bed 
the  rice, 

a  string 
Bipal,  by 
e  former 

;  line  of 
ei-anfu, 
pal  and 
couuec- 
a  width 
irrigat- 
acles  to 
iueering 
nbuild- 
t  times 

i  drains 

Auhui, 

ia,  hav- 

uugtsze 

necting 
lao  YU, 
became 
^e  men- 
)ng  the 
3  uorth- 


■M'-^i 


eust  of  Chin  Kiang,  whence  they  fouiul  their  way  to  the  sea  by  the  town 
of  S  en-uUraiao,  partly  aowing  into  tlu^  Yan«l,s/e  and  partly  irrigitinu 
the  fertdo  dwtnct  known  as  Kian^^  l'.,h  or  "  North  of  t^lu^  Kiver  " 

In  the  beginning  of  the  thirteenth  century  the  ohl  Yellow  Uiver. 
which  then  discharged  into  tlie(JiiironVchi!l  near  the  northern  bound- 
ary  of  Shantung,  burst  its  right  bank,  in  the  prefeetnieof  Tungehang- 
fu,  111  Shantung,  and  (lowed  through  the  level  strait  between  eastern 
and  western  Shantung  to  Ts.ng  Kiang-pn.  Here  it  seems  to  have  occu- 
p  ed  the  former  channel  of  IIu-l  I  wei  siioken  of  above.  The  time  was  one 
ot  political  trouble  in  the  Empire  and  the  Yellow  River  was  probably 
neglected;  anyhow,  after  occupying  this  channel  for  about  80  years, 
a  fresh  bieach,  also  of  the  right  bank,  occurred  near  Kaifung-fu,  the  cap- 
ital o  Honan.  The  waters  submerged  the  same  country  as  in  1888. 
and  dually  making  their  way  to  Tsing-Kiang-pu  joined  the  former 
course  and  made  their  way  to  the  sea  past  llwai  an-fu. 

As  soon  as  the  new  course  was  put  in  some  sort  of  order  the  possi- 
bility ot  occupying  the  portion  of  the  former  channel  from  near  Tunc- 
?n  H.S  F  i«'uj?K'aug.pu,  as  a  canal,  seems  to  have  presented  itself 
to  the  Emperors  of  the  Mongol  dynasty,  then  ruling  at  Peking.  As 
there  was  not  a  suliiciout  supply  of  water,  connections  were  made  with 
ih!u  n/'  ^/in,  flowing  iTom  the  celebrated  Tai-Shan,  in  Shantung,  and 
JtfrS  n'  formerly  flowed  directly  into  the  sea  near  Haichow,  in  the 
extreme  north  of  Kiangsu.  Both  these  rivers  rise  in  the  highlands  and 
spread  out  m  their  lower  levels  into  more  or  less  shallow  lakes,  varying  in 
extent  according  to  the  season.  As  the  soil  to  be  excavated-the  bed  of 
a  post  Tertiary  sea-vyas  a  light  sandy  loam,  and  the  lake  lay  close  to  the 
course  of  the  channel,  the  work  involved  was  of  the  simplest,  mainly 
li^nrll  A?*  '?'"^  masonry  dams,  still  existing,  which  turned  off  the 
JJllu  ^  1'®  streams.  Kising  in  the  highlands  and  having  compara- 
tively  short  courses,  the  water  of  these  rivers  is  subject  to  sudden  fluc- 

WaJT't  '''^•*'"'''''^*'-^  ^?"''^  *■'*''"  Lung- Wang-miao,  its  summit 
level,  to  Ts  ug  Kiang-pu,  is  almost  dry,  while  at  times  it  is  too  full 
to  be  available  for  traffic.  The  bed  falls  considerably,  and  in  order  to 
fni'^r^.V  H  dlffl«"tya"d  obtain  water  enough  to  float  the  boats  mak 
mg  use  of  the  Sanal,  the  Chinese  engineers  had  recourse  to  probably 
the  most  primitive  and  ineflective  expedient  ever' tried 

At  intervals  the  banks  of  the  stream  were  contracted  and  what  are 
denoinlnated  "Ch'as"  built;  each  of  these  consiSso^ a  masonry 
chamber  22  feet  wide  and  from  150  to  200  feet  long  grooved  at  S 
sidestopermitof  banks  of  wood  being  slipped  down  to  form  a  dam! 
At  ordinary  times  the  canal  is  closed,  but  when  the  rice  tribute  boats 
arrive  the  sluices  aredrawn,  andthe  boats  are  laboriously  towed  through 
the  sluice,  a  couple  of  hundred  men  working  with  rude  capstans,  being 
frequently  required  to  pass  each  boat,  an  operation  involving  from  half 
an  hour  to  an  hour.  Owing  to  the  waste  of  water  involved  in  this  opera- 
tion only  a  tew  boats  can  pass  at  a  charge;  the  remainder  have  to  wait 
till  the  dam  is  replaced  and  the  upper  reach  filled  with  water  to  a  suf- 
hcient  height.  In  consequence  of  these  delays  the  boats  bearing  the 
rice  tribute  startingfrom  Tsing-Kiang-pu,  in  the  early  spring,  dS  not 
arrive  at  the  summit  level,  at  Luug-wang-miao,  till  the  middle  of  June 
their  average  day's  work  varying  from  7  to  11  miles. 

From  Lung  Wang- miao  northwards  to  its  junction  with  the  Wei  at 
Liu- ising-chow  the  canal  is  wholly  artificial.  The  soil  here  is  a  liaht 
loamy  sand,  and  with  the  exception  of  a  slight  slope  of  about  15  inches 
in  the  mile  towards  the  Gulf  of  Pechili  the  surface  is  practically  evel! 
In  selecting  Lm-Tsing  as  the  point  of  junction  the  Chinese  engineirs 


"J?-'"— ^ 


'^r-:M 


68 


CANALS   IN   CHINA. 


With  no  knowledge  of  leveling  beyond  the  flow  of  water  in  p  .lif.h 
t!ie  e^ipue.    Il.d  n,  ever  been  nntde  use  of  for  any  commercial  purpose 


t 


CANALS   IN   CHINA. 


69 


'^n^r'<^iiz':^%:^:7^^,£i^!^r  -'"-^  °'""^  "-'^'  *» 

A.  C.  Jones, 
United  States  Consulate,  Consul. 

Chin  Kiang,  November  4, 1889. 


t 


I  \ 


m. 


I 


RWW!^P^I((^fc|»^j 


m. 


I 


AUSTRALASIA. 


NEW  SOUTH  WALES. 

REPORT  liX  OON,SUL  ORIFFIK,  OF  SYDNEY. 

^in^Sn''''^''"^  ""^^^^  ^<^"t^  Wales,  although  comprisiuff  an  area  of 
310,700  square  miles,  contaius  barely  1,100,000  iuhabitants  «ml  ff ti« 
not  be  expected  tor  so  limited  a  number  of  pco  ^  to  flSd  'tSf  caiS 

S  w>/?  'll'^'^^P  ^'^'^  capabilities  for  caJialLtion  arundoubtedlv 
exist  within  this  vast  extent  of  territory.  uuuouuieajy 

My  reports  to  the  Department  of  State  dated  Ist  and  30th  of  Onto 
ber,  on  irrigatiou  and  tfie  reclamation  of  arid  lands,  wiU  show  how  bfc?e 
has  been  done  even  to  conserve  water  for  pastoral  and  agricSural 
purposes.    The  New  South  Wales  Government  has  now  taken  up  th?s 
f.r,^^f   r'^  energetically,  and  large  sums  of  money  have  been  appri 
priated  to  carry  on  necessary  irrigation  works ;  and  it  may  be  ex  ected 
that  m  a  very  shorL  period  a  number  of  irrigation  canals  will  be  under 
course  of  construction  to  be  followed,  doubtless,  by  otherTfor  naviga 
iw^rrpPn'^"-    ^^  ,C^overn,nent  for  a  considerable  period  has  been 
aware  of  the  great  advantages  to  be  derived  from  such  canals  but  as 
yet  the  only  sums  expended  for  navigation  have  been  to  cSr  the  Hve^s 
from  snags  and  other  obstructions.    The  sum  of  £80  000  /Isso  S^O  l?«« 

^nTr^-'."^'?/"  *''^  "l^"'^^^  '^'  improvementstrfiXer&r  iu. 
and  considerabe  more  than  that  amount  on  the  River  MurrumMdgee 
I  learn  from  information  supplied  to  me  by  Mr.  H.  G.  McS^v  Gov 
ernment  engineer  for  water  conservation,  that  the  improvement^  on 
the  Murray  Kiver  have  be^n  mainly  dealt  with  by  the  neiglibS  col 
onies  of  Victoria  and  South  Australia,  the  boundaries  of  which  are 
formed  in  inirt  by  that  river.    The  riparian  owners  and  occu ptrs  of 
land  along  its  banks,  while  admitting  that  the  work  harbecfn  of  benefit 
to  navigation,  are  said  to  be  very  decided  in  the  opinion  that  thei>  1  ind 
has  suffered  great  injury,  for  the  reason  that  the  removVof  the  oTstruc 
tions  occasions  a  free  flow  of  water,  and  at  the  same  time  reduces  the 
level  of  the  surface  of  the  water  so  that  in  time  of  flZ  X  a  m,  re  1  m 
1  tedareaof  land  can  be  benefited  by  the  overflow.    It  is  noUlesirSl 
that  this  Slate  of  aiiairs  should  continue,  but  that  s^me  method  of  irr^ 
for  rvtISon      ^'^"""''^  ''''''^  "^'"'^  ""'  ''''''''''  ^^'^  improvements 

nr^n?^''''."'''''^"'  ^  t^^  ^''"^'^  «f  Sydney,  a  short  canal  was  cut  bv 
private  enterprise  to  improve  the  navigation  of  the  river  of  the  same 
name  which  flows  through  that  district,  but  it  can  haidlv  be  resided 

Ihe'S'irnfT'  ^  "'"'^'V*^"*  "^  ^  "'*^^«  «"*^'"ff  t^  improve  ami  Sn'e 
the  flow  of  the  river.  A  number  of  cuttings  in  rivers  have  been  made 
by  private  enterprise  in  various  parts  «f  the  colony  for  irriSn  nur 

!!=T^^.t,l"^if^'JSP-^-L«^'  -^^-^  ^»«tribute  the'flood  waSrsTthe 

1  '-."^"iy.     iucau  cutDings  vary  iioiu  U  to  14  teet  in  width  •  us  flio 

country  m  that  district  slopes  gradually  from  the  banks  of  the  riVe?  the 

71 


i 
"f 


•^. .  -J 


!      hi 


72 


CANALS   IN   AUSTRALASIA. 


Iniid  JM  Hooded  I)v  flfravitiiHoii      On    .n   n  > 

n.owestonMliWctiTiffS'i.V^^^^^^^^^^  V""'^  ""l><»ifi".f  rivers  in 

.     I>uri,o8o  ci^ntriih^  ^^'"^'^^"^^  ""  ^>-V,  l>"'"Pins  and  for  this 

directs  uttentioTto  tin!  cvufu  s  inZd^  ?'  wi*^  T  "'«  ^^^'^rina  district, 
Ho  says,  wl.en  dealin«\      1^  one  t  ^^^^^^^^^ 

tlie  area  wliicli  eonid  bo  irr^^J'  /i     hi  h      *^  the  value  of  water  and 
Mnrray  and  MurrurnbidgerSs:   ^  ^  ^"^^'^^^^^  '"^^'^  ^'^^  '^^ 

There  ]»  anotbor  wnv  in    «'iii«i   *i  ■■ 

valned,  an.l  that  in  by  CHtimaLff   he  extS'fl^nH  ^^''^'-'^^  *''  ^°  °«''^«'^  "^y  l>« 

In  the  lir«t  report  of  the  eomu^Sn  U    L  Intii^^ 

(^.nivlallowofl  cubic  foot ptTH-Zu    Jrir./fS^^^        that  on  the  Eastcxii  Jumna 

of  wafer  from  the  Gauges  C\inair,/S^^^^^ 

merit  of  the  water  iHcon.^cteronsSn^^  ^'^  l'^"'^  ''"«««  t^«  "I'l^age^ 

•en.ark,  and  it  can  „ot  be  too  ,.fte.?nS'  e     'f    at  U  «  m  t''\P""^'V'^«-    ^  '"«y  J»«™ 

that  we  must  look  for  information  r,  .J  -  n,  '  I  V'l^.t^  ^"f^"*'  ""^  not  to  America 
A8  the  table  on  this  m,hK  .  t  m  firsf  ±,^  otMi.'^"*'"''  «*  irrigation  management 
iBgroatly  ,.  advancoof  otlHTconntSs^^^^^^^^^^^ 

Auieri.-a,  in  t  (,«  order  named.  I  Ts  not  nobul,  e  f  LtT^.K^P"'"'  '*'''^''  l'^"n««.  an^ 
some  time  at  iei..t,  attain  to  th.^Ind  an  Htaml  ,r  il  "  ***"'  *'«»ntry  we  shall  for 
will  be  no  crops  in  ii'verina  JuiTwO  JS'«^\U'T"^  "^  '^'^t^^"'  l^»t  «s  there 
sugar-cane  and  rice,  whicli  are  comjnm,  3  5^^  '^  l'^''^"  Proportion  of  water  dh 
be  assumed  that  here  1  en  lie  Vmt Tr"  .M-m^^  viiV?^' •''  ^"^^  ^  """^  it  may  saleL 
case  of  the  Mnrray,  I  est  mated  tli[M4i  "  '  irrigate  200  acres.  Hence  in  tht 
capable  of  in igathlg  Co6™00  acii     n        '.fri?:?.^'  """'^V^  /!>«  "vailable  s' ipply  is 

the  short  duration  of  the  liich  sunX    ..V,  i^^^fi         *l"*'i*'""'^''o">^ 
reservoir.     It  will,  howeve     fei  sa^f    'uier  L  v  ^llT  f  ^^'^^'^  ^^'''^■•'  ««  ^  storage 
'ffio"^^'''P^^'''^y  "f  ^^^'^^'"'I'^lS^^u^,^    r^  tfko  the  average 

loO  000  acres  during  the  remainder  of  to  ve-ii  'pL^f  ^'  <l<Hing  the  spring,  and  at 
as  the  area  which  the  av;iilable  eannlv  in'  f^'.I"  f  -^  *'8'."'«8  give  1,350,000  acres 
But  a  portion  of  the  snply  S  b„  E  Wluu!:^"  "/«'«  '«  c'^P'-^^'lo  of  irrigathiff 

rlf  "F'S'^'?".  «'Hl  au?tLTpo,urwillT,e'&o.!'w'^.'/'T'  ^^ ^'}''''  Purposes bt 
cent.  will  make  ample  allowance  for  hlV(  teml  nn?/^7iM ''''•  f\  "''''^'iction  of  UO  per 
tion  at  1,080.000  acres  The  i".VnH^i,i!,Vi  ?,','!""  ^'"  '''^"^''^  the  net  areaof  irrin'ft. 
willingness  to  pay  fol  wateHbf  ^ri^lTon  wy  ?S^^^^^^  'IZ  ^^^T'  l'^'  "taSd'S 

knowri  t.'*i;sufd"4x;?henf  r  i^^^^ 

this  project  Mr.  McSey  says:         "      '°^^  ^^'^^'^'    In  support  of 

■inS?^;zmark:is;;i!:fS;;stij;rT^f^ 

•  Wagga  Wagga,  may  safely  l,etS  a    '^0     't  w,',!' f  •''^"*  1?*  ""''^'^  »>>'  river  below 
ranal  at  the  off-take  woiil.l  de  ,on  i  ,.,  ,    '^^*  reduced  level  for  t  lie  bed  of  the 

n48-so  near  that  iovel7rn"fict  S  n"^  ^"^'  '^  »'-^  '-  ^!^-t 

affect  my  conclusions.  '■'"trt  nco  which  can  occur  in  regard  to  it  will 

cross  the  line  of  the  Narrandera-.Ier  leVie  R^ii'  iv  nV^  !?"]''"  *^'  """"  """'^1  ^'i» 
conlinued,  its  reduced  level  at  the  cross  ./wi  I  bo  Ar^4  /-^l"]  ^'""*^  '''^'^  ''*'  <'""  i>e 
crossing  under  the  railway,  at  about  Urn  esfr„N  ^^'  '1""^  ^'^  "•  «'»table  level  for 
head  of  the  Conargo  Branch,  at  77  ,,  i  cs  th/'A  w  fn?^"^""!-  ^''■°"'  •'«  "'*1^'«  to  the 
nches  per  mile,  and  the  reduced  .'vel  'lU  I^^i.  V '  ^i  '"^  continue  at  the  rate  of  18 
head  of  f  he  Couargo  Branch  to  the  h,.  >  l  .f  Ti  n  '^  ^^^'^"^  .'^''"^'^  ^^  4:}2.5.  From  the 
fall  would  be  at  the  rate  of  2  feet  ..r,i  ^^^^Yi'i'Sonilla  Branch,  at  10.3  miles  the 
tancowouldbe;mir,.     tVo„  thebeni     'li'  '^Iv  *''"  '•*'•' "^'''^  lovel'at  the  la  ter'dis 

Comparing  these  levels  with  othAr«  .mf. ,„,.,.  , .    , 

place  oau  easily  be  tound  ibr  cros^ng  the  Na^a^ae;;:;j^;^dS?;J  ffli/i^^  f  J^fifi 


^J 


1^^ 


J 


^J 


ii^ 


'I 

I 


CANALS   IN   ACISTRALASTA.  73 

Wl!ff^vV*"  'r»""^«^  ^•'^""««'  lev-H    H  '2  .J  wiiUo  t haf  of  h'''^'"^  ''."'''''^'•^  °PPO«i^« 
Whilo,  thoroforo,  tho  ixwifcions  of  th,/^^  r,'..  .  ^"^  ,"'  ^^^^  ground  at  Hay  is  .'504 

good  approximations/iU  ov  Zt  botl^Cu  tl^S^  branches  arc  given^n  y  as 
confi^nration  of  tl.e  country  tb^t  both         .uwtt,^    "?  ^'""^"/"^  from  a  study  of  the 

feet  h  Kher  than  the  ground  level  at  J^;  dorie  The^iuJ"  ^^  ^^'^'^  H^'>  '^''^  i«-  87* 
Lake  Urana  to  JoriJdorie  is  only  ^^3  miles  It  is  if  n„.f  *-*,"''®.  V  *  ^'""^c*  'i^e  from 
from  the  known  uniformity  of  the  d  sS*  th«f  A  ^*'l'.'^^'?*.f''°"  tliese  figures  and 
pains  between  Lake  Urana  and  JeriTdede  d*  rect  ioJ??h« 'r?**"'*?  "^  irrigating  the 
nimbidttee  Sonf.hHin  Punoi  ;„  1 ,     '"^.V'™"^.  *™'n  the  Urana  brannh  of  fi.»  iu.,_ 


Main  canal  from  head  to  Urana 
hranoh. 


tTrana  branch 


Main  canal  from  Urana  branch 

to  Conargo  branch. 
Conargo  branch 

Main   canal  from   Conargo 
branch  to  Wangonilla  branch 
wangonilla  branch  . 


Main   canal   from    "Wanconilla 

branch  to  120  miles. 
Main  canal  from  129  miles  to  \m 

miloB. 

Main  canal  from  156  miles  to 
end. 


Double  trapezoid  bed  • 

wi(.th  =  lOO     foetl 

borme  width^^Ui 

feet. 
Bed    width  =62    feet; 

bermo  width  =  108 

leet. 
096. 2     Trapezoidal  bed  width 

=  43ffcPt. 
218. 4     Trapezoidal  bod  width 

=  21  feet. 
8a».  6  I  Trapezoidal  bed  width 

302.4     Trapezoidal  bod  width 

=  1.5  teet. 
3o4.6     Trapezoidal  bed  width 

=  l.'J  t'e„t. 
109        Trapezoidal  bed  width 

=  14  feet. 
110.4     Trapezoidal  bed  width 

=  8  feet. 


The  approximate  estimate 
as  follows: 


for  the  quantity  and  cost  of  the  works  in  this  system  is 


Description. 


Headworks,  half  share  .. 
Main  canal,  firstpart  as  above! 

Urana  branch 

LranaT.ako 

Main  uiiial,  serond  pait 

Conarco  branch      . 

Main  canal,  third  part     

VyaiiKoiiilla  l)raiidi  ...  

Mam  canal,  four  th  jiart    

Main  canal, lifth  part...:.:;::: 
" "SRSl,-!X!::p^rt 

Total  for  work 


Quantity. 


Rate 

cubic         *^°8t' 

yard. 


Ouhic  yds.  i  .,.  ^, ! 


Cost  of 

roKU- 

latiiit; 

works. 


6, 408, 000 

4,  928,  000 

200,  000 

3, 29,'-.,  GOO 

I,2t<8,  3L'0 

1,  4i)4,  3^0 

1,  .'■>76,  9(i0 

675,  840 

liOI.  800 


.1. 


JE400,  500 

287 

467 

15,  OOli 

192 

24'? 

«( 

410 

H7, 

lOR 

01, 

9f-!) 

39, 

■m 

0-. 

l\iit\ 

19,  (.67 

Cost  of 
distribu- 
tary 
Heacls. 


£11.500 
11,000 
10, 000 
12,  000 
10,000 
2,  000 


2,500 


£i,  000 
8,  000 
i\  0(iO 
8,000 
6,000 
2,  000 
5,  000 
1,600 
2,  000 
1,000 


Cost  of 
bridges. 


£12, 000 
10,  000 


Total 
cost. 


5,  .'■,00 
4,000 
2,500 
4,  OoO 
1, 500 
2.  OOU 
1,  000 


£11,500 

427,  500 

321, 467 

32,  000 

215, 743 

70,  416 

01,  698 

103,  489 

42  i.9A 
53:375 

29,  080 
1,372,381 


#« 


'^— J 


.:f 


I 


I 


i 


74 


Oo8t  of  workd,  as  above. 

tiiirvovH 

Coutiii({ouuii!H  (H«yj!i[m 


CANALS   IN   AUSTRALASIA. 


Qrnnd  total. 


lo.onu 

09,  016 
1,452,000 


^^  «...  .e  at  B.!-=a  -  ^^^^^X?^ 

tleiltJm^fnTro:^^^^^^^^^  Pl-'"  country  beyond,  so  that 

The  riv. .  valloy  in  at  this  place  rnodorrow^rr  P"«\throuKh.    'second. 

The  do,.th  of  cntti«K,  ho  far  ar.-a^  oTml-r  1  w  '  ^"^  l>o»ndo(l  by  hills.  Third, 
tively  slight  from  the  outset.  Forh  ttt  th«  v^f '\'\'''''l'^''  r"'''  »>" ''""'Para- 
bo  eucountemd  will  be  under  20  Ct  .inl  hn/  H,f  n'*  ''f^*"*  "'^  '=""'"«  '"<"1.V  to 
more  than  M.reo-qnarters  of  a  1  nile!  '  f  h  That  th«  ""•  '''''"";^  .^"  "  '"»f'"'"«  «f 
quired  to  (livort  a  nermanont  s  11.  nlv  inVn  Vh„  .  f  t''«,'"<»X"|'"ui  hoighf,  of  woir  ro- 
10  or  11  fe.,t-tliatis,  about  .r&rS  ho  oKf?,""'  ^"'"  T.'}*'  '»«''«  *'"^» 
to  divert  the  supply  for  the  G..ulburn  irri^aio   '  f  V^^  "'°"*  ^"'"°^  *«  P^P"^*'^ 

th^rfc;?hi;-   :jt.!ra5  tiryfe"^"^^^'^^^^^  -'^  '^vers,  the  Ml  i„   ' 
t<3rmed  '' Huniu.er  level '^rAnmry^H4d^^rffi'^^  *^^    ^'"'*  ^as  been 

that  the  corr.>s|)..u,li„,r  Un-el  of  the  river  »/«»?  ^.V'  ney  h.shwater  mark  ;  so 

be  desirable  to  have  tSe  be    of  t  e  cmiil  al  ^XvTl!'''^'  "  ^•^/'^^'^  ^^'^-    ^'  *t  would 
of  the  river.I  propose  47VasJrrt;.        5^^^^^^  f''«  l»"i 

from  its  head  the  canal  will  crosHhe  s  rvev.d  I   .«  L  ""°''-   /*.'ll>o">'  ^^0  'wiles 

cairn  to  Corowa,  the  crossing  i)la,.,Li,M,f'ii,?  °.,*''*^  proposed  railway  from  Cul- 
1:H  from  the  later.lZScd'Lje",ffS^  ""'"  ^''"'  former  place  and 

ossaryfor  the  Government  to  c..n       <ctalo  mail  ran .Mm^ 

the  minor  channels  for  thedistributionof  t  .«  w.  f  l  T     .  T^  '*"  P'''"«'l"il  branches, 
regulations,  and  subject  to  Gove     me  t  ap  .rovarbv  /^^^^^^^^  ""der  Jixed 

approximate  detai).  of  the  main  cana.'i;nSS^i^..^t,lS^;-^l;;^^  The 


Doaoriptiou. 


Afaiii  ciinal  from  head  to  Jerll. 

aerie  branch 

Jprildorie  brnnoh ."."." 

Main    canal    from   Jorib'terio 

brancbto  ruppal  branch  ... 

Tuppal  brancb     

Main    canal    from    Tuppai 

branch  to  end,  near  M(    " 

mein 


Slope  of  bed. 


Bed 

width 


iluuia- 


1  in  6, 000 
1  in  2,  750 

1  in  3, 33a  3 
1  in  2  600 


1  in  3, 33a  3 


tWt. 
84 

15 

64 

12 


43 


Side 
slopes. 


Maxi- 

niiiin 

depth  of 

wilier, 


litol 
IJ  tol 

IJtol 
■  itol 

IJ^tol 


Feet. 
8 
6 

7 

e 


Ca'cu- 
lated 

charge 

per 
SjUcond. 


Kediiced 
levels. 


Begin- t;,  ,  « 
iiint'of/^'"l''f 
IcuKth.  '""Kth. 


Ou.  ft 

2,003 

842 

1,489 
303 


1,002 


47.5 
422 

422 
396 


396 


422 
359 

3  0 
331 


222 


Lengths. 


MiU». 
50 
33 

16 
31 


no 


-!i«c  It  1.1.  ,.i{^  Ctiat«  iiuaiij  uuici-afes  ou  me  opeu  plains 


4 


^ 


lO.OOO 
09,0l« 

..      l,4r)2,000 

the  river 
n  to  have 
ew  Soutli 
1  work  8  of 
y,  for  the 


nd,  80  that 
.  Sticoiid. 
Is.  Tliird. 
J  cotiipara- 
S  likuly  to 
liHtiviKie  of 
)f  woir  ro- 
nioro  than 
9  proiiosed 

the  full  in 

hiis  been 

mark ;  so 

s  it  would 

e  the  bod 

'20  mi  lea 

from  Cnl- 

;>l(ico  and 

>  fall  from 

I  iu  5,000, 

tv  that  in 
own,  bnt 
on  of  the 

II  bo  ncc- 
J  ranches, 
ider  hxt'd 
3m.    The 


Lengths. 


Mile». 
60 
33 

10 
31 


TIO 

indera 
i^iiters. 
ie  of  a 
3f  the 
tiile  of 
tting, 
1  this 
8,  but 
plains 


A 


^ 


CANALS   IN   AUSTRALASIA. 


76 


Description. 


Mnin  cniinl,  first  length 

Main  canal,  second  luiigth  .. 

Jorlldorio  brnniih 

Main  canal,  tliird leuglli '.'." 

Tuppal  branch 

Main  canal,  fourth  length. !! 


Totals  . 


Estl. 
Minted 
iiieuii 
depth 
of  oxca 
vation. 


Feet. 

8 

0 
5 
0 


Estimated 
quautilieb. 


Cubic  yds, 

4,  7«7,  ^00 

4,  SOfi  UOO 

720,  ()(»0 

1, 370,  noo 
r>oi,  100 

6,  r>S2,  400 


Rate 

per 

culiiu 

yard. 


t.  d. 


Cost. 


Kemarks. 


18,  502, 806 


£3r)9,  040 

300,  37.'f 

30  300 

85,  050 

29,  555 

383,  973 


1, 184, 897 


The  depths  of  exca- 
vation assained  nro 
considerably  more 
than  will  be  re- 
(juired  to  afford  ma- 
terial for  the  banks. 


at  «.:trat"ort?e%Trior '£Sr^^  rSti^e*^;""?  VI}  ^^  '^'  -«""'*"- 

ontlets  to  distribittaries,  and  the"bdd^os%"'  rol  iV for  c™sfrifflo™'A«  t"h""''  *^i« 
will,  as  far  as  possible,  follow  rid-e  h"ies   thoro  w  II  l^f,  vl?t  i.-f.i  ^V'^?  *'""''^» 

Excavation  of  canal  and  branches 

Weir  at  Bungowaunah £1,195,000 

Eegnlatorat  main  canal  head! :i9, 000 

Three  other  regulators,  at  £5,000 ^'^^^ 

Bridges,  40,  averaging  £;tOO  15, 000 

Distributary  heads,  30,  at  /SOO 

Drainage  culverts,  2,  at  £1,500..     ' 

SosTof t.rvfys'!r.."!!!"r^^^  '''''°^  cVibic Vard;::":::::::::::: 

Compensation  for  land...".'.* ' ' 


Total. 


12, 000 
15, 000 
.3, 000 
30, 000 
16, 000 
£5,000 


Adds  percent,  for  contineencVes 1,345,000 

^  67,250 


Total  estimated  cost. 


1,412,250 


Of  rlpS'S^^^^^^  '"  ""'  interrogatories  of  rmne  on  the  subject 

drSbmd:atn|:i"^i:*tatl?rt^^^^^^  passed,  though  a  comprehensive 

servation  comnifssion      The  dams  wKbivi^li'"         ^'"''^ ''«?"'•*  «f  *!>«  water  con- 
the  colony,  and  on  some  of  the  H  v«T«  ^1  T    ??  constructed  on  creeks  tlironghout 

quently  h^'ppens  KTa.l\'%o\Sc"7t"  e^'ut  ThZ^  "'^'^'  ^^  ''  ^^«- 

ocoupy  land  lower  down  the  courseof  the  creek  orriyer.^     ^  ^    '"°'  ""^^  °^°  ""^ 

CANALS  POB  SYDNEY  WATER  SUPPLY. 
^  The  city  of  Sydney  is  supplied  with  water  from  a.  ^istnnoo  «f  at  ^;i^a 

,L,'LT.?^'"''  ^r'"  ^  ^^'^^^  ot  437  feet  above  the  sealevdTudlslon 
ducted  through  a  series  of  tunnels  and  open  canals  to  Sject^im'les 


'**"»«I*«W«W»«NP, 


'     I, 


i  I 


I  i 


* ; 


76 


C4NALS   IN  AUSTRALASIA. 


from  tlio  Hoiirco  of.sMnnlv     T^m...  fi,-^  .. 

IS  con(lu(,t(Ml  tluouffl   wrouoi';     „?/^'*r''''''  ?*  ^'^^'i'^^^'t  the  water 

of  piping.-  used  in  the  wmk  .      "    '         "'^^^  ^""^  ^'^'"^'«  '-^"tl  the  leugth 


Tunnels 

Opna  canals  ....!." ' 

•"- . 


Kiles. 
..   11* 

.     5i 
.   11 

■  n 


Total 

12  miles  from  the  outlet  of  the  ma rarrt!.nn%*^^^^     fl'stance  of  about 

formed  With straightorslijjhthLtterS^^^^^  channel  has  been 

bottom  is  10  feet  .-the  width  ipSa-  ,  ''^-  ^^^  ^^Pth  from  berme  to 
The  fall  is  at  the  rate  (Tf  1  foof  SfJ  '"°^^' '  ^^^  ^^^^^  «f  '^ater,  8  fee? 
necessary  the  walls  were  bum  of  mason^vTet'?;'"'  "^^^^^  ""'W  was 
the  term  nation  of  the  sandstone  conn?rv  tht  ^'^  ?^  ^°  cement;  from 
snale  and  clay.  The  dimen 3«  ., ^  w^, .\^®  ^^^^^ '»  mainly  throusrh 
«^I.H,ltol,.  depth  fiomri rberme  9fTef  V^^^^^^^^^  '''^>  «Ce of 

at  top  water  level,  19  feet     The  s^llf^^^^^^ 

«tone  pitching  9  itlches  thick/ ThrnclinaHonn'/H-^"®,  protected  with 
per  mile.  The  canal  above  Prospecrterm?n.fo5  ^^'\^  ^^^""^^  ^«  2  feet 
flow  weir,  leading  the  water  in?o«^n?^.*®^'? ''^*«"' ^ith  an  over- 
flows  into  the  relervoir.  The  ndinatS  nf  ^^,  ^^'T^^  ^^^"  ^I^i«hTt 
The  level  of  the  overflow  wefr  at  th«  «mi  L  ?^'  ''''^"°^'  '^  ^  '"^  3«-25. 
18, 48.16  feet  above  the  high  witer  of  ?h«  1^*^  ^^?  "^''"n?'  ^«  243.15;  that 

the  dimensions  of  the  rese^rvoTr  at  Prospect  ''''''''*  ^'^"'"''^'^^  ^'^ 

Area  of  watershpri   9  f?ni  „    **"  J^i^hpecc: 

R.  L.  top  o7dam'1(,9''feet  aboUTY^  "^f*^^  «"^^«««'  1'261  acres  • 
-level  195;  lowest  level  to  which  wat^^i^t''^  ^'''^'''^'^  high-water 
width  of  dam  on  top,  30  feet  •  slmTpt^f  be  drawn  for  supply,  179  • 
15-foot  bermes  at  1^.1  175'  a ?^'47^* widf"h"^f ' ,'*  tol  oiL%ith 

rpToTpuSletn  ^i?'f^^^  n^'^i^JZl 
wa„,widtLntop?3"&^^^^^^^^^ 

th  J^LJS  ome*trb7mtat'o7T^^^^^^^  -ried  round 

ered  into  the  canal  leading  from  t hi  Z.  "''^  ''''''''  P'l^^^  ^nd  deliv- 
been  laid  from  the  basin  aboveTheres^rvortoVh^  '^  S"f  "^^^^  b^« 
the  purpose  of  supplvinff  the  ikHprf,?^  ^  ^  ^^^  ^'^°^'  below  it  for 
also  to  give  head  IrTe^^or^^^^^^^  and 

also  serve  for  emptying  the  resefvlfr    %h    ^  *?"/"?'  P*P««  ^^f^^red  to 
4f  miles  long,  and  the  cross  «p.h««  •  ^^®  ^f"''*  ^^'^^  ^he  reservoir  is 
partly  Ysha^^ed.^  The  h  gtwS  level ^at'L"^'"'  ''''''^'  ^^"«  ^°d 
canal  is  175.50.    The  level  of  the  ton  nfJi       ^^^  reservoir  end  of  th« 
out  the  entire  length  of IhTs  sectJo'^^L  ^??To  '"tIT-  ^^"'^  through- 
allows  an  increased  head  to  be  obtScrfoV  f  hi        i^*"''  arrangement 
Owing  to  the  nature  of  the  ground    Son  ZJ?  ^"^'^^  "^^^^^  Sydney, 
covered  in,  and  is  virtuallvf  .^nil '  ^  /^^  o,t  thi8  section  had  to  be 
is  at  the  r^te  of  I  incTes^^mHe     1^^^^^^^^^  ilT f  fu    ^'^^  '"^^  *"  «^"al 
ing  basin  and  pipe-head  r?servor  hat  been  boll?    v^  '^il*^  *  «t'"'»- 
to  Sydney  the  water  will  flow  through  pfZ  '*'"  **"*  reservoir 


•<liiey.    Tlio 
1  the  IcDgtli 

11* 

■ S3J 

H 

11 

_H 

•  ■-•«  ••••  63 

board  that 
3e  of  about 
>1  has  been 
m  berme  to 
iter,  8  feet, 
lining  was 
lent;  from 
y  through 
i,*  slope  of 
and  width 
Bcted  with 
il  is  2  feet 
;h  an  over- 
a  which  it 
I  in  38.25. 
3.15;  that 
►wing  are 

61  acres ; 
igh- water 
'Ply,  170 ; 
ter,  with 
00  feet; 
greatest 
;  puddle 
e  slopes, 

3d  round 
id  deliv- 
lain  has 
w  it  for 
oir,  and 
erred  to 
Brvoir  is 
a>lls  and 
of  the 
firough- 
gement 
Sydney, 
d  to  be 
n  canal 

Stiitiu- 

servoip 


CANALS    IN    AUSTRALASIA. 


77 


works,  he  states,  with  th«  AvP^nH-..,   '^^L'll"^.!^--'/--'''''^?)-     ^"  the 


M±r.^'l'J  :."l"«..-vanls  of  .earthwork,  and  iiraised  to  sum: 


7         w^aa* 

V  i"  the  center. 


cient  height  to  onabr6tbe.a,t,;bt.adi„rtoZ;c;v';,'l,™»,,,,,,uea 

available  capLityTCi  thou,,  uf  !  ml!;?     TT"  •"","  "■■<»«>°' 

capacity  Of  o^ert^tuZLaSL  of  X«.'  """  "  «™'""* 

G.  W.  Griffin, 

Consulate  of  thp]  United  States,  Co7isul. 

Sydney,  November  18,  1889. 


31  . 

i 


1 1 


I 


Si 

ifl 


i      .'I 


J      II 


J 


i  ONTINENT  OF  EUROPE. 


^. 


BELGIUM. 

UJ-:V0H1'  •ONSVL  PRESTON  OP  LIEQE 

LARGE  CANALS. 

1.  The  canal  from  Ghent  toBruffes  and  frnm  Timr.     +^  /^  *    ^ 
nectlDg  with  tlie  North  Sea     Jia^h  i"?;  k&etre?  ** ^ 

am™iu'rat:„!l&9lf2/8°;3' ™«  "■'^'^-'"S '<>»«. ""d  the  total 

fran!L%o"tKr,Ln1J' tCIZ^^  f-""-  "■"»  ^,862 

to  33.673  francs.  ^""""s^fUectedfonhesamejearaiiiouuted 

2.  The  canal  from  Ghent  to  Ternenzen,  which  aives  to  Ohont  n,«  • 

total  amount  transported  913  ')M\  fmiH  t«  i«fi«t»  '  •'  ■  •  "'^'  ^^® 
work  cost  15'>  l'}i\i-v^rul  Ji'J^^^o  tons.  lu  188b  the  maintaining  of  the 
+r,n«  n^ii  Z?"''^"'"  Irancs,  and  tor  improvements,  9,996  francs  THa 
toils  collected  amounted  to  21,097  francs  ">  •^j-^^u  nancs.     ine 

'S.  The  canal  of  WillebroBck,  from  Brussels  to  thfi  Riv«..  t>„.  i  -^ 
passes  through  the  town  of  Vilvorde  the  xHn«aA  nf  wn  .  "V®''*  '1^ 
runs  into  the  Rupel  near  the  tiw^f  BoL  hn!  U^"^^f«eck  and 
communication  with  the'  EscaiUand  the  sS  ts  fenS^is^.'^rrf'^'  '^ 
tres.  Its  constructicm  was  begun  in  1830  and  finishefun  i835  tT. 
kilometric  tonnage  in  1885  wfTs  •>?  '>r,'>  ^>ak  V^  ""'»"««  m  i»J5.  The 
transported  was  1^074,585  tons        ''        ^^""^  ^^^  the  total  amount 

tttt^nt^trjnsp^^^^^^^^^^  ''''  -«  ^'^^^'^^^^  tons  an"d 

t  The  river  Escant,  called  i„  Flemish  the  Schekte. 

78 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


A 


r^r 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


yo    """^ 
""3.2 


2,5 


iif  !r  III" 


:r  Uii 


lAO 


2.0 


1.4 


1.8 


lU 


■i-*i 


HlOl  ^ 

Scieices 
Corporation 


i 


f 


<^- 


# 


M 


V 


,^ 


>^^^ 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  87i2-4S03 


80 


CANALS  IN  BELGIUM. 


SMALL   CANALS. 

1.  The  cauai  from  Oharleroi  to  Brussels  by  Hal.  It  unites  itself  at 
Brussels  to  the  canal  of  Willebroeck.  It  serves  also  for  communication 
between  the  basin  of  the  Escant  and  that  of  the  Meuse.  Length  74  kil- 
ometre:.. 

This  canal  has  its  branches  which  are  directed  towards  the  coal  basin 
of  the  center,*  altogether  in  length  16  kilometres.  They  are  now  occu- 
pied in  the  construction  of  a  canal  which  will  put  these  branches  in 
communication  with  the  canal  from  Mans  to  Oond6.  These  important 
works  will  give  to  this  canal  and  its  branches  a  larger  section.  It  was 
begun  in  1832,  finished  in  1839.  Its  kilometric  tonnage  ia  30,158,356 
tons ;  total  amoant  transported  789,927  tons ;  cost  of  maintenance 
131,888  francs,  ind  for  improvements  4,982  francs. 

2.  The  canal  from  Plasschendaole  to  Nieuport,  which  leaves  the  canal 
from  Bruges  to  Ostend  and  unites  at  Nieuport  at  the  Yser  and  to  the 
canal  from  Nieuport  to  Furnes.  Its  length  is  21  kilometres.  It  was 
purcha8<»,d  by  the  Government  in  1854.  In  1886  its  kilometric  tonnage 
was  1,468,213  tons,  the  total  amount  transported  93.613  tons,  the  cost 
of  maintaining  18,741  francs ;  and  for  improvements  6,000  francs ;  tolls 
12,071  francs.  This  canal  has  divers  branches ;  the  canal  of  Ouden- 
bourg,  of  Moerdyck,  of  Ghistells,  and  of  Bourgogne ;  altogether  12  kilo- 
metres in  length. 

3.  The  canal  from  Nieuport  to  Furnes,  which  follows  up  toDunkerqae; 
its  length  is  lOJ  kilometres.  It  was  purchased  by  the  Government  in 
1854. 

4.  The  canal  of  Basse  Colm,  which  goes  from  Furnes  to  Berques,  in 
France ;  length,  11  kilometres. 

5.  The  canal  of  Lao,  which  begins  at  Furnes  and  rejoins  the  Yeser  at 
Lao;  length,  15  kilometres.  Kilometric  tonnage  in  1885,  235,116  tons. 
Total  amount  transported  17,775  tons. 

6.  The  canal  of  Yopres  to  the  Yser,  continuing  to  Nieuport;  length 
15  kilometres.  Kilometric  tonnage,  299,761  tons.  Total  amount  of  ton- 
nage transported,  20,425  tons. 

7.  The  canal  from  Dixmude  to  Handzeame;  length,  12J  kilometres. 
It  has  a  branch  towards  Zarren,  in  length  3  kilometres. 

8.  The  canal  from  Ypres  to  the  Lys,  ending  near  Wervicy,  not  yet 
finished ;  length,  14J  kilometres ;  commenced  in  1846. 

9.  The  canal  from  Eoulers  to  the  Lys;  length,  16J  kilometres ;  begun 
in  1846,  finished  in  1853.  Kilometric  tonnage,  741,283  tons.  Total 
amount  transported,  55,329  tons.  Cost  of  maintaining,  16,037  francs ; 
tolls,  1,960  francs.  * 

10.  The  canal  of  Schipdonck,  or  from  Deynze  to  Heyst,  which  derives 
its  water  from  the  Lys.  In  its  latter  part  it  runs  parallel  to  the  canal 
Leopold.    Its  length  is  54  kilometres. 

11.  The  canal  of  the  Li6ve,  which  commences  at  the  canal  from  Ghent 
to  Ortend,  at  about  5  kilometres  from  Ghent,  and  terminates  at  the 
canal  of  Schipdonck;  length,  11  kilometres.  Kilometric  tonnage,  29,260 
tons ;  total  amount  transported,  24,569  tons. 

12,,  The  canal  from  Bruges  to  the  Eciise,  by  Damme;  length,  14 
kilometres.  Kilometric  tonnage,  309,807  tons;  total  amount  transported, 
28,973  tons.  The  canals  of  Schipdonck  and  the  canal  Leopold  pass  in 
a  tunnel  under  this  canal. 


» 


••They  call  the  basin  of  the  ceater,  the  east  of  Mans,  that  part  of  the  coal  basin  of 
Ihe  Hainant,  comprised  between  the  Borinage  and  tlio  basin  ofCharloroi;  its  limits 
am  <,a8ily  t^ac^^d  by  the  lines  St.  Denis,  Harmigries,  Fontaine  TEvfigue,  aud  Gouy-so- 
I'ieton.    Its  extent  is  about  400  square  kilometres,  inclosing  forty  villaees. 


CANALS   IN  BELGIUM. 


81 


;es  itself  at 
manication 
igth  74  kil. 

i  coal  basia 
?!  now  occu- 
»ranches  in 
)  important 
an.  It  was 
30,158,356 
laiutenauce 

)s  the  caual 
and  to  the 
es.  It  was 
pic  tonuage 
16,  the  cost 
ancs ;  tolls 
of  Ouden- 
herl2kilo. 

>aQkerqae; 
sroment  in 

Berques,  in 

tie  Yeser  at 
$5,115  tons. 

>rt;  length 
lunt  of  ton- 
kilometres, 
cy,  not  yet 

'es;  begun 
)n8.  Total 
)37  francs ; 

ich  derives 
3  the  canal 

rom  Ghent 
fces  at  the 
age,  29,260 

length,  14 
ansported, 
3ld  pass  in 


coal  basin  of 
>i;  its  liniitH 
liid  Gouy-so- 
;es. 


; 


13.  The  canal  of  Lisseweghe  commences  at  the  canal  from  Bruges  to 
Ostend,  near  Bruges,  and  runs  towards  the  North  Sea :  length,  13  kil- 
ometres. .  ;        o     > 

14.  The  canal  of  Blankenberghe,  a  branch  of  the  canal  from  Bruges 
to  Ostend ;  length,  12  kilometres.    Commenced  in  1873. 

15.  The  canal  Leopold  or  canal  of  Selzaete,which  takes  its  waters 
from  the  northern  part  of  the  Flandres  and  ends  in  the  sea  at  Heyst; 
length,  38i  kilometres.    Commenced  in  1854 ;  finished  in  1855. 

16.  The  canal  of  Moervaert,  which  puts  the  Durme  in  connection  with 
the  canal  of  Terneuzen ;  length,  21  kilometres.  Begun  and  finished  in 
.««•  „-^"^™®^"°  tonnage,  1,169.573  tons ;  total  amount  transported, 
126,420  tons.    Tolls,  2,980  francs.  ' 

17.  The  canal  of  Langeleede,  which  begins  at  the  canal  of  Moervaert 
and  terminates  near  the  irontiers  of  Netherlands ;  length,  5  kilometres 
Kdometric  tonnage,  37,039  tons;  total  amount  transported,  65,890 

18.  The  canal  of  Stekene,  which  takes  its  origin  at  the  village  of 
Stekene  and  terminates  at  the  canal  of  Moervaert ;  length,  5  kilo- 
metres. Built  in  1853.  Kilometric  tonnage,  194,930  tons.  Total 
amount  transported,  49,972  tons. 

19.  The  canal  from  Li6ge  to  Maertricht  commences  at  the  river 
Meus^  m  Li^ge  and  terminates  at  Maertricht,  where  it  again  enters 
into  the  Meuse ;  length,  25^  kilometres,  of  which  20  kilometres  are  on 
Belgian  territory.  Commenced  in  1845,  and  finished  1850.  Kilometric 
tonnage,  10,382,932  tons  (in  1885);  total  amount  transported,  614,432 
o^ni^^®*  °^  maintaining,  120,318  francs;  and  for  improvements, 
25,597  francs.    Tolls  in  1886,  76,259  francs. 

20.  The  canal  from  Maestricht  to  Bois-le-Duc,  which  forms  a  prolonga- 
tion of  the  preceding  canal.  It  traverses  the  province  of  Limbourg 
m  Belgium,  over  an  extent  of  45  kilometres.  Begun  in  1823,  finished 
in  1826.  Kilometric  tonnage,  24,175,845  tons;  total  amount  of  trans- 
portation, 466,608  tons.  Cost  of  maintaining,  60,093  francs,  and  for  im- 
provements, 6,117  francs.    Tolls,  62,163  francs. 

21.  The  canal  of  the  junction  of  the  Meuse  and  the  Escaut,  which 
starts  from  Bacholt  (northwest  of  Maeseyck)  at  the  canal  of  Maestricht 
to  Bois-le-Duc,  passing  by  Herei'^hals  and  terminating  at  the  Escaut 
at  Antwerp.  This  canal  conneci  with  the  Little  Nethe,  a  little  under 
Herenthals.  Length,  86  kilometres.  It  was  commenced  in  1843,  part 
of  It  finished  in  1844,  and  its  branches  from  1846  to  1856.  One  of  its 
branches  is  towards  the  camp  of  Beverloo,  in  length  15  kilometres  • 
another  towards  Hasselt,  39  kilometres,  and  a  third  towards  Turnhout 
25  kilometres.  The  kilometric  tonnage  of  the  whole  was,  for  1885, 
38,944,056  tons,  and  the  total  amount  transported  995,604  tons.  The 
cost  of  Its  maintenance  was  125,330  francs  and  for  ii.  nrovements  26,746 
francs.    Tolls  amounted  in  1886  to  263,795  francs. 

22.  The  canal  from  Turnhout  towards  Antwerp  rejoins  near  Antwerp 
the  canal  of  the  junction.  Length,  37  kilometres ;  finished  in  1846. 
Kilometric  tonnage,  3,552,777  tons ;  amount  transported,  191,397  tons. 
Cost  of  maintenance,  17,726  francs.  Amount  of  tolls  in  1886,  21,191 
francs.  ' 

23.  The  canal  from  Mans  to  Cond6,  uniting  those  two  towns.  Length 
J4  J  kilometres.  It  was  purchased  by  the  Government  in  1843.  Its  kil- 
ometric tonnage  in  1885  was  8,364,431  tons;  the  total  amount  trans- 
ported, 1,062,385  tons.  Cost  of  maintenance  28,950  franca,  and  for 
improvement  9,881  francs.    Tolls  in  1886,  88,215  francs. 

24.  The  caual  from  Pommeroeul  to  Antoing,  which  connects  the  canal 
H.  Ex.  45 6 


82 


CANALS  JN   BELC4IUM. 


li 


in  18l'8.     For  1885  the  kiLS.."^  purchased  by  the  Governoienfe 
am..uut  transported  7^' T^!?^^^^^^^^  was  10,840,689  tons;  the 

and  ton^proUt t;|j^^^^ 

rive'r  D^d^e":!  SeJ'S  ^^  ^.^h;  length  2IJ  kilome.reTand  the 

Which  ,rth:rnS  ^rrce^.?,  t^izt  t«  o';tr? 

ComJ6  III  commniiicatioii  with  tbe  low«r  P^  .i  '  it  ot  Maim  to 

Its  kiloiiietric  tonnaffe  was  8  91  •  OQd  tnna  t!^  i^       '  '"    ^"  '°°^ 

kilometrB»i  ..ouira^nceTru  ixirflufrdio  8r%'hT''J'^'  "?"""'='  " 
nage  lor  1885  was  AJt  oqm  t^^l  "Ji«8"eain  i»4w.    The  kilometnc  ton- 

torfs  '^^"^  *^^°^-  ^^^  ^^'^^^l  ^"»0""t  transported  61,495 

LyJ:  leligth^Ts/Sromrr*  '"  ^^"''''"J  ^^'^'^^  '«'"«  ^^e  Escaut  to  the 
1885'  the^kiU,^!.^^^^^^^^^^^^  wSTomis  \1^''  "t^'^'?  "'Z^^^'     ^" 

transported  71,237  tons""Str„,iinte£'l^?:^4bfrtc^^^^^^  *^"^"°* 

lEEIGATING  CANALS.  • 

LENGTH  AND  OWNERSHIP. 

generally  free.     Sonie^oTuerLtig  'to    he'So  "„?f  i^t^fhe  ?n  " 

a,^xrri^^Yviir(izTni'^r£,':r~^ 

construetion  and  mainteTning  of  then?  ®'™  '"'''""™  '•"■  «"« 

EXPENSES. 

FiSroX^v"ei»er»t;Zrn"a'i„tU!;^e"r?^^^^^^^^ 

hl'ZlYnaiySpt-^elt  eT.3-"6^!;rr^  ^ 
e,pen,,e,prVi«^Tpe^Ia','d^c;^^ 

The  following:  table  gives  the  ordinary  expenses  fron    1880^^  i«sr 
In  some  years  they  have  included  improvemLtstn  ordlnlTex^nfel- 

18^0 Francs. 

1*^81 4,986,9r.l.00 

1>'H2 8,:m,6Wy.90 

1H-S    ;■ 11,4(54,723.16 

1884 ;:;::; ^ 2,y:j7,«;$5.40 

188? ; 2.0(54,819.00 

■ 1.792,43L00 


i 


I'JJiKl'imkili  Lmj.m^iti..mK 


«n 


ngth  25  kil- 
xoverumenfe 
)  tons;  the 
094  fraucs, 
aiics. 

es,  and  the 
kilometres, 
of  Maijs  to 
rchased  by 
r.  In  1885 
ran  sported 

at  uear  the 
Roubaix  8 
netric  tou- 
ted 61,495 

caut  to  the 
1  1803.  In 
il  amount 


arpopes  of 
reamH  and 
ich  rain  in 


,651  kilo- 
rernment. 
iffiition  is 
the  com- 
ompanies 
IS  for  the 


^o  kinds: 
imounted 
>meut8in 
xtraordi- 
8,  canali- 
isiu  1883 
ordinary 
ties. 

to  1885. 
xpenses. 

Francs. 

)86, 9^1.00 
W,  etf),  90 
l«4,723. 16 
!37,  «;jr).  4« 
m,  819.  00 
92,431.00 


CANALS   IN   DELGIUM. 


TOLLS. 


as 


The  amount  ot  tolls  collected  varies  a  great  deal;  some  canals  are 
entirely  free,  on  others  the  toll  is  collected  by  the  kilometrio  ton,  the 
lowest  toll  being  .0012  of  1  franc  or  .12  of  a  centime  per  kilometric^on. 
There  are  some  ou  which  the  toll  is  1  frauc  per  ton  for  the  whole  canal, 
or  a  certain  fee,  sometimes  as  much  as  1  franc  by  the  vessel,  for  pass' 
ing  the  locks.  '       *^ 

EFFECT  ON  CHEAPENING  TRANSPORTATION. 

It  seems  almost  unnecessary  to  remark  in  conclusion  that  Belffium 
takes  the  lead  on  the  continent  of  Europe,  in  establishing  these  artifi- 
cial water  ways,  and  that  to  that  fact  is  owing,  in  a  great  measure,  her 
commercial  prosperity.  Nothing  contributes  so  much  to  the  commerce 
ot  any  country  as  rapid,  easy,  and  cheap  means  of  communication,  and 
the  experience  of  the  Belgians  has  been  like  that  of  tha  tJnited  States, 
that  canals  have  done  more  than  anything  else,  in  the  last  60  years  to 
cheapen  transportation.  =        »  .t      o,  w 

Wm.  S.  Preston, 
United  States  Consulate,  Consul. 

Wge,  September  25, 1889. 


ANTWERP. 

beport  by  oonsttl  8teuakt. 
meuse-scheldt  canal. 

^isUyry.—A  project  was  formed  in  1626  to  join  by  a  canal  the  river 
Scheldt  to  the  Rivers  Meuse  and  Rhine ;  the  details  upon  its  course  are 
wanting,  but  we  know  Venlo  was  the  poiut  of  leaving  the  Meuse.  The 
work  was  suspended  in  1628,  the  Dutch  having  become  masters  of  the 
two  extremes  of  the  line. 

In  1805  Napoleon  decided  that  this  important  communication  should 
De  opened ;  the  preparations  commenced  immediately,  and  in  1808  work 
was  being  done  upon  nearly  the  whole  length  of  the  line.  Soon  how- 
ever, the  reunion  of  Holland  to  the  French  Empire,  and  political  events, 
interfered,  and  the  work  between  the  Meuse  and  the  Rhine,  alreadv 
well  advanced,  was  for  the  second  time  abandoned.  The  buildiuff  of 
this  c^nal  would  have  increased  the  importance  of  the  portof  Antwero 
and  the  transit  towards  Germany,  but  after  the  revolution  of  1830  the 
execution  of  the  project,  such  as  originally  intended,  had  no  longer  the 

?eZiied  in^HoUand  ^'"™'  ^^  ^^"^'*'  ^^^  ^""'"^  ""^  passage  to  the  Meuse, 

In  October,  im,  Chief  Engineer  Kiiramer  resumed  the  studies  uoon 

this  matter  and  presented  a  complete  plan  of  canalization  comprising 

the  opening  of  the  following  canals,  viz :  ^      ^ 

a  I'  ^^H^^  ^^2^^^V:  o/  the  canal  from  the  junction  of  the  Meuse  with  the 
Scheldt,  from  Bocholt  to  Pierre  Bleue. 

2.  A  second  section  from  Pierre  Bleue  to  Herenthals,  where  a  junction 
18  made  with  the  Scheldt  by  the  river  Petite  mthe  canalized 

wi^iithe  rivei"Derer^'''''  ^^'"'*,^  ^^'''^*'  ^^''"  ^j""^*^''"  ^«  ™«^« 


1  ff 


I     i 


: ,( 


wt^ 


fe.i 


84 


CANALS  IN  BELGIUM. 


cati.ra  part 'S^?urw„^,''Z«lV?„'  VhT""?'",'  ""  I""  '»  ««" 
Bagtoe  KUmraer  mentioned  in  the  project  presented  by 

sections,  Lmdy  Zin  BocLo^t  to  P  .,£  b,'*'""'''  be/<"»Posed  of  two 
to  Heremlials  "ocHolt  to  Pierre  Bleue,  and  from  Pierre  Biene 

s;.vte".^'Ki^i?,?r!s.ft',:rca"^^^^^^^^ 

a  little  belo TneSials  ],S*,hf  °  "J"™''  ""'^  ""  "^«  P«We  '"f^tK 
by  the  ri^riJttrand  Knp°el  "»' J""*""  «"  """le  with  the  Scheldt 

^^mandl2Z^le^V7lT''T''^  "'  ««'  »"»  "  "etres  of 
largement  was  SrmTuatedt  ^L^ "'1  -.""I  ^^^''^y  work  of  their  en- 
metres  w  dZaTd  Waters  denVb  „f  t„t^  ""'  ™«™  «°™e,  with  10 
tions  for  oaviSn  aT^  Hie  l»..r«f  ?1  water,  present  the  same  condi. 

''K?l:^rv'^r ""  "-^^^^^^^^  '™°' ''''''  '^ 

thelfaSel^t™  E?^"l*:rtTr?f-1  ^r-^'P/^^^^^^^ 
pa  nil  «i  7  'ii\  ^^+       •    r"*^  J  *  P^rt  ot  the  third  section  of  the  thmiiffi, 

SSfconlrfeTa^^  -"»» the  new  dS^or 

which  kectTei^pteS^teforT^t^^h^^^^^^  '^^  ^''^»'««  ^^ 

and  was  made  pa  rTKe  bas^n  of*  h«  n^^^f  ^"?^?  ^^^'"^  ^^s  removed 
of  Antwerp.  ''^  ^^^  ''*"^^'  *<^  *^«  expense  of  the  city 

to  ?aVt"llet""""'  P™"'"  ^'■^o-"    '  »  i-cline  of  from  3  at  the  base 

rnlJrrtXtSr/cS^irtSetnT"'^  "'"^  °°-"-  -''-'-■"» 
taken  from  the MeuseL'&'ocV\!T.Kht's^^Stth"e^L7£:V„;'! 


«^ 


UWHUi-w 


CANALS   IN  BELGIUM. 


85 


put  in  exe- 
ssented  by 

janction  of 
sed  of  two 
erre  Bleue 

>  theprov- 
3,  and  the 

which  the 
gation  the 

as  only  in 
was  made 
w'erp,  into 
tie  M6the, 
te  Scheldt 

metres  of 
■  their  en- 
e,  with  10 
me  condi- 
'■  Liege  to 

sessitated 

>  through 
docks  or 
sluice  by 
removed 
'  the  city 

27,282.60 
59,071.40 
3rally  10 
le  canal, 
le  of  285 

the  base 

a  trano- 

lered  by 
i  depth, 
counter 
)e  of  45 

ikments 

leir  dis- 

I  fed  by 
ing  the 
ers  are 
is,  dur- 


^ 


frL\he  mr?!  w^'L^n  H^-^""-'  '"^'1'^'"*^  ^^  Grobbendonck  by  water  taken 
irom  the  JS^tiie  when  this  river  can  give  an  abundance  of  water.    When 

essaJv  ona^/Hf '^•'*'n  "'T^  T'l^^  «^  '^"^  ^^^''^^  furnishes  thrnec 
essary  quantity.    Finally,  when  the  mthe  needs  all  its  water  in  order 

Grrbenrnck  "'^'''  ™''^'  *'"  '^"^^««^""  '^^  water  fssUt  off  aS 

Bights  of  navigation.^The  royal  decree  of  July,  1865,  re'^ulates  the 

tTeTtar'tZU' H  'f  "'/'^  ?"^'^^^^«  ^^^«r^W«  admiiml  £; 
kilometre.  navigation  at  .0075  franc  per  ton  and  per 

coifnled'as'rol;?'""  ''  "'  "  ^"  ^''  ""'  considered,  and  all  over  are 
No  ^llTonutZ^^V'  *  kilometre  is  paid  by  reason  of  that  distance. 

in?^i^;^,^ptvrt2eT^^^^^^^^ 

S:nToT2rcriSrer^^^'^°^^"^^  by  theUceiver  of  tolltagSsra'p'a;^ 
Under  an  order  of  the  minister  of  iiuance  in  1866,  boats  for  manure 

either  loaded  or  empty,  whatever  be  the  quantity  thenSrv  enfov  an 

entire  exemption  from  all  tolls,  and  have  permission  to  cSateemntv 
A  royal  order  of  1867  decreel,  that  rafts  and  cargoes  SToodshal   be 

metrtuVeVr'^t^  ''''  by  the  royal  decree  ot^865:irciSg'| 

ceftiM^^^^^^ 

mitted  by  reason  of  their  cargo  or  distance  traveled 
Supervtsion—Burema  to  the  number  of  7  are  esto-blished,  viz: 


No. 


Barean  at— 


Bocbolt 

Bridge  No.  8 

Gate  No.  1 

GateNo.* 

GateNo.g 

Gate  No.  11 

GateNo.l4 


Location. 


Be^inDing  of  canal . 

Neerpelt 

Pierre  Blene 

Dosscliel 

Gheel    

Herpnlhals 

Wyneglieu 


DlKtance. 


Kilometret. 

12.' 380 

26.795 
3I.0S0 
43.819 
56.256 
74.892 


Locomotion.-^The  boats  are  either  dra^ vn  by  horses  or  men     The 
rns^'Shl.r*'^*'^''  '"^P'^^-y^^  «"^y  f«^  theLall  boa?sor56to  ?S 

On  several  occasions  attempts  have  been  made  to  use  boats  sneciallv 
constructed,  as  towers,  but  they  have  been  discontinued  '  "P^^'^^'^y 
nfo^Jr%t  '\^^'^  ^f  °?i;^"y  ^y  tbe  day  and  sometimes  bv  the  ton 

^oafe.— The  draft  of  water  of  the  boats  which  navigate  the  canal 

hu^tt'oZ'^^Y'^^^T'^  ""''^  '^^  S«^«^^"  ^'  ^*  the  mofuyo  metres 
but  It  comes  down  to  1  metre  and  sometimes  less;  their  ton naee  is 
variable;  exceptionally  it  reaches  300  and  even  330  tons  ^ 

i^  \u         ,     ^^^^  traverse  the  canal  can,  in  point  of  tonnage  beran^fld 

The  length  and  breadth  of  the  boats  varies  coDsiderablj  ;  the  longest 


'^^^inn 


I 


8G 


CANALS   IN   BELGIUM. 


morilan  T''"'  '''^'  '^''"*'''  '«  "'^"  ^^^^  ^  "^«tr««'  «"d  sometimes 
All  the  boats  navigating  the  caual  hava  the  movable  mast 
The  navigation  by  steam  is  very  small,  say  an  average  ^  five  or  «ix 

fh«S?/'*^''"~^u?^^''^^t*^'°  ^'°®  ^'^^  <;^'«  service  of  the  management  of 
the  water  18  eatahliahed  along  the  canal  from  Bocholt  to  Antwero 
Character  oj  freight-The  ordinary  transports  are  as  follows  •*^* 
ani•/r;"4or^VTire^SS^  *'^  ^^^^  "^^"'^  ^^  Belgium's  France, 
Limbonrg.*"'""'  *'"  neighborhood  of  Liege  sent  towards  Antwerp  and 

mf;bfetrslaS'""'"^-'^"'«'  ^^"«^'  P^"^'^^^'  -^  paving  stones, 

th^intr^rTS^e^rntJJf  '''''''''  g-nis  along  thtrn^sent  to 
^.e^Minerals  of  iron,  lea^,  zinc,  and  copper,  sent  from  Antwerp  to 

Liege^'"^  "^"""^  ^"^  American  oak,  loaded  at  Antwerp  and  sent  to 

from  Airp'L'^a^fs'L^^^^^^^^^      '^^^*^^'  ^^""^"^  ^^^  ^^^^^  -^  «-t 

r  J!*  ^^\^®  ^*°^  ^^^  g'^«^  ^^^''^S'  taken  from  along  the  banks  of  th« 
Canal  de  la  Campine  and  the  branch  towards  Hasseft. 

TUENHOUT-ANTWEBP  CANAL. 

^e«miifton.-The  canal  from  Turnhout  to  Antwerp  is  the  extensinn 
towards  the  latter  city,  of  the  branch  canal  towards  Turnhout     iS 

«3®  ?Ql«^®^^i^^  reaching  to  Saint  Leonard  was  opened  to  cironla. 
tion  in  1866,  and  the  second  and  last  in  1874  circula- 

The  canal  has  a  total  development  of  37,332  metres     It  was  onn 
structed  m  the  first  instance  on  a  liberal  scale,  and  presents  a  width  of 
10  metres.    The  anchorage  in  the  first  dam  of  tL^canal  is  onW  ?65 

haslaJoX? enlir  'T'  *V^^  ^^^"^^  canal'to  Tarnhont, Uf 
nas  itselt  only  1.65  metres  of  anchorage:  further  on  at  thn  ^afA  T^n  i 

utuTetZ%:Uk\' '''''''' ^'  '-  '^^  canal  Of  rj^^nX^ofth^e 

25^? CTmber'?8lf  ihf  fT^ ''  '"^"^f*"'^  ^^  ^^«  ^^^^^  «rder  of  the 
^oin  j^ovemDer,  1844,  which  has  received  modifications  and  additinnH 

made  applicable  to  the  first  section  by  royal  order^of^November  iS' 
*°^  »  <^he  second  section  by  that  of  November,T874  '  ' 

Aai^U'Tir  ^^l®^  on  navigation  in  the  first  section  are  fixed  bv  roval 
decree  ot  November,  1805,  for  the  boats  loaded  and  empty  and  bv  that 
of  September,  1867,  for  the  rafts  and  cargoes  of  wood -the  one,  .0075 


"wnii'j^j^m.wsiMPKtMe 


CANALS   IN    BELGIUM. 


87 


Hometimes 

five  or  six 
twerp  and 

gement  of 

i^erp. 

rs: 

d  France, 

bwerp  and 

Qg  stones, 

)  factories 
>rp. 

)>l,8ent  to 
itwerp  to 
i  sent  to 
and  sent 
ks  of  the 


E  tension, 
»ut.  Its 
Erom  this 
I  kilome- 
between 

I  circula- 

vas  eon- 
width  of 
nly  1.65 
t,  which 
te  No.  1, 
1  of  the 

main  to 
gin  to  a 
)  is  con- 

p  of  the 
ditions, 
?,  1865, 

»y  royal 
by  that 
B,  .0075 


fl 


franc  per  ton  and  kilometre,  or  per  metre  cube  and  kilometre  for  the 
wood.  Tlie  manure  is  exempt  from  all  tax,  but  the  empty  boats  are 
submitted  to  a  tax  of  20  centimes.  The  same  cbarges  have  been  laid 
upon  the  second  section  by  a  royal  decree,  made  applicable  in  Novem- 
ber, 1874. 

Bureaus  of  collection.— T\x&  first  bureau  is  at  the  origin  at  Turnhout, 
a  second  is  establislied  at  bridge  No.  9  at  Saint  Leonard,  and  a  third,  a 
bureau  of  control,  at  bridge  No.  16  at  Schooten,  at  the  junction  of  the 
second  section  of  the  canal  of  Turnhout  with  the  third  section  of  the 
canal  of  junction  of  the  Meuse  with  the  Scheldt. 

Towage.— ThO)  towage  is  made  by  sail,  by  men.  or  by  horses ;  in  the 
last  case  payment  is  made  by  the  day.  A  horse  with  its  conductor  costs 
10  francs,  and  the  salary  of  men  is  from  2  to  3  francs  per  day.  If  one 
calculates  the  cost  price  by  ton- kilometer,  the  towage  will  be  found  to 
cost  about  .(J06o  francs  when  a  horse  is  used,  and  .00165  francs  when 
the  work  is  done  entirely  by  men. 

Boats.— 'She  maximum  tounage  is  173  tons  between  the  origin  and 
gate  No.  I ;  the  boats  have  generally  from  20  to  30  metres  of  length, 
with  three  metres  of  width.  Between  Eyckevorsel  and  the  end  the 
tonnage  can  be  estimated  at  about  300  tons,  and  the  ordinary  dimen- 
sions of  the  boats  for  this  section  vary  from  30  to  40  metres  in  length, 
with  3  to  6  metres  of  width. 

Telegraph.-^  telegraph  line  established  along  the  canal  is  utilized 
for  the  service  of  navigation  and  management  of  the  water. 

KIND  OP  TEANSPOETS. 

Freight.— The  merchandise  transported  is  generally  wood,  coal,  and 
ceramic  products. 

John  H.  Steuaet, 

^  ^  Consul. 

United  States  Consulate. 

Antwerp,  December  6,  1889. 


BR/^BANT,  HAINAUT,  AND  NAMUR. 

Je.  POST  BT  CONSUL  ROOSEVELT,  OF  3RVSSELS. 

There  are  no  canals  in  the  provinces  of  Brabant,  Haiuaut,  or  Namur 
used  for  irrigating  purposes. 

The  establishing  of  canals  has  cheapened  transportation  in  some 
localities,  while  in  others  no  material  change  has  been  produced. 

blaton  canal. 

This  canal  is  constructed  on  the  plan  known  here  as  "  point  &  par- 
tage,"  or  dividingpoint,  which  consists  of  a  reach  5.994  metres  in  length 
and  two  branches,  one  having  a  development  of  3,876  metres,  and  ten 
locks,  having  total  height  of  29  metres ;  the  other  a  development  of 
11,723  metres,  eleven  locks,  and  total  height  of  33  metres.  Length  be- 
tween busks,  48  meters.  There  are  double  lateral  reservoirs  for  the 
purpose  of  economizing  one-half  the  quantity  of  water  necessary  to  flood 
the  locks,  but  owing  to  imperfect  construction  they  are  unsatisfactory. 

Water  gauge.— TUe  normal  height  is  fixed  at  7  feet  to  accommodate 
vessels  drawing  6  feet. 


"WTtmnfm^-: 


n,A:iiiii^.tnBac 


^sp 


R8 


OANAL.^   IN    BKLOIUM. 


in  twontv-four  hour,,  '  -^,000  to  JO,OOU  oiibic  luctoiN  of  water 

BRUSMKLS  CANAL. 

i"»y  load  una  unloa,!  at  the  docks  of  bSis  ''^'^^  ^^""'^^^ 

Tm  l*''^f'^;~^'''^^  ''""\!  '''^  '^"'•'»''^<»  ^r'""  «'«  river  Sonne. 

Fixed  rates  for  the  entire  route  are  as  follo"^  •  ^  '''**^^- 

,_ P>'(oofortheMp,tnoluding  m-oioes  of  looks  and  stopping  poinU. 


Nature  of  voskoU. 


Ohftilonii  hoftU 

Tourimi  b.>«t8 

O.HV.H,  v,.Ms,-i» ::::::, 

iJeiirtsmanR 

Snmll  craft  ami  jianlwi  boAtr.V. 

Itoata  tnuisportluK  ii>.>iiiiro  aiul  fariu"  lohVaP* ". 


•••«•■■. 


*  16  per  cent  reduoUon. 


To  go  and  return— 

With 

or  without 

With  cargo. 

oarKo. 

Franot, 

Franct. 

16 

20.50 

27 

37 

29 

60 

20 

36 

0 

16 

13.78 

1176 

u 


I 


St'    '^ 


tiiiU'liiiieH, 
UN  of  \vat«r 

'  of  boat,  8 

2  uontimoH. 
r)f  onliiuuy 

3  length  of 
)tro8.  Tlie 
'e<l  to  paHH 
ith  12  por- 
joiiry,  4  of 
DHtruutioii. 
it's  from  3 
ow  path,  3 


ak,"  18  the 
urope.    It 
s  executed 
iiiitH  from 
3r  7,  1531. 
in  width, 
netres. 
[)  iC8  prea- 
egislative 
argiiig  of 
I.  seaport, 
the  snino 
the  canal, 
sanal  will 
tonnage 


are  five 
n  having 

jptiug  at 
route  at 

)  classes, 
I'st  class, 
fd  class. 


return— 


With  cargo. 


Franci. 
20.50 
87 
W 
96 
16 
13.75 


i 


f 


CANALS    IN    BELGIUM.  ^0 

Sn^,/t^''T/''!'''r^''?''  ^"■'"'^«'  «^«"««'  t''"^  '^»*l  wood. 

«i.lJ     «"»Kin  tronj  .«)  to  7<>  inetrin;  average  width.  16  inetr«H-  an 

.  MHSt^J":^^^^^^^^^^  <  entimetres.    The  loci!;,  with  o\.e  ex/^ptTon'.  are 

niSsThH  canal   i/^^  *'"''^"K*'    '^^«'^«'  'f«"' '«>  t')  45 

frnmT?;  fl       .         'rm    ^'"■"'«''<^<'  With   a  towpath  Varying  in   width 

2  of  8?Id  ^uf  naviSl^'"'""*^  ^^T'  ^•;^"'  «  «^  ^««<1'  ^  ^^  '^^''/and 
mitr^ni  cenLctrT'''  ^^"''"^''  '^"^  '  "^''''^  50  centimetres' to  8 
C7AaWerot  (;«naf._A8  early  as  1570  the  cities  of  Brussels  Malines 

iJ\.«  '  .       '   ^"'.  *"**  improved  and  extended  canal,  which  tA-dav 

is  recog.nzotl  as  one  of  the  n.ost  valuable  water  way^f  the  KinSom^ 

traftlT"^  ""'"'"''  '''"•"'  *"  ^""^•"^^^^  «»^  induJfrylias^^efedT; 

genraZronrhv^H^.r^?''"^^  ''•^  ^^'«"«-    ^"  ^'l^^  ^'«n«h  canals  it  is 
generally  done  by  the  boatmen;  consequently  no  tax  is  exacted. 

BOATS. 

Ordinary  width....  ' nietroH.,     35 

''"oSaryZJth  !.'"'*''' '"^'^^^  72 

Ordinnry  width .'..'"*.".!. 1 uietrea..    20 

Nature  Of  transports.-Goa,],  iron  ore,  cast  iron,  and  pavi'nff  stones  ^^  ' 

infCth 'Z7TS'?i^!7'''7''-''-^  "«^''««'  ""-"^^r  of  K,^6l  varying 
jii  lengtn  irom  19  to  40  metres;  average  width  of  looks  in  tn«fr^.. 

s  oT-  SS":;f  ?!'•  ™"'"'"  """"Of  »^i*  wirdmiictveJedbyn™ 
Stone,  length  of  tune  necessary  to  pass  throuch  locks  from  7  f«  mk 

IZTr''''  ««^--The  tax  18  fixed  at  five-tenths  of  a  centime  per  ton 
Metise  Canal — January  ],  1879.  the  sum  of  Qo  sis  sa  A.„„!r    ^ 

BOATS.  ' 

Maximnm  tonnage 

Maxiiuiiiu  length .*.".".".'."" tons.  800 

Maximum  width..  -     meters.    41 

Depth do...      5 

~ do...      1.80 


90 


N 


IM 


ii 


#( 

1 


CANALS   IN   BELGIUM. 


doe/.:?t  ext.t  ,'  Z'L.ter«  ti'"'  ''"*«f-    ^h«"  ^he  cargo  of  a  boat 
»  centhno,  which  HooulteiLcar^^^^^  "'^'  ^**f  i"  '*«''''««J  two  flaK 

leoted  on  the  tot..!  ti.nnage.  **"**  ^"^'»  ***«  entire  tax  in  col- 

a^ul  i„  Width  ?rom  7  to  l5\feC?'i'^'"  '""^''^  '''"'"  ^«  to    ( Jl  ,„^S 
Time  ne(M388ary  topasJiook  S'.a?*'?^'*'?^'  ^  '"«^''««  A<>  centi metres' 
jeut  bridges  ci;,8HT8  cana  7T  o  S  s'w '"t*    ^'r-'^J^"-"  P™ 
?«rr'«X  '"»««°ry,  aud  11  masonry  aad?ron     T*  •'"'l^  '"""'  ^  *^""  a'"l 
30  to  (JO  metres.  ^^  *"**  *^«'»-    J^avigabie  puasage,  from 

POMMBROBUL  AND  ANTOINO  CANAL. 

thra'aE'^S  t'^ttSin.^'^^^  between 

l?.an  commerce  from  the  hea'V  d^ea  f^*  .^T'"?'  *"^'  ^'^  '""^^^t  Bel 
Mou8  Canal  and  going  to  different  ,  K'f  **'.'  ^?*''='*  trequ««ti„g  the 
French  part  of  the  Escauf  w  .  '"  ""'  ^^  ''•«  onutrv  via  the 
formalities.    The  ca^nair^M^eS  m ',  ?^^^^^^^^^^ 

=:JS?i!:^^-^«^^-"-s^ 

Boa<«.-.Maxinm,n  tonnage^  3^2  to.^s  ""''  *'"^- 

13^r£reTe^^,?,'  'yjS^i^^-l''  ^^'>^«  -tres.  .^n^berof  loclcs 
ti^s.  Depth  varieVfrom  Tne^^e  llZT  '''''^'^'  ^ ""'''''  -^0 ce,  ?S 
metres.    Construction  of  loK  1  J.tinS   "'*'S'^^  metres  27  ceutl 

time  necessary  to  flood  looks  fir«i'?"^  ot  rough  stona  Average 
passage  through  locks,  twent^  n^^^^^  Averafe 

of  which  9  are^'draw  and  9  pemane?;"^  •^"'"^«''  ^^  bridges  T 
masonry  construction.  NLSle  li  ifh  ""f  ""**"'  ^  «^  ^«*>^'  ^"<1  3  of 
centimetres  to  7  metres  90  ce^ntimetres  aJ^""^'  ^'T  ^  '"^tres  SS 
4 J  metres.  ^enumetres.    Average  width  of  towpath, 

OTHER  CANALS. 

Canal  was  by  Loois  XIV,  in  tran,nnrH„^  important  use  of  the  Sambre 
during  the  seige  of  Namar     ""''»"'«'«  supplies  for  the  French  army 

fton.  60 1»  270  on  the  S^^br^"  "  '"  ^  '™«  •■>  «>«  Oarthe  Canal,  and 

UEO.  W.  KOOSEVELT, 

United  States  Consulate  Consul. 

Brussels,  November  20, 1889. 


I 


the  cargo  of  a  boat 
O'liicea  two  liaiis  of 
r-flfths  of  a  ceutiine 
tbe  entire  tax  in  col- 

Returning  from 

lore,  Halt,  slato,  ami 

of  buii(iing  8ioneH, 

from  IJollauU,  ore, 

r    to  Vl86,   26,57i> 

•  50  to  1(»0  metres, 
res  10  centimetres. 
Iweiity-dveperma- 
nl  iron,  2  iron  ami 
*ble  pussage,  from 

L. 

Junction  between 
uil  to  protect  Bel- 
ts frequenting  the 
country  via  the 
«  French  cuttoms 
:5ks  are  Hooded  by 
*«ug  iO.UOU  cubic 

••    Vessels  towed 

•I  per  kilometre, 
uos,  delivered  by 

• 

Number  of  locks, 
etres  20  centime- 
metres  27  ceuti- 
stona  Average 
mtes.    Average 

•  of  bridges,  18, 
r  wood,  and  3  of 
>in  3  metres  88 
dth  of  towpath, 


are  old  and  im- 
e  oftheSambre 
le  French  army 


'the  Canal,  and 
one,  anrl  wood. 

SEVELT, 

Consul. 


Belgian  Canal  System  :  Map  prepareu  by  the  C( 


TWEBP 


'arcoiug 

A  I   N  A   U    L  T 

Pont-a  Chin 


^ATH 


STEM :  Map  prepared  by  the  Consul  at  Ghent. 


-J**»*«i»A-P-fl«»¥«'-J9«B»*»-»-).  »,»&.*%. 


) 


iiil 


«f» 


m* 


CANALS  IN  BELGIUM. 


91 


4» 


GHENT. 


JtEPOIiT  BT  CONSUL  BUTTBttFIELl). 


TWERP 


^m 


ANTIQUITY    OF    BELGIAN    CANALS— TIME    AND    MANNER    OP    CON- 
STRUCTION. 

The  venerable  antiquity  of  nearly  all  the  most  important  canals  in  this 
part  of  Belgium  is  such,  that  the  time  and  manner  of  their  construction, 
if  properly  investigated,  might  well  lead  to  disquisitions  of  a  scope  and 
character  quite  beyond  the  average  contemplation.  It  has,  therefore, 
been  my  endeavor  to  keep  clear  of  encumbering  details,  and  to  present 
as  concise  a  vievf  as  a  historical  subject  carefully  digested  will  permit 
of.  The  extent,  capacity,  traffic,  and  management  being  elsewhere  given 
will  not  now  call  ibr  especial  prominence. 

The  Terneuzen  Canal— An  enumeration  of  the  canals  of  this  consular 
district  mo'st  appropriately  begins  with  the  Terneuzen  Canal  as  one  of 
first  importance,  not  alone  to  this  city,  which  it  connects  with  the  sea, 
but  to  the  whole  of  Flanders,  which,  thanks  to  it,  is  largely  enabled  to 
avoid  the  attempted  commercial  monopoly  of  Ailtwerp.  Perhaps  a 
sufficient  account  of  this  canal  has  already  been  given  in  my  report  on 
the  "  Navigation  of  the  Scheldt,"  prepared  for  the  Navy  Department 
and  forwarded  to  you  on  the  12th  of  September,  1888.  However,  I 
may  repeat  that  efforts  to  open  up  direct  communication  from  Ghent 
to  the  sea  date  back  to  the  year  1251.  Intermittent,  partially  success- 
ful, work,  often  interrupted  or  undone  by  shifting  sands,  was  kept  up 
for  centuries;  but  not  till  18J3  was  the  canal  ever  satisfactory.  In 
that  yea"  the  plans  of  Messrs.  Noel  and  Van  Diefelen  were  brought  to 
a  successful  completion,  and,  under  the  auspices  of  the  Dutch  Govern- 
ment the  Terneuzen  ship  canal  was  formally  opened  to  navigation. 
Of  course  at  this  time  the  canal  lay  under  one  jurisdiction;  but  since 
the  Belgian  revolution  the  Dutch  frontier  intersects  tue  canal  at  Sel- 
zarte,  leaving  the  Terneuzen  outlet  to  Holland. 

This  double  jurisdiction,  whereby  Ghent  is  injured  and  Belgium  made 
a  dependent,  is  a  source  of  annoyance,  if  not,  indeed,  of  irritation.  This 
very  year  it  has  been  announced,  as  yon  will  remember,  that  the  canal 
is  to  be  closed  to  navigation  for  repairs  at  th&  Dutch  end.  The  man- 
agf  naent  of  this  canal  belongs  to  the  state,  which  has  a  special  corps  of 
engineers,  police,  and  others  employed  to  enforce  its  regulations. 
These  are  set  forth  in  the  "reglement  gdn^ral,"  a  copy  of  which  is 
herewith  transmitted.  There  is  a  singular  and  special  regulation  to 
the  effect  that  a  white  mast  headlight  should,  under  the  ordinary  cir- 
cumstances of  a  dark  night,  be  plainly  visible  at  900  metres,  while  red 
and  green  lights  are  required  to  shine  out  at  500  metres. 

The  navigation  dues  of  this  and  the  other  canals  have  been  collected 
and  tabulated  on  a  separate  sheet.  The  figures  relating  to  canal  traffic 
Lave  been  similarly  treated. 

Moervaert  Canal— This  canal  servos  as  a  leak  between  the  Terneuzen 
Canal  and  the  countrv  to  the  east  of  this  place,  usually  known  as  the 
"  Pays  de  waes."  Its  origin  seems  doubtful,  although  it  was  deepened 
and  thoroughly  repaired  in  1778;  communicates  with  the  waters  of  the 
Zuidleede,  Laufeleede,  and  Stekene.  This  last  is  a  so-called  "  com- 
munal "canal,  being  under  the  direct  management  of  the  local  authori- 
ties. Its  importance  is  small,  but  its  age  respectable,  for  it  is  said  to 
have  been  built  in  1351 ;  enlarged  in  1853. 


I 


CANALS   IN  BELGIUM. 

.,  t  ^"hrl?!'-?^  ^T?  rrr*"*".  '*^'^  '^*^^  kilogrammes  measurement  are  charged 
.It  a  bridge  called  "  Koeibrug,"  besides  which  aud  the  ordinary  uavffa 
tion  dues  there  are  dock  dues  at  Stekene.  oramary  uaviga. 

mnd  par  Bruges  d  Ostende  Canal— The  Gheut-Ostend  Canal    oi.p  of 

resnmPdfn  u'fl^      T^^^o^  i?  ^?^^'  ^^^  ^<>^'^'  *^^ice  interrupted,  was 
cut  thrnnoh      h'  """'^  ''^  T^^^^  ^'"^««  «««"on  Was  finally,  if  roughly, 

-    ments  we?e  ad?edTn\%'k  ^%^  proving  insufflciint,  impfove! 

ijiciiiN  were  duaecl  in  1751.    Seven  years  later,  proper  re<^ulations  liiv 

refoSeirSr^^^^^  ""'  enforced  ivigation  on^h^'section  b^^^^^^^^^^^ 
in  1I56    IK  f^fio-^.  ^^"^  ?°^^  r^"  ^'''^^^'  ^^^^«"«d  «nd  deepened 
of  the  r.L  1   .J        f  ^""^  brought  into  the  Ghent  docks  "by  means 
or  tne  (.anal  do  Kaccordemeut.    As  to  the  section  from  Bruffes  to  Os 
tend,  the  part  from  Bruges  to  Plasschendaele  is  thf  Sdest  (^^^^^^^ 
1066  the  canal  was  prolonged  to  Slykeus,  enlarged  in  1751  and  flnallv 
earned  forward  early  in  the  present  century  from  Slykens  to  the  BasS 
du  Commerce  at  Ostend  (1817-1820)  oiyneus  to  ine  mssius 

frotihe' h?m?r  o'f^^hf  V^"'t  ^'  ?^"^.^tion  de  la  Lys  takes  its  name 
irom  tne  namlet  ot  Schipdonck,  where  it  crosses  the  Ghent-Osfend 

th'e^s'iLrCTw'at?^^^^^^^^  Its  chief  purpose  Ts  to  dra tSff 

tne  superflous  waters  of  the  Lys,  aud  thus  to  prevent  the  inundations 
to  which  this  city  was  once  frequently  liable.  munuations 

FlaMchendaele  a,  Nieuport  CawaZ.— Differing  from  the  Scbindonck 

dates  lis  tf^Xf^'^^^'"'^'''  construction,  fhe  Plasschendaefe Canal 
dates  Its  origin  to  the  early  part  of  the  sixteenth  century.    It  receives 

caLtoMCrut.??'^?^T;  ^^^^^  '"  ^1^^"  sapplies^hrTzerrndThl 

St\%t'i^?othXtrt^^^^^^^  ^^^^^"-    ^^"^  ^^^^  '"^^  Ghent-Ostend 

Lys  River  Ganal—ThQ  attempt  to  use  the  Lys  for  canal  purnoses  was 

SuUtT  WnP '.*'°^"  ""'^T^  ^^^  ^I^'  b^  ^1>«««  orde?s  a7ock  was 
built  at  Comines  (now  in  Belgium,  then  in  France).    In  1723-1724  an- 

a78m  ^Fn^^f '  ""^^"'i  ^"^  *^"  """f  ^  «f  '^^  "^«r  somewhat  straightened 
til  i^tl  .f  ^F^^!?  later  King  William  of  Holland  especially  fharged 
the  states  of  Flanders  (Etats  des  Deux  Flandres)  with  the  care  ami 
Bupervisipn  of  this  important  water  way.  Movable  bSges  on  the  turn 
vS^'llyeirG^f  f  ^."i  \'''-  ^^?^"^'  *^«  morelocks  we?e  prS. 
bl^'k^'and  Comi'n e^^^^^^^  ^"'^  *^«  ^'^  --  -^""^  at  HaW 

The  process  known  as  « rouissage,"  or  the  retting  of  flax  is  per- 
mitted on  this  river  from  15th  of  April  to  the  15th  of  October  in  each 
year.  Instead  of  the  flax  lands  being  flooded,  as  I  am  told  is  the  casein 
t'o^arth'^  w'f  '^ ""flt^'f  "^*«  ^^^'  (ban;,ons)rhLh arlthtn made 

this  its'nect  for  Hf/fl^v  h^  ^^'^  T!^'"^  '°  P^^'««^«  remarkable  virtue  in 
inis  lespect,  tor  the  flax  thus  soaked  meets  with  particular  favor 

Factories  and  washhouses  have  the  right  to  use  the  Lys,  provided 

their  use  ot  the  water  does  not  interfere  in  any  way  with  navigliion 

i^TeTjtter.  "  ^'"''  ''  ''''"''^'''  "  ^^""^^  andVidgel)  decideSiry 
Roulers  d,  la  Lys  CanaZ.— As  is  sufficiently  implied  by  its  name  this 
canal  serves  to  place  Koulers,  so  to  speak,  "  on"  the  Lys  It  S  of  re" 
cent  construction  and  was,  I  believe,  until  lately  managed  by  a  com! 
S'totheTa'te  """^'''"^  ""^  *^'^'  charter,  have  surrendered  tSi 
+1,-.  FT  ''  "ci  V  V n"^ —  - -'''f"(. — i  or  oomi-  liiaLJincc  beiore  reachiutf  iTrheut 
canaVfffn  S^^^"^  ^^'  are  almost  parallel,and  the purposf  of  th^a 
canal  is  to  jom  the  two  rivers.    The  right  to  build,  maintain,  and  man- 


nt  are  charged 
Unary  uaviga. 

Canal,  one  of 
jomparatively 
errupted,  was 
y,  if  roughly, 
lent,  improve- 
tiihitions  hav- 
ion  became  of 
and  deepened 
cks  "by  means 
Bruges  to  Os- 
8t  (1U22).  Jn 
I,  and  finally 

0  the  Bassius 

akes  its  name 
rhent-Ostend 
i  to  drain  off 
)  inundations 

Scbipdonck, 

sndaele  Canal 

It  receives 

Tzer  and  the 

rhent-Ostend 

)urpo8e8  was 
•s  a  lock  was 
723-1724  an- 
straightened 
ally  charged 
he  care  and 

1  on  the  turn- 
!ks  were  pro- 
lilt  at  Harle- 

9ax,  is  per- 
ober  in  each 
ss  the  case  in 
re  then  made 
ble  virtue  in 

favor. 
78,  provided 

navigation, 
cides  finally 

3  name,  this 

It  is  of  re- 

l  by  a  com- 

jndered  the 

hiug  Ghent 
pose  of  this 
1,  and  man- 


CANALS   IN   BELGIUM. 


93 


i 


age  the  Bossuyt  Canal  was  first  sought  in  1838,  but  was  not  granted 
until  1857.    Its  stock  is  divided  into  shares,  all  regularly  quoted. 

EautUscaut  River  and  Canal — The  upper  parfc  of  the  Scheldt  was 
originally  improved  some  time  in  the  tenth  century.  These  attempts 
were  somewhat  primitive  and  failed  to  give  the  proper  facilities  for 
navigation.  In  the  sixteenth  and  seventeenth  centuries,  however, 
thanks  to  extensive  works  systematically  carried  out,  the  river  acquired 
an  importance  never  since  lost.  Just  before  receiving  the  Lys  at  Ghent 
the  Upper  Scheldt  takes  the  name  of  "  Canal  des  Chandronniers."  This 
short  but  interesting  section  is  venerable  with  age,  for  it  has  existed 
I  believe,  as  a  canal  since  1194.  ' 

Below  Ghent  the  Scheldt  so  deepens  and  widens  as  to  rapidly  become 
far  more  than  a  mere  canal-river,  and  hence  falls  outside  my  present 
subject.  Like  the  Terneuzen  Canal,  it  is  treated  in  my  report  on  the 
*'  navigation  of  the  Scheldt."  j       i     u  u.i  lue 

Dmdre  Canal— Thm  practically  artificial  streain  passes  through  or 
close  to  the  towns  of  Otts,  Grammont,  Ninove,  Alost,  and  flows  into 
the  Scheldt  at  Termoude.  The  navigation  of  the  Dendre  became  prac- 
ticable in  the  seventeenth  century.  It  has  quite  recently  been  much 
improved  ( 1863-1878). 

Yzer  River  and  Canal— A  small  though  historical  river,  the  Yzer  be- 
came a  canal  in  the  sixteenth  century.    About  1830  it  was  deepened 
and  subsequently,  by  a  law  passed  in  1858,  was  thoroughlv  renovated 
dikes  and  locks  being  also  added.  ^  ' 

Tpread,  VYzer  Canal— The  origin  of  this  canal  was  a  grant  to  the 
city  of  Tpres  by  the  Countess  Marguerite,  in  1251,  of  a  concession  from 
Bossmghe  to  the  Yzer.  Later,  in  1638,  Philip  IV  of  Spain  ordered  cer- 
tain changes  to  be  made,  whereby  part  of  the  original  canal  (Yperl^e) 
was  abandoned.  ' 

The  management  pertains  to  the  provincial  alithorities  of  western 

T7  Vafi*^  ^y  ^^^^^^  ®*  ^^^  ^*°^  of  the  Netherlands,  dated  December 

Canal  di  Loo — This  canal,  managed  also  by  the  province,  was  con- 
structed in  the  fifteenth  century,  but  does  not  seem  to  have  been  touched 
tor  improvement  until  some  20  years  ago,  when  its  bridges,  locks,  and 
dikes  were  bailt  anew. 

Nieuport  par  Furnes  Canal— By  decree,  dated  August  13, 1638  the 
right  to  construct  a  canal  from  Dunkirk  to  Nieuport  and  Plasseheu- 
daele  was  granted  by  Philip  of  Spain  to  the  cities  of  Dunkirk,  Furnes 
and  Bruges.  From  the  peace  of  Utrecht  to  1826  the  canal,  owing  to  the 
diminished  importance  of  Dunkirk,  was  little  used.  The  transportation 
ot  coal,  however,  having  greatly  developed,  it  was  thought  worth  while 
to  deepen  and  widen  its  dimensions  (1829-1830).  As  the  result  of  a 
conference  m  1861  between  the  French  and  Belgian  engineers,  it  was 
agreed  to  enlarge  the  canal  throughout  its  course,  each  Government  to 
bear  the  expense  of  the  alterations  within  its  territory.  The  stipulated 
provisions  have,  I  understand,  been  faithfully  executed. 

Canal  dit  de  Baccordement  d  (?a?id.— Sufficient  mention  of  this  canal 
will  be  found  on  page  6  of  the  present  report. 

EXTENT  AND  CAPACITY. 

Next  after  the  time  and  mauuer  of  conHtrnction,  dealt  with  in  the 
preceding  notes,  comes  the  extent  and  capacity  of  the  canals.  This  is 
very  fully  given  in  the  following  specially  prepared  table.  After  the 
name  of  the  canal  you  will  notice  that  I  have  introduced  a  separate 


i 


t 


i 


94 


CANALS   IN   BELGIUM. 


Extent  and  capacity  of  important  canals,  with  riimensiona  in  detail, 
[Standard  of  nieasuremont.  metre.] 


Ka 


Name  of  oaual. 


Speciflo  reference 
to  it«  port«. 


BelKinm 

Koodeuliuize. 


Ghent 

«r"«e8  

I>«iiMne 

Slykeng 

Coblrcdam 


8 

B 

10 


H 
12 


13 
14 
IS 


16 


Conite  .. 


Rnnibeke  .... 


1  Temenzen 

2  Monvaurt 

•••■do 

stekene 

Gaud  par  Bruges  & 
Uateude. 

— do 

— do 

••-  do 

-•-do 

— do 

Schlpd  onck,  or  Dfiri- 

vtttlon  do  la  Lyg. 
Plasschoudaele      4 

Nieuport. 

L...do 

Lys  (river) CouVtrai 

liuulers  k  la  Lys  . . .  ' 

—  do 

BoHHuyt  a  Com  tra  || 

Haut-Escaut. 

•••do 

•■-•do 

— do 

■•••do 

•    do 

Deudre  Canalis6e. . 

■  -do 

Yser  (also  river)  . . 
-..Uo  --...,.....,.. 

-••do 

do   

•do 

do 

-.  do 

TpresiTYzer 

Canal  d(>  Loo 

Nifuport  par  Fur- 
nes. 

_    do 

Gand  R'acoordement 
-    do 


Total 

length  of 

canal. 


llainaut 

Flanders 

Chundronniors  . 

Strop 

Gentbruggo  .... 


Termondu 

Stavele !^.", 

Fentelle 

Van  Exem 

Ypro^«  AVzerCanai 

Dixmnde 

Niouport 


17, 846 
21,113 

'6,*6i2 
70, 132 


27,408 
21, 018 

'ii2,"532' 

"i6,'585" 

"37,"  748' 
102, 065 


65,  38i 

'•ii,'456 


,  Width 
Length  of  locks 


uflocks. 


*None 

w.'oo 

Koue 


70.00 
82.00 

'64.66 
42.00 

90.00 

45.00 
41.45 
42.  20 
40.90 

38.66' 

40.' 36 
41.74 

'4i.",^0 
80.00 
41.77 
27.25 


and 
bridges. 


Height  of 
bridges,  etc. 


17.50 
6.00 

'4.' 85 


6.60 

8.20 
12.00 
10.90 
12.00 

5.25 

6.40 

6.50 
6.40 
6.40 
6.40 

'5.'i5 


5.30 
6.50 
5.70 
6.50 
12.50 
6.20 
6.20 
0.34 
6.00 


Drawbridges 

— do .. 

--.do 

■  •do 

■  ■•do 

— do 

■••■do 

do , 

•--•do    , 

—  do 

53. 75 

Drawbridges 

...do 

4.35 
4.35 
3.78 
4.,')0 
3.50 


Depth  of 
water. 


Sum- 
mer. 

t6.30 
1.40 

"i.'i6" 

2.00 


Win- 
ter. 

tfi.30 
1.70 

"i."M 

2.30 


3.00  3.00 
14.  30  4.  10 
3.  70       3. 60 


2.00 
}2.20 


2.80 
2.00 


1-  80  1. 80 
1. 90  2. 10 
1. 80       1.  80 


Ecluse   de   Nleu^ 

port. 
Ecluae  de  Furnes . 

Ecluse  de  TolhaiV 


16. 336 
14,  3:12 
18, 790 

'2,' 699' 

45.10 
37.00 
27.35 
43.00 

45.10 

"85.'66' 


5.40 
5.60 
6.55 
6.25 
5.30 
5.40 

7.00 
12.00 


4.60 

4.50 

4.25 

Tw  2.87 

Drawbridges 

3.70 

3.70 

'  2. 90 

Drawbridges 

do 

....do.... 
....(lo  .... 

•  -..do.... 
—  do 

..do 

•  ..do 

— do 

-.do 

..do 


1.80 

1.90 

1.90 

1.90 

1.90 

1.90 

1.00 

1.00 

l.UO 

1.60 

1.70 

1.30 

1..50 

1.70 

1.80 

1.4(1 

1.70 

1.30 

1.90 
3.00 


1.80 

2."i6 
2.10 
2.10 
2.10 
3.50 
1.90 
LOO 
LOO 

Leo 

L70 
1.30 
L50 
1.70 
1.80 
1.40 
L70 
L30 

1.90 
3.30 


*  There  are  no  locks  between  Ghent  and  Selzaete 
.■aVa-nrpr^*"  ^"^"*  ^--'«  "--'"«  ™o™  ^^^'^  -^-BO  millimetres  must  remain  at  the  outer  docks  or 

els*ewre's''^tio"„Vr;o^:r'"''  "'  intersection  with  the  Ghent.6stend  Canal,  there  are  drawbrid.ea' 
II  The  locks  can  remain  closed  for  one  hour  to  boats  going  up  stream.  ' 


CANAL  TRAFFIC. 

no  efforts  are  made  to  ke...  fi.e  .►,«.«/,',-"  "i  •     '  i»l'l"«'iei"I,  that 
pie  but  Clear  view  ofu^e^^^^tS  &  ^at^oV  CS:!^^^: 


H- 


lange  in  the 
f  water. 

ail. 


Depth  of 

water. 

Bum. 

Win. 

raer. 

ter. 

B     te.  30 

tfi.30 

1.40 

1.70 

.       1.10 

1.56 

.       2.00 

2.30 

3.00 

3.00 

14.  ,30 

110 

3.70 

3.60 

2.00 

2.30 

J2.20 

2.00 

i-80     i.'so 

1. 90       2. 10 

1.80       1.80 

1.80 

1.80 

1.90 

2.10 

1.90 

2.10 

1.90 

2.10 

1.90 

2.10 

1.90 

3.30 

1.00 

1.90 

1.00 

1.90 

l.uo 

1.00 

1.60 

1.60 

1.70 

1.70 

1.30 

1.30 

1.50 

1.60 

1.70 

1.70 

1.80 

1.80 

1.4(1 

1.40 

1.70 

1.70 

1.30 

1.90 

1.90 

3.00 

3.30 

iter  dockn  or 

'  to  tlie  flood. 
IK"  (French, 

rawbridgesj 


en  pub- 
nly  1  to 
J  a  com- 
nd,  that 
It  a  sim- 
hare  se- 


( 


4 


CANALS   IN   BELGIUM. 


95 


lected  such  as  relate  to  certain  sections  of  oach  canal.  Where  canals 
constantly  intersect  each  other,  and  where  merchandise  i^,  fivqueutlv 
unloaded  at  intermediate  points  of  Nrnail  importance,  it  is  uecessarv  to 
keep  the  termmi  w«ll  in  mind.  So  much  being  premise.l  it  is  easier  to 
understand  the  true  imports  of  the  following  table  on  "  canal  traffic." 

Traffic  for  six  months  ending  December  31,  1879. 
[SUndard  of  measurement,  ton  of  1,000  kilogrammes.] 


KTame  of  canal. 


Temenzen 

Moervatrt 

Stekeue 

Gand  &  Ostend  . 


Do. 


Schindonck  o?  Derivation  de 

la  L,v8. 
PlasHcheadaoIe  &  Nlonport . . . 

Do :. 

^y "  •-■•■•■•■■■ ...... ■......,., 

Do 

Do  

EouliTs  4  la  Lys , 

BosHuyt  iV  Courtral 

Haut  Kscaut 

Do      ,.: 

Deudre  caualtH6e 

„    Do 

Tzer    

Ypresil'Tzer 

Canal  d<A  L  to 

Nieuuort  par  Fumes .'". 

Oaud  Raeoordenieut 


Reference  to  separate  sections. 


From— 


Maide     

Terdonck 

Stukeue 

Ghent  (Lys,  D6ri. 
vation). 

Bruiies 

Doynze 


Nienport 

Oiideubourg   . 

0u8.ii'It;eiu 

(Jourtrai 

W.  velgem.... 

Riiiilers 

Courtral   

Aiidoiiaerde    . 
Pout^-chiu... 

Giaiiiiuout 

Ninove , 

Dixmude , 

Tpi'es 

Loo 

Furues 

Paliugshuizen 


To- 


Selzaete  

Wach  tebeke I 

Moervaert  (Junction) 
Bruges , 


Ostend 

Ghent-Ostend  (Jancfion)"! 


Rattcrvalle 

Pl'iSHchendaele 

De,\nzi) 

Harleheke 

Ciinitral .'" 

Hainbeke 

Hai  lebcke 

Ghent  ((Jhaudronnicrs)! 

Warcoiug 

Ninove..... ] 

Alost ".'.■ 

Tervaete 

Bii.sRingUe 

Foth.rn " 

Wulnen 

Muide 


Down, 
stream. 


118,816 

19,  O-.'O 

2,585 

109, 190 

♦3, 330 
23,  730 

23,  440 

31,856 

25,  8£5 

42,  015 

29,990 

3,2M0 

36, 615 

233,  255 

317,  250 

72, 810 

71,515 

3,970 

3,850 

2,  -.45 

15,905 

68,650 


Up. 
stream. 


32, 365 

16, 705 

2,055 

15, 025 

*2a  420 
62,  «i00 

13, 695 

6,855 

43,  935 

33,  140 

83,  836 

10,890 

9,  luO 

3,600 

4,020 

80,850 

82,005 

21, 765 

465 

580 

16, 135 

168, 085 


•These  Hguies  repreaeut  tli  •  amount  oftr.ilHc  wUirli   leavin.'  Bniwa  r,.a  .i,o»  n^t^^A        T~^ 

the  tr.mc  leaving  0.^ten,l  winch  re.icl.es  Uru  "(m      M  icI    fha^is  ori^Tm7lS  J  fi^^Tl  °J*^^?^  "^Z  *.*'"** 

It  may  further  be  of  infore.t  to  note  the  size  (maximum  and  aver- 
age) ot  the  boats  navi-ati.ig  tlie  various  canals.  The  following  is  taken 
irom  omcial  sources :  &  ^^ 

fSliuidnrd  of  moasurement,  ton  of  1,000  kilogrammes.] 


Name  of  cainl. 


Moervaert 

StekeiiM    

Gand  fi  Osteiidit 

SoliipilMiiik    

Plasscheiiihlele 

Lys.   

Roiih'rs  ft  ]a  \,\» 

Boasuyl  h  L-'i  uilrai.... 


Miixi- 
itiiim. 


12-. 
40 
■6Xt 
3 !,'« 
3J0 
Hmi 

31 1" 

auo 


A  ver- 

age. 


175 
175 
175 


Name  of  canal. 


Haut  Escaut 

Dendre  

Yzer   

Ypres  Jk  I'Yzer '.'. 

Canal  de  Loo      

Nieuport  par  Furnes 
Gand  Raccordemont. 


Maxi. 
muw. 


335 
335 
250 
270 
40 
200 
650 


Aver, 
age. 


315 


50 
60 

76 


The  Temenzen  Canal,  smee  it  is  also  a  ship  canal,  is  not  given  in  the 
above  chissih.'at.on.  The  merchandise  transported  by  canalboat  in  the 
two  provinces  (.t  e^istt-rn  and  western  Flanders  consists  mostly  ol  coal 
coke,  mineral  ore,  iron,  and  other  metals;  sand,  chalk,  cement,  rouo-h 
su.m-  .siaie,  ami  iiiaioie;  potteries  and  glassware:  lumber,  flrewo.rd, 
and  charcoal  J  cereals  and  tlourj  beetroote;  ashes  and  manures,  and 


4 


^-<'HllllW»i[.lliillm^ 


96 


CANALS    IN   BELGIUM. 


Stto^^^^^^^^^  'atter  are  not  speciflcally 

enumomted.  '"teiuieu,  l  suppose,  to  coverall  cases  not  previously 

MANAGEMENT. 

iMcc:;  s'r'tt =ur "i;t\^«'utrattTii  «r '  "i«  ^•-- 

iuclosed  table,  they  appear  fa?  froreSi^n®^  T  ''^''''«?*^  *^«  P«^ 
«ulHted  to  produce  &  L  ough  for  ren  t  rs  '  w/  '''*'  ^''"V''^^'^  «*'• 
intimately  interwoveu  wit h  tlwf  imfnf /, »'  ,  •^''*'^^  ^""»'**  a^o  so 

posed  that  evernhiuK  tT,a  lon^  eZSl'''''-^  '""^^'"y'  '*  "''^^^  *>«  «"!>■ 
to  make  the.u  as  hit le  of  a  S^eS  «  .^l''",'"^/"'^  l'"^^  ^^^''  ^^""« 
possible.  The  fact  retnains,  however  that  t  oh  inf  *'  ^*  •  ^i''  ^""«^^'  "« 
tricate  development  make  it  an  mwJ  f  **•«"'""«  existence  and  in- 

multit«dinous\i^,ectnf  their  Iw^^^^^^^  '^'^  '^  trace  the 

both  fail  me  for  a  histoS  f^^^lvtll^^'T'-  ^'"'^^  «"<!  opportunity 
must  somewhat  reurSlvifT/r^^^  management,  hence  I 

G6ndral  cles  VoLX'Sek  L'LS^^^^^^^^^^  "li^glement 

queut  "  K6fflemeut8  PartinnliwL™  k^m       P^^V  ?tat»  and  the  subse- 
Beige  «undldateVMT2M^^^^^  ^^'^  P"^^'«^«^  ^^  *^«  "Moniteur 
I  now  give  the  table  on  «  navigation  dues." 

Canal  navigation  dues. 
[StMdanl  of  meMnrement,  ton  of  1,000  kilogrammea.] 


Name  of  canaL 


TerneuEen 

Moervaort '.'.'.','.'. 

Stekono 

Gand  A  Ostonde 

Srhipdomjt,  or  Derivation  de'la  Lyi* 
rinssohondaeloANlenport.  ' 
Lys 

Bu88u,vt4Courtrai 


Amonnt 

per 
kilometre. 


Franet. 
.006 
.0026 
.01 

.0002 
.0016 
.005 
.0U26 
*.03 


Name  of  oanal. 


HnatBsoaut 

Dendre  oan«dia6e . . 
Tzer 

Jpreg  A  I'Yzer.. ".'.■■'. 

Canal  de  Loo 

Nieiiport  par  Fnrn'eV 
GandRacoordoment  ., 


Amonnt 

per 
kilometre. 

JVonc». 
t.0016 
.004 
.005 
.006 
.005 
.006 
.002 


llhere  .8  a  ftirther  due  of  .00efr«.o8  per  ton  of  cargo  per  kilometre. 


EFFECTS  ON  PEIOES. 
^^fP^  Of 

Belgium,  with  canals  centuries  X    bCmesTlTla^^^^^  this  part  of 

to  make  an  investigation  that  might  i.uXgentlv  slorthi  *i 
prices  of  a  system  of  canals  i»i«iiigentiy  show  the  eftect  on 

Madou  the  number  of  boats  is  aho?/?  ^nna'  ^^I^  K  \^''^  '^^  ^^^  ^^^^ 


CANALS    IN   DENMARK. 


97 


specifically 
t  previously 


,  the  i)rov- 
ged  as  per 
obably  cal- 
ihIh  are  so 
lay  be  sup- 

been  done 
!  benefit  as 
ice  and  in- 

trace  the 
|)portunity 
it,  hence  I 
[i^fflement 
the  snbse- 
'Moniteur 


Amonnt 

per 
kilometre. 

■Franci. 
t.  0016 
.004 
.005 
.005 
.005 
.006 
.002 


08  per  ton  of 


NavlgatioH  of  the  Ghent  oanalt,  excluding  vegiieh  other  than  thone  fsed/or  unlhiarij  canal 

transportation, . 


BoatflpnuHtnglook 
at— 

1878. 

1877. 

1878. 

187U. 

1880. 

No. 

Ton- 

No. 

Ton- 
nage. 

No. 

Ton- 

No. 

Ton- 
nage. 

No. 

4, 728 
3, 65.S 
3, 080 

Ton- 
niige. 

P«<'horio  

4,872 
4,716 
4,640 

402, 388 
574, 1)33 
332, 035 

4,704 
4,700 
4,502 

467,  008 
600,  084 
38U,  HU8 

4,261 
4,  125 
4,172 

319,  010 
470,  .110 
204, 550 

4,  257 
3,  two 
3,254 

341, 15R 
470,  225 
314,770 

Pont  Miulon 

Muitlu 

280,410 
.'■.14,  MM 

302, 24J 

Frei^yht  rates  per  ton  (as  e.  g.,  in  the  case  of  coal)  may  serve  to  give 
one  an  idea  of  canals  in  tboirrelation  to  competing  railways,  and  conse- 
quently, at  least  pro  tanto,  of  their  efTeot  on  prices.  They  are  as  fol- 
lows, and  will  bring  this  report  to  an  appropriate  close : 

liatea  per  ton  for  coal  October  31,  1889, 


From  St.  Ghislain,  near  Mons,  to- 


Con  rtral 
Ypres  . . . 
Bruges  .. 
Antwerp 
Gliont ... 
Brussetg. 


By  cnnal 


Franca. 
2.  HO 
4.80 
3.20 
2.70 
2.70 
3.10 


By  rail. 


Franci. 
3.84 
4.31) 
3,  no 
3.60 
3.  OS 
2.70 


In  canal  transportation  it  often  occurs  that  there  is  a  question  of  con- 
venience involved,  as  where  works  or  factories  stand  close  to  a  canal 
in  which  case  cartage  is  often  saved.    In  Ghent  alone  there  are  over 
250  bridges  crossing  canals,  thus  showing  that  they  are  numerous  all 
over  the  city.    Hence  their  frequent  greater  convenience  than  railroads. 

P.    W.   L.  BUXTEKFIELD, 

TT  ci  ^  Consul. 

United  States  Consulate, 

Ghent,  November  9, 1889. 


y'steni  of 
ast  mod- 
Jmmerce 
8  part  of 
lifetime 
effect  on 

ais,  it  is 
Naviga- 
ipaired. 
[I  at  the 
ie  Pont 
1  nearly 


DENMARK. 

JiEPORT  BT  CONSUL  JtYDEIi,  OF  OOPENHAOEy. 

In  reply  to  the  circular  dispatch  from  the  Department,  under  date 
of  the  31st  July  last  past,  calling  for  a  report  upon  the  canals  con- 
structed in  this  kingdom  for  the  benefit  of  general  trafTu;,  as  well  as  for 
irrigation  purposes,  I  have  herewith  the  honor  to  report  that  under  the 
first  category  there  are  but  two,  namely,  the  Odense  Canal  and  the 
Frederic  the  Seventh's  Canal. 

First,  the  Odense  Canal,  connecting  the  inland  town  of  the  same  name 
in  the  Island  of  Fynen,  with  the  entrance  to  the  Odense  Frith,  is  one 
■of  great  benefit  to  the  shippers  of  the  agricultural  products  of  the 
island,  as  also  to  the  importers  of  foreign  goods,  such  as  coal,  iron, 
eto.,  the  expeiKses  of  land  carriage,  as  well  as  the  expenses  of  trans- 
shipment at  the  Firth,  being  thus  avoided,  the  carjroes  herns:  loaded 
in  small-sized  vessels  at  the  Odense  quay  and  taken  "without  hindrance 
$0  sea  to  prosecute  the  voyage  to  their  dlffeieut  ports  of  destiuatiou. 
I.  Ex.  45 7 


98 


CANALS   IN    DENMARK. 


Ibis  cnnal  s  2(1,(100  foot  in  loiiKth,  and  tlio  conHtrnctlon  was  (Irfif.  com- 
n.onciMl  111  17»«J,  and  comploHMl  in  IH();{;  was  J.irtiM^r<li'oi...ii(.(liii  1H77- 
J«HJ,  aiul  a«:aiii  dorpciu-d  and  widMUMl  in  ].S8.{_1««({.  it  haw  now  a 
depth  ot  15  A'ct  with  a  width  vaiying  iVoin  .{5  to  (50  feet;  and  in  the 
giMieral  tnido  of  l.SMH  tluue  pa.ss.-d  thron-li  tliis  canal  a  total  niiinlK.r  of 
70J  \cHHvlti  of  tho  aH:>rioKato  t(.nna^'.'  of  Sii.O'O  toim,  (ionniNtinir  of  24n 
stniin  vossclH  ot  I4,KI0  tons  and  of  507  sailing  vonsoIh  of  ;5S,57(»  tonw 

Second,  l<mK'ric,th«  Seventh's  canal  between  the  deeper  partH 'of 
tlie  liimeljord  in  Jutland,  respectively  east  and  west  of  Lo^stiir  The 
canal  IS  constructed  aioiiK'side  of  the  r.imerj.)id  southern  coast;  line 
Iron.  Lo^^Htor  town  t«)\vard  the  southwest,  so  that  vessels  naviijatiii.' 
the  western  part  ot  the  J.iinefjord  may  avoid  tlie  shoals  in  the  frith 
west  ()l  Lofjstor.  The  (Muial  has  a  length  of  15,500  feet  between  the 
mouths  ot  tlu^  harbors  at  tlui  two  extremities,  and  was  opened  to  navi- 
gatioii  on  the  IMh  July,  IHOI,  and  has  a  <lepth  of  J)  feet  with  a  width  on 
the  water  line  varyiiiK  from  75  to  00  feet.  The  canal  is  used  bv  small 
vessels  enp.ued  in  the  general  tiatllc  between  the  small  towns  situated 
on  the  western  parts  of  the  Limeljord;  and  the  annual  number  of  ves- 
sels and  bcmts  passing  throiiffh  is  about  000,  with  an  aijirreirato  ton- 
nage from  T,(  ,000  to  70,0i,0  tons.  Vessels  making  use  of  these  canals 
are  subjected  to  the  following  canal  dues,  viz  : 

On  tjie  Odense  Canal:  All  steam  and  sailing  vessels  and  all  boats 
above  4  tons,  laden  or  in  ballast,  in  addition  to  the  customary  (lovern- 
meiit  harbor  dues,  or  cargoes  landed  or  shipped,  the  dues  are  levied  as 
follows:  ^»«^"  »D 

1.  All  vessels  registered  in  the  Odense  custom  house  or  in  phu^es  of 
the  same  customs  <listrict,  both  on  inward  or  outward  passage  have  to 
pay  canal  dues  per  ton  of  1 },  cents.  h  ,    h>o  uu 

2.  All  homo  vessels  registered  in  other  customs  districts;  as  well  as 
all  vessels  sailing  under  the  Hags  of  privileged  nations  with  a  rate  of 
canal  dues  per  ton  of  2.^  cents. 

On  the  Frederic  the  Seve.ith's  Canal  as  follows: 

1.  On  all  vessels  under  the  national  Hag  or  under  the  flags  of  privi- 

})Tlon  at  llli  ct'ilt''  ^''"^'  *'"'""  ^  ^"^  ^^  *''"'  ^'"'^^"'  with  canal  dues 

2.  On  all  home  and  foreign  vessels  under  privileged  flags  above  32 
tons,  with  a  rate  per  ton  of  IG  cents.  ^ 

3.  All  boats  of  or  below  4  tons  i)ay  altogether  the  sum  of  50  (ires,  say, 

4.  Fishing  boats  with  wells  only  pay  half  rates  of  canal  dues. 

5.  All  vessels  employed  exclusively  for  lighterage  or  towiu.r  pur- 
poses are  exempted  from  payment  of  dues.  "  ^ 

6.  All  vessels  of  more  than  4  tons  that  may  be  passing  several  times 
11  the  course  of  1  week,  after  payment  of  the  dues  on  the  first  passage! 
are  exempted  from  further  payments  for  the  rest  of  the  week 

i.  lun-eigu  vessels  under  uni)rivileged  flags  are  charged  v  ith  au  ad- 
ditional rate  ot  oue-halt  above  the  amount  levied  on  vessels  under  privi- 

Next  With  respect  to  canals  for  irrigation  purposes:  It  may  be  as  well 

Jvi.n,.t?r  '  ''^  *'',  ^''''*',  *  "^'""'^  •'*^*'''"»*  »*■  tl^'it  part  of  the  kiiidom 
where  these  works  have  been  constructed.  In  the  early  ages  the  iiite- 
iior  ot  Jutland  was  covered  in  great  part  with  large 'forests  of  i»ine 
wood;  but  owing  to  the  wholesale  and  wasteful  cutting  down  of  the 
wood  by  the  inhabitants  these  forests,  toward  the  sixteenth  century,  had 


R.most  entirely  disariDcarwt.  ieaviuii 


by  d 


.,„,  ,  •,     ^.j' '-;:-•'  r "  "•"  v.egrees  in  their  place  a  larsre 

and  dreary  waste  of  heath  lauds,  without  any  attempts  having  been  made 


""''"■'I' 


CANALS   IN   DICNMARK. 


90 


towards  bririffiiiff  tlio  saiiio  uiulor  cultivation  ;  and  it  was  only  at  the 
cloNeof  tliounfoitnnato  warof  1S(54,  when  Denmark  wa«  Ntri|)pod  of 
her  valuable  Duchies  of  HchleHwiK-thdMtein,  that  this  ^reat  national 
loss  led  to  strenuous  efforts  being  made  towards  the  earryintfout  of  iuj- 
proveinents  in  nniny  ways  in  the  reuuiinintj;  parts  of  the  "kin«don>. 

Thus  in  lH(i(i  a  society  was  founded  under  the  title  of  "The  Dardsh 
Society  of  Heath  Lands"  for  the  purpose  of  clearing  and  fertilizing  this 
vast  tract  of  land  in  Jutland,  covering  a  8Up«'rHcial  area  of  about  110 
Danish  square  miles  (I  Danish  mile  ^  4|  English  miles),  this  area 
being  traversed  by  several  water  courses  of  greater  or  lesser  extent,  ruu- 
iiing  froni  east  to  west  and  diverging  to  the  North  Sea. 

The  society  now  consists  of  near  4,()(M)  mendiera,  amongst  whom  are 
to  be  found  several  public  institutions  and  many  wealthy  private  indi- 
viduals,  who  have  contributed  their  shares  on  purely  patriotic  grounds; 
and  it  has  been  by  the  aid  of  these  contributions,  together  with  consid- 
erable subventions  from  the  state,  that  in  the  last  twenty-three  years  a 
new  life  has  been  given  to  this  part  of  the  Kingdom,  as  also 'by  the 
construction  of  roads  and  railways. 

Of  the  140  Danish  sipnue  miles  of  heath  lands  existing  in  18(50,  there 
now  remains  but  about  90  square  miles,  40  having  been  converted  into 
meadows  and  fields  and  the  other  10  square  miles  into  plantations. 

ThefoUowing  classes  of  works  are  undertaken  by  the  society,  namely  : 

(1)  Construction  of  irrigation  canals;  (2)  plantations  iu  general;  (3) 
limited  i)lantations  on  the  different  properties,  and  inclosures  with 
quick-set  hedges;  (4)  draining  of  bog  lands;  (5)  cultivation  of  marsh 
lands. 

The  society  has  now  superintended  the  construction  of  145  irrigatit)a 
canals,  which  have  a  total  delivery  of  2,200  cubic  feet  of  water  per  sec- 
ond, the  greater  part  of  the  canals  having  a  length  varying  from  5  to 
15  English  miles. 

A  complete  irrigation  will  require  for  the  entire  period  of  irrigating  a 
delivery  of  one  lilth  of  a  cubic  foot  per  second  for  1  barrel  (If  acres)  of 
land  measure;  but  the  meadows  receive  four  to  six  times  that  volume  of 
water,  when  they  receive  an  alternating  watering.  A  large  quantity 
of  the  water  from  th(  canals  is,  however,  only  used  for  moistening  the 
land,  and  which  will  only  call  for  oue-fourtli  of  the  above-mentioned 
quantity. 

The  total  superficial  area  of  the  irrigable  laud  which  has  been  con- 
verted in  this  way  amounts  to  15,000  barrels  of  lan<l  (21,000  acres),  and 
which  by  these  proceedings  have  now  an  increased  value  of  6,000,000 
kroners  ($1,000,000).  Tlie  yield  of  these  meadows  is  of  about  4  000 
pounds  of  hay  per  barrel  ( If  acres)  of  land.  Only  one  crop  is  made,  and  in 
lieu  of  an  aftermath  the  cattle  are  put  out  on  the  fields  during  the  autumn. 
The  society  prepares  all  the  plans  of  construction  of  these  canals,  as 
well  as  the  irrigation,  and  superintends  the  execution  of  the  works  free 
from  any  charge  to  the  i)ropnetors;  but  these  latter  have  to  defray  all 
costs  of  the  works.  The  total  cost  of  the  canals  has  been  from  300  to 
1,000  kroners  ($80  to  $270)  per  cubic  foot  of  water.  Each  canal  has  its 
own  local  administration  board  elected  by  the  parties  interested  in  the 
irrigation  in  question,  and  a  certain  vo'"'  ■-.  ;f  water  is  placed  at  the 
disposal  of  each  party  concerned  fc  ...  lole  period  of  irrigation 
namely,  from  the  1st  April  to  1st  Dec  -*  h;^.  .ud  they  must  then  receive 
it,  so  that  there  may  be  no  disturbance  m  vuo  arranged  order  for  the  use 
of  the  water  amoiigst  all  parties  conccrucu.  The  -  ter  is  distributed 
to  the  associations  by  the  means  of  wooden  tronfehs,  the  working  of 
which  IS  placed  under  very  strict  control.    These  canals  have  been  con- 


^"9"MHPmii 


100 


CANALS   IN   FKANCE. 


;l 


fltruotiMl  at  as  modomtft  a  cost  an  posHiblo;  tlio  grnuiul  in  which  thoy 
fi'"",  *'!'*?■  J"""'^'  Kt^iHMiilly  of  Hiindy,  but  ut  tiincH  iimrHhy,  luitury :  anil 
tluiir  tall  liuH  beon  itigulatcd  ho  as  to  give  a  rapidity  of  water  How  of 

Tho  interior  HlopcM  of  the  canalH  are  at  the  i)roportional  rate  of  U  of 
bnHO  to  1  of  height,  an<i  the  exterior  8lopen  of  the  bankH  have  3  to  4  of 
bane  to  I  ot  heifjht,  the  banks  at  the  Miinunit  bein^'ofunnicjlent  width  to 
servo  m  a  carriiigeway,  this  width  beintr  from  10  to  12  feet  all  aloiii; 
the  great  canals.  The  miueduets  under  the  canals  are  generally  of  ma- 
Honry  or  ot  glazed  earthon  ware  pipes.  The  society  during  their  twenty- 
three  years'  labor  have  now  intercepted  the  greater  part  of  the  water 
courses  of  the  heath  lands  by  canals,  wherever  this  could  be  executed 
without  too  great  pecuniary  cost,  iiiul  are  now  engaged  on  the  improve- 
ment of  some  old  works  of  bad  construction.  It  is  also  their  iiit«  ntion 
to  carry  on  experiments  for  a  better  system  of  irrigating.  During 
these  tw<'ntythree  years  they  have  also  completeil  four  uundred  and 
lltty  phintations  of  a  total  extent  of  3(j,7()()  barrels  of  land  (51,40)  acres) 
and  are  the  owners  of  eight  properties  in  dirterent  pitrts  of  the  heath' 
lands  ot  a  total  sunertlcial  area  of  4,500  barrels  of  1;..  «  (0,300  acres)  for 
the  carrying  on  of  exj)eriments  in  planting,  and  by  which  they  have 
succeeded  in  being  able  to  solve  with  some  certitude  a  question  of  so 
great  importance  to  the  interior  of  Jutland. 

IlENIlY  Ji.  ItYDER, 

United  States  Consulate, 

Copenhagen,  November  10, 1889. 


FRANCE. 
HISTORY  OF  FRENCH  CANALS. 

nEVORT  UY  CONHUL-aHNJEHAL  RATUliONE,  OF  I'AIilS. 

A  glance  at  the  map  of.  France,  if  it  gives  the  canals  and  navigable 
water  courses,  is  sutticient  to  convince  the  most  casual  observer  that 
the  country  is  very  rich  iu  both  of  them.  In  that  respect  Prance  occu- 
pies tlu^  tlrst  rank  amoung  European  countries;  her  navigable  rivers 
are  11 ,855  kilometres  lon^ ;  her  canals  4,789  kilometres.  These  figures 
are  given  for  the  year  1888.  Th^  iv  .test  number  of  canals  are  to  be 
found  in  the  departments  borderiuf;,  more  or  less  on  BeJo-ium  •  the 
largest  number  of  navigable  ri-  '         *        ' 


,..       .       .  -^  '■"•     '  ^'    arry  crait  of  a  considerable 

tonnage  are  likewise  iound  in  tao  iiorth  of  France.'  It  would  be  difti- 
cult  to  estimate  the  exact  cost  of  so  extensive  a  network  inasmuch  as 
it  is  the  work  of  several  centuries,  and  has  been  i)aid  for  in  a  variety  of 
ways  by  means  of  a  large  number  of  resources  dillering  widely  iu  their 
origin  ;  moreover,  it  requires  changes  in  improvements,  etc.  In  some 
cases  the  changes  are  of  so  extensive  a  character  that  the  original 
^vorks  have  almost  entirely  disappeared.  With  regard  to  the  time  of 
construction,  no  detinite  time  dates  can  be  given  without  drawing  up  an 
exceedingly  elaborate  and  complicated  table. 

The  works  were  seldom  carried  out  at  once  and  entire.]".  The  differ- 
ent periods  during  which  changes  and  improvements  were  niado'mav 
bo  couddered  as  periods  of  coustructiou.  As  already  stated,  the  changes 


CANALS   IN   FRANCE. 


101 


iituro ;  and 
ter  ttow  of 


have  otten  been  of  a  Hweepi'iff  <lcHcrii)ti()».  In  sovcral  crt808  troops 
wore  employed  in  cutting  ounalM  or  in  a.sHiHtin<f  the  insuttlcient  number 
of  workmen  engaged  for  the  purpose.  TIiuh  during  flie  reign  of  Hesiry 
Iv  (>,0()UHoldier8  were  enjployed  on  the  workH  in  connection  with  the 
Canal  de  Briare. 

In  1719  the  Canal  de  Loing  was  conceded  to  the  regent,  Duke  of 
Orleans,  and  his  lieirs  forever.  The  duke  caused  the  work  to  Lm  exe- 
cuted by  large  bodies  of  trooj>s. 

I'reviduH  to  the  revolution  of  1789  the  canals  were  generally  cot  by 
parties  to  whom  a  concession  had  been  granted,  the  conditions  of  which 
varied  according  to  the  amount  of  influence  enjoved  by  those  who  re- 
ceived the  i)rivilege. 

A  great  deal  of  .jobbery  was  the  natural  consequence  of  this  arrange- 
ment. Hut  after  1791  the  French  Government  took  the  management 
of  all  canals  into  its  own  hands.  All  canals  the  construction  of  which 
luid  already  been  commenced  by  grantees  were  finished  under  t\u\  di- 
rection of  the  Coverument.  Jkit  the  treasury  was  not  able  to  bear  the 
strain  thus  brought  upon  it.  In  order  to  tind  the  money  required  Napo- 
leon decided  to  sell  a  certain  number  of  canals  belonging  to  the  state- 
among  others,  those  of  the  Midi,  d'Orldans,  and  Lonig,  of  which  par- 
ticulars are  given  hereafter. 

During  the  reign  of  Napoleon  I  (1804-1815)  200  kilometres  were 
opened  to  navigation.  The  principal  canals  dug  during  the  same  pe- 
riod were  those  of  the  Haute-Seine,  Blavet,  Marous  a  Kochelle,  Aries 
a  Bouc,  and  Ille  et  liance,  to  which  reference  is  made  further  on.  All 
the  works  were  carried  out  and  paid  for  by  the  state.  After  the  year 
1818  all  works  connected  with  canals  were  executed  by  the  treasury 
by  means  ot  loans  and  by  the  system  of  concessions  which  appeared 
to  return  to  favor. 

From  1830  to  1848  work  was  pushed  forward  with  great  activity :  2,000 
kilometres  were  opened  to  navigation  at  a  cost  of  over  7,000,000  francs 
A  number  of  useful  laws  regulating  inland  navigation  were  also  passed. 
A  few  concessions  were  granted  before  1837,  and  in  this  way  the  canals 
named  (de  Koanne  A  Digoin,  de  la  Sauldre  a  I'Oise)  in  Table  A  and 
several  others  of  minor  imimrtance  were  cut. 

During  the  four  stormy  years  that  followed  the  Revolution  of  1848 
the  national  exchequer  was  more  or  less  dilapidated  and  a  great  finan- 
cial crisis  ensued.  Accordingly  little  was  done  to  increase  the  canal 
mileage.  Seventeen  million  francs  were  devoted  to  finishing  canals  in 
course  of  construction.  Those  called  de  la  Marne  au  Ehin  and  de 
I'Aisne  il  la  Marne  were  among  the  number. 

When  Napoleon  III  became  Emperor  he  effected  a  sweeping  change 
m  the  law  relating  to  the  cutting  of  canals.  The  commencement  of  all 
works  connected  with  them  was  henceforth  regulated  by  Imperial  decree. 
He  retained  this  privilege  until  his  fall  in  1870. 

The  attention  given  to  railroads  meanwhile  had  made  the  authorities 
underestimate  the  value  of  canals.  While  the  laying  down  of  railroads 
was  pushed  with  the  greatest  activity,  canals  became  more  or  less  neg- 
lected, but  in  1860  a  reaction  took  place  in  favor  of  them.  The  treaty 
ofcommerce  signed  by  the  Emperor  and  Mr.  Cobden  pointed  to  the 
necessity  of  perfecting  as  far  as  possible  the  instruments  of  production 
in  France,  so  as  to  enable  the  country  to  hold  its  own  in  the  matter  of 
industrial  competition.  The  Government  accordingly  devoted  large 
HJims  to  improvirif;  the  esistiug  canals,  and  to  constructing  fresh  ones. 
Ihe  funds  remaining  from  the  loan  of  500,000,000  francs,  raised  to  de- 
Iray  the  cost  of  the  Italian  war  in  1859,  were  also  devoted  to  the  same 


■PPPPI 


.'mmmmimfima!'* 


f    ■it' 


I 


lit 

1 


1^2  CANALS   IN   FRANCE. 

f.!:"  ?  ^^m,  -'^'^1>'*\A)'  "o  cmals  of  great  importance  were  cut  duriiiff  this 

hnn,lhJ^" '^•'^'^'  ''^'^"'^  wereclnefly  intended  to  defray  the  costs  of 
improving  existing  ones  in  various  ways. 

fi>5%^!^"",f "  '"'^.  "^'^  ^"''^'""^  ^^®  ^y«'^'"  of  concessions.  He  granted  a 
few  of  hard  y  any  importance,  while  he  bought  up  several  important 
onos  granted  long  before  his  accession.  ^  important 

-iJil'^  '',^[!"^^  included  between  the  reestablishment  of  the  Renublic  in 
187^)  and  the  year  1887  is  divided  into  two  distinct  parts  viz?  '"^ 

During  the  hrst  part  of  1870-'78,  canal  work  suffered  severely  in 
conse(iuence  of  the  disasters  of  1870,  ond  the  works  planned  by  the 
Emperor  absorbed  nearly  all  the  funds  available.  Frince  in  tliese  7 
years  spent  about  28,000,000  francs  on  canals  alone 

In  1879  the  minister  of  public  works  drew  up  an  extensive  nroiect 
for  the  carrying  out  of  which  large  sums  had  been  votedrstcoo  S 
metres  were  to  be  altered  and  improved,  and  Iresh  canals'wirh  an  ac- 
cumulated length  of  2,400  kilometres  were  to  be  constructed  The  es 
timated  costs  of  these  works  were  about  150,000,000  francs.  In  that 
year  an  extraordinary  credit  of  12,000,000  francs  ^as  set  apart  for  the 
purpose  besides  the  sum  set  down  in  the  general  budge  .  The  cred  s 
des  med  for  he  works  in  hand  gradua".v  increased,  yea-  by  ye^r,  unt  I 
88.  when  they  attained  the  high  figure  of  nearly  KoOu,000  franc"  a 
steady  dechne,  however,  followed.  ><iucs,  d 

The  progress  of  the  works  was  not  sufHcieutly  rapid  to  exhaust  the 
sums  so  avish ly  voted,  and  it  was  tlius  that  tlie  moiiej  grante    d  min 
ished  in  the  following  proportion  year  after  year : 

1883  Francs. 

1884 39,573,()93 

1885  .".■.■.".■.■. 22,772,437 

188(5 18,568,830 

1887 ;;.::; 15,254,137 

10,  ()77,685 

The  question  of  toll  money  in  connection  with  ciinals  has  gone  through 
many  complicated  phases.    After  the  revolution  of  1789  the  right  of  toll 
was  practically  abolished,  and  replaced  after  a  time  by  rates  calle 
"  droits  de  navigation."     During  the  reigi.  of  Nai,oieon  III  these  were 


rates  altogether. 

Table  A  gives  the  chief  facts  and  figures  relating  to  the  French 
canals  above  20  kilometres  long.  tuxieuuu 

The  figures  giving  the  number  of  steamboats  and  steam  tugs  are  not 
included,  but  they  are  not  very  numerous.  The  figures  plaiJ^l  under 
?nr?.wl"^;  ?T  '''r  "  '^'  '''''  ^"^'"^'^  '^«'"«  r^'^«  '^"^l  a  fevC'  ixil' 
calfed  ''"^'''^'"  *""  ^^"^  tlescription  of  boats  properly  sc 

The  figures  stating  the  lenptli  of  the  difTereut  canals  do  not  include 
8ome  of  the  small  lateral  branches  some  of  them  possess.  In  the  case 
of  canals  not  wholly  French,  the  figures  show  thi  mileage  within  the 

in^i  1 , 1  7''^"  ^'^e  S'\'"^remark  is  applicable  to  the  boats,  bridges, 
and  flood  gates  connected  with  them.  ^    ' 

eon.trm.-n!^  vf /t''  r^^  if"'  '''  ^"'^  ^^^^^f.^^^:  expenses  incurred  in 
??p,rpn  iSr  ^"i  mJ  T^^  f  ^""''  ^"^^f  '^^  ^'"^  foregoing  canals  until 
Decembei  31, 1889.    In  several  cases  it  has  not  been  possible  to  obtain 


A^tri'fc^io'WiSfei^ftit.,  .^l^iaJ's^^^ 


the  Freuch 


CANALS.  IN   FRANCE.  103 

complete  figures,  but  in  that  case  those  given  below  are  as  uear  the 
exact  amount  as  possibly  could  be  obtained  : 

Complete  expenses  till  1889. 

Frftncs. 

Aisne  ^  la  Mnrne 24,237,969 

^fdennp'    19,078,076 

Aire 4.077,749 

Berry 27,803,290 

i?'*''\<** 2,978,390 

Kombourg 3,218,047 

Bourgogue 58,556,197 

I*"/^':« 6,390.055 

J^«'''"« 2,C41,379 

Centre  17,164,669 

De  la  Charente  h  la  Sendre 1  917  488 

A  la  Garonne '...'.'.'.'.'.  62io99.'620 

A  la  Loire  .     33,999,158 

De  Marans  i\  Rochello 13  507,097 

Haute-Marne 17'  qj^'  743 

De  la  Marue  aa  Rbin .'..'.'.'--.'-.'.''.'.'.'"!'';.".".''"!.V!.*".'  86,'088;242 

DeNaate8i\  Brest 49,118,893 

Nivernais..., 28,861,154 

I'Ourcy 179,089 

?*•§"«"*>"•-■--.• 3,794,995 

Dn  RhOne  au  Rliin 24  205  724 

f*^"^*^ *..."!.■;."!;!;;".!".■.":  8;8i6;494 

Sauldre.. 1,721  989 

Hauto-Seine 10,207,062 

^«"«<5o 1,993,642 

^"mme 12, 4991217 

An  important  feature  connected  with  navigation  has  long  been  neg- 
lected in  France,  i.  e.,  numbering  and  classifying  the  boats  and  craft  of 
every  kind  on  canals  and  navigable  rivers.  The  first  census  of  these 
was  taken  on  October  15, 1887.  It  is  impossible  to  give  an  exact  idea 
of  them,  without  going  into  particulars,  which  would  far  outreach  the 
importance  of  the  subject  \':ith  regard  to  the  manner  in  which  the  other 
facts  pertaining  to  French  canals  have  been  given.  The  boats  are  of 
almost  e\  cry  conceivahia  size,  shape,  and  tonnage,  according  to  the 
canal  on  which  they  are  found  and  tlie  regions  in  which  they  were  built. 
They  are  divided  into  eleven  groups.  Each  group  embraces  all  the  boats 
more  or  less  resembling  each  other  by  their  style  of  construction.  Some 
have  decks,  others  are  without ;  a  few  are  built  of  iron  while  the  greater 
number  are  wooden.  They  are  built  chiefly  in  France  and  Belgium, 
Their  owners,  captains,  and  crews  are  FrencAi  with  a  fair  sprinkling  of 
foreigners,  chiefly  Belgians.  Those  intended  principally  for  the  con- 
veyance of  passengers  have  or  have  not  cabins,  according  to  their 
class  and  the  nature  of  their,  traffic.  The  annexed  statement  gives  im- 
portant figures  with  regard  to  them. 

Nnmberof  boats  of  all  kinds  exclusive  of  steamers 8,527 

Length — 

From  38.58  metres  and  upwards 434 

From  33  to  38.50  metres '...'.'.'...". 3  125 

Les6  than  33  metres ...'.'.........'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'..  4' 968 

Bu-:it—  ■ 

With  decks 4  212 

Without  decks i ...".-"... ""."!!!  !'..!!'. '.!1* !'.".!!!!  4' 315 

S^iron   =^ 

Of  wood 43(j 


"*3r 


..auf^tm^-'jiv;.  vmnti^rtmr*^-' 


4\ 


■li ; 


!M 


fM 


104  CANALS   IN   FRANCE. 

l{j'  wlioiM  Imilt — 

Fn-ncliimMi -  .„„ 

(J.Miiiiins ^''° 

oiiiiu-iiHtionaiitics , .."."..".!'..".!!!'."!!!!.".!*.!]." 4 

Ownnd  by —  ^^^^^'^^^ 

•'''■•■'K'li 7  n7Q 

K"'Kian8 .;.."."•."■;: I'S 

(icrmaiiH ^'"^^ 

Otlier  natioDiilitics "".."."!!^J.""! *','!!!. *!'".. ya 

CrowH,  incliuliug  captain—  ' 

I'^llMlCh Q    QQ1 

JM  iKi.ms 1  594 

Gwiiiaiis '„,^ 

OtlitT  nalionalitios "."-'. V".' .".'."." "....'.'...'.'.."."..' 104 

Wi th  cabins '  _  ..„ 

Without  cabins -•".-.-""!."".".".""".'.'.'".."."'" 771 

Tonnafjo 1  d-l  am 

Number  of  steamboats  of  every  Jdnii !!.'.'.".'.".""! ."." .Oij^.uaJ 

llorse  power '.'.'..'.'.'. 3  gio 

For  conveying  pa8son<j;nr8  :  ' 

Number , -„ 

Maximum  tonnage |.   '....'",, ,\\.   [ q<j 

Horse  power '.".  JI!! !!!"! ! iui 

For  carrying  goods:  

Number .- 

Maximum  tonnage 7  71H 

Horse  j)o\vor. o'oni' 

Numbw  of  tugs ] '"'.^ 

Horsepower .".'.'.".".".'.".".""." 1  nan 

Buiitby-  ^•^'^ 

Frenclunen hq 

Belgians .'.'.'."-".'.".".'.'.".".'.".'.".'.'."."." a 

Germans ...'.'.'.'.'.'.....,.. ? 

Other  nationalities ii 

Ownedby—  ^^ 

FnMudimen or 

iiidgians .'."'."." iff 

Crews,  with  captains,  mechanics,  and  stokers": 

Fniichinen 0011 

lielgians •^'^}} 

()tliernati(malities -..".".'.'."."  !".'."!"""".".'.i".'.'.'." "^i 

rroiich  measiues  of  weight  aud  distauce  uiontioucd  iu  the  foreiioinir 
repoit:  ^      *» 

1  kilometre  =  3, 280}g  feet  =  0, 62136  mile. 
1  niitro         =39.37  inches. 
1  ton  =  2, 204. 6  pounds. 

J.  L.  Eathbone, 

TT  „  ^  Consul- Qeneral. 

UNITED  States  Oonsulate-Genekal, 

Farisy  France^  September  20, 1889. 


I 


■imtkiiU 


7,499 

6()8 

319 

4 

........  7,078 

1,096 

270 


9,:m 

1,594 

718 

104 


7, 756 

771 

....  1,032,083 
161 

>■■■*>>«  J.O 

93 

181 

41 

7,718 

2,306 

32 

1,020 

..'.'.".".'.'  6 

85 

16 

3211 

55 

e  foregoing 


ONE, 

■  General. 


CANALS   IN   FRANCE. 


105 


9  S 
R  Ml 


•c 


B  »  a  . 


^CD^at-^-ff  to  te>nOi^v 

W  CO  -*       OB  CI       t^  -^ 


,0       §«gg«SO-"«5<^f.«»^t;;««       O       p 


'^  r-l  r^  ^i|  ^  |i^ 


SSt 


•^  2 


i5 


t-  o  o  t»      o  S  lo 

•-1COCQ  C4drH 


TO  tH 


OS  ^  K  CI 
CO  o> 


C4  -**<         fH         i-H  — 


I 


p. 


§ 


o 

u 


to 

.3 
\t 

o 

s« 

£  p. 


i25 


P< 
e 

P 


•MNi-lt-l     'rH 


S  ;2  : 


ca  : 

CO   . 


;  p 


:  >> 

.  a 


0»iHC40a     I  iH 


«  iH  r-*»H  iO 


w    .    1 


.  a 


<  9  S  S'O'a 
•  o  o  Q 

.   4irf   «ij   43 


ii 


!  a 


I 

03 


^NrHN^r-Ir-irHWWi-IWi-Sci 


go  (M  O        O     •  ®  ^  S 

^  QD  lO        O     •  (X  O  to 

c4c4wCOrHrHMrH»4MMMNi-4i-^'Mr-     !WCON.-^i-J<-i 

I  O 


n 

CQ 

01 


:B1 


C<i 


^   O   CO 

c 


w  ;» 


o 
HI 


■  ,,a  :  ■ 
(  t  .  t  • 

I      *   OO      •   « 

••(-»■>. 

:  ;^  ;.« 
;  .  a  :  p 

•    '  o  «.  o 

§£■='«§  Is* 


k>0 


*  m 

*  (. 

;  o 


fa  *- 
o    •  o 


•  M  :  p 

■  o  »,  o 
;  ,a  '  -  - 


o 

otoo 


;SS 


:  '^ 
:.!<f 

'  a 

o 


I  S  a  P^ 

■P  .  .-^   !  P 

-,  a***  oj  B  (t  X  «  a,  w  , 

•  C3"  ."  a'S  S  =  ^  5  »!««'«-  T.  O 


o 


.2  p 


ts 

p 


|-«sss5;ss?3|ggsa  gSa--""l-»-|giS"-sS?  s  gs 


(jq 


g 

:a 


;  :■* 

p 

<  -m 

I  :^ 

I    '•  o 

I  •  .M 
'  •  p 
I  ,  J) 


£M 


(9  <D 

la 


^B«ae 


■CQ    • 
-  »  O     " 


£  :.  s 


>    .  P      u 
W3f 


.  «  ©  fl  (O  >^^  Sep  « 

.^  .M  ..».   Ui   U   (D  JS   ffl    c5    C  ^3 


o  o  'E  "cS  5  ®  ® 


SiSaS^^eSCSseOj 


O00O^«5«M„5fiQfi   HfiW5fi^R4fiRaO«4Sp^  «  C(S 


1 


! 


i  i 


106 


CANALS   IN  PRANCE. 


si 


B  £  a  ■ 


o  f 


ss?ii2"a 


»<i   CO 


a 

o 

I 


s 
« 


I 


t: 


a 

o 
O 
a 


o 
Z-3 

o  ea 

I- 

P 


J??js8?;ss 


3 


,oooo 


;8S 


p. 


a 
o 

.OS 


-b  ri  C^  i-{  1-4  04  C>l 


1    •  B 

:  ;  »■ 
■    « 

•  '  ^ 

;  .*  I 
III 

c       o  o    •    • 


,S  N  r- 1- »  X5  le 
•^  w  to  ■«*  t»  c^  i?5 


E 


•    CI 


'  E—  i' 


D  e 


vi's  2  a  a 


i 


CANALS   TN   FRANCE. 


107 


NORTH  OF  FRANCE. 

liEPOIiT  Sr  OON'VL   WILLIAMS,  OF  liOVEK. 
THE  DEULK. 

Tlie  navigable  water  ways  which  have  been  conatructed  and  utilized 
for  transportation  are  very  numerous  in  the  north  of  France ;  moat  of 
them  are  very  ancient.  Since  their  early  construction,  they  liave  been 
subjected  to  many  changes.  The  following  brief  account  of  tiie  cou- 
struction  of  the  canal  of  Deule  will  give  an  idea  of  what  would  be  the 
magnitude  of  the  work  of  describing  all  of  the  canals  in  this  consular 
district.  The  Basse  Deule  has  been  navigable  from  time  immemorial. 
It  was  conceded  wholly  to  Lille  in  May,  1207,  by  Marguerite,  Countess 
of  1  landers  and  Uainaut. 

On  the  3l8t  of  October,  1271,  John  III,  lord  of  Lille  and  La  Ba8S(^, 
was  authorized  at  his  own  (.expense  to  construct  a  canal  between  these 
two  cities.  The  act  fixed  tne  size  at  40  feet  with  a  depth  of  at  least  4 
leet,  and  allowed  for  the  work  a  remuneration  of  1,500  livres  d  'Artois*. 
This  work  upon  25  kilometres  was  completed  within  a  year. 

In  the  beginning  of  the  sixteenth  century  this  canal  was  extended  to 
Courri6re8  and  Lena,    This  work  was  done  at  the  expense  of  the  city, 
ot  Lille  by  an  ordinance  of  the  council  of  state  of  the  king,  dated 
October  31, 1G74. 

These  different  undertakings,  although  important,  failed  to  attain 
any  real  commercial  importance  until  the  year  1088,  when  a  project 
was  entertained  of  uniting  the  valleys  of  the  Deule"  and  Scarpe  by  a 
canal  which,  passing  over  the  ridge  which  separated  ihem,  would  arrive 
at  Courri<^res  at  the  Fort  of  Scarpe. 

The  cost  was  ecpially  divided  between  the  city  of  Lille  and  the 
states  of  Flanders  and  Artois. 

The  7th  of  May,  1090,  the  city  of  Lille  undertook  the  entire  charge 
of  the  work  and  collected  the  tolls. 

On  the  0th  of  August,  1749,  a  royal  decree  enjoined  the  excavation 
ot  the  canal  between  Douai  and  Lille ;  this  work  cost  413,539  francs. 
At  this  time  the  junction  was  made  in  the  passage  of  Lille,  and  the 
canal  of  Lsplanade  was  opened,  which  was  destined  to  cotni)lete  an  un- 
interrupted line  of  communication  between  Fort  do  Scarpe  and  Deule- 
ment.  The  canal  of  Deule  became  the  property  of  the  state  after  the 
lievolntion  in  March,  1798. 
Toll  was  established  upon  it  in  favor  of  the  state  in  April,  1808. 
Nevertheless,  by  an  order  issued  in  1810,  Lille  was  put  to  the  expense 
ot  a  cleaning  out,  which  was  done  under  the  supervision  of  the  Govern- 
mert  by  so-ne  Spanish  prisoners  at  an  expense  of  000,000  francs.  The 
city  has  never  been  able  to  recover  this  sum. 

The  Deule  thus  formed  a  canal  at  summit  level.  The  highest  level 
situated  between  the  locks  of  Fortde  Scarpe  and  that  of  Pout-iVVendin 
(destroyed  in  1859)  was  20,400  metres  long.  It  was  fed  by  a  spout  of 
water  taken  from  the  Scarpe  above  Douai,  through  a  little  artificial 
stream.  Navigation  was  difficult,  even  at  a  draft  of  water  not  ex- 
ceeding 1.20"',  and  intermittent  on  account  of  the  dam  at  Ponta-Vendin 
.-«!?»  u.^  ovHvi.^  OksIxj-^  littviiiy  uat  o\ni  sec  oi  gates.  Dunui;  the  drv 
.season  navigation  was  closed. 


The  aiicieut  livres  varied  in  each  department  from  20  to  ^(i  francs. 


M 


108 


OANAIiH   IN  PHANCE. 


Tlio  nn»{jr(\sHivo  flllitifj  up  of  llio  (•nim.l,  hh  well  uh  tlio  tlinidiiUy  of 
Hiip|il,v,  <M)iitiiuiti.ll,v  JiU'.riMiNitijr  tuid  hcroiuiii);  iiiori^  NcrioiiH,  iiiid  tlio  to- 
|iiii'(«ini<iit.s  of  ItiiNJiioNH  (lovolopin^  itrHi^lf  nl  tlio  hhiiio  (iino,  tlio  (lovorii- 


i 


iiiiMit,  HJiioo  IH1!(),  liiis  stiKlioa  to  iinprovo  tliin  niiiiU  to  tlio  grcati^Ht 
(v\t«Mil.  of  wiii(*li  i(H  nlvtllr(^  would  luliiiil. 

Tho  Io»!k  ut  INmt-a-Vi'iMlin  wuh  tiiUni  away  mi<l  llio  bod  of  tlio  canal 
lowoivd  to  Mui  Hatiio  point  aH  tliiit  of  tlio  rivor  Hcarpo,  tliuH  tnuiNfoiin- 
ing  I  ho  canal  into  a  branoli  of  that  riv(>r  and  insuring  a  good  supply 
of  WiiUM'  and  tlio  nioro  rapid  niovt^uicnt,  of  hoais. 

liorks  roplaced  Nitnpl«^  daniH,  (ho  di^pth  of  thi> canal  was  inoroasod  ho 
as  to  p(>rniit  (lu^  passage  «)f  boats  tlrawiug  1.5  nu'troof  walor. 

My  (ho  hnv  of  Maroli  21,  1.SU5,  thoro  was  a  grant  niiido.  Tho  <'ost  to 
iniprovo  (his  oanal  was(>s(iM)atod  at  1,200,()(K)  Iranos.  'riuMlonnvnd  upon 
thooaiuil  being  still  groator  than  its  oapsu^ity,  tho  parties  hohling  the 
grant  were  obliged  to  do  suppleinontnry  work,  and  it  was  oidy  in  IS37 
that  the  proper  «lo|t(h  andeonstant  sup|)ly  of  water  for  tho  canal  were 
obtained.  Tho  grant  of  the  l)euh>,  whi«?li  was  considered  at  tlrst  as 
«piito  unin)p(M'tant,  has  paid  its  stockholders  largely,  and  that  under  a 
nuKh<ralo  rate  of  toll. 

The  average^  tonnngeof  the  \vholo  roufe  did  not  exceed  lfi(),()0(>  tons 
till  IS'jr.,  but  in  isnij  it  reached  about  <'.()0,()()()  tons.  The  grant  expired 
tlM>  Kith  of  S(>pten»ber,  18r>4,  since  then  other  iniproveniouts  have  been 
nia(l(\  The  d(>plh  ol  the  canal  has  been  increased  to  2  metres  between 
Douai  and  Ijille,  by  tho  decree  of  April  18,  18(10,  so  as  t(>  permit  tho 
passage  of  boats  drawing  1.8  nietr«v  of  water.  Tho  expense  was  r>3l,(l.'J3 
Iranes.  Anotlu'r  enactnuMit  nnulo  'M  of  August,  18(J2,  authorized  tho 
stniighteniug  of  the  canal  through  Lille.  The  cost  was  ({t.3,'.)l.'{  francs. 
A  new  U)ck  was  construct od  at  Don  in  18(»8,  at  a  cost  of  3(>2,r)!)2  francs 
but  the  impn>venuM)ts  wen^  still  incom|)Iote.  The  canal  wa«  cr«)oke(i 
both  above  and  below  Lille,  and  did  not  have  the  full  depth  through- 
out its  length. 

ily  a  new  act  in  1880,  an  appropriation  of  3,418,800  francs  was  made 
to  complete  tlu»  canal  according  to  tho  plan  annexed  to  tho  law  of  tho 
Ath  of  August,  1870 — this  work  contemplating  many  important 
clmnges,  such  as  a  general  cleaning  out  of  the  bed,  [)rotecting  tho 
steep  banks  with  stoiu%  tho  establishment  of  public  ports,  and  sitlings 
for  placing  boats,  will  when  compIet«Ml  admit  tho  passage  of  boats  of 
38.rHuetresin  UMigth,r»  nu^tres  in  wi<lth,  and  l.tlO  n)etre«>f  draft, carrying 
300  tons  throughout  tho  eutiro  canal,  tho  same  as  those  now  plying 
between  Taris  aiul  Lille. 

The  sums  which  have  been  spent  upon  tho  construction  and  improve- 
ment t>f  the  Deule,  incliuling  those  covered  by  tho  act  of  1880,  can  be 
termed  in  i-ound  numbers  as  follows: 

Frnnos. 

rrovions  to  (ho  innot<H>nt1i  0(>ntnry 7,000,000 

(ii-iuit   Honoroz,  Maroh  -H,  lS'^r> 1,^00,000 

Avtof  Aiuil  -27.  l.S)0 .V.U.OOO 

Anjjiist  3.  1S()V> 741,000 

SoploinluT  10,  180-* 3ti(),000 

Augusta,  1.n:<0 3,4lri,000 

TotAl i:<.'i6.',000 

The  cost  per  k'lometre  amounts  to  207,000  francs.  This  expeiuliture 
is  very  nu)derato  considering  the  results  obtained,  and  tho  great 
advantages  ationied  by  this  route. 

The  canal  of  Deulo  in  its  most  important  and  frequented  sections, 
between  Douai  and  Lille,  has  only  two  levels,  the  oue  of  30  ami  tho 


CANALS   IN    FItANC'E. 


109 


1mi  nimcnUy  of 
)iiM,  and  tlio  n'l' 
ic,  tlui  (loviMii- 


Tlui  <'o.st  to 


other  17  kllotnotreH  in  loii^'tli,  mipiinitcMl  by  tlio  lo(?k  of  Don.    Between 
J)ouivl  and  Don,  it  presents  alternately  ntraii?lit  lineM,  or  lonj;  cnrves. 

The  work  in  pro^jresH  will  remove  the  nMuainiiiff  sliort  carves  and 
narrow  pawsaj^'es  between  Don  an<l  Lille,  au<l  between  Lillo  and  the 
head  of  the  canal  of  Konbaix. 

IttraverHCH  the  principal  indiiHtrial  centers  of  the  Department  of  the 
North  and  of  tin*  Pas  tie  (Calais.  Itservtis  lor  the  transportation  of 
coal  fronj  the  mines  of  that  section  and  its  di,stribnth)n  at  the  princi- 
pal centers  of  consumption ;  I'aris  at  one  extremity  aiul  Lillo  and 
Lionbaix  at  the  other. 

It  forms  one  of  the  hiies  which  connect  Paris  with  Lille  and  the 
northern  ports,  Dnnkirk,  (havelines,  and  Calais. 

The  tralllc  of  this  line  is  lartje  and  increases  yearly.  Between  Douai 
and  Lille  the  tonnajje  passinj,'  over  the  whole  rente  in  1882  amounted 
to  1,;}8(K(M)()  tons,  and  bronj^ht  this  canal  to  the  seventh  lank  among  the 
navijjable  waters  of  France. 

It  serves  also  a  nsefnl  puri)OHo  in  a  sanatory  point  of  view  to  Lille,  a 
city  of  178,141  iniinbitants,  and  prov  "  >s  water  for  the  interior  canals 
of  Lilh^  and  furnishes  a  sni)ply  of  fresh  water  alonj?  its  course.  At 
the  close  of  the  eighteenth  century,  when  the  state  became  possessed  of 
this  canal,  the  How  of  water  was  only  2,700  litres  per  second :  it  now 
exceeds  5,(100  litres  at  the  ordinary  level. 

This  increase  is  due  to  the  improvements  above  referred  to,  and  the 
city  isconsidtH-ed  to  be  well  repaid  for  her  share  of  the  expense  incurred 
in  the  constnuition  and  amelionition  of  this  canal. 

Before  leavinjjthis  branch  of  the  subject  of  canals,  contained  in  the 
query  recpiestin^'  the  time  and  manner  of  their  construction,  I  would 
state  that  the  interior  navij^ation  of  France  is  sup|)lied  with  11,855 
kilometres  of  rivers  navifjable  and  smaller  streams  classed  as  capable 
of  lloatinff  crafts,  and  4,78!)  kilometres  of  ciinals.  One  would  not  care 
to  reply  catef,^orically  to  the  (piestion,  an<l  give  the  exact  tigure  of  the 
time,  manner,  and  cost  of  construction  of  each.  As  seen  from  the 
study  of  the  canal  of  Deule,  the  network  of  navigable  waters  is  the 
work  of  many  centuries.  The  original  streams  have  been  transformed 
so  as  to  have  lost  in  many  instances  their  normal  character.  These 
changes  have  been  continually  made  to  adapt  them  to  the  varying  ex- 
igencies of  the  moment. 

The  depth,  width,  and  dimensions  of  the  works  were  made  to  con- 
form to  the  progress  of  engineering  as  applied  to  the  improvements  in 
navigation. 

New  works  thus  replaced  old  works,  so  that,  at  a  given  moment,  it 
is  injpossible  to  say  how  much  remained  of  the  old, 

The  cost  of  construction  alone  should  be  taken  into  account  and  sep- 
arated from  that  of  annual  repairs.  With  this  view,  and  in  the  effort 
to  comply  with  this  recpiest,  1  have  api)ended  a  chart  containing  the 
sums  expended  u|)on  several  canals  at  various  times,  many  of  them 
dating  from  the  Gallic  Boman  period,  passing  the  Feudal  period,  fol- 
lowed by  a  period  when  grants  were  conceded  to  corporations  to  con- 
struct ami  manage  these  canals,  and  the  present  period,  when  these 
canals  have  passed  into  the  possession  of  the  Government. 

CANALS  PKIOll  TO   TUE  SIXTEENTH   CENTURY. 

Before  the  sixteenth  century  and  under  the  Roman  rule,  a  lew  efforts 
Imd  been  made  to  build  canals.  Marius  actually  caused  his  legions  to 
dig  between  Aries  and  the  sea  a  canal  to  which  his  name  is  attached, 
but  no  vestige  of  the  work  remains. 


.    --wail .' 


^i 


i    I 


110 


CANALS   IN   PRANCE. 


The  wator  courses  were  used  for  traiiMporfation,  in  a  state  of  nature 
and  were  navij-ated  by  small  boats  drawiii;,'  but  little  water,  and  mount' 
in^r  a  short  distance  iroui  tiieir  sourees.  Tlie  roads  were  used  to  pass 
fronj  one  valley  to  tiie  other.  These  water  ways  were  the  common 
property  of  the  people  inhabiting  their  borders,  who  used  them  freely 
subject  only  to  such  restricitions  as  were  required  to  resi)ect  the  rijfhts' 
of  one  another,  and  refrain  from  damaf,niig  the  i)roperty  itself.  As 
soon  as  the  trallic  became  more  brisk,  an  understanding  was  established 
between  boatmen  on  such  rivers  as  the  Loire,  Seine,  Khone,  and 
Moselle,  ami  certain  regulations  were  established  to  dettne  the  rights 
of  each  one. 

FEUDAL  PERIOD. 

At  the  time  of  the  invasion  of  the  wild  hordes,  boating  was  thor- 
oughly disorganized.  There  was  no  safety  for  a  long  time  in  navi- 
gating the  streams.  Tiie  corporations  of  boatmen  established  a  police 
among  themselves  and  began  to  revive  boating. 

boatmen's  coeporations. 

As  soon  as  the  royal  i)ower  attained  some  strength  the  boatmen's 
corporations  sought  from  it  some  aid  to  protect  theuiselves  from  the 
lords.  They  obtained  charters  and  had  a  regular  organization  and  by 
means  of  assessments  and  tolls  obtained  the  funds  to  carry  out  some 
improvements  and  alterations.  At  the  beginning  of  the  thirteenth 
century,  such  a  corporation  was  in  existence  on  the  Seine.  It  was 
called  the  "  Hanse  des  marchands  de  I'eau  "  or  society  of  water  mer- 
chants of  Paris. 

In  the  thirteenth  century  Philipi)e  Auguste  authorized  them  to  build 
one  of  the  gates  of  Paris  (ie  port  de  I'ecole)  and  remunerate  themselves 
by  collecting  a  tax  upon  merchandise  transported  by  water. 

Analogous  corporations  rose  up  about  this  time  upon  the  Garonne, 
Ithone,  Saone,  and  the  Loire.  In  1402  the  corporation  called  "des 
marchands  navigateurs"  (m<nchant  navigators)  of  the  river  Loire 
received  from  Charles  VI  letters  patent,  by  the  terms  of  which  the 
king  conceded  the  right  to  them  to  collect  during  4  years,  taxes  upon 
the  boats  and  merchandise  transported  on  the  Loire,  in  order  to  enable 
them  to  resist  the  encroachments  of  the  lords  bordering  upon  the  rivers. 
The  collection  of  this  tax  was  indefinitely  postponed. 

In  1482  an  ordinance  of  King  Louis  *XI  decided  that  the  receipts 
should  be  used  to  help  in  the  maintenance  and  imj)rovement  of  the 
Loire.  This  tax  was  called  "droit  de  bo("'te"  (old  French  for  "box 
tax")  because  the  collectors  received  it  in  boxes  placed  at  the  ports  of 
the  Loire.  The  ordinance  of  Charles  VIII,  of  March,  149.->,  extended 
the  appropriation  of  the  "droit  de  boete"  to  all  of  tiie  rivers  of  the 
king<h)m.  The  powers  with  which  these  corporations  were  invested  by 
the  king  comprised,  beside  the  right  to  conduct  (evon  against  the 
opposition  of  persons  living  on  the  borders)  the  cleaning  of  rivers,  the 
removal  of  obstacles,  and  tlie  construction  and  maintenance  of  towiuff 
paths.  * 

It  was  found  necessary  that  the  Government  should  interfere  to  assist 
these  cori)orations  against  the  invasions  of  the  lords,  and  to  secure  free 
use  of  the  waterways  to  the  people.  Eventually  these  canals  were 
made  eniiieiy  Inbiitary  to  the  Government,  whicli  assumed  the  obliga- 
tions incurred,  and  the  construction  of  new  and  the  maintcuauce  of 
old  works. 


I     i 


CANALS    IN   FRANCE. 


Ill 


149%  extended 


In  the  bcffinuing  of  the  sixteenth  century  a  great  impetus  was  given 
to  interior  navigation  by  the  invention  of  locks.  Tlie.se  appear  to  have 
been  introduced  by  Leonard  de  Vinci  under  Francis  I.  The  hist 
attempts  to  utilize  them  upon  the  straits  of  the  Lot,  in  1527,  were 
unsuccessful;  but  they  were  put  into  use  upon  the  Vilaine  from  ir>-M 
«•  ;?;  ^"*^''"^'*^  !»'•"'«»  without  water  had  been  previously  used  to 
ettect  the  passage  trom  one  level  to  the  other.  Such  planes  existed  in 
Flanders  since  the  fourteenth  century.  exisieu  in 

CANAL   GRANTS. 

To  Henry  the  Fourth  and  his  devoted  minister,  Sully,  belong  the 
honor  ot  the  attempt  to  construct  a  canal  at  summit  level.  In  ml 
Uugues  Crosnier  of  lours,  an  engineer  much  in  advance  of  that  early 
Kwi  r'  ««'"""« «'oned  to  prepare  plans  for  the  Canal  of  Briare,  i.^ 
tended  to  connect  the  Lone  and  the  Seine  by  the  valley  of  the  Lo  in 
The  royal  treasury  furnished  the  funds.  Six  thousand  troops  w  re 
employed  upon  the  work.    The  death  of  the  King  soon  afte  pu    a  «  op 

U  ft  So'yeL.  '"        ''"^^^  """"^  ""^"^  °^*""^^'  ^"''^""  postponed 

The  enterprise  was  taken  up  again  under  the  ministry  of  Richelieu. 

Giullaume  Bouterone  and  Jacques  Guyon  were  the  authors  of  a  new 

^^ri':iV!Te:r^^^^^  ^^^^^"««  '^^""^ 

Their  offer  and  terms  accompanying  it  were  agreed  to,  and  letters 
patent  were  issued  in  the  month  of  September,  l(i38.    The  Kin  -  con 
lerred  upon  these  men  and  their  children  titles  of  nobility.    This'canal 
was  opened  at  the  time  specified. 

The  success  of  this  first  attempt  of  concessions  led  to  their  general 
adoption.  For  nearly  three  centuries  the  reign  of  concessions  for 
canals  prevailed,  and  was  beneficial  in  the  results^f  their  deXimient! 
fii  t^ii^  /*"  "?-^  waterways  the  state  held  the  control  and  received 
he  tolls,  furnishing,  with  the  aid  of  the  interested  districts  and  locals 
ties,  a  more  or  less  considerable  balance  of  the  funds  required 

«nnn  L  w!'i  ^""'A^'  ^"^^S^^^"'  ^ere  conceded  to  favorites.    Others 
soon  followed  to  the  royal  family  or  attendants  at  court. 

CANALS  DURING  FIRST  REPTTBLIO. 

Nearly  all  of  the  work  upon  canals  was  interrupted  by  the  revolution. 

The  decree  of  Ja,mary  15,  1790,  which  abolished  provincial  adminiS- 
JimnoT'.i?  *^-''''Jf  ^?"^^  ^"*^  departments,  united  in  the  public 
«^v  n«n.?l  i"^"^'^^^^?  ""^  "^'^  'y^'^*^*'  belonged  to  the  provincialt  sates, 
SIX  canals  haying  only  a  length  of  134  kilometres  esctwed. 

ihe  collection  of  tolls  was  abandoned  on  nearly  all  of  the  canals 
and  entirely  upon  the  rivers,  which  were  completely  neglected.  ' 

llie  canals  were  at  first  placed  in  the  hands  of  the  agency  of  the 
national  domain  from  1791  to  1798.    From  1798  to  1807  tliey  were  iu 
trusted  to  an  administration  in  which  the  Government  was  interested 
iPitr^nf  quiet  and  order  weiHi  restored,  the  repairs  and  mainte- 
nance  of  these  canals,  fallen  into  decay  by  the  neglect  of  many  years, 
became  the  object  of  solicitude  to  the  Government  ^        ' 

finn -^f'f?'"*" ""  i'|w  in/licating  a  new  departure  in  the  way  of  specilica- 
tiou  ot  taxes  and  their  appropriation  to  the  maintenance  of  the  canals. 


M  -  I 


f   I 

;  i  > 

'     !    I 


1     i    I 


112 


CANALS   IN   FRANCE. 


The  OHtiinated  cost  of  repairs  at  that  time  was  11,825,029  franca. 
These  and  many  moni  provinioii8  were  made  by  tiie  celeluated  law  of 
the  aoth  FU)r<:'al,  y«'ar  X  (May  20,  1802).  After  having  provided  for 
the  maintenance  of  eacjli  series  of  canals  from  their  recei|»t8,  the  Gov- 
ernment took  upon  itself  to  continue  the  constructions  intorrupttid  by 
the  revolution. 

Contrary  to  the  lineofcondu(!t  adopted  for  the  existing  water  routes, 
the  proposed  new  lines  were  to  be  constructed  at  the  expense  of  the 
(foveriuuent.  The  funds  were  dellcient.  Napoleon  then  proposed  to 
raise  the  necessary  amount  'wseliinp:  the  caiuils  belonjjinj;  to  the  state. 
These  were  the  Midi,  Orleuus,  Loing,  and  the  canals  of  the  Ceutre, 
and  St.  (^lUMitin. 

'IJhis  i)lan  was  arried  out  by  the  law  of  the  23d  of  December,  1H09, 
which  ordered  the  sale  of  the  above-mentioned  canals  upon  the  condi- 
tion that  the  i)roceeds  should  be  employed  to  tinish  the  camil  Napoleon, 
connecting  the  Rhine  and  the  Ithone,  the  canal  of  Bourgogne,  and  the 
grand  canal  of  the  North,  which  was  intended  to  unite  the  Escaut  an<l 
the  Llhine.  The  proceeds,  however,  were  diverted  from  the  proposed 
channel  and  were  swallowed  up  in  the  budget. 

In  the  days  of  the  Empire  more  than  1,000  kilometres  of  canal  wore 
projected  but  only  200  kiloirietres  were  opened  to  mivigation.  Seventy- 
live  million  francs  were  expended  upon  construction  of  new  lines  of 
interior  navigation.  The  financial  exiiedients  resorted  to  during  the 
period  of  1789  to  1814  to  meet  the  expenses  and  outlay  for  internal 
navigation  were  numerous. 

Grants  without  being  entirely  abandoned  were  in  disfavor.  The 
regie  or  administration  by  tjix  for  maintenance  and  repairs  prevailed. 
The  general  funds  were  supposed  to  i)rovidefor  the  construction  fuiul. 

In  the  25  years  from  1789  to  1811,  although  the  work  ordered  applied 
to  ;j,093  kilometres  of  canal,  of  which  1,202  kilometres  were  oi)ened  for 
tratiic,  it  was  impossible  to  api)ropriate  more  than  75,000,000  francs  to 
this  work,  or  about  3  millions  per  year,  and  the  length  opened  up 
scarcely  attained  200  kilometres,  less  than  10  kilometres  per  year, 

SPECIAL  APPROPRIATION  OF  TOLLS. 

Some  busy  spirits  during  the  reign  of  Louis  XVIII,  having  discovered 
that  the  system  adopted  of  applying  the  tolls  of  each  water  basin  to 
its  own  maintenance  not  having  succeeded,  without  investigating 
whether  the  liefect  was  in  the  system  or  the  manner  of  its  execution, 
succeeded  in  changing  it.  The  tolls  were  maintained  but  handed  over 
to  the  treasury. 

Kecognizing  its  error,  the  Government  again  by  act  of  March  21, 
1825,  placed  the  option  within  itself  to  specially  appropriate  the  pro- 
ceeds of  each  series  of  canals  to  themselves.  For  new  constructions 
the  Government  confined  itself  to  several  financial  expedients.  Ad- 
vances were  wanted,  and  the  Government  contracted  the  loans  by 
pledging  the  future  tolls  of  the  canals.  These  advances  were  made  by 
the  boards  of  trade,  cities,  or  other  interested  parties. 

This  system  has  been  productive  of  so  much  benefit  that  it  seems 
unwise  to  condemn  it,  although  the  clashing  of  interest  between  the 
general  and  local  authorities  to  which  it  must  give  rise,  clearly  indi- 
cates that  serious  ditiiculties  are  scarcely  avoidable.  In  1879  canals 
were  classified  and  made  subject  to  precise  limits,  and  definitions  from 
which  they  were  not  permitted  to  vary  in  the  least. 


CANALS   IN   FRANCE.  HQ 

Depth  of  water M.troi. 

Widthof  lockH "'..■.'" ■ '•••     '^-^ 

Lengtliof  loclcH  in  «ho  clear..... ./''"^^ 

lleight  unUor  UridifeH *^-'*0 

** 3.70 

The  most  notable  oveut  of  tlio  aariie  year  was  the  almlition  of  ill  tnUa 

p!;"iii^to"!"-^^.^-'^"."!"^^.^^ 


pro^muniue  from  beini,^  fully  carried  out.'  ~  ^"'"'""^^^^  '^^'  P^*^^  ^^  ^^^^ 
The  foJlowiug  lines  were  pureliased: 

Scarpo  iSup6rioure Francs. 

Canul  of  Vite  iwid  Saiite  .  .V.V.V.". 0,2:^3,024 

Canal  Boauoairo  and  lu  l{ii<lello      a;{2,000 

Canal  of  Givers. ...                      4,087,t)59 

2,000,000 

GRANTH  AND   CONCESSIONS. 

The  situation  of  grants  is  as  follows : 


Perpetual  grante : 

Lez  or  Canal  <Ie  Orave 

Caiiul  do  I.iniel 

Canal  (Id  Midi 

Canal  do  lOuroy... 

Canal  St.  DenlB ."■.■.■ 

Canal  St.  Martin.... 

Canal  d'Aire [ 

Canal  d  u  Boiirgidon 

Canal  do  lu  Dive  et  du  ciimiot! 

Drot 

Canal  fro.n  Dunkirk  to  FuineV 

Canal  lateral  i1  la  Garonne 

Ciinal  do  St.  Dizior  a  Wassy  . . . 

Sarabro  canal  i.sAo 

Caual  do  la  Sanibro  &  I'Oise.. 

Cannl  do  Sylvfin'ial 

Canal  de  liv  Souchoz  .... . .'.' '." ' ' 


Expiration 
of  grant. 


Areaof  grant. 


Doc.  rt,  1050 
Sept,  22, 10;t9 
Jan.  10,  19L'5 
'Iiin.  1, 194:i 
Sopt.  10,  IhO!) 
Dec.  :)1,  l!)60 

,  1048 

Oct.  a,  1890 
Nov.  1,  19.'i7 
S<'pt.  2a,  1930 
Sent.  31, 1660 


KUo7netre». 
10 

0 
279 
108 

7 

5 

» 
11 
40 
68 
13 
213 
2:{ 
S4 
71 

9 

a.  400 


016. 400 


No  new  comiession  has  been  granted  under  the  third  Kepublie     The 
expenditure  for  the  improvement  of  water  ways  of  France  from  1875  to 

Fof  the  rTver'^"lV5^^0^^^  ''^'""'^^^^  'f"^  '''•'''  contributions  w^re  : 
iasoSi^sTfrn,'.,.  i  '<?:\*'^'!^'5  canals,  24!),7i;j,581  francs;  total, 
4d5,U84,d84  francs.  The  State  also  appropriated  to  the  reimbursement 
of  advances  a  sum  of  80,619,349  francs!  The  purcha^^of Te  Sts  of 
the  Scarpe,  Vire  and  Tande,  and  canals  of  ^aucaire  and  la  RacleHe 
caused  an  expenditure  of  9,;il9,6o9  francs.  i^acieiie 

CANAL  STEAM  NAVIGATION. 

sa^H'nniwrTln?,-®'"7"^°^  ^^'?f  replaced  five  combined  locks  at  the  pas- 
S  to  Lvon.      f  r*'"""  '^'^  ''''T\?^  Neufossd.     Upon  the  lines  f"om 
l-ans  to  Lyons,  by  Bougogne  and  Bourbonnais,  some  portions  of  the 
11.  liix.  45 8 


^ 


mi 

1  1 

1 

1; 

1   m 

:i| 

114  CANALS   IN   FRANCE. 

route  rtre  not  yet  fliiiHhed,  but  tl»e  work  ou  tlu'He  inactively  pushed  and 
tliey  will  Hoon  be  llniHlied. 

The  draft  of  water  of  3  metreH  which  haw  been  obtained  between  Paris 
and  Kouen  has  induced  the  fornuUion  of  a  regular  line  of  service  be- 
tween Paris  and  Loudon.  The  Emilfi,  which  can  carry  173  touH,  uuide 
twenty  trips  hist  year,  carrying  a  little  more  than  the  half  of  this 
quantity  of  freight  each  way. 

The  Lemington  made  several  trips  between  Paris,  London,  CardiflF, 
Plym«mth,  and  Liverpool,  carrying  1 12  tons,  having  a  capacity  of  208 
tons.  The  Enther,  of  a  capacity  of  4(50  tons,  made  a  trip  carrying  335 
tons. 

These  are  simply  huge  canal  boats  propelled  by  a  screw. 

The  proportion  of  traffic  by  steamers  varies  con8i<lerably  according 
to  the  luitnre  of  the  merchandise.  Coal,  building  material,  manure, 
wood,  uuwrought  iron,  and  agricultural  products,  are  carried  by  ordi- 
nary boats,  either  towed  or  by  cable,  while  steamers  carry  principally 
machinery,  groceries,  and  in  general  all  valuable  merchandise. 

Some  side-wheel  steamers  which  i)ly  regularly  between  La  Villette 
and  Kouen  by  the  canal  of  Denis,  of  125  to  200  tons  capacity,  vary 
from  20  to  70  horsepower  an«l  make  three  to  four  trips  per  mouth, 
while  those  which  go  to  Corleil  and  other  ports  of  Paris  from  Rouen, 
or  Eavre,  are  screw  steamers  with  200  horsepower  and  300  tons  capa- 
city and  make  about  25  trips  per  year.  These  boats  never  take  ou  a 
full  load. 

CENSUS  OF  CANAL  BOATS. 

A  general  ceiisus  of  boats  engaged  in  the  interior  navigation  of 
Franco  took  place  October  15,  1887. 

It  was  taken  without  interrupting  the  advance  of  the  boats.  The 
result  was  as  follows : 

Ordinary  boats. — The  entire  number  of  boats  ui)on  the  navigable 
waters  of  France  was  found  to  be  15,730,  with  a  tonnage  of  2,713,847 
tons  of  1,000  kilograms,  corresponding  to  i  gross  tou. 

Nine  hundred  and  thirty-three  boats  of  38.5  metres*  (120  feet  3 
inches)  and  upward  in  length,  having  a  tonnage  of  .342,933  tons. 

Four  thousand  eight  hundred  and.  sixty-three  boats  of  33  metres  to 
38.5  metres  in  length,  having  a  total  tonnage  of  955,010  tons. 

Their  nationality  was  found  to  be  as  follows  : 

Built  in— 

France -• 14,252 

Bolginm 1,017 

Germany '-^'^9 

Various  nationalities,  Holland  and  Alsatian , 112 

The  ownership  of  the  boats  was  as  follows: 

French  boats 13, 632 

Belgian  boats 1,645 

Gerniati  boats  280 

Holland  and  the  proviucos  of  Luxomburg  and  Alsaco 173 

Most  of  these  boats  were  constructed  of  wood ;  858  only  were  of  iron. 

Of  the  15,730  counted,  7,578  had  decks  and  8,152  were  without  decks. 
Nearly  all  (13,324)  had  cabins;  2,400  had  none. 

In  these  cabins  38,108  i)ersons  were  sheltered,  of  whom  18,750  were 
men,  7,323  women,  and  12,035  children. 

The  crews,  iuciudiug  the  owners,  number  23,141  men,  of  whom  14,895 

*A  metro  is  39.3708  iuchos. 


CANALS    IN    FRANCE. 


116 


ively  pushed  and 


were  French,  .'«,'J18  foreiffners— Belgians,  (JerniunH,  HolhuiderH,  and  Al- 
Hatians;  1,874  of  these  ^loatM  had  «tubles,  in  which  were  sheltered  li  587 
animals  for  towing  the  boats,  of  which  l,irj4  were  horses,  and  l'433 
mules  and  asses.  ' 

There  wore  found  upon  these  waters  073  steamboats  of  a  capacity  of 
45,805  tons,  and  5r»,<);w  horse  power.  Two  hundred  and  thirty-seven  of 
these  steamers  were  i)roi)elIed  by  pmUlle  wheels  and  437  by  screws. 
Two  hundred  and  ninety-nine  of  these  boats  were  used  for  earryintr 
passengers,  liiO  for  merchandise,  184  as  tugs,  and  70  for  towing.  lu 
this  list  were  included  38  steam  yachts,  having  a  caj.acity  of  SOU  horse- 
power. Duly  (51  of  these  vessels  had  a  foreign  origin.  Of  the  owners 
034  were  French,  and  '.iU  only  foreigners. 

The  crew,  cai)tain,  engineers,  and  stokers  included,  nuiid)ered  2,870 
men  of  whom  L',075  were  French,  81  Swiss,  05  Belgians,  li  Germans,  35 
English,  3  Spaniards,  and  0  Italians,  and  3  of  whom  the  nationality  was 
unknown.  These  b.  iits  muw  under  the  head  of  eleven  groups,  and  in 
several  of' these  groups  were  as  many  as  from  twelve  to  fourteen  different 
styles  ot  boats  of  all  sizes,  shapes,  and  varieties  of  construction.  The 
principal  types  of  boats  in  use  are  as  follows:  ( I )  I'eniches  or  belandres 
This  IS  the  most  important  grou[>,  and  rei»resents  a  third  of  the  tonnage,' 
and  a  much  greater  pfo[)()'  tion  of  the  boats  navigating  the  Seine,  and 
the  canals  of  the  north,  'j'hey  are  Hat-bottomed  and  decked.  Tlioir 
lorm  IS  rectangular,  their  duDtnsions  and  tonnage  are  variable,  but 
all  ot  recent  construction  are  of  the  regulation  size  of  Urst-class  boats 
and  the  tonnage  when  drawi.ig  1  8t)  metres  varies  from  295  to  300  tons. 
They  are  used  for  long  routes.  (2)  The  tlialand  so  nearly  resembles  the 
p6niche  or  belandre  that  they  are  often  mistaken  lor  them.  They  are 
used  upon  rivers  and  canals,  and  especiially  those  of  the  north  and  east, 
and  on  the  Seine.  Those  of  the  Seine  nre  generally  40  metres  m 
length  and  7.35  metres  in  width,  and  carry  475  tons,  drawing  1.8  metres 
ot  water.  Ihey  are  found  even  longer,  50  metres,  and  these  can  carry 
0J5  tons.  Lach  series  of  canals  and  each  river  has  its  peculiar  crafts 
which  seem  best  fitted  to  the  locality.  The  capacity  of  these  boats 
varies  from  that  of  the  market  boat  to  the  boats  foun.l  on  the  Khone 
and  Saone,  which,  with  the  same  draft  of  water  and  a  proportioned 
width  ot  beam,  have  a  length  of  from  120  to  140  metres.  These  long 
hulls,  adapted  to  a  special  navigation,  arc  really  floating  rafts,  which 
on  the  rapids  receive  a  perceptible  inUection  in  a  vertical  direction. 

Custom  has  adopted  these  exceptional  dimensions  upon  the  Saone, 
the  course  of  which  is  smooth,  as  well  as  upon  the  L'hone,  which  is 
rapid  in  its  How.    They  seem  to  answer  the  purpose  ou  both  streams. 

TOWING  FROM  THE  BANK. 

Towing  from  the  bank  or  towpath  is  accomplished  by  men's  arms  or 
beasts  of  burden. 

Upon  the  canals  but  little  used,  the  towing  by  hand  is  still  the  most 
m  use  and  is  the  most  economical.  Two  men  with  allowance  of  or  the 
difference  ot  the  load  can  draw  a  boat  carrying  from  80  to  100  tons. 
It  IS  hard  work,  but  when  locks  are  frequent  is  endurable.  The  rate  of 
triivel  rarely  comes  up  to  a  kilometre  (tive  eighths  of  a  mile)  per  hour, 
and  with  the  tune  lost  in  locks,  not  more  than  8  or  10  kilometres  can  be 
reckoned  for  a  day's  work.  The  cost  of  Iwinlimr  iiion«  ic,  n  tr.  n  ,r^\\\\,^^^^r^^ 
(0.t)U<  iranc)  per  ton  per  kilometre.  The  use  of  the  boat,  insurance, 
incidental  expenses,  and  profit,  come  to  as  much  more,  so  that  the  cost 


-ra 


116 


CABALS   IN  PRANCE. 


I 


of  trausportatiou  in  this  way  is  from  0.010  to  0.014  franc  per  ton  per 
kilometre. 

Upon  the  Canal  de  Berry,  to  pass  through  the  narrow  locks,  boats 
of  2.50  metres  in  width,  carrying  50  tons,  are  used.  They  are  towed  by 
an  ass,  stabled  on  board,  assisted  by  the  boatman  and  his  family  when 
circumstances  require. 

This  primitive  arrangement  competes  successfully  with  the  large 
boats,  not  only  on  the  larger  canals  communicating  with  the  Canal  de 
Berry,  but  also  upon  i  he  small  streams  of  the  basin  of  the  Seine.  When 
the  happy  family  are  in  accord,  and  everything  moves  smoothly,  this 
mixed  towing  costs  about  the  same  as  the  first  mentioned,  while  gain- 
ing two  or  three  more  kilometres  per  day. 

Towage  by  horses  iS  done  at  the  rate  of  14  to  18  kilometres  per  day ; 
the  price  amounts  to  0.011  franc,  and  the  whole  cost  of  trans|)ortation 
to  0.017  to  0.018.  With  relays  of  horses  the  cost  wouhl  increase  from 
0.0:^0  to  0.0:^2  franc,  and  there  would  be  a  gain  of  11  to  12  kilometres 
per  day. 

Many  of  the  boats,  like  those  of  the  Canal  de  Berry,  carry  their  horses 
on  board. 

There  are  so  many  contingencies,  such  as  flood,  rates  of  insurance, 
pilotage,  etc.,  which  vary  so  much  at  different  times  and  seasons,  and 
are  also  influenced  by  a  more  or  less  lively  competition,  that  the  figures 
above  named  as  the  price  of  towing  may  rather  be  assumed  as  what 
they  should  be,  than  what  they  really  are. 

COMPULSORY  TOWING. 

By  an  act  of  the  lOth  of  June,  1875,  towing  .was  made  compulsory 
upon  the  Escaut,  the  canal  of  St.  Quentin,  the<,canal  of  Sensed,  the 
Scarpe,  Deule,  etc.,  in  liort  upon  all  water  ways  which  connect  Paris 
with  the  north  and  Belgium.  This  commercial  restraint  became  neces- 
sary on  account  of  the  frequent  blockades  upon  routes  where  it  was 
important  to  keep  free  passage.  It  has  been  satisfactory,  but  it  would 
be  injudicious  to  attempt  to  generalize  a  measure  of  this  kind. 

The  arrangement  is  briefly  as  follows :  A  contractor  on  each  division 
agrees  to  insure  the  towing  of  all  boats  which  ofl'er,  at  prices  fixed  in 
his  contract,  and  which  vary  according  to  distance  and  the  kind  of 
towing  required.  Their  prices  average  per  kilometre  0.002  per  ton  of 
boat's  hull  added  to  0.003  to  0.006  millimetres  per  ton  of  actual  cargo. 
Towing  is  obligatory  upon  all  loaded  boats  except  steamers  and  sailing 
vessels;  it  is  optional  for  empty  boats. 

CANAL  SAILING  VESSELS. 

Sailing  is  very  little  practiced  upon  the  interior  rivers  of  France; 
numerous  bridges  and  narro\v  connecting  canals  do  not  offer  great 
facilities  for  this  mode  of  navigation.  In  the  maritime  portions  of  the 
rivers,  where  bridges  are  rare,  nearly  all  of  the  ships  are  equipped  with 
sails,  which  they  use  advantageously. 

STEAM  NAVIGATION. 

There  are  two  kinds  of  steamers — those  propelled  by  side  wheels  and 
those  by  screw. 

The  former,  acting  on  the  surface,  require  less  dr.aftof  water  and  are 
not  so  much  exposed  to  damage  from  bars  or  other  obstructions  in  the 
stream;  on  the  other  hand,  in  the  maritime  part  of  the  river  they  are  sub- 


CANALS   IN   FRANCE. 


iieir  horses 


117 


.octea  cau*  str„„|  tug^/t^rr^uife^'r  1  o^b^tin^lSS 

GKAPNELS   OF  TIlZ   RHONE. 


CABLE   TOWING. 

proved  very  successful  in  luiiuers  °  °'  """"«  ''»' 

caual  of  Marue  ou  theSue  -.ZZ  1  ?  u'^'u     of  MaSir ""'  "  ""' 

ways  Js  objeotloi  ;  oSrs   Cl  fe™^^^^ 

For  instance,  in  curves  it  is  w.'.irH.ttr,™  i   "         f  '"'''°  al""i<Ioned. 

stretcL  in  adVance  ^tbe  lirsLui    toasZrt  °,i'?^^'-,7  """  ,""' 
tbe  couvoy  is  less  forcibly  dra'n,  towLna;''Sli«C!'''''  ""  *"' 

CANAL  VS.   RAILWAY  TRAFFIC. 


Iff 

,1 


mUktsdJAiJiumi 


118  CANALS   IN   FRANCE. 

Ill  J885  the  railroads,  like  very  sensitive  barometers,  indicated  the 
de))re8sioii  of  trade  by  their  diminished  n^ceipts,  which  were  10  per 
cent,  less  than  those  of  the  previous  years. 

Their  total  receipts  remained  stationary  from  1880  to  1886,  although 
in  this  interval  the  length  of  the  lines  had  been  extended  from  23,089 
kilometres  to  30,()0G,  or  an  increase  of  about  one-third.  The  tonnage 
was  even  more  allected  than  the  conveyance  of  passengers. 

From  1884  to  1885,  although  1,12;{  kilometres  of  new  line  had  been 
opened,  say  4  per  cent.,  the  tonnage  fell  from  10,487,990,453  to  9,791,- 
537,035,  a  loss  of  7  per  (^ent.  The  crisis,  which  so  nntavorably  affected 
the  railways,  had  the  eilect  upon  the  canals  of  greatly  increasing  their 
traffic,  as  shown  by  accomi)anyiiig  chart.  In  examinnig  the  figures  in 
canal  freiglit  in  1885  to  1887,  it  is  seen  that  the  tonnage  of  the  navi- 
gable water  ways  rose  during  that  period  from  less  than  2J  milliards 
of  tons  to  more  than  3  milliards,  gaining  more  than  20  per  cent. 

Upon  railroads  the  cost  of  transportation  is  known  and  can  be  re- 
du(!ed  upon  full  carloads  to  4  and  even  3  centimes  per  ton  per  kilome- 
tre on  French  railways. 

Upon  canals  and  rivers  used  as  canals  the  price  of  transportation  is 
unknown.  It  has  been  estimated  at  15  millimetres  for  canals  and  20 
millimetres  for  rivers,  which,  with  the  keeping  in  repairs,  represents  20 
to  25  millimetres. 

This  estimate  has  been  uia<^  >  for  the  North  of  France,  where  much  is 
favorable  to  navigation.  It  can  be  assumed  that  less  favorable  circum- 
stances could  scarcely  add  more  than  10  millimetres  to  this  cost. 

Adoi)tiug  this  estimate,  which  appears  liberal,  the  benefit  would  be 
1  Iranc  Ibr  a  course  of  100  kilometres,  and  for  a  long  route  3  francs  for 
300  kilometres.  • 

It  should,  however,  be  considered  that  between  two  places  united  by 
railway  an«l  canal  th6  former  has  an  advantage  of  about  one-fourth 
in  distance.  Valuable  merchandise  requiring  rapid  transit,  such  as 
wines,  worth  350  to  400  francs  per  ton,  would  on  a  distance  of  300  kilo- 
metres gain  2.25  franct:,  or  one-half  per  cent.,  whiidi  would  not  compen- 
sate for  the  delay  of  a  month.  Coal,  on  the  other  hand,  worth  16  francs 
l)er  ton  at  the  mine,  by  saving  2,25  francs  would  have  a  benefit  of  15  per 
cent.    The  same  apj)lies  to  building  stone. 

The  advantage  upon  rubble  and  grindstones  which  pay  G  francs  by 
the  cubic  metre,  the  eciuivalent  of  3  francs  per  ton,  for  a  distance  of  100 
kilometres  is  0.75  francs  or  25  ])er  cent,  on  cost  of  material.  Wood, 
minerals,  manure,  limestone,  bulky  merchandise,  hay,  straw,  and  coke 
are  advantivgeously  curried  on  canals. 

Heavy  ordnance  for  the  navy  is  often  carried  by  canal,  the  risk  of 
breaking  down  the  (!ars  and  bridges  deterring  from  the  transport  by 
rail.  Agriculture  and  trade  are  jiarticularly  developed  in  the  Depart- 
ment of  the  North,  and  of  the  Pas-de-Calais,  and  they  owe  much  of 
their  prosperity  to  the  connection  of  their  mines  with  the  manufactur- 
ing centers  of  France  by  canals.  This  is  the  most  important  coal  basin 
in  France;  it  furnished  in  1882  half  of  the  whole  amount  mined  in 
France,  and  more  than  30  per  cent,  of  the  entire  consumption  of  France. 

The  coal  basin  of  the  north  and  the  Pas-de-Oalais  produced— 

Tons. 

InlSr.O 1,000,000 

InlSiiC 2,000,000 

In  18T0 4,000,000 


s 


'fe 


CANALS   IN   FRANCE. 


119 


sated  the 
e  10  i>er 

althongb 

m  23,089 

tonnage 

liad  been 
to  9,791,- 
Y  affected 
*iiig  their 
figures  in 
the  navl- 
milliards 
nt. 

an  be  re- 
sr  kilome- 

rtation  is 
Ja  and  20 
esents  20 

3  much  is 
0  circum- 

8t. 

would  be 
trancs  for 

united  by 
ne- fourth 
,  such  as 
•  300  kilo- 
i  conipen- 
16  francs 
;  of  15  per 

francs  bv 

ice  of  100 

.    Wood, 

and  CO  lie 

he  risk  of 
nsport  by 
e  l)epart- 
5  much  of 
mufactur- 
coal  basin 
mined  in 
)f  France, 
d— 

Tons. 
.  1,000,000 
.  2,000,000 
.  4,000,000 
.  8,500,000 
.  9,500,000 


In  the  year  1883  tlie  output  exceeded  that  of  1884  by  600,000  tons, 
as  the  industrial  crisis  limited  the  demand  in  the  latter  year. 

The  mining  of  this  coal  increases  in  a  wonderful  manner  and  calls 
lor  constant  amelioration  and  increase  of  water  communications,  which 
call  alone  enable  them  to  compete  successfully  with  importations  from 
other  regions. 

EXPENSES  OF  WATER  WAYS. 

The  expenses  of  public  water  ways  are,  like  other  public  works,  sub- 
ject to  ordinary  and  extraordinary  expenses.  The  hrst  are  of  annual 
occurrence  and  do  not  vary  much  from  year  to  year,  such  as  keeping 
in  order  old  or  constructing  minor  new  lines;  the  second  relate  to 
more  permanent  improvements  and  additions,  which  when  complete  do 
not  require  to  be  renewed  for  many  years. 

The  hrst  are  included  in  the  ord'inary  budget  of  the  minister  of  pub- 
lic works;  the  second,  under  one  or  more  heads,  are  termed  extraor- 
dinary works. 

Herewith  will  be  found  a  summary  of  the  ordinary  expenses  of  the 
navigable  ways,  and  another  table  of  the  sums  thus  expended  from  1814 
to  1817.  These  tables  only  give  the  details  of  the  expenses  for  labor, 
to  the  exclusion  of  the  laborers.  Tiie  personal  expenses  paid  for  super- 
vision are  difiicult  to  obtain,  such  as  the  sums  paid  to  engineers,  mana- 
gers secondary  agents,  lock-tenders,  etc.  Many  of  the  superior  officers 
and  their  aids  have  a  variety  of  duties  to  perform  which  are  not  con- 
nected with  canals.  They  have  to  look  after  roads,  railroads,  hydraulic 
works,  and  various  sur\  eys. 

A  considerable  portion  of  this  fund  is  applied  to  expenses  connected 
with  these  water  ways,  such  as  maritime  canals  and  the  maritime 
portion  of  the  river  upon  which  shins  a^^  end.  The  rivers  serve  other 
purposes,  such  as  reservoirs  for  man  and  beast  and  domestic  purposes 
and  irrigation  of  the  streets  of  villages  and  cities  and  irrigation  of  laud, 
l^or  the  last-named  purpose  this  district  has  no  use.  A  considerable 
source  of  revenue  arises  from  the  sale  of  forests  planted  on  lands 
redeemed  by  dikes  and  the  banks  of  canals  and  upon  which  trees 
^^wm?'  •'^'  '"''"o^s  and  poplars,  are  grown,  which  sell  on  an  average 
at  JO  francs  ajiiece  at  the  growth  of  30  years. 

The  revenue  from  this  source  alone  was  315,063  francs  in  1887  The 
wood  sales  of  the  navigable  waters  of  the  Department  of  the  North 
and  Pasde-Calais  were,  from  1883  to  1887,  69,500  francs,  and  will  be 
much  more  when  the  growing  groves  will  be  matured.  The  net  profit 
of  tlie  sale  of  18,000  poplars  on  the  Seine  was  414,000  francs  in  40 
years,  or  10,350  francs  per  annum.  The  trees  add  not  only  to  the 
beauty  but  the  comfort  of  these  water  ways. 

The  falls  are  utilized  as  a  motive  power,  and  they  become  vast  reser- 
voirs, where  fish  are  extensively  propagated.  They  sometimes  break 
through  their  banks  and  do  much  damage  to  lands  and  become  the 
depositaries  of  much  unhealthy  matter  and  require  great  outlay  for 
repairs.  i         & 

The  importance  of  the  waterways  of  France  is  conceded  on  all  sides, 
and  their  extension  and  amelioration  have  received  (he  careful  consid- 
®^m,   "  ®^  ®^®^-^  administration,  and  of  none  more  than  the  present. 

llie  financial  problem  alone  prevents  thei;  more  rapid  completion 
1^  ranee  inust  (or  thinks  that  she  must)  maintain  an  immense  army  and 
navy,  and  these  cry  louder  than  canals  for  their  supplies.      Froflts 
drawn  by  the  State  from  the  navigable  water  ways  still  eyist,  as  shown 
by  the  tables,  although  tolls  have  been  abolished. 


^ 


4 


I 


ir 


.■■■■rgJJ;.':lE»3g33«l 


il 


! 


s    i  il 


i  ;B1 

1 

i 
I 

i, 


f 


'il^ 


120 


CANALS   IN   FRANCE. 


Tb()s(i  wliicli  acoiuo  to  the  state,  as  regulated  f)y  decrees,  from  the 
exteiiHioii  of  the  <likes  «)r  tlie  lower  Seine,  deserve  paiticular  inentioii. 
Tlie  share  of  the  state  i.s  one  half,  the  other  half  of  the  land  reclaimed 
ill  this  way  becoiiiiii};  the  pro}>(irty  of  the  owner  adjoining  the  river. 

Tiie  work  is  lar  from  coin|)lete,  yet  l'(),()()0,()()0  francs' woith  of  land 
can  now  be  considered  as  alrea<ly  ac(iuired.  In  addition  tiie  treasury  has 
already  received  ;{,()00,(H)0  francs  from  the  sale  of  grass.  Although 
tolls  no  longer  exist,  it  is  interesting  to  examine,  as  in  an  accompanying 
table,  what  these  were  from  their  commencement  July  9,  183G,  until 
their  abolition  in  1871). 

The  fluctuations  from  year  to  year  were  due  to  changes  in  the  tolls 
and  are  no  index  to  the  amount  of  traffic. 

CONCLUSION. 

It  is  only  a  question  of  money  to  rentier  Paris  as  accessible  to  the 
sea  as  any  Euroi)ean  i)ort,  and  to  connect  it  with  Dunkirk  on  the  north- 
ern coast  by  a  deep  canal,  and  to  unite  the  iMediterranean  and  the 
Atlantic  by  a  ship  canal. 

The  water  ways  of  our  own  country  have  presented  such  great  nat- 
ural advantages  that  their  extension  and  improvement  for  navigation 
has  been  too  much  neglected.  Our  lakes  could  be  readily  united  by  a 
ship  canal  with  the  IIu<lson,  and  Albany  (if  Troy  would  permit)  could, 
if  connet^ted  by  a  ship  cianal  with  the  city  of  Hudson,  receiver  the  larg- 
est ships,  which  would  greatly  relieve  the  docks  of  New  York.  Tiie  re- 
quirements of  Western  freight  will  soon  demand  some  such  arrange- 
ment, and  theonly  relief  will  be  through  Canada,  which  is  already  mak- 
ing great  strides  in  that  direction. 

The  etlicient  body  of  engineers  who  have  visited  France  this  season 
have  been  much  interested  in  the  study  of  the  utilization  of  the  navi- 
gal)le  ways,  and  their  influence  will  be  felt  in  improving  the  numerous 
water  ways  of  every  section  of  our  country. 

It  is  well  to  anticipate  the  requirements  of  our  country,  which  will 
soon  have  outgrown  all  of  the  railways  and  canals,  and  should  not  be 
retarded  in  its  progress  while  awaiting  other  constructions  and  exten- 
sions. 

REVENUE   AND  EXPENDITURES. 

The  accompanying  tables  .show  the  expenditures  for  maintenance, 
and  the  receipts  from  tolls  from  1814-'30  to  1879-'87,  for  all  France. 

OUDINARY   WORK. 

Expenses  drawn  from  the  treasuri/  and  from  other  interestrd  sources. 


Years. 

Tresisiiry  fund;!. 

FnntlB  from  otlior  aourcoB. 

Kivei'8. 

Canal  .s. 

Cnmbiiioil. 

Rivers. 

Crtiiala. 

Combined. 

1887 

Francs. 
5,  20!),  000 

Francs. 
.'">,  538,  000 

Francg. 
10,  807,  000 

Fra  ncs. 
213,000 

Francs. 
20, 000 

Fra  net. 
239, 000 

1814-'30 

33,  608, 1!)9 
11)2,153,000 

27, 7i.'-.,;wi 

11 7, 034,  805 
30,  198.  627 
46, 15,-.,  927 

"';W,'85i,'9,-iG' 
10,841,594 
8!),  798,  202 
;»8.  843, 851 
40.  iiU/,  5V8 

33,008  J  99 

1831-'47 

]4I,005,9.'-.7 
44,5W.075 

206,  8 13,  007 
78. 042. 378 
92.  753,  51.5 

1848-'51 

18.V2-'70 

187I-'78 

1870-'K7 

79,  isb 

.5.334,016 
1.029.188 
2,304,051 

70, 001 
530, 488 
240.  071 
31J,  308 

200,  302 
5,  865, 101 
1.875  859 
2,  077, 040 

Combiuod 

303,  800, 838 

230.  933, 183 

596, 800,  021 

9,4.)8, 150 

1, 100, 158 

10,018,314 

IIS  season 
the  uavi- 
uimerous 


aoiircoH. 


Combined. 


CANALS   IN   FRANCE. 

ORDINARY  WORK— continued. 
Expenses  Uraun  from  the  ireanury  and  from  other  interested 


121 


«o«rce«— Continued. 


Tears. 


1887 , 

3814-'30 

18:!l-'47 

i84«-'r,i 

]8-.2-'70 

1871-78 

1879-'87 

Combined 


Funds  of  treasury  and  oilier  funds  com- 
biued. 


Kivers. 


Cannls. 


Combined. 


Franct. 
5,  482,  000 


33,  608,  109 
102, 15:t,  999 

27.  84r,,  082 
122,  300,  421 

40,827,715 

48,620,578 

375,  ;i24, 994 


Franef. 
5, 482, 000 


3;t,608,  199 
102, 153,  999 

27, 845,  082 
12.',  309,  421 

39, 090,  522 

40, 0U9, 970 


232, 093, 341 


Francs. 
11,048,000 


33,008,199 
14l,<ia5,  957 

44,  757,  277 
212,698,111 

79,  918,  237 

95, 430, 554 


007, 418,  335 


EXTRAOIiDINARY  WORK. 

Expenses  incurred  for  interior  navigation. 


Years. 


Rivers. 


First 
category. 


1887 , 

18U-'30.. 
18HI-'47.. 
1818-'51  .. 
lH52-'70.. 
1871-'7H 
1879-'87  . . 


Frdncg. 
3, 859, 000 


Second 
category. 


Francs. 
I,;«i5,000 


22,  097, 384 
5,013,  505 
■)3,  130.  914 
17,701,814 
35, 840,  387 


33. 008, 109 


Special  credit. 


RbAne. 


Sa6ue. 


Francs. 


28,283,104 
4,971,206 

23,  760, 160 
7,  39(,  137 
9,604,301 


22.',  077, 171 


10,  646,  562 
i),  114,790 

12,  917,  040 
3,  458,  682 


Francs. 


Tsfirc. 


Francs. 


Ehin. 


Francs. 


5,410,454 
1,391,721 
a,  038, 389 
2, 092, 193 


32, 137,  674 


1,516.775 

568,719 

3, 601,  573 

1,  257, 103 


1.5.532,767   6,944,170 


Tears. 


Loire. 


Allier. 


Francs. 


0, 772, 499 
3,  352,  597 
15, 210,  202 


25,  335,  358 


12, 60.5, 603 
3,  120,  127 

10,  924,  370 
3,  912, 932 


Francs. 


1,284,413 
359, 622 

1,  582, 953 
509, 154 


30,469,122  I  3,736,142 


Rivers. 


Special  credit. 


Sevro 
uiurtai'te 


1887. 


]814..'30. 
1881-'47  . 
lSt8-T>l  . 
I852-'70.. 
1871-'78., 
1879-'87.. 


Francs. 


Garonne. 


Francs. 


Ferries. 


961,201 

270, 457 

I,  459,  625 

380,  292 


12,  075, 8.54 
2,  402,  707 
.5,  804,  736 
1,  801,  373 


3,077,635  22,084,669 


Francs. 
45, 000 


Conibioed. 


Canals. 


First 
category. 


Francs. 

5,  269,  000 


Franci. 
4, 450, 000 


Second 
category . 


537, 870 

1,  998,  181 

690, 847 

645,  239 


3, 872, 140 


33, 60H,  199 
102,  163,  999 

27,  715,  381 
117, 034,  805 

39, 198,  527 

40, 165,  927 


365, 860, 838 


27, 849, 392 
11,65.5,980 
67,  685, 109 
30,  833, 720 
37,  038, 065 


174, 86S,  175 


Francs. 
1, 088, 000 


Combined. 


11, 002, 506 
5.  285, 614 
12,  21  {,  093 
8,010,122 
9,  558,  013 


56, 070,  008 


Francs. 
5, 538, 000 


38,  851,  958 
10,841,594 
89, 798,  202 
38, 843, 851 
40, 597,  578 


Total. 


Francs. 
10,807,000 


230, 933, 183 


33, 008, 199 
141,005,957 

44,  556, 976 
206,  833,  007 

78, 042, 378 

82,  753, 505 


596, 800, 021 


as 

hi 


■"Vi 


i 


1 1 


122  CANALS    IN   FRANCE. 

Difienf  of  revenue  and  profit  acmting  to  the  nlata  for  rivers  and  canala  in  1887. 


Krrrii'n 

I'MhIhty 

liiiiiilii'i); 

I'ljllltllllDIlS 

Vni^  III'  water 

Uhi-  (if  |)iilili:'  (loinnin 
(Jnnlnut  I'or  towing.., 

MiHI'lllIllIUHIIIH 


Total. 


Itlvurg. 


'•ranet. 
80,  (i(l8 
8:ii,:)4;i 

111,400 
27,  20:1 
02,  487 

1211,  111 4 

y.  7(iO 

114, 04M 


I,;i40.200 


OuiiiiIh. 


Francs. 

2.  220 

180,  r>iio 

l.MI,  322 

317,800 

77,  f>0,5 

114,  2110 

102,802 

CI.  108 


1,084,G'>5 


Total. 


Franei. 

111,804 

1,020,01)0 

270,  788 

n4r),  003 

130,0112 
223,  b4(l 
100,  &71 
U,'),  IM 


2,433,0ni 


Annual  income  from  i 


oila  received  by  the  mate  for  years  18IW  to  the  aboliiion  of  tolls 
in  1871). 


Ycftr. 

Aiiniinl 
iiu'oino. 

Year. 

Aiiuunl 
income. 

1838 

Fraiicn. 
5,013,310 
r>,  477, 0118 
5,2,S0,801 
0,704,301 
0,  .'■)85,  821 

7,  004,  282 
7, 302, 0  J5 

8,  720,  000 
11, 144, 401 
0,  ('.74,  023 
0,  800,  ;<5(i 
8,  028,  30,-) 
0.  387,  7110 

10,3,'>U,  120 
10,  082,  484 
10, 082,  4.S4 

0,. 050, 109 
10,  300,  6611 
1 1, 008,  348 
10,  5.-!4,  528 

7, 892, 782 

1H50 

Franct. 
7,071  179 

1H30 

1800. 

0,507,  133 

1840 

1801 

1W!2         

4, 0'.iO,  050 

1841 

4, 250,  020 
4, 832, 003 
4,077,100 

1812 

1803 

1843 

1804 

180.').. 

1844 

4,871,249 

1845 

IHOO 

5,370,470 

1840 

1807 

3, 820, 188 

1847 

1808 

3,721,024 

1848 

18U0 

1870 

3, 984,  408 
2, 072, 088 

1840. 

181^0 

1H7I 

3,  283,  470 

18.'il 

1872 

3,  777,  225 
3, 705, 270 

18,V.' 

1873 

IK.Vl            

1874 

3. 842. 400 

18!i4 

IhT.")                    

4,  270,  809 
4,1,54,620 

4, 402,  288 

IB-W 

1870  

1850 

1877 

J857             

1878 

4, 203,  813 
4,31)0,781 

IS.W 

1870 

OlIAS.   P 


United  Sta'jes  Consulate, 

Rotten,  i^cptombcr  'Jl,  1890. 


Williams, 

Cotisul. 


THE  FOREZ  CANAL. 

JiFrOTiT  BY  COMMEKCIAL  AOEXT  MALMROS,  OF  ST.  ETIENNE. 

The  Foivz  Canal,  dorived  from  the  Loire  River,  is  destined  to  the  irri- 
gation of  that  jiart  of  the  jihiin  conijirised  between  the  Loire  and  the 
Lifjnon  Mountains,  it  is  composed  of  three  great  branches  giving  ori- 
gin to  a  hirge  unmber  of  arteries.  By  the  decree  of  18(i3  a  i>erpetual 
concession  of  the  canal  was  granted  to  the  department  of  the  Loire  for 
the  irrigation  of  about  ()r),(U)()  acres,  and  granted  for  its  construction 
1,000,000  francs,  representing  about  a  (quarter  of  the  total  expense. 
The  works  were  thereupon  comn)enced,but  after  some  months,  the  sub- 
scriptions being  deemed  iiKsuilh-iont,  the  const  ruction  was  inteiTUptcd 
for  a  long  time.  However,  in  ISS'2  a  bill  was  passed  assuring  the  com- 
plete execution  of  the  canal  at  the  expense  of  the  state  by  means  of  the 


1887. 


Total. 


Franet. 

i,o2u,o;)» 

270,  7K8 
.lif),  063 

i;iu,o»'^ 

l>2;i,  b40 
]00,&71 
145,  ]M 

'A4»:i,ora 


ilion  of  tolls 


AduurI 
income. 


Francii. 
7,071,170 
0,.n07,  i;t3 
4,  (I'.IU,  1(50 
4, 250,  020 
4, 8;i2, 003 
4,077,100 
4,871,249 
5,370,470 
;i,  820, 188 
3,721,024 
3, 984,  408 
2, 072,  088 
3,  283,  470 
3,  777,  225 
3, 705, 270 

3,  84'.',  400 

4,  270,  80!) 
4,154,626 
4, 402,  288 
4,  203,  813 
4,300,781 


MS, 

Consul. 


to  the  irri- 
e  and  the 
jiving  ori- 
l>erpetual 
'.  Loire  for 
istruotion 
expense. 
I,  the  8ub- 
iteiTUptod 
<;  the  com- 
ans  of  the 


CANALS   IN   FRANCE. 


123 


following  reaonrces:  First,  afiupidemcntarvsnbaicly  of  1,222,000 franca 
briiifrmff  up  the  atate  {?raMt  to  a  tliinl  of  the  whole  cost ;  second,  a  loan 
to  the  departiiu'ntof  the  Loire  hearinj,'  intereat  at  4  per  cent. 

Iho  maintenance  ami  workinj;  of  the  canal  ahould  be  borne  by  the 
department  who  each  year  was  to  liand  over  to  the  treasniy  the  net 
proceeda  until  tlw  whole  anm  advanced  waa  paid  oft'.  Immediatelv  the 
worka  commenced  a<,^ain  and  at  the  end  of  aix  years  the  three  branchea 
were  terminated  to  the  aatiafaction  of  all  parties  and  eapecially  of  the 
farmera  who  dwelt  in  their  vicinity. 

Rvpcnsc— The  expense  of  the  construction  of  the  Fore/,  Canal  reached 
the  aum  of  7,037,100  francs.  The  followintf  table  shows  the  lenijtha, 
area  covered,  and  expenses  of  the  construction  at  the  different  epocha- 


Designation  of  tlio  parts  of  tlio  canal. 


Works  exociitod  boforo  1883 
Works  oxeciitod  up  to  1888. 

Total 


Area  fur- 
nished. 


Acrct. 
18,000 
5,  000 


23, 000 


Lt-njitli 
of  canal. 


Miles. 
100 
15 


11.'! 


Bxpeuae. 


Franet. 
3,  000,  OliO.  00 
1,097,008.57 


4,  097,  008.  57 


The  correct  estimate  of  the  remainder  has  not  yet  been  ascertained 
aa  tlie  canals  are  not  yet  completed,  but  it  is  expected  that  the  whole 
sum  will  not  exceed  the  7  millions  already  mentioned. 

Worhnff  of  the  canaL—The  maintenance  and  working  of  the  canal  ia 
done  by  the  <lei)artment  of  the  Loire,  which  emi)loya  a  regnlar  ataft'of 
engineers,  overaeers,  etc.,  for  that  purpoae. 

T/ie  sale  of  the  tcater.— The  water  of  irrigation  is  aold  bv  volume  and 
gauged  With  precision.  The  unit  of  subscription  corresponds  to  a  con- 
tinual output  of  half  a  litre  i)er  second.  The  water  can  be  employed  for 
any  extent  of  land  and  destined  to  other  uaea  than  that  of  irrigation  aa 
may  be  required.  Nevertheless  the  subscriptions  arc  based  on  the 
acreage.  The  lowest  subscription  which  forms  the  unit  is  40  francs, 
ihe  water  for  public  fountains  or  industrial  uses  is  paid  at  160  francs 
per  litre. 

Mode  of  distribution.— Some  proprietors,  and  thoae  amongst  the 
larg-eat  consumers,  take  the  water  continually  by  special  pipes,  but  by 
lar  the  largest  number  receive  it  periodically  and  collectively.  The 
members  of  these  groups  are  served  through  the  same  pipe  placed  at 
the  head  of  a  stream,  branching  out  into  secondary  rills  so  as  to  bring 
the  water  to  the  limits  of  each  farm.  The  pipe  ia  furnished  with  a 
flood-gate  and  a  gauging  apparatua,  attended  by  a  man  who  regulates 
the  opening  so  that  each  riH  receives  the  volume  of  water  required, 
l^ach  of  the  members  of  the  groups  receives  once  a  week,  the  same  davs 
and  at  the  same  hours,  the  totality  of  the  outflow  during  a  time  which 
IS  always  in  proportion  to  the  importance  of  his  subscription.  For  this 
purpose  the  proprietor  i)laces  on  the  rill  at  the  head  of  his  f\irm  a  sluice 
which  he  opens  and  shuts  at  will.  The  irrigation  commences  on  the 
land  the  f^irthest  off  from  the  canal,  and  when  tiio  time  is  ui)  the  nro- 
prietor  behind  closes  the  rill  and  turns  the  water  on  to  his  own  land 
and  so  on  until  the  farm  nearest  the  i)arent  canal  is  served,  so  that  no 
fraud  can  be  cominitted,  or  very  rarely  so.  Thanks  to  this  organization 
the  suryeillants  have  very  little  trouble,  and  in  anv  case  frauds  are 
easily  discovered, 

Irrioation  tahles.—^^ch  year  before  the  1st  of  April  the  irrigation 
tables  are  made  out  by  the  agents  of  each  subdivision  and  posted  up  iu 


\w 

■  i. 


i 


I 


1    !  * 


124 


CANALH   IN    KUANCE. 


fl,n  nn.voiH'  ()m.'.'«  mitil  the  1st  of  N..v(Mnl)W.    Bosi.los  oacl.  snbflcrll.er 

i : .  ■  or    iml  IH"  i....ssc.ss,.^.    The  ini^Mtion  .s  ,imn.R(..l  u,  su. !.  a  nan^ 
,    1    t       0  vciv  Hi..alU«st  pn>|.n.'t«.r  ivcr'vos  Ihe  water  nl  ha^t  two 
i;;;;,'!;  a,Hl  (l,e  vohnne  .nsrilu.tlul  ranges  Iro.a  7  to  15  htros  per  «econ<l. 
"Mi.riii' siiMvij-n  is  av()i(U'»l  as  iimch  aH  posHiuU^ 

'     W«   /  //r;;/l.//on.~.'rhe  waters  „f  the  <.anal  are  used  al.nost  ex- 
rh IS  V    V  Ibr  the  irriuaiion  of  arlitleial  ov  natural  pastures. 
'''  Cn/J.l-Kirs  ^rrifrati..n  by  hori.outal  rills  lor  Imuls  »"vvuk 
cHMtain  Knullen.l    Seeon.l.  Irrigation  h.y  wooden  troughs,  wlnelns  well 

"'u:'h:Mi;eJ^'n'^hIl  are  use.l  with  ,reat  advantage  by  tlu«nM)st 

i  mvthoC  marshy  weeds;  but  this  eoines  Iroin  the  lault  ol  t  u'  propiie- 
f.  s  wh  n  e et  to  till  the  hollows  .»r  holes  and  Kive  a  rej-ular  slope  to 
the  nusulowr     llowever,  they  are  bepnniuK  to  do  better  as  they  gain 

'^''\Z!!Z'l;rirri,uttion.-^Vhe  resalts  ol>taiued  by  the  eouscientioua  pro- 
TM  .  orl  M    V  Tsat  sVa<-t()rv.     Son;;-,  lauds  f.u'  which  2,500  tra.u^s  the 

et   re  (•>  47    ae  e     was  paid  betore  this  systeu,  of  irripHuu.  are  now 

rtlS,uio,Va.,es.    The  results  lor  others  are  more  ]"«;!»:,«  ;,>,^^.,«" 

e,  eo  naoinj..    Mea.lows  whieh  h.Melotbre  were  valued  at  A<»     \''"    » 

J  .1 1  not  now  be  sold  uiuler  4,500  franes.    As  it  takes  tyou  500  to (.00 

;  e  e  e^aV;^^^^^^^^^^^^  i'ood  n.eadow,  the  protlt  ^^  ^^^^^  ^^ 
I  ;  0  iV  nes  and  due  to  irrif^ation.  The  hire  ot  farn.s  has  a  so  uotably 
rnerltas^il ;  lands  whieh  wen.  let  at  W  francs  before  the  existence  ot  the 
canals  now  obtain  easily  'JOt>  iranes. 

ncvclopmvHt  of  the  »yi>tem  of  irri(iaHon  from  1871  io  1885. 


Ijpnsth  of 

Extent  of 

I'rotluction. 

Yonrs. 

canal. 

Kilomrlri's. 

irri}!iitiou. 

Ilertarft. 

Franr». 

:)l.l)40 

■Jll 

8, 435. 30 

1R71 .. 

;n.  1)1(1 

185.2.') 

0, 833.  50 

187-2 ■;■... 

32.»ti710 

ItiO.  70 

4,  335.  34 

187;t 

38. 70:no 

211.44 

10,048.11 

1K71 . 

3».  70310 

204.  ni 

12,081.11 

187S 

63. 1701 -J 

307.  70 

13,612.40 

1870 ... 

fi3.1701-J 

30.1.  33 

15,703.10 

1877 

79.04347 

3i;o.  eo 

1«,0«3.00 

85.  1746.'> 

408.  36 

17,023.82 

1S7!» 

DO.  'JSriO;') 

fiOO.  49 

18,851.30 

1S80 

10J.328ir> 

540. 75 

20, 050. 63 

1S81 

104. 0003.') 

C6H.40 

20, 014.  23 

IKfi-J 

llU.OOOiif) 

533. 70 

20, 337. 04 

188;i 

104.0003.'") 

563.  50 

21, 020, 03 

1881 

104.  C9'J85 

011.80 

22,013.64 

1885    

. 

1  Uil>mi.>ttv:-B<"ilo-                      llioctil 

re-- 2.471  acre 

s. 

The  Slow  progress  of  irrinatiou  remarked  in  the  plain  of  the  Foroz  is 
to  I H^t ti^l.  Hi  to  the  want  of  initiative  on  the  part  of  many  proprie. 
tor^ind  to  the  relative  importance  of  the  expenses  to  be  incurred  in 
!l  !r,M^n  ;  lin  of  the  lauds  which  hitherto  did  not  receive  the^waters 
«'r  f  .■.V'..:,n.,i  It  i,..s  been  already  stated  that  the  cosr  oy  uccuire 
a  n^it  'd  i  '500  o  H>  fJam- J^  and  farmers  hesitate  to  lay  out  that  smij^ 
rtltS^^^^  ai<e  convinced  of  the  profits  they  would  gain,  while  again 


subscriber 
)n  of  evtirj 
iicli  a  luaii 
t  h'ast  two 
)er  wecoiKl. 

almost  ex- 

<  haviiiR  a 
liicli  is  well 

)y  tlu»  most 
employ  Uio 
•  I  raCcd  and 
/  t'tnployeti. 
H  I'avor  tlio 
I  lie  i)roprie- 
ilar  slojwto 
s  tliey  gain 

out  ion  a  pro- 
I)  iVaiuis  the 
ion  arc  now 
est,  yet  still 
2,000  francs 
,m  mK)to(iOO 
then  nearly 
also  notably 
stonceof  tlio 


nt  of 

rrotluction. 

itiou. 

are». 

Francg. 

11 

8,4:i5.30 

85.  an 

0, 833.  50 

tlO.  70 

4,  335.  34 

!U.44 

10,048.11 

;o4.  ni 

I'J.OSl.U 

507.  70 

13,512.46 

iti.1.  ".la 

15,703.10 

ISO.  CO 

10, 003. 00 

408.  ;!5 

17,023.82 

riOfl,  40 

18,  S.")  1.30 

54!).  ir> 

20, 050. 63 

568.40 

20, 034.  23 

5;!3. 70 

20, 337. 04 

553.  r.o 

21,020.03 

011.80 

22,013.64 

if  the  Foroz  is 
nany  i)roprie- 
l)e  incurred  in 
ve  the  waters 
st  l>,v  hectare 
out  that  sum, 
n.  while  again 


CANALS   IN   FRANCE.  125 

the  fanners  have  generally  only  a  lease  of  from  six  to  nine  years,  and 
r«STimlfto"n;;>y't!"  '"  ""^"'"'^^  "'""'^  "''^""''"  ""'  '""'y  'h.^ye'mch 
The  amount  of  Water  to  be  derived  from  the  Loire  is  fixed  at  6  cubio 
metres  per  secrond  wit  h  permission  to  increase  this  quantity  progressively 
nL.?fH  ""•"  ".""''In-  f''''  ^^'"  J""  I'"-'*'  Of  determining  the  sections 
?L  V  .Vv  ""fZu^  ';"'?'M"^'^'«'^  '"^ve  been  taken  as  basis.  On  the 
Is  1,  dav  oi  Apn  ,  188!)  M.O  kilometres  840  metres  of  the  canal  were  iu 
activity  ot  winch  ,i7  kilometres  ;{r>  metres  belonged  to  the  nuiin  canal,  the 
re  namder  to  the  bianeh  arteries.  The  entire  work  is  iu  a  sound  con. 
dition.  iJowever,  the  nupermeability  of  the  canal  and  its  branches 
eaves  at  certain  points  much  to  be  desired.  The  tiltratious  of  water 
thereby  produced  con.stitute  not  only  a  «langer  to  the  stability  of  the 
embankment  at  sucii  jioints,  l)ut  have  also  the  imjouveiiience  of  irreatlv 
reuuciiig  the  net  reveuues  of  the  canal.  It  is  proposed  to  devote  all  sur- 
plus  reveues  ot  the  canal  to  reme<ly  this  <lefect.  Although  the  advan- 
tages ot  irrigation  in  the  Plainedu  l^orez  ai-e  iucontestable  the  receipts 
nave  but  feebly  iu<;reased. 

qi?i^r?i  ^^'A  *°  1«8^»  »'<'lu«ive,  have  been  given  in  preceding  table. 
Since  then  they  have  been  as  follows :  b      "  «• 

1887 ^™"<'»- 

1888....  24,«)'28.:J7 

188<)....       27,307.43 

i8yo(o«un.i^f)::::::::::::;:::::;:::::::::::;:::;;;;;;;:;;;;-;;;-;---j^^ 

Secondary  brauohes  are  constructed  whenever  the  subscriptions  in 
a  region  are  snaicient  to  guarantee  a  revenue  of  00  per  cent,  of  the 

wTw  «>i  ;?;if'''''^''Z     ■'•'''"  Pi-ol>'tble  expenses  during  the  year  1890 
win  De  w8,0;>0  francs,  leaving  a  suri)lus  of  1,950  francs. 

DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  LOZijRE. 

In  this  department  there  is  no  irrigating  canal  constructed  or  owned 
eitner  ijy  the  state  or  any  of  its  subdivisions  or  by  any  private  incor- 
porated company  or  syndicate,  yet  believing  that  irrigation  as  practiced 
in  the  depart^aent  and  the  laws  regulating  it  may  be  of  some  interest, 
1  submit  the  following  remarks  in  regard  thereto : 

Up  to  the  present,  a  special  account  of  the  lands  irrigated  in  the 
department  of  the  Loz6re  has  not  been  kept.  The  lower  valleys  are 
generally  ungated  as  well  as  the  sloping  lands,  .iud  the  quantity  of  hay 
ana  straw  «leiived  from  grounds  thus  irrigated  has  increased  fourfold 
ana  tne  quality  has  also  been  considerably  a- meliorated.  The  average 
pnce  ot  land  submittetl  to  this  irrigation  has  increased  4  and  5  per 

jVowrces  0/ ica/er  supph/.-lSo  river,  lake,  or  reservoir  of  importance 
exists  in  thedepartment,  but  some  rather  good  streams  traverse  iu  differ- 
fariuer*^     "'^         country  and  are  availed  of  by  the  most  intelligent 

Character  of  worU.~T\\(^  method  generally  adopted  iu  the  Lozere 
consists  in  cutting  through  the  banks  of  the  streams  and  causing  the 
water  to  flow  through  the  land  by  rills  slightly  inclined.  As  the  amount 
ot  water  depends  on  the  tlushiug of  the  streams  by  the  rainfall  it  often 
liappens  that  m  summer  a  great  lack  is  ex|)erjenced.  In  sneh  euses 
the  proprietors  of  the  soil  have  an  understanding  with  each  other  and 
irrigate  alternately.  The  water  derived  from  springs  is  collected  iu 
reservoirs  and  distributed  by  means  of  pipes  made  ad  hoc.    The  trac- 


126 


CANALS   IN    FRANCE. 


' 


iu{?of  the  rill.s  is  vory  HimpU).  The  fiirmor  cuts  >no  from  the  stream 
direct  uiul  prolongs  it  to  the  jmkI  of  his  land  and  then  traces  arteries 
on  each  side  of  it  as  becomes  necessary. 

Water  distribution.—Tlm  administration  of  the  department  has  not 
80  far  regulated  by  any  special  laws  the  system  of  irrigation  in  the 
Loz5re,  but  has  left  it  entirely  to  the  people  themselves,  who  are  gov- 
erned by  the  general  laws  of  irrigation,  which  are  as  follows  : 

The  proprietorH  of  lunil  bordering  on  a  rmining  water  other  than  such  as  belong  to 
the  public  (loiuain  (utato)  may  make  use  of  hiksU  water  for  irriKatiug  their  laiid.  lii 
caHo  the  water  I'liiiH  through  the  property  the  owner  may  even  within  the  limits  of 
bisbiud  divert  mich  water  from  it«  natural  course  for  purposes  of  irrigation,  provided 
it  is  restored  to  its  natural  course  at  the  point  where  the  water  again  issues  from  his 
property. 

The  proprietors  of  an  estate  traversed  by  a  running  stream  can  not  absorb  entirely 
such  waters  to  the  ))rejudico  of  lower  riverside  owners,  even  if  such  water  docs  not 
Buftice  for  the  complete  irrigation  of  his  own  estate.  In  such  a  case  it  l)eIongs  to  the 
province  of  the  local  courts  of  Justico  to  so  regulate  the  use  of  said  water  between 
the  several  riverside  owners  as  ito  conciliate  the  general  interest  of  agriculture  with 
the  rights  of  private  property. 

The  prefeotsof  departments  are  invested  with  powers  of  making  police  regulations 
coucerniug  the  manner  of  using  all  running  w.aters  not  navigable  nor  lloatable. 
Every  proprietor  who  in  order  to  irrigate  his  land  desires  to  make  use  of  either  nat- 
ural or  artilicial  water  courses  of  which  ho  has  the  right  to  dispose  may  obtain  the 
passage  of  such  water  across  intervening  estates  on  first  paying  a  just  indemnity  to 
the  owners  of  the  last-named  estates.  Excepted  from  this  servitude  are  houses,  roads, 
gardens,  parks,  and  inclosures  belonging  to  dwelling  houses. 

The  owners  of  land  lying  below  the  estates  so  irrigated  are  bound  to  receive  the 
waters  running  off  from  the  latter  on  receiving  a  just  indemnity.  The  exceptions 
mentioned  to  the  previous  apply  also  to  this  servitude. 

The  contests  arising  out  of  said  servitude,  the  location  of  the  pipea  or  other 
waterways,  the  dimensions  and  forms  of  the  latter,  the  iudenmitiea  due  to  either  the 
proprietors  of  said  intervening  estates  or  of  the  estates  through  which  the  water 
runs  off  from  the  irrigated  property,  have  to  be  submitted  to  the  tribunals  of  justice. 
These  will  proceed  in  a  summary  manner,  conciliating  the  interests  of  the  irrigating 
works  to  be  established,  with  the  respect  due  to  property,  and  appoint,  in  case  a 
valuation  should  be  necessary,  an  export,  but  not  more  than  one.  Riverside  owners 
of  land  entitled  to  irrigation  h  ive  tlio  privilege  of  supporting  their  dams  or  other 
structures  required  for  that  purpose  on  the  land  on  tho  opposite  side  of  the  river  by- 
paying  a  just  indemnity  to  the  owner  of  such  land. 

The  peasantry  therefore  being  completely  free  to  control  the  irriga- 
tion of  their  lands  they  use  the  water  according  to  their  wants.  Irri- 
gation is  eftected  at  three  diifercnt  periods  of  the  year:  (1)  Before  the 
first  cut;  (2)  immediately  after,  and  (3)  in  September  before  the  cold 

Sftfs  111 

The  method  of  irrigation  as  given  above,  being  so  simple  and  rudi- 
meutary,  it  is  difficult  to  calculate  the  expense,  which  in  all  cases  is 
excessively  small  if  not  insignificant.  The  farmers  trace  the  rills  iu 
winter  when  they  have  nothing  else  to  do.  The  springs  belong  to  the 
proprietors  of  the  lauds  in  which  they  are  situated,  and  the  streams 
belong  to  nobody  iu  particular,  but  all  who  live  on  their  borders  pos- 
sess the  right  of  use  of  them  as  defined  by  tho  civil  laws  already  cited. 

Climate  and  soil.— The  Department  of  the  Loz^re  is  the  most  elevated 
of  the  central  departments  of  France.  It  is  traversed  in  <lirTerent  direc- 
tions by  lofty  mountains  with  profound  valleys  intervening.  The  winter 
consequently  is  rigorous  to  an  extremedegree  on  the  height'^.  The  snow 
makes  its  appearance  early  in  the  month  of  October  and  does  not  dis- 
appear before  the  first  fortnight  in  May.  Parts  of  the  country  are  ren- 
dered uninhabitable  by  the  frequent  snow  storms  whicli  beat  with  fury 
the  heights.  In  tlie  valley  the  climate  is  cold  iu  wiuter  and  not  warm 
iu  summer  except  at  the  southern  part  of  tho  department. 


CANALS    IN   FRANCE. 


127 


and'srScr"'  '"°  ""''  '■'""'™""'^'  "-"^  i-  ''•'r  the  most  part  chalky 
paStS'LlIfolK^"  ''•■"'"""  '"  "'■""  *«■-'""  '-"o"^  of  the  de. 

MoiKle  (chief  lowii)  ..  „..  . 

Marvejols millimetres..  73:J=2  feot    nnr1,«« 

viiiofort :::::;:;::::::: ''«; «4h=2  f.otSo  s: 

metres..      2=0  feet  8  iiichea 

OSOAB  MALMROS, 

United  States  Commkrcial  Aciknt,  ^'^"'^'^^^^'"^  ^O^nt 

i^t.  mienne,  June  10,  1890. 


COGNAC. 

REPORT  BY  CONSUL  EARLE. 

it,  that  it  was  very     roper  yS^^ 

transportation  in  this  coiisularTi S.  ,•  i  ^"i^'^"^  ^^^  ''"^»^"  ^^ter 
It  is  eftected  by  teer  Tj  Lhnnn  ^  ^^i^\'^  "^^"'"^l  waterways, 
folding  nmsts,  a7d  hfvL  i  canaP^?rnf  f '^'^'^^^  ^^t*^'  fu^'^i^hed  with 
Thesefas  a  rule,  L  nmnfuvererbfa  couT JfV''  T  *."f  ?^"  '"'^•l^"' 
a  syndicateof  h  ffger  ownerr  I  nn  .  n  , hill  "F  ^''^f'  belonging  to 
by  river  and  rail  comfm^rbut  at  rm-  f tt  nf'f  '/''^  ^^^  ^'^'^^^  ^^^^es 
the  carrying  trade  of  iognac  is  by  ?he  Chare' te'''  ""''  '^""""'^  "^' 

Garonne'T,d  o?S  MeJi^'  S?'"'',  '^  'J'"  f  ^'^^^  ^^^^^'^^  «^««J  o^  the 
tets  in  the  Aepartment  of  t^e  G  ZL'^'nnJ'f  ^'T  '^l'''^''  ^^  ^as- 
southeasterly  d  rect  ^to  the  town  of  fef^^  ^'^^  ^T.'"  Bordeaux,  in  a 
rault.  It  begins,  therefore  fntTo  .1^!.  •*'?^"\  ^^^  Department  of  Hd- 
and  end  in  tifa   of  the  cttul  o^^^^^^^^^^  th^^o^mX  at  Bordeaux, 

therefore,  give  you  all  necessarv  infnrmlr       ^«  f  ^ese  gentlemen  will 
myself  with  «a^-ng  thatTfclaf D  1   e"  T'l^'l  ''^^^^^^'.^  «°"tent 

i^i:^s:rsS5??-^^ 

and  are  formiiK  to  tilts  purpose      '         "'""P™"^  1"'™  bee,,  formed 

'^^^^l^^^^l^t:^^''^'  I  ^-a"  ^ave  .o 

Edward  P.  Earle, 
United  States  Consulate,  Consul. 

Cognac,  Attgust  14, 1889. 


128 


i  I 


CANALS    IN    FRANCE. 


HAVRE. 


REPORT  UY  VOSSUIj  DUFAIS.  OV  HAVRE, 


Tlio  canals  in  my  coiiHiilar  district,  oiiibiaciiij?  tlicarroiidl.ssementHof 
Havre  and  Yv«'tot  in  tlni  Dcpartmc.it  of  tlio  Seitic-lnlciit'iiio,  tiic  I)e- 
partinentH  of  Calvaaos,  IllcetVilaiiic,  Maucho,  Mayeune,  and  Orne, 
aro  the  following;: 

1.  Tlio  canal  of  Tancarville,  from  llavrotoTancarville  (on  tlio  Soino). 

2.  The  canal  fronjOaon  (Calvados)  into  tlio  soa  at  Oiiistrcliiim. 

.'{.  Tlio  canal  from  llonnos  (Ilh^ot-Vilainc!  and  Cotes  du  Nord)totlio 
mouth  of  the  river  Kawce,  near  Dinaii. 

4.  The  canal  from  Coutiinces  (Manclie)  to  the  sea. 

5,  The  canal  Vire  and  Taute,  (ionnectinj;  the  town  of  Les  Ornea  on 
the  river  Tautc  witli  I'orribeton  the  river  Vire  (Depart,  do  la  Manchc). 

CANAL   OF  TANCARVILLE. 

The  daiifjer  to  small  river  (sraft  in  navigatingf  the  lower  Seine,  and 
particularly  its  estuary,  necessitated  tho  construction  of  this  canal.  Its 
lenjjth  Is  about  IS  miles,  connecting  the  docks  of  Havre,  through  the 
Bassin  do  1'  Euro,  with  the  river  Seine  at  Tancarville,  where  the  river 
contracts  and  becomes  safe  for  river  navigation ;  tho  work  was  linished 
and  inaugurated  on  tho  UTtli  July,  1887. 

Tho  soil  through  which  tlie  canal  i)a88es  being  mostly  alluvial,  the 
cutting  presented  very  little  ditliculty.  The  excavations  amount  to 
about  5  million  cubic  meters. 

The  canal  emerges  from  the  Bassin  do  I'Eure  about  live-eighths  of  a 
mile  from  this  point;  it  bends  to  tho  northeast  on  a  curve  of  about  050 
yards;  it  then  crosses  the  plain  of  Graville  St.-Ilonorine  diagoimlly, 
passes  in  front  of  Ilarfleur  to  within  tive  eighths  of  a  mile  of  this  town 
(to  which  there  is  a  branch  of  the  canal),  and,  following  a  (Mirve  of  about 
3,2(50  yards,  strikes  tho  foot  of  the  cliffs  of  Gonfreville,  Orclier,  Koger- 
ville,  Oudalle,  and  Sandouville  up  to  the  light  house  of  Le  Bode,  from 
whence  it  reaches  Tancarville  in  a  straight  line  through  tho  meadows 
of  St.  Vigor,  Cerlangue,  and  Tancarville,  where  it.joins  tho  river  Seine 
at  the  foot  of  the  Capo  of  Tancarville,  about  00  miles  below  liouen. 

As  said,  a  branch  perpendicular  to  the  line  of  tho  canal  connects  it 
with  Hartleur,  to  which  the  depth  of  water  is  19A  feet;  from  Ilartleur 
to  Tancarville,  U^  feet;  its  width  from  Havre  to  Uartiour,  02  feet,  and 
from  there  to  Tancarville,  81^  feet. 

The  normal  level  of  the  canal  is  3;^  feet  below  the  mean  level  of  the 
land  between  Havre  and  Tancarville,  or  24J  feet  above  tho  zero  of  the 
water  of  the  charts  of  Havre. 

At  Havre  steamboats  and  vessels  pass  from  the  Bassin  do  I'Eureinto 
a  "garage "or  receiving  basin  103  feet  in  width,  750  feet  in  length; 
from  there  into  a  locked  basin  or  "sas"  587  feet  long  and  98  feet  wide 
through  two  double  gates,  from  which  they  emerge  through  another 
like  gate  into  the  tluvial  basin  190  feet  wide,  and  1,900  feet  long.  At 
Tancarville,  where  the  springtides  and  accomi)auying  bar  reach  an  ex- 
traordinary height,  there  is  a  single  gate  (32  feet  in  height  from  the 
bottom),  and  another  one  of  30  feet  iu  height  forming  a  lock  of  176  feet 
in  length.  The  depth  of  water  at  the  first  gate  at  the  lowest  ebb  is  10^ 
feet,  and  at  tho  lowest  high  tide  22  feet.    From  the  lock  vessels  pass 


I  !i 


idiHsementH  of 
liemo,  the  De- 
UP,  and  Oriie, 

on  tlui  Siiino). 

trcliiiin. 

I  Nord)  to  tbo 


Les  Ornes  on 
ela  Miincbe). 


'er  Seine,  and 
lis  canal.  Its 
S  throujjb  tlie 
hero  tlie  river 
k  was  linished 

y  alluvial,  the 
us  amount  to 

eeightlis  of  a 
e  of  about  050 
10  dia^jonally, 
0  of  this  town 
Mirve  of  about 
►rcher,  Koger- 
jC  Elode,  from 
the  meadows 
lie  river  Seine 
jw  Rouen, 
al  connects  it 
frotn  Elarfleur 
r,  02  feet,  and 

iU  level  of  the 
be  zero  of  the 

de  I'Enreinto 
:et  in  length; 
i  98  feet  wide 
ough  another 
I'et  long.  At 
:  reach  an  ex- 
ight  from  the 
mk  of  176  feet 
rest  ebb  islOJ 
V  vessels  pass 


CANALS    IN   FHANCE. 


129 


into  the  "sas^or  locked  h-iMin  nvi?  <•    *  i 

"  ^';»g'»\ m>  lurnisl,™  tho  Bei'vicp  <»nvoMie.it  points  , 

iho  canal  is  numaced  I»v  tha  «foL        i 

workH  by  tbeaclnnniS  iifof  ro,Sfam(bS  «^  P»^'i« 

No  tollH  are  levied.  *'"^  bridges  (Pouts  et  Ohaussdes). 

^^The^masonry  of  the  locks,  etc.,  is  of  the  most  solid  description,  being 

est^nr:^^;;S);iK:;i;;:^iS.  s;;.:t^^^'«r'r "-  -■«-» 

consequence  of  8i)eculali,»n  haviui!  tX^uU^^^  I'riiKiipally  i„ 

priation  of  uecesiary  la.u  to  the  ex;  ,  /Jf^     '»  an  icipation  of  appro, 
a  change  in  the  ori^^nal  pbuKs    '^^.      I"  ^f  Z  ^f  f?''"''  ''""^  "'««  *« 

l^fJIio^Sri^llS'llSli^il'S^^  l-e  about 

nnunder  fell  upon  the  State.     ^"'"'"^'^^*^  ^^  "a^re  $1,000,000.    The  re- 

The  principal  localities  which  sit  flm  f;,..«  ^<^4.i 
were  in  active  relations  wS  IJavL  dow  .fr    ^^^  ^^'"""^  ^^  *''«  C'"^^! 
Sone  Paris,  and  Rouen,  a      Nancy  a mrPnin^i'V*''*'  *''*^  ^'""'^^  «f  t»ie 
and  Moselle,  which  sent  cargoeSal       U    Sl'i'^T^'^  "•^'  Meurthe, 
were  grain  of  all  sorts,  cotton    lye  woods  n^^^^^^^^  the  principal  goods 

now  ujostly  pass  through  the  canal  '  l^*-'t^'^>Iei»m,  etc.,  goods  which 

^o^o^'st!:zr::^.Z'7i^^     «^'-^  "^^^aiands,- 

;ron,  of  a  length  of  125  to  130  feet  ts  to  ^7.1  V  f^^^^fV/O''^  true  ted  of 
trom  300  to  450  tons,  with  5  ftoMo  iJ?      f"''^.  I'rcadth,  and  carrying 
chalauds  of  the  Genen^^  Tmns^'or  Uio  ?  r  ?.  '^'''^^  ^^  ^''^'^''    ^^^''^  iron 
through  the  estuary  of  the  S  W  .o  i         ""'"l''"'^  ^'^'^^ 
brc^adthof26feet,KutheJcatSeS;L'T^'^     f  ''''  teet';^' 
and  are  trading  mostly  wit^h  iSuZ  Zl  r'ris^'"''*"'  '^'^''"  «^  «'^"'''« 

nage  varies  from  250  to  700  tons  on  a  len\rS  of  lo,  r'."^''\    ^^*'''  ^O"- 
16  feet,  7^  feet  high  in  the  middirdrawifJ  f  w  ?rf •  ^'^*^  ^  ^^''^th  of 
{-gate  such  canals  as  Have  a  ^i^^J^f^^^iSlSr^f^S 
?t^f.  r?iffl"l/'/^^"^  ^-^^  tugboats. 

liable  to  variations,  but  one  U  Se  of  t?.'il  nf^''  '^  ^'  "^  ^^♦^''^^^^t  are 
regular  and  quicker  mode  of  ri^-er  imvi/aHon  I  ''^^^'  '^^^'  *«  ^  "^"''e 
wine,  timber,  petroleum,  etc.,  arelar'^e Iv  forw;r.i^?  ^""^ZX"-  ''"^^'  g''«'"» 
cotton  for  the  mills  in  the  East  wl  foh  f£  ^''''™'^^^  ^y  this  canal,  also 
by  rail ;  on  the  other  hand,  he^v  y  a'd  bulkv'iL7'  «^«'"f  ^^'^  sbippecl 

mi         "  "^*^"  ^  francs  per  ton  ""^  "^  ^^^"^  to  i! 


.  k. 


1  ! 


1   ' 


MM 


130 


CANALS   IN   FRANCE. 


The  following  table  gives  the  number  of  boats  and  tonnage  up  and 
down  stream  since  the  opening  of  the  canal: 

Total  traffic  for  1887,  1888,  and  1889. 


For  the  year  1887  the  movement  Is  from  August  1  to  end  of  December,  and  for  1880  from  January 
1  to  August  31. 

CANAL  FROM  CAEN  TO  THE  SEA. 

This  canal  has  been  constructed  to  give  access  to  sea-going  vessels  to 
the  nort  of  C3aen  from  Ouistreham  on  the  sea,  so  as  to  remedy  serious 
inconveniences  wM^^^^^  through  the  river  Orne  was  exposed 

to?  TtTs  constructed  on  a\ingle  level  with  locks  .^t  eithj  end ;  its 
i\;n«rfh  is  about  9§  of  a  mile  (13,987  meters  ,  with  a  depth  of  17  feet. 
'Xe  "oriS  traLveJse  secU  of  the  canal  (as  illastrated  beh>w  pre^ 
sents  a  bed  (or  cunette)  with  embankments,  tow  path,  etc.  This  bed 
h?s  at  the  bottom  a  width  of  32  feet  and  at  the  top  of  88  feet;  the  era- 
bankments  are  16  feet  wide,  the  tow-path  42  feet  on  the  top  and  72  at 

' Ydo'c^Cgaref  fJo  ^e'et  ?n  tgth  is  below  the  bridge  at  BlaineviUe 
and  a  second  one  of  975  feet  in  length  is  immediately  above  the  lock  at 

^  The  canal'  is  crossed  by  four  turning  bridges  at  important  Pomts,  the 
abutments  of  which  leave  a  passage  varying  from  40  to  40J  feet  in 
width  The  roadway  of  the  bridges  is  llj  feet  wide,  and  their  length 
il  85  feet  The  construction  of  the  canal  was  authorized  by  a  law  passed 
Julv  19  1837,  in  which  year  the  work  was  begun  but  it  was  not  until 
1843  that  the  final  project  was  adopted.  The  canal  was  opened  to  navi- 
lation  on  the  1st  of  July,  1857,  though  some  necessary  complementary 
fork  was  not  flnShed  until  1859.  At  that  time  the  canal  had  cost 
rbnntll940  000,  including  the  locked  basin  at  Ouistreham  and  the 
SS  at  Orn'rcalled  the  New  Dock ;  both  these  works  costing  about 

^  T^i?^' oa^ual  is  fed  by  a  sweet-water  stream  called  the  Odon,  and  by 
water  ckawn  from  the  river  Orne  by  means  of  a  movable  b..r  or  dam, 
which  obstruction  is  at  all  times,  except  in  the  winter  season  or  sprmg 

*^  The'canal  is  not  used  for  irrigation,  as  the  land  through  which  it 
passes  does  not  need  it. 


'1-;- 


»nnage  up  and 


CANALS  IN  FBANCE. 


. 

Knmber 
ptDnaces. 

}nna<;e. 

Up. 

Down. 

6S,  097 
291,  574 
207, 634 

17 
182 
116 

17 
190 
109 

for  1880  from  January 


■going  vessels  to 
remedy  serious 
Qe  was  exposed 
either  end;  its 
)th  of  17  feet, 
ated  below)  pre- 
,  etc.  Til  is  bed 
88  feet ;  the  era- 
le  top  and  72  at 

^e  at  Blaineville, 
ibove  the  lock  at 

irtant  points,  the 
to  to  40J  feet  in 
and  their  length 
d  by  a  law  passed 
}  it  was  not  until 
,8  opened  to  navi- 
y  complementary 
e  canal  had  cost 
streham  and  the 
ks  costing  about 

the  Odon,  and  by 
,rable  b!ir  or  dam, 
•  season  or  spring 

through  which  it 


131 


urn  pore  oi  <^aen  through  the  river  Orue  is  not  included : 


IMPOKTS, 


Morcbandiso. 


Mercbamlise. 


Coal 

Timber 

Oil  seeds 

Soap 

Cement 

Salt 

Pig  iron 

M infra)  tar. 
Bricks 


Tons. 


Oats 

Ice 

Pyrites ... 

Wheat 

Oranges  .. 

Iron 

Various*  . 

Total 


6,433 
300 
590 

9,969 
380 
100 

7,004 


331,  219 


*  Various  merchandise  comprises  coffee,  sugar,  hides,  indigo,  tallow,  grease,  etc. 


EXrOKTS. 


stone 

Paving  stones 

lion  ore  

Barley 


1,680 

3,(.    . 

5,514 

29r 


Oil-cake  .. 
Various... 

Total 


728 
1,685 


15,561 


United  States  Consulate, 

Eavre,  France,  October  3,  1889. 


F.  F.  DUFAIS, 

Consul. 


CANAL  FROM  NANTES  TO  BREST. 

Ji£POJiT  OF  CONSUL  SHACKELFORD. 

int^tlo^^etr/s^tlfersfeS^^  ?/«  -"es,  divided 

a  distance  of  69  miles  It  tavp.fai^  ^""'W^^  *^  ^^^  city  of  Eedou, 
emptyinginto  the  Loire.  TWs  8t?e JS  to L«^H*^'r  ^'^f"'  ^  «"^^"  "^«r 
isee,  adapted  for  nav^iou  by  £s  and  looL  ^Ti'"^"^  ^°'?'  '^  «^"^»- 
are  in  the  center  of  the  citv     Thi  wi       .     ;    ^^f  ^^"^  ^"^  *^o  locks 

!,..,  ^^.m^ufi  juuviivixa  mm  numerous  small  rivers.    '  " "'' 


tm         ;J 


"*?• 


•■   '    ;  W 


!  il 


I  I 


fi; 


!H 


CANALS   IN  PRANCE. 

I  am  indebted  to  the  chief  engineer  for  the  following  answers  to  my 
questions : 
1    Navigfttion  was  established  between  the  rivers  Loire  and  Vilaine  by  the  com- 

^'?  ll.:c2t^:f'Sfl,'sraoVtf  Ihe  city  of  Redon  was  7,752.5-31  francs  20  cen- 
times.    Of  this  section  24  miles  was  dug  by  hand  and  45  miles  by  junctions  with 

small  rivers  canalisde.  ..,..„       ^  .      t.  m  r    t^     T»«..ti,  nt 

3.  The  width  at  the  surface  of  the  water  is  13.48  metres,  about  50  foot.     Depth  of 

water,  1.52  metres,  about  5  feet. 

4.  The  locks  and  their  dimensions  are  as  follows : 


No.  of  locks. 

Width. 

Len«tli. 

Id 

12 
3 
2 

Metret. 
5.30 
4.70 
4.70 
4.70 

Metret. 

32.44 

2«.  85 

20.  :io 

0.28 

5.  It  was  constrncted  by  the  Govornment  and  is  the  property  of  the  state. 
(5.  The  boats  belong  to  individnals.  ,    ,     .     ,       r  xi  ^..t  „^.,« 

7    Tlie  oouatruction  of  the  canal  has  increased  the  trade  of  the  section  ot  conn- 
try  through  which  it  passes.    The  tonnage  of  goods  transported  by  the  canal  was: 

Tons. 
21,580 


1838 
184-J 
187(5 


59,465 
90,231 

t?88::::"::::::::::"::::::::::':::::::"::':--:: -■  -  ■- 129,739 

8.  Boats  loaded  for  the  past  throe  years : 


Year. 


IPRfi. 
1887. 
1888. 


No.  of 
boats. 


1,477 
1,773 
1,812 


Tdunago. 


101, 160 
119,540 
129,  739 


It  is  difficult  to  estimate  the  value  of  their  cargoes,  but  the  proportions  of  the  ar- 
ticles transported  may  be  classiiicd  as  follows : 


Articlos. 


BiiiUlinK.stoiio 

Wood  for  fuol  and  coiistiiictioii 

AIllDHl'O • 

Apriciiltiinil  in-oducU 

M  iscellrtiipoiia 


1886. 

1887. 

Per  cent. 

I'cr  cent. 

33 

18 

27 

30 

13 

24 

11 

14 

14 

14 

1888. 


Per  cent. 
27 
36 
10 
12 
15 


'.)   As  to  tolls,  they  wore  colloctod  formerly  by  a  fixed  tariff  of  rates,  but  that  sys- 
tem  was  abolished  liy  law  of  February  19,  1880,  and  tlioy  are  now  colloctod  by  special 

'^"l.*^  The  water  is  supplied  by  rivers  on  the  route  of  the  canal  and  from  the  following 
sources: 


Source. 


Keservoirdo  Viorenu 

Pond  of  A^'ioreau 

Pond  do  la  Probostioro. 

Keservoir  do  Boiil  do  Hijr.s 

lioaorvoii'  d  r Etaii^  an  MC-o. . . 


Total 


Area. 


Ilcctares. 
J81.65 
20. 95 
73. 18 
35.  39 
67.3'J 


Amount. 


Cubic  vietret. 
7,451,280 

504, 108 
1,  .513, 852 

368, 300 
1.200,000 


11,037,040 


answers  to  my 


aino  by  the  com- 

i31  fraucs  20  cen- 
jy  jitnctious  with 

0  feot.    Depth  of 


CANALS   IN   GERMANY. 
CANAL  VS.   RAILWAY  TRAFFIC. 


133 


ni  1  f  ""^.^  ^'  ^"^  the  eighth  question  it  is  shown  that  the  articles  trans 
ported  by  the  camil  are  few  in  nnmber  and  conflned  to  heavv  b,X 

m"VwVconntr"'^  *'"  '''^''  ""'^^^  ^  ^«»-<^  i«  thcPSp^^ie'nceln 

n.  A.   SlIACICELFORD, 

Consulate  of  tue  United  States,  Consul 

Nantes,  France,  September  12,'  1889. 


bhe  state. 

le  section  of  conn- 
y  the  canal  was: 

Tons. 

21,580 

59,465 

90,231 

129,739 


No.  of 
boats. 


1,477 
1,773 
1,812 


TouDago. 


101, 160 
119,540 
129,  739 


portions  of  the  ar- 


1887. 

1888. 

ht. 

Per  cent. 

Per  cent. 

13 

18 

27 

i7 

30 

30 

13 

24 

10 

U 

14 

12 

14 

14 

15 

rates,  hut  that  sys- 
coUoctod  by  special 

i  from  tlie  following 


Area. 

Amount. 

Icciareg. 
181.65 
20. 95 
73. 18 
35.  39 
57.3'J 

Cubic  metres. 
7, 4  jl,  280 

504, 108 
1,  .513, 952 

368, 300 
1,200,000 

11, 037, 040 

GERMANY. 
GERMAN  CANALS. 

RE  POUT  liY  CONSUL  EDWAIiDS,  OF  liERLIN 

Ge^n3:xta^vrs:;:,Sjrvi/"'' """"" "'"'" '""'  "■" 

^n^dlp-^eti^airiErrerintoIr  "^""''  ''"''="  »""-  "■«  Oa.r 
i„te»Kr''  *""""'  "'''"''  """<'"  "«'  «'"«"•  »'"»  Havel,  is  48  kilometres 

inleDgtr'  ^''°^'' ''""'' '""""  ""  ^"""^  ""•'  l''""*.  ta  35  kilometres 

i.,ten1:"th!"""  ^*""' """"''  """""  ""^ ""'"'"' ""''  n-'™'.  te  3»  kilometres 

meJsTlXfh. *'"''''''  """"'  ""''^^  "»  Ol"--  ""'1  Woiscbel,  is  28  kilo- 

IMPORTANCE. 

ine  great  progress  made  by  Berli.i  durino-  thn  T^Q«f  9n  ,,^o^  1 1 

OWNERSHIP. 

oSroVsl^^^litt."'^  ''^"<'"  •""■«  ^-''""  -S^avfZeTreoT,; 

TRAFFIC. 

The  traffic  is  immense;  the  rates  of  transportation  very  low. 


•I -J 


4 

IS 


iJUL 


wgm(m*»^" 


134 


CANALS   IN   GERMANY. 
ADMINISTEATION. 


The  canals  are  aclministerea  witli  great  care  and  with  the  best  possi- 
Die  pecuniary  advantage  to  tlio  Government. 

CONSTRUCTION. 

The  gradually  falling  courses  of  the  rivers  of  Prussia  favor  the  con- 
struction and  operation  of  canals.  Some-  canals  were  constructed  ex- 
clusively tor  the  purpose  of  preventing  inundations,  whilst  some  others 
serve  only  for  wood  floating. 

By  reference  to  Map  ii  it  will  be  observed  that  the  Elbing-Nogat 
Canalleads  to  the  "  Frische-Haff,"  a  part  of  the  Baltic  Sea. 

7.  The  Johannisburg  Canal  unites  several  lakes,  the  i)rincipal  traffic 
being  wood  floating. 

8.  Hamme-Oste  Canal  unites  the  Elbe  and  Weser. 

9.  Hunte-Ems  Canal  unites  the  Weser  and  Ems. 

10.  Jade  Canal  unites  the  North  Sea  and  Ems. 

11.  Ems-Rhin  Canal  unites  tlie  Rhine  and  Ems. 

12.  Hadamar  Canal  unites  the  Elbe  and  Weser. 

.  ^2',?^*^®^  Canal,  near  Kiel,  leaps  from  the  Baltic  to  the  North  Sea, 
18  48  kilometres  in  length,  11  feet  deep,  apd  96  feet  broad  on  the  sur- 
face. 

14.  The  Luwdig's  Canal  in  Bavaria  is  very  important,  uniting  the 
Donau,  the  Maia,  and  the  Rhine.  It  is  188  kilometres  in  length,  5  to  6 
leet  m  depth,  54  feet  breadth  on  tho  surface,  and  34  feet  at  the  bottom. 

15.  Alsace-Lorraine-Rhine-Rhone  Canal  leads  from  the  Rhine  near 
Strasburg  to  the  Rhone  in  France. 

10.  Rhine-Marne  Canal  leads  from  the  Rhine  near  Strasburff  to  the 
Marne,  in  France.  * 

17.  Saar  Canal  leads  from  Saarburg  to  Saargemiind. 

The  testimony  is  unanimous  that  all  these  canals  have  been  worked 
tor  the  benefit  of  the  people,  and  have  aided  materially  in  advanciu*' 
the  commercial  prosperity  of  the  country.  " 

W.  H.  Edwards, 

T,„  „  ^  Consul- General. 

United  States  Consulate-General, 

Berlin,  October  9, 1889. 


f 


ALSACE-LORRAINE. 

HEPORT  BT  CONSUL  JOHNSON,  OF  KTKL. 
INTRODUCTION. 

The  canal  system  of  Alsace-Lorraine  consists  of  six  main  canals  with 
several  branch  canals.    The  main  canals  are : 

1.  The  Rhine-Rhone-Canal  from  the  French  frontier  to  Miilhausen  and 
thence  to  Strasburg. 

2.  The  Strasburg  Canal  system. 

3.  The  Breush  Canal  from  Goolsheim  to  Strasburg. 

4.  The  Rhine  MarneCanal  from  the  French  frontier  to  Saaburff. Fa- 
Dern,  Ffalzbburg,  Hochfeldeu,  Brumath  to  Strasburg. 

6.  The  Saar  Coal  Canal,  from  the  Rhine-Marne  Canal,  near  Gonder- 
smgen,  to  Saarbriicken. 


CANALS    IN   GERMANY. 


135 


>e8t  po8si< 


r  the  con- 
ructed  ex- 
ine  others 

ing-Nogat 

pal  trafific 


orth  Sea, 
I  the  sur- 

iting  the 
th,  5  to  6 
e  bottom, 
line  near 

rg  to  the 


I  worked 
[Ivanciug 

)S, 
eneral. 


als  with 
iisen  and 

urff,  Fa- 
Gonder- 


« 


6.  The  Moselle  Canal,  from  the  Rhine-Marne  Canal  to  Metz,  with . 
branches. 

The  number  of  boats  frequenting  the  canals  of  Alsace-Lorraine  is 
about  1,500,  manned  by  about  4,000  persons.  The  size  and  carrying 
capacity  of  the  canal  boats  are  different,  according  to  their  purpose 
and  according  to  the  mode  of  building  which  is  customary  where  they 
are  constructed.  There  are  six  principal  classes,  which  are  shown  in 
Table  No.  1. 

The  Ehine-lVtarne  and  the  Saar  Coal  Canal  are  regularly  frequented 
by  J, 195  boats,  the  nationality  of  which  is  shown  here  below  : 


nomo  coniitry. 


Alsace-Lorraine 

J'russia 

Belgium  and  Lnxenibtirg 

Franco 

Uailuii 

Total  


Number 
of  bp'  *,a. 


30» 
219 

83 

567 

17 


1,193 


Per  cent. 


20 
19 

7 

47 

1 


lOU 


Under 
200  tons. 


141 

13H 

0 

23 
U 


318 


Over 
200  tons. 

168 
81 
83 

M4 
3 


877 


1.  THE  RHINE-RHONE  CANAL. 

This  embraces  the  branch  canals  of  Fliiningen,  Colmar,  and  New 
Breisach,  also  with  the  Strasburg  (Janal  system  and  the  111  Rhine  Canal. 

The  first  project  of  a  water  communication  between  the  Rhine,  near 
Strasburg,  Alsace,  and  the  River  Rh6ne  near  Lyons,  France,  by  partly 
using  the  river  Doubs  and  Sadne,  was  made  in  1744  by  Marshal  de  la 
Cliche,  but  the  execution  was  delayed  until  1783.  From  that  time,  first 
of  all,  a  communication  between  the  river  Sadne,  near  St.  Symphorien, 
and  the  river  Doubs,  near  D61e,  was  commenced,  which  was  nearly 
finished  in  September,  1792. 

The  continuance  of  canalization  was  already  granted  when  the  Revo- 
lution broke  out  and  caused  aa  interruption  in  the  course  of  construc- 
tion. Not  until  1805,  under  Napoleon  1 ,  could  work  be  vesumed  upon  the 
whole  line  from  Ddle  to  Strasburg,  but  during  the  var  time,  notwith- 
standing the  employment  of  prisoners  of  war  tho  progress  was  very 
i^low. 

Although  the  canal  was  finished  in  its  principal  construction  in  1814, 
the  navigation  upon  it  could  only  be  opened  to  Besancon,  France,  in 
July,  1820,  and  up  to  MUlhausen  in  1829. 

The  branch  canal  from  Mtilhausen  to  the  Rhine  near  Fliiningen,  which 
can  not  be  dispensed  with  as  a  water  supply  for  the  distance  from  Miil- 
hausen  to  Strasburg,  was  commenced  in  1824,  but  could  only  be  opened 
in  1834. 

According  to  the  first  project  the  expenses  for  the  establishment  of 
the  Rhine-Rh6ne  Canal  in  1744  were  estimated  at  13,000,000  francs 
($J,476,190),  but  the  execution  of  the  work  up  to  1820  cost  already 
11,000,000  francs.  For  th6  further  continuance  there  was  deemed  suflft- 
cient  a  sum  of  10,000,000  francs,  but  even  this  sum,  procured  upon 
shares  by  a  6  per  cent,  loan,  proved  insufldcient.  The  State  had  still  to 
add  for  the  total  completion  of  the  canal  the  sum  of  7,000,000  francs, 
giving  a  real  building  sura  of  28,000,000,  and  with  further  raised 

marks  ($5,380,870),  which  shows  for  a  total  length  of  350  kilometres  an 
expense  of  64,570  marks  ($15,374)  per  kilometre. 
Under  the  Emperor  Napoleon  I  the  canal  was  called  "  Canal  Napoleon,'^ 


m 
i 


^^^  CANALS   IN  GERMANY. 

Se\rr!?i^at7r?;4t'  ■"  "'■'"' '"^V^^'  «■»  I'IBW™  Ual  was  ex- 

2.  THE  STRASBURO  CANAL  SYSTEM 

Ihe  expenses  amounted  to : 

i!  or  caualization  of  the  111  above  anif  i.«Vn"n^  VfVoVi W.,'n  '':'", 608, 000 

For  the  establi.h.ueut  of  ih7lXVcZ!:'2^^^^^  ,,  gj  ^ 

Total — '■ 

rn.      ^   ,  ^  2,000,000 

2.  Eenovation  of  99  pair  canal  sluice-lock  gates. 

iislsisilpll 

6.  A  new  warehouse  in  Fliiningen. 

8.  xhe  establishmt^nf,  nf  a.  h».i/ip.«  »..,;if  u_  ^.i.-,    .,       ,,  ,_..,, 

^.!.cgv>,  udtit  uy  the  cttj  of  Miilhausen  at 


' 


IMBK9A.     MKm 


ived  again 
lip  to  the 
asburg  its 
first  prqj- 
Wie  Canal 
23.8  kilo- 
iue  boats, 
ing  canal 
ow  Stras- 
il  was  ex- 


t  branch, 
in  in  1835 
9s  and  of 
1842,  the 
uence  in 


Marks. 

608, 000 

275J,  COO 

1,120,000 

2, 000, 000 

Canal, 
SCO  and 
sxecuted 
usively : 
iiningen 


I  others, 
Bk  walls 

ge  over 

;  (2)  the 

(3)  the 

of  the 

eisach ; 

I  bridge 

bridge 

Sluice 

aassive 

bridge) 

at  the 
to  pass 


lecting 
Canal, 

sen  at 


CANALS   IN   GERMANY.  I37 

9.  The  Breisach  Branch  Canal. 

slniL'^;;tXnt?'  '*"'''  '''''  ^'"^"^'''  •''"•^^«^'  '"^''^  'J^fe^tive 
,   }}\  0"eIock  bridge  across  the  111  within  Strasburg,  called  "Tasan«n 
brucke ;"  (pheasant's  bridge,)  was  put  to  a  thorough  repair.  "' 

12.  A  new  warehouse  near  Sluice  No.  85  of  the  Rhine-Rhdne  Canal 
iuarB?aTcl?Canar*  ^""  ^"  *'^  Khine-Rh6ne  Canal  an/t^S!;!. 

14.  Anew  wrought-iron  railing  on  the  port  basin  and  815  8nnar« 
"fXe'ttV"^ 

Besides  this,  considerable  leakages  were  stopped,  pavements  effer-tPrt 
a  number  of  sluice  doors  repaired,  and  a  la?gedfaZ^g  sewer  non' 
structed  along  the  Colmar  Branch,  Canal  and  up  to  the  Rh?np %hAn« 

Fo??LLT« ?'"'r  ^"-  V''  "'^  P"^P«««  <^f  the  rZvaUf'le^kirg  wa^^^^^ 
For  these  structures  extraordinary  means  were  used,  viz : 

1872  Marks. 

1873  ...I,'."!  ■■ 143.290 

1874 ."."■.!.■".;." • 509,040 

1875 101,310 

1876 58,240 

1877 221,830 

87,750 

Total 

pended  ?*"  '^  '"'"uteuance  of  the  Rhine-Rhone  Canal  were  ex- 

1872  ....  Marks. 

1873  '.'."'." 238,940 

1874 158,980 

1875 164,170 

1876 142,220 

1877 224,190 

" 175,000 

Total 

1,103,C>00 

This  is  in  the  average  annually  9.33  mark  per  kilometre  and  for  tho 
whole  cana  in  the  average  annually  183916  mirks.  In  1877  nav  gat  on 
Friih  ^  'f-^^'!:"P.^.'.^„^'^  ^^««"°*  «f  extraordinary  repairs  from  ?»" 
].?  n '.iTf  ^I  ^^  Mulhausen  from  1st  to  15th  of  FebrSaiy  and  from 
Ist  to  31st  of  August,  together  forty-six  days;  in  the  then  Mulhauseu 
district,  on  account  of  frost,  twenty-nine  days ;  'in  the  then  Breisach  d^^ 
tnct,  on  account  of  the  sinking  of  a  boat,  two  days ;  in  the  then  Stras 
burg  district,  on  account  of  frost,  from  22d  to  31st  of  December  n?ne 
days;  on  account  of  high  water,  from  February  15  to  A^rH  17,  thirty 

On  account  of  want  of  water  boats  could  only  use  the  Fluninaon 

OKoW?''^  7iJ^  *  ^'^^^  ^^  ^^*«^  «f  •«»  "metres  during  the  t  me  ?fom 
October  1  until  November,  1877.  One  boat  was  sunk  on  the  canal  .n 
corpses  were  found  in  the  canal  in  1877.  ' 

The  old  basin  in  Mulhausen,  situated  between  the  Sluices  Nos  39  and 
on'lv  9?K  ^^%  '^'^^?^  '^"P^^'  ^^«  ^  ^'^^^  «f  60  metres  Td  a  length  o^^ 

cient  for  ?rt%T'  n  ^^^  ^^^^^^FV^  P^«^*«"«  '^^^'  ^^^^  alreadyTsuffl 
in  "'f?t.K,tS?:..?f  i?^^!fl!«' ''  ^«  too  far  distant  from  the  great  indus- 
.!,    .,,„.^^      a  01  iTiuuiausen  and  JJoiuach.    For  this  reason  thA 
establishment  of  a  second  "New  Port  Basin"  upon  the  soSi;d"Nord 


I 

m 
m 


-||||*«WH»^ 


138 


CANAI>S    IN   GERMANY. 


fold"  {Northdchl),  on  Mic  ikhMhms'.,  side  of  tlio  city,  was  ordorod  by 
imperial  decree,  <lated  April  13,  1870,  hut  tlie  execution  was  prevented 
by  the  outbreak  of  tlui  war. 

IJy  virtue  of  the  treaty  of  the  city  of  Mliliiausen  with  *tho  country 
ndniinistration,  dated  December  22,  1871,  to  the  eftect  that  the  plans 
made  by  the  French  enffincers  should  bo  executed  and  that  the  state 

iln  °"'^  **^^  ^^  certain  contribution,  work  was  couunonced  in  spring 
1872. 

This  contract  was  revoked  on  the  .3d  of  October,  1873,  after  the  "ad- 
ministration  of  waterworks"  had  been  organized  on  account  of  differ- 
ent diificulties.  The  administration  of  waterworks  then  undertook  to 
carry  out  the  work  commenced. 

By  the  first  (French)  project  the  river  111  was  to  flow  through  the 
basin,  and  Quatelbach  (Quatel  Creek)  was  to  be  fed  partly  by  the  III, 
partly  by  the  Fliiniugen  JJranch  Canal  from  the  Khire. 

The  111  carries  along  with  it  massesof  very  fertile  mud,  which  would 
have  been  deposited  in  the  dead  water  of  the  basin,  and  so  have  been 
lost  to  the  meadows  of  the  Quatelbach.  *  In  consequence  of  the  above 
facts,  fifteen  communities  owning  meadows  on  the  Quatelbach  and 
Vauban  Canal  made  a  protest  on  the  15th  of  July,  1872. 

In  order  to  avoid  dredging  and  other  disadvantageous  operations,  an 
entirely  new  project  was  made,  by  which  the  second  basin  is  to  form  the 
prolongation  of  the  projected  city,  enlargement  m  a  straight  line. 
The  basin  is  950  metres  long  and  40  metres  wide,  and  the  river  111  is 
led  into  the  Quatelbach  through  a  vaulted  canal  along  the  basin  with- 
out being  mixed  with  Rhine  water.  Tiie  basin  is  fed  by  Khine  water 
exclusively,  and  on  both  sides  of  it  are  made  bridle  paths  of  5  metres 
width  and  store  places  of  12  metre  width,  as  well  as  roadways  of  8  5 
metres  width.  A  road  bridge  is  built  at  the  mouth  of  the  canal, 
which  IS  constructed  to  connect  the  basin  with  the  Rhine-Rhone  Canal. 
The  sewerage  serves  for  the  emptying  of  the  basin,  the  building  expenses 
of  which  are  estimated  at  576,800  marks. 

The  Rhine-Rh6ue  Canal  is  fed  from  the  French  frontier  to  Miilhan- 
sen  by  water  from  the  river  Harg,  and  from  there  principally  by  Rhine- 
water,  the  latter  through  the  Flitningen  Branch  Canal.  In  consequence 
of  the  great  leakage  of  the  Rhine-Rhone  Canal,  which  is  built  with 
coarse  gravel,  the  want  of  water  supply  is  so  great  that  the  Fluningen 
Branch  Canal  is  unable  to  cover  the  loss  of  water,  especially  at  low 
water  in  the  Rhine. 

This  fleflciency  became  more  evident  after  the  opening  of  the  Colmar 
Branch  Canal,  in  consequence  of  which  the  building  of  a  new  water-sup- 
plying  canal  was  concluded  by  the  French  Government  by  decree  dated 
August  12,  1863.  This  canal  was  called  the  Breisach  Branch  Canal, 
and  was  at  the  same  time  intended  to  furnish  a  certain  quantity  of  water 
to  the  111  for  industrial  and  agricultural  purposes. 

This  canal,  now  executed  by  the  German  Government,  branches  oflf 
from  the  Rhine  800  metres  below  the  pontoon  bridge  near  Alt-Breisach, 
crosses  the  landmark  of  Biesheim  in  a  uorthwesterlydirection  and  runs 
into  the  Biesheim  Giesscn ;  follows  this  for  980  metres  and  reaches  the 
Rhine-Rhone  canal  near  Kuenheim,  700  metres  above  sluice  No.  62, 
but  does  not  flow  into  it  until  60  meters  below  sluice  No.  62,  running 
80  long  close  to  the  right  hand  side  bridle-path.  Up  to  this  place  it  has 
a  width  of  10  metres  at  the  bottom,  a  depth  of  water  of  2  meters  and 
connecting  the  Rhine  with  the  Rhine-Rhone  cauul,  it  serves  besides  for 

SUUDlvinfir  water  also  fornaviVat'On  nnd  rafHn"-       T?iiT.fK-»».f^»,    i^  «  «;™; 

lar  way,  running  close  to  the  right  bridle-path,  it  follows  the  direction 


1^ 


onlorod  by 
<  prevented 

ho  country 

the  pluns 

t  the  state 

t(l  in  spring 

er  the  *<  ad- 
t  of  differ- 
dertook  to 

irough  the 
by  the  111, 

bich  would 
have  been 
the  above 

ilbach  aud 

rations,  an 
;o  form  the 
aight  line, 
river  111  is 
}a8in  with- 
jine  water 
)f  5  metres 
i^ays  of  8.5 
the  canal, 
one  Canal, 
g  expenses 

0  Miilhau- 
by  Ehine- 
n sequence 
built  with 
Fiuuingen 
lly  at  low 

he  Oolmar 
water-sup- 
cree  dated 
ich  Canal, 
y  of  water 

inches  oflf 
-Breisach, 

1  and  runs 
aches  the 
ce  No.  62, 
J,  running 
lace  it  has 
eters  and 
•esides  for 
,  in  a  simi- 
I  direction 


CANALS   IN   GERMANY. 


189 


of  the  Rhine-RhAne  canal  nntil  below  shiico  No.  03  at  the  branching  oft" 
of  the  Colinar  branch  canal ;  but  this  latter  distance  has  only  a  width 
of  3  metres  at  the  bottom  and  only  servos  for  supplying  water.  Cross 
profile  and  water-descent  are  so  meted  that  0  cubic  metres  of  water  led 
ottper  second,  of  which  5  are  intended  for  supplying  the  Khiue-Khone 
canal  and  4  for  the  111. 

The  part  from  the  Bieslieim  Giessen  (rivulet)  to  the  Khiue-Rhone 
canal,  3,427  meters  in  length,  and  the  ditch  for  supplying  water,  run- 
Ming  along  the  latter  with  3,237  meters  length,  have  principally  been 
made  by  the  French  Government  from  1807  to  1870,  but  the  completion, 
and  especially  the  deepening  of  the  bottom  of  the  canal  for  0.20 
meters,  as  well  as  the  costly  condensation  work,  has  been  achieved  by 
the  German  Government. 

The  distance  from  the  Rhine  to  the  Giessen,  a  length  of  3,049  meters, 
was  built  in  1870  and  1877,  and  contains  a  large  admission  sluice  with 
bridge  close  to  the  Rhine,  an  arched  bridge  in  Grossmatten  way  and  a 
bridge  with  massive  skew-backs  and  iron  superstructure  across  the 
Giessen  (rivulet,  slough)  instead  of  the  previous  wooden  one.  The  sup- 
ply ditch  from  the  Colmar  canal  to  the  III  is  200  meters  in  length,  built 
in  1877,  branches  off  to  the  north  side  below  the  111  sluice,  is  intended 
to  supply  the  III  with  4  cubic  meters  of  water,  and  has  a  supply  and  a 
flood  sluice,  as  well  as  a  field  bridge  leading  over  it.  All  these  struct- 
ures have  been  opened  for  public  use  on  the  1st  of  June,  1878. 

According  to  previous  experience  a  raft  trafiic  from  the  Rhine  through 
the  Breisach  Branch  canal  to  the  Rhine-Rhone  canal  may  be  expected  • 
therefore  a  raft-port  for  rebinding  of  timber,  suitable  for  the  prescribed' 
canal  dimensions  has  been  projected,  with  which  there  is  to  be  connected 
an  unloading  place  for  two  boats.  In  order  to  reach  the  Rhine-Rhone 
canal  from  the  Rhine-Marne  canal  boats  are  obliged  to  use  the  III  for 
a  distance  of  6  kilometers. 

As  the  III  has  much  descent  within  the  city  of  Strasbnrg,  a  relay  of 
up  to  eight  horses  has  to  be  taken.  Nevertheless  often  the  difficulties 
of  the  passage  up-stream  are  not  overcome  without  causing  interrup- 
tions in  the  boat  traffic,  especially  injurious  to  the  industry  of  Miilhau- 
sen.  For  the  purpose  of  avoiding  these  disadvantages,  previously  a 
communication  canal  had  been  projected  between  Rhine-Marne  and 
Rhine-Rhone  canal,  but  in  consideration  of  an  amount  of  826,000  mark 
for  its  execution  it  was  abandoned.  In  order  to  overcome  the  aforesaid 
difficulties  the  introduction  of  towing  with  steam  power  has  been  taken 
in  view.  The  total  expenses  amount  to  80,000  mark.  The  expenses  of 
management  are  covered  by  fees  levied  upon  masters  of  boats. 

3.  THE  BREUSCH  CANAL. 

A  project  of  the  canalization  of  the  Breusch  River  was  already  taken 
in  view  at  the  beginning  of  the  fifteenth  century  by  Bishop  Wilhelm  von 
Diest,  but  was  only  executed  1082  by  Marshal  Vauban  for  the  purpose 
of  transmitting  by  this  canal  material  for  the  construction  of  the  citadel 
of  Strasbnrg.  For  this  reason  the  canal  was  managed  and  maintained 
by  the  military  authorities  until  1775,  when  it  was  ceded  to  the  city  of 
Strasbnrg  as  property  under  the  condition  of  self-maintenance,  which 
at  that  time  amounted  to  7,000  to  8,000  francs  annually.  In  1792,  how- 
ever, the  military  authorities  again  took  charge  of  the  management  of 
the  banal  by  reason  of  the  neglect  of  the  city  of  Strasburg  to  properly 
keep  it  up.  Strasburg  then  had  only  to  contribute  an  amouut  of  5,000 
francs  per  annum. 


Ill 


i 


•!t| 


'J    I 


i  I 


J 


■*•' 


:  i 


140 


CANALS   IN   GEBMANT. 


In  1803  the  manaf^ement  waH  takon  cliarpr?  of  by  the  State.  The  city 
then  had  to  cover  the  costs  of  maintenance  alone.  In  1824  the  canal 
was  made  the  complete  property  of  the  state,  and  the  city  was  relieved 
forever  from  any  and  every  contribution  for  maintenance. 

Besides  the  ordinary  maintenance,  'le  following  extraordiiuiry  repairs 
ware  made  on  the  Brousch  canal  from  1872  to  1877 : 

1.  Eight  pairs  of  sluice  gates,  and  8  sluice-bottom  beddings  renewed. 

2.  At  7  sluices  the  chamber  slopes  were  new  plastered,  and  many 
repairs  of  the  brick  walls  of  the  gate  chambers  made. 

3.  Along  the  villages  of  Wolchoim  and  Oberschiiffolcheim,  510  metres 
slope-plaster  were  made. 

4.  The  skew-backs  of  the  canal  bridge  near  Oberschiiffolcheim  and 
their  superstructure  were  raised  and  renewed. 

The  extraordinary  repairs  necessitated  the  close  of  the  canal  for 
traffic  in  1873  for  51  days,  and  in  1877  for  78  days.  In  consequence 
of  frost  weather  the  canal  could  not  be  used  at  least  8  days,  and  at 
the  most  41  days  annually.    Expenses  for  ordinary  repairs  were  paid. 

Marks. 

1872 11.120 

1873 , 12,000 

1874 14,360 

1875 lo.ono 

1876 16,370 

1877 i 9,830 

Total 73,730 

This  is  an  average  of  11,288  marks  annually,  and  621  marks  per  kilo- 
metre at  a  length  of  19,730  kilometres. 
For  extraordinary  repairs  there  were  necessary : 

Murkfl. 

1872 17,960 

1873 41,020 

1874 

1875 

1876 9,940 

1877 8,000 

Total 76,920 

The  repairs  in  1877  include  the  new  plastering  of  the  chamber  slopes 
of  the  sluices  Nos.  6  and  8. 

Days. 

For  this  purpose  the  traffic  was  interrupted  from  August  19  to  September  5 17 

On  account  of  frost, from  December  Si  to  31 8 

On  account  of  the  repair  of  sluices  from  November  6  toll 5 

Together 30 

THE  RHINE-MARNE  CANAL. 

The  technical  preparatory  works  of  this  important  canal  were  con- 
ducted by  the  engineer,  M.  Brisson,  1877,  on  behalf  of  an  association 
for  the  purpose  of  effecting  a  connection  of  the  Rhine  with  the  Marne, 
and  in  an  extended  view  with  the  river  Seine,  this  is  from  Strasburgh 
to  Paris  and  Havre.  The  work,  commenced  in  1838  and  considerably 
progressed  up  to  1844,  when  the  projected  establishment  of  a  railroad 
from  Paris  to  Strasburgh  for  a  time  made  the  finishing  of  the  enterprise 
doubtful. 

The  course  of  construction  was,  however,  continued,  and  the  canal 
was  put  ia  use  iu  1831  ueLweeu  Vitry  and  Naucy,  and  1S55  betweeu 
Nancy  and  Strasburg. 


ie.  The  dty 
24  the  canal 
was  relieved 

iiiary  repairs 

igs  renewed. 
,  and  many 

1, 510  metres 

folcheim  and 

lie  canal  for 
consequence 
lays,  and  at 
rs  were  paid. 

Marks. 

11,120 

12,000 

14,360 

lo.ono 

16,370 

9,830 

73,730 

irks  per  kilo- 

Murkfl. 

17,960 

41,020 

v.'".'.'.'.  '9,'940 
8,000 

76,920 

amber  slopes 

Days. 

uber5 17 

8 

5 

30 


al  were  con- 
u  association 
Li  theMarne, 
a  Strasburgli 
considerably 
of  a  railroad 
he  enterprise 


Traffic 

upon  the 

Rliine  Marne  Canal. 


ia4»;^l86.|.H^.,|,4HHJlUHJ.^.,|v4"''"^BJlJ8oJ 

1  Saar  Coal  ana  Cokes  [  {''('^ifwTtnnce 
5  Oi/terF/vi^/a.    ' 


tid  the  canal 

.ooii   DeiW66u 


I 


I 


I 


CANALS   IN   OERMANT.  141 

For  the  con8truction  of  the  canals  originally  a  "state  credit"  was 
given  of  only  ;{0,<K)(),(M)()  marks,  but  m  this  proved  insufflcient  it  was 
raised  to  0(),00(),0()0  marks  in  1.S46,  thus  showing  the  building  expenses 
for  the  disaster  from  Vitry  (315  kilometres  long)  to  be  190,476  marks 
per  kilometre. 

Extraordinary  repairs  and  new  constructions  were  executed  from  1872 
to  1887,  as  follows: 

1.  New  construction  of  a  culvert  near  Lagarde  in  order  to  be  able  to 
empty  the  holdings  of  the  western  descent  independent  of  the  French 
portion  of  this  part  of  the  canals. 

2.  Rebuilding  in  iron  of  the  wooden  crossway  of  the  bridge  near 
sluices  No.  7  and  9  of  the  western,  and  No.  44  of  the  eastern  descent. 

3.  New  construction  of  a  quay  wall  108  metres  in  length  for  the  cus- 
toms service  at  Lagarde. 

4.  Construction  of  a  store  place  for  the  continually  growing  traffic  iu 
timber  and  stone  in  the  LUtzelburg  Valley. 

6.  New  construction  of  a  tool  house  near  Lagarde  and  Ilochfelden. 
0.  New  construction  of  a  tool  storehouse  with  lodgings  for  canal  guard 

near  Uesseu. 

7.  New  erection  of  a  sluice-keeper  house  at  sluice  No.  14  east. 

8.  Erection  of  wooden  sluice  keeper's  huts  at  the  double  sluice,  Nos. 
30  and  31  east,  in  Freibern,ou  the  great  tunnel  near  i^  rzweiler,  at  sluice 
No.  2  east,  as  well  as  on  the  supplying  lake  of  Gondrexanges. 

9.  Purveyance  of  two  pair  new  sluice  gates. 

10.  New  building  of  a  tool-shop  house  with  lodgings  for  bridge  guard 
at  the  turn  bridge  near  Vendenheim ;  and  rebuilding  of  the  wooden 
into  an  iron  cross  roadway  from  the  bridge  over  sluice  No.  22  east. 

There  were  further  supplied,  a  hand-dredging  machine  with  two 
crafts  and  two  skift's,  as  well  as  a  steam  dredging  machine  with  ten 
iron  mud  boats.  For  the  ordinary  management  service  eight  new 
transport  boats  were  built. 

For  the  bettor  management  of  the  water  supplying  (feeding)  service 
of  the  Khine-Marne  and  the  Saar  Coal  Canals  there  was  established  in 
1876  a  telegraphic  connection  on  the  one  baud  from  the  office  of  the 
«'  district  hydraulic  engineer"  in  Saarburg  to  the  residences  of  the  canal 
guard  in  Hessen,  and  of  the  guard  at  the  luipply  (feeding)  sluice  in 
Nittingen  on  tne  other  hand  from  the  office  at  Saarburg  to  the  residences 
of  the  canal  guard  in  Gondroxange,  of  the  guard  on  the  lake  of  Eixin- 
gen,  and  sluice  No.  1. 

These  telegraph  lines  have  since  1878  been  completed ;  new  construc- 
tions were  executed  in  1877  as  follows:  1.  The  canal  guard  house  in 
LUtzelburg;  2,  a  shop  at  sluice  No.  2  east;  3,  a  bridge  guard  house  at 
the  turn  bridge  near  Vendenheim ;  4,  a  wooden  bridge  near  sluice  No. 
21  across  the  canal  was  replaced  by  an  iron  bri<lge.  Besides  this  there 
were  600  poplar  trees  on  Vendenheim  common  ground  replaced  by  fruit 
trees.    For  these  Imihiings  ami  purveyances  were  paid : 

Markn. 
]%^ 6,910 

J"^ i9,:«o 

K^^ 49,800 

1°'" 12.400 

Total 119,680 


•!lt1 


142 


CANALS   IN   GERMANY. 


;k; 


:IM 


The  ordinary  maiuteuance  caused  the  eypense  of: 

Marks. 
1S72 90,080 

1*^7:} ioo,a:jo 

1H74 90,140 

1«76 78,270 

1876 lia,440 

lti77 78,680 

Total 549,840 

This  is  in  the  average  annually  91,640  marks  and  8.78  marks  per  kilo- 
metre. 

After  the  transfer  of  the  Saar  Coal  Canal  to  the  district  of  Metz  the 
distance  from  kilometre  0  of  the  Saar  Coal  Canal  to  kilometre  5  (mark- 
stone)  in  October,  1877,  was  put  under  the  jurisdiction  of  the  district 
hydraulic  engineer  in  Saarburg.    One  canal  guard  station  was  abolished. 

On  the  western  descent  of  the  canal  shipping  was  suspended  from 
January  (5  to  31, 1877,  as  the  French  Government  had  ordered  a  block- 
ade for  that  time. 

On  account  of  ice,  shipping  was  interrupted  on  the  canal  in  1877  from 
March  2  to  G  and  from  December  21  to  31,  together  fourteen  days. 

Part  blockings  on  account  of  the  sinking  of  vessels  and  other  acci- 
dents occurred  at  6  places  and  interrupted  the  traffic  on  these  localities 
for  17  days. 

In  consequence  of  the  breach  of  a  hanging  bar  the  wire-rope  bridge 
over  the  canal  at  Dettweiler  fell  down  on  the  14th  of  May ;  the  same 
was  reestablished  within  28  days.  In  consequence  of  this  accident 
projects  were  made  for  the  establishment  of  fixed  bridges  instead  of 
suspension  bridges,  the  execution  of  which  was  intended. 

The  telegraph  line  opened  on  November  20, 1876,  on  the  Ehine-Marne 
Canal,  proved  serviceable  in  1877  for  the  prompt  feeding  (supplying 
with  water)  of  the  Ehine-Marne  Canal  and  of  the  Saar  Coal  Canal. 

Experiments  made  with  the  telephone  in  December,  1877,  showed  its 
practicability  for  the  service  along  the  canals.  By  introduction  of  the 
telephone  two  canal  wardens  may  be  dispensed  with ;  at  the  same  time 
accelerated  movements  of  vessels  between  the  different  sluices  will  be 
effected. 

5.  THE  SAAR  COAL   CANAL ;  IT  IS  THE  BRANCH  CANAL  FROM  MITTERS- 

IIEIM  TO  DIEUZE. 

The  construction  of  the  canal  was  commenced  in  1862  and  finished 
in  May,  ICGG,  since  which  time  it  was  given  over  to  public  use.  The 
importance  of  this  canal  is  proved  by  the  sudden  rise  of  traffic  on  the 
Rhine-Marue  and  RhineKhone  canal,  which  was  trebled  in  conse- 
quence of  the  conveyances  from  the  Saar  Coal  Canal. 

The  building  costs  for  the  75.6  kilometers  long  canal  amounted  to 
13,326,819  marks,  or  176,280  marks  per  kilometer. 

The  following  new  buildings  and  special  repairs  were  made  on  the 
Saar  Coal  Canal  during  the  period  from  1871  to  1877  inclusive,  viz  : 

1.  The  construction  of  three  bridges  which  had  been  destroyed  dur- 
ing the  war  of  1870. 

2.  Rebuilding  of  a  bridge  for  pedestrians  which  had  been  washed 
away  by  flood. 

3.  Twenty-eight  sluice-master  houses,  the  building  of  which  had  been 
commenced  by  the  French  Government,  were  finished  and  two  new  ones 
constructed. 


*4Uj 


Harks. 
U0,080 

ioo,a:jo 

90,140 

78,270 

112,440 

78,680 

549,840 

marks  per  kilo- 

ict  of  Metz  the 
)metre  5  (mark- 
of  the  district 
1  was  abolished, 
uspended  from 
rdered  a  block- 

lal  in  1877  from 
teen  days, 
md  other  acci- 
theso  localities 

ire-rope  bridge 
lay ;  the  same 
f  this  accident 
iges  instead  of 
id. 

le  Ehine-Marne 
ing  (supplying 
Coal  Canal. 
877,  showed  its 
)duction  of  the 
b  the  same  time 
sluices  will  be 


^ROM  MITTERS- 

B2  and  finished 
iblic  use.  The 
f  traffic  on  the 
bled  in  couse- 

I  amounted  to 

•e  made  on  the 
lusive,  viz : 
destroyed  dur- 

been  washed 

rhich  had  been 

II  two  new  ones 


1  Mill  Tons 


-900, 000 


■800. 000 


-700.000 


--ttOO.OOO 


-500.000 


--400.000 


-liOO-OOO 


■200.000 


-100.000 


Traffic 
upon  the 

Saaer  Coal  Canal 


iSaaer  Coal  cutd  CbAe{?'^f^ff"^%      ■  ■ 

„      _  \  Import  fifr Alsace  Lorraine 

^b-onOre  TimisafromlmncetoSaarbruckerv. 


in 


trrwutfy^/'r 


3  Otiicr ryei^hf.'.  Rdifffn^if/'ri^lf.ni.-fJie 

Cenierit  Glass  and/ Stone  muv;BuUdlnq 
Storms  Timber  and  Coixttvood,  Cement.Salt 
Grain,  etc,  etc. 


411 


i, 


wii^ 


Ir  y^* 


.^iVw 


CANALS   IN   GERMANY. 


143 


4.  A  decayed  water  defense  work  near  sluice  No.  28,  at  Saargemiiad, 
was  rebuilt. 

*  5.  For  protection  against  underwashing  the  left  bank  of  the  canalized 
Saar  was  provided  with  a  stone  reenforcement  for  long  distances,  from 
Saargemtind  up  to  the  Prussian  frontier,  near  Giidingen.  As  the  Saar 
here  forms  the  frontier  between  Lorraine  and  Prussia,  the  latter  re- 
turns half  of  the  expenses  of  this  distance  for  repairs  and  maintenance. 

6.  The  Saar  Coal  Canal,  from  the  place  of  its  branching  oft' from  the 
Ehine-Marne  Canal,  was  planted  with  fruit  trees  up  to  Saargemiind. 

7.  The  canal  bed  has  been  reenforced  on  many  places,  and  brick  walls 
were  built  in  order  to  avoid  oft'sliding  from  the  canal  slopes. 

8.  During  the  blocking  of  the  canal,  1873  to  187G,  considerable  masses 
of  mud  were  removed  from  the  bottom,  especially  in  the  ports. 

9.  Considerable  repairs  were  made  at  the  iron  aqueduct  near  Saaral- 
ben  and  on  the  iron  sluice  doors. 

10.  A  new  material  and  tool  depot  with  canal  guard  lodgment  was 
built  oa  the  great  port  at  Saargemiind. 

11.  An  iron  path  bridge  was  built  at  sluice  No.  29,  across  the  Wol- 
ferdinger  Creek. 

12.  Considerable  bank  slides  were  removed  near  Saaralben. 
JFor  these  structures  were  expended : 

Marks. 

1872 105,870 

1873 72,960 

1874 19,360 

1875 11,930 

1876 23,550 

1877 14,390 

Total , 248,060 

For  the  maintenance  and  management  have  been  expended : 

Marks. 

1872 88,320 

1873 106,950 

1874 88,600 

1875 56,750 

1876 105,120 

1877 05,540 

Total 511,298 

This  is  in  the  average  85,213  marks  per  annum,  and  in  a  length  of 
75,608  kilometres,  112.7  marks  per  kilometre.  According  to  notations 
made  at  sluice  No.  28,  there  were  passing  upstream,  in  1877, 3,437  loaded 
and  8  empty  boats,  with  together  11,745,516  cwts.  of  cargo ;  and  ac- 
cording to  notations  at  sluice  No.  13,  3,487  loaded  and  29  empty  boats, 
with  11,652,593  cwts.  cargo  passed  downstream.  The  greatest  traffic 
was  in  the  month  of  August  as  well  up  as  downstream,  with  over 
1,400,000  cwts. 

The  canal  was  not  blocked  in  1877.  The  only  interruption  which  oc- 
curred was  caused  by  the  sinking  of  a  large  boat  and  lasted  2  days. 

The  branch  canal  to  Dieuze. — Already,  by  decree  of  Napoleon  I,  dated 
April  15, 1806,  the  construction  of  a  canal  from  the  salt  works  near 
Dieuze  to  Saarbriicken  had  been  ordered. 

By  this  project  the  canal  was  to  go  from  Dieuze  through  the  valleys 
of  the  Verbach,  Ehone,  and  Elbe  to  Saaralben,  and  thence  through  the 
Saar  Valley  to  Saarbriicken. 

Building  was  conunenccd,  and  the  German  prisoners  of  war  nearly 
finished  it,  1809  to  1014.    The  ensuing  political  events  impede"  the  prog- 


K 
'»L 
i  'I 


i 


Vt 


>■♦ 


-I 


'!.«' 
I:;i 


144 


CANALS   IN   GERMANY. 


ress  of  canal  building,  whicli  was  not  continued  until  1866,  after  the 
oaar  coal  canal  had  been  finished. 

The  work,  which  was  going  on  well,  was  interrupted  in  1870  by  the 
war  and  was  resumed  by  the  German  Government  in  1872  and  finished 
up  to  Lauterfingenj  but  the  old  Salt  Work  Canal  to  Dieuze  has  not 
been  rehuilt,  as  there  is  no  necessity  for  a  canal  for  Dieuze  and  sur- 
rounding country  besides  the  railway  from  Dieuze  to  Saaralben. 

There  were  expended  for  these  works: 


1872 


Markn. 


1B73 ::::::::::::::::::; 13^ 


1874 


106, 7(5C 


1875::::;:;:;:::;:::::;": f^yf^. 


1876 


54,440 


1877:::::::":;:::;:;:::::: 4,o»« 

1,0/0 


Total . 


357,970 


6.  THE  MOSELLE  CANAL. 


The  reservoir  lake  of  Gondrechange,  626  hectares,  contains  6,520,000 
cubic  metres  of  water  fit  for  supply  ilowing  to  it  annually  from  its  own 
hydrographic  district ;   the  reservoir  lake  at  Kixingen,  130  hectares 
contains  4,000,000  cubic  metres  of  water,  of  which  it  receives  1,000  000 
from  its  own  district  and  3,000,000  from  floods  in  the  two  Saars ;  finally 

E'^o®n/nn5^°,'V  ^^^^   ^^  Millershcim,  26.2   hectares,  which   contains 
.^,800,000  cubic  metres  of  water. 

But  all  this  water  is  not  sufficient  in  dry  years,  especially  if  the  pro- 
jected deepening  to  2  metres  depth  of  the  Rhine-Marne  and  Saar  Coal 
Canal  should  bo  executed.  It  has,  therefore,  been  taken  in  view  by 
raising  of  its  normal  level  of  water  for  1.5  metre,  to  increase  the  capacity 
of  the  ake  of  Gondrechange  form  6,520,000  to  13,428,000  cubic  metres 
annually  as  reserve  (spare)  water,  which  even  in  several  succeeding  dry 
years  would  be  sufficient  to  guaranty  a  depth  of  water  of  2  metres  in 
the  canals.  The  elevation  of  the  closing  dams  and  the  other  stowing 
^^n  ,  n'.?f  ^^^'  ^®  ^^^  acquisition  of  real  estate,  have  been  estimated  at 
1,011,000  marks.  The  cost  of  deepening  the  Ehine-Marne  Canal  to  2 
metres  water-depth  is  estimated  at  522,000  marks,  the  Saar  Coal  Canal 
172,000  marks,  which  would  amount  to  a  total  of  1,705,000  marks. 

The  deepening  also  of  the  Rhine- Ehone  Canal  between  Strasburg 
and  Mielhausen  is  taken  in  view. 

The  traffic  on  the  Rhine-Marne  and  Saar  Coal  canal,  from  the  open- 
ing of  each  of  them  to  1877,  is  represented  in  a  graphical  way  upon  the 
affixed  two  tables,  Nos.  3  and  4. 

The  partitions  on  the  lower  margin  show  the  annual  course:  the  verti- 
cal columns  above  them  represent  a  comparative  statement  of  the  an- 
nually transported  goods ;  the  corresponding  tonnage  may  be  seen  on 
the  scale  on  the  left-hand  side.  In  order  to  show  the  importance  of  the 
canals  for  the  transport,  of  the  principal  goods,  the  share  of  the  coals, 
ores,  building  materials  of  minerals,  as  well  as  the  participation  in  tim- 
ber, m  the  total  traffic,  has  been  marked  separately. 

PEOJECT  FOR  THE  NIEB  CANAL. 

Already  during  the  French  administration  there  was  a  canal  proposed 
by  the  merchants  of  Lorraine,  intended  to  connect  the  Moselle  River 
near  Metz,  witli  th«,  Saar  River,  above  SaarUouis.    The  technical  pre- 
paratory work  was  commenced  in  1872  in  Lorraine,  by  the  water-works 


*-^mf^ 


I  1866,  after  the 

i  in  1870  by  the 
872  and  finished 
Dieuze  has  not 
Diuuze  and  sur- 
aaralben. 

Markn. 

139,650 

106,7fiC 

4y,:jr)0 

54,440 

4,090 

1,670 

357,970 


ntains  6,520,000 
Uy  from  its  own 
I,  130  hectares, 
ceives  1,000,000 
I  Saars ;  finally, 
which   contains 

ially  if  the  pro- 
and  Saar  Coal 
en  in  view,  by 
ise  the  capacity 
)0  cubic  metres 
succeeding  dry 
r  of  2  metres  in 
)  other  stowing 
en  estimated  at 
irne  Canal  to  2 
aar  Coal  Canal 
100  marks, 
'een  Strasburg 

from  the  open- 
I  way  upon  the 

urge ;  the  verti- 
nent  of  the  an- 
oay  be  seen  on 
portance  of  the 
e  of  the  coals, 
iipation  in  tim-  - 


Banal  proposed 

Moselle  Kiver, 

technical  pre- 

!ie  water-works 


CANALS   IN   GERMANY. 


145 


district  engineer  at  Metz ;  in  Prussia  by  the  building  inspector  at  Saar- 
brucken. 

The  direction  of  the  canal  was  finally  thus  determined:  Branching  off 
from  the  port  of  the  Moselle  Canal  at  the  Metz  Kailway  station,  cross- 
ing ot  the  river  Seille  by  bridge  canal,  then  north  of  the  railroad  from 
Mt^tz  to  Saarbrucken,  passing  Peltre  and  Jury,  up  to  the  water-shed  be- 
tween beille  and  Nied,  near  Courcelles,  through  eighteen  sluices  of  2  00 
metres  descent  each,  in  a  total  elevation  of  46.8  metres. 

At  Courcelles  commences  the  40  kilometers  long,  vertical  plane  and 
extends  along  the  Nied  Valley  as  far  as  Hargarten,  touching  Pange, 
Landonvillers,  Bolchen,  Ottendorf,  and  Teterchen.  From  Hargarten  the 
canal  deceuds  with  six  sluices  into  the  Bist  Valley,  along  the  places  Falk 
and  Merten,  up  to  the  Prussian  frontier  at  Uberherrn.  Besides  the  last- 
mentioned  SIX  sluces  in  Lorraine  there  will  yet  be  ten  more  required  on 
Prussian  territory. 

The  already  existing  ponds,  as  those  of  Bouligny  and  Mutche,  which 
can  serve  for  supplying  and  for  furnishing  an  extraordinary  water  sup- 
ply, as  well  as  the  valleys  nearBeaudrecourt,  St.  Eprre,  Orou  and  lilor- 
ville,on  the  French  Nied,  and  near  Ham,  on  the  Brist,  acceptable  for 
the  establishment  of  reservoirs,  have  been  submitted  to  a  close  technical 
examination. 

FnJi!:^^^^  projects  was  expended  from  1873  to  1875  the  total  amount 
of  70,348  marks. 

The  expenses  of  the  canal  without  -jump  works,  over  a  length  of  55 
kilometres  for  Alsace-Lorraine,  is  estimated  at  a  grand  total  of 
17,040,000 marks;  per  kilometre,  304,280 mark;  and  by  water  supply  with 
pump  works  at  20,500,000  marks.  The  execution  of  the  project,  however, 
18  not  expected  to  be  carried  out  at  present,  owing  to  a  railroad  which 
is  in  course  of  construction  from  Peterchen  to  Buss  (Saarbrucken)  bv 
the  Government.  ' 


Unitkd  States  C  )nsulate, 

Kehl,  September  21, 1889. 


E.  Johnson, 

Consul. 


H.  Ex.  45- 


-10 


yj 


*''l 


146 


CANALS    IN   GERMANY. 


bt  a,  *  S  t-  S  •    t 


i|! 


C  d 


CANALS   IN   GERMANY. 


147 


CANALIZED   EIVERS   IN  THE   DISTRICT  OF  FRANKFORT  ONTHE 

MAIN. 


REPOUT  BY  CONSUL  QENEIIAL  MASON. 

Of  canals,  strictly  speaking,  there  are  none  of  any  consequence,  either 
lor  purposes  of  irrigation  or  navigation,  in  the  district  of  Fraiikfort-on- 
the-Maiu.  Against  tlie  first  of  these  necessities  nature  has  provided  a 
ranijall  so  copious  and  uniform  that  the  problem  of  adequate  drainage 
18  often  more  important  than  that  of  irrigation. 

In  respect  to  canals  constructed  wholly  for  purposes  of  navigation, 
this  region  has  remained  hitherto  unprovided,  for  the  reason,  appar- 
eutly,  that  during  the  autorailway  period,  when  most  canals  in  western 
J^urope  were  built,  the  navigable  Khine  and  its  important  tributary, 
the  Main,  fulhlled,  as  was  then  thought,  all  the  necessary  requirements 
tor  water  transportation.  But  the  modern  developmentof  internal  com- 
uierce,  the  steadily  growing  demand  for  cheap  and  largely  augmented 
treigliting  facilities,  have  overrun,  here  as  elsewhere,  the  capacity  of 
natural  channels  of  transport,  and  necessitated  the  improvement  by 
canalization  of  two  rivers  in  this  district,  viz,  the  Lahn  from  Giessen 
to  Its  mouth  near  Coblenz,  and  the  Main  from  Frankfort  to  its  confla- 
ence  with  the  Rhine  at  Mayence. 

As  a  work  of  engineering  the  canalized  Lahn  has  a  certain  technical 
interest,  but  its  commercial  importance  is  relatively  limited.  The  canal- 
ized lower  Main,  on  the  other  hand,  although  neither  a  difficult  nor  a 
costly  work,  is  one  of  the  most  important  improvements  of  its  kind  in 
iiurope.  The  subject,  moreover,  has  a  special  interest  in  this  connection 
from  the  tact  that  the  difficulties  which  have  been  here  overcome  are 
similar  to  those  which  obstruct  so  many  American  rivers;  and  the 
methods  employed  are  readily  applicable  to  a  large  proportion  of  the 
inland  water-courses  in  our  country  wherein  navigation  is  restricted  or 
wholly  suspended  at  certain  seasons  by  rapids  or  Insufficient  water. 
J^rauktort,  although  in  early  times  the  most  important  mercantile  city 
ot  western  Germany,  began  at  a  later  periou  to  lose  some  of  this  su- 
premacy by  reason  of  its  comparative  isolation  from  the  Rhine,  which 
as  the  great  commercial  artery  of  this  region,  poured  a  constantly  in- 
creasing trade  into  Mayence  and  Mannheim,  its  inferior  but  more  fortu- 
nately situated  rivals. 

From  Frankfort  to  Mayence,  a  distance  of  20  En^rMsh  miles,  the  Main 
attorded,  during  all  but  very  dry  seasons  or  when  frozen  or  swollen  by 
floods,  a  practicable  channel  for  small  freight-boats  towed  by  horses. 
±Jut  these  boats  were  so  inferior  in  size  to  the  freight  craft  of  the  Rhine 
as  to  generally  necessitate  transshipment  at  Mayence,  and  this  business 
of  transfer  contributed  largely  to  the  prosperity  of  that  city.  The 
obvious  step  for  Frankfort  was  to  either  construct  a  canal  to  Mayence 
or  so  improve  the  Main  that  the  freight-boats  of  the  Rhine  could  come 
readily  to  her  wharves  from  Rotterdam,  Cologne,  Ruhrhaven,  and  other 
river  ports  without  breaking  cargo.  These  projects  were  long  talked 
over,  but  nothing  was  done  until  after  the  annexation  of  Frankfort  to 
Prussia  in  1866.  For  various  reasons  the  annexation  gave  a  notable 
stimulus  to  the  trade  and  manufacturing  industries  of  this  city  The 
one  demanded  clieaner  outgoing  .and  incoming  freights,  the  other 
cheaper  and  more  plentiful  coals,  lumber,  iron,  and  other  materials. 

rhe  chamber  of  commerce  appealed  to  the  Government  at  Berlin  for 
aid  in  building  the  required  canal,  and  in  1874,  after  the  plan  had  been 


*  L 


V'         I 


1    A^ 


If  4  I 


m- 


148 


CANALS   IN   GERMANY. 


•i 


ih 


I 


!      I 


SKwwww!^   ^^  *''^  ^/^*®   ongiueors,  a  preliminary  appropriation  of 
fJlOjOOO  was  granted.  ^      n     i 

But  before  tljo  work  bad  been  seriously  undertaken  Mr.  Ouno,  a  Gov- 
ernmoiit  engnicer,  presented  a  new  plan.  Instead  of  cutting  a  canal 
trora  Frankfort  to  Mayence,  he  proposed  to  iini)rove  the  channel  of  the 
Main  and  to  circumvent  its  most  shallow  and  difficult  rapi<ls  by  means 
of  five  movable  wiers  or  dams,  flanked  by  artificial  channels  and  locks 
capable  ot  passing  the  larger  class  of  Khine  vessels.  This  scheme 
seemed  so  plausible  that  the  canal  project  was  dropped  and  the  matter 
underwent  another  long  delay.  Finally,  in  1883,  all  the  adjacent  states 
having  agreed,  the  work  was  begun  and  was  completed  within  3  years. 

.1  npu'^'^i'?'.*  i^",^  ^^'''"'^'  opening  of  the  improved  river  took  place 
on  the  16th  of  October,  1886,  and  was  fully  described  in  a  report  sub- 
mitted  a  few  days  later  from  this  consulate.  The  canalization  of  the 
nver  was  a  Goveriunent  work,  planned  and  superintended  by  state 
engineers,  and  cost  about  $l,3m,rm.  The  first  dam  and  lock  are  situ- 
ated about  a  mile  below  the  city  of  Frankfort,  the  second  at  Uochst 
an  imporUnt  manufacturing  town  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Muin,  tiie 
third  at  Okrittel,  the  fourth  at  Florsheim,  and  the  last  at  Kosthcim 
near  the  mouth  of  the  river  opposite  Mayence.  The  locks  are  285  feet 
long  38  feet  in  width,  with  a  lift  of  from  10  to  12  feet  each,  a  minimum 
depth  of  8 J  leet,and  the  sluices  are  so  well  adjusted  that  the  lock  can 
be  filled  or  emptied  in  from  4^  to  5  minutes.  The  dams  are  of  wood  and 
iron,  so  constructed  that  they  can  be  laid  down  in  time  of  floods  or  run- 
nmg  ice,  and  raised  into  position  again  when  the  river  resumes  its  nor- 
mal condition. 

The  upper  dam  has  increased  by  several  feet  the  depth  of  water  at 
the  quays  of  Irauklort,  which  extend  along  either  shore  for  a  distance  of 
2  miles  or  more,  but  m  order  to  provide  for  all  contingencies  it  was  nec- 
essary to  construct  a  permanent  harbor  with  sufficient  capacity  for  win- 
ter commerce,  and  secure  against  floods  and  ice  drifts.    This  work  was 
undertaken  by  the  city  government,  under  the  direction  of  Mr  W  H 
Lindley,  an  accomplished  English  engineer,  and  cost,  when  complete! 
a  little  more  than  $  1,500,000.    This  harbor  of  refuge  is  an  adequate  and 
fitting  complement  to  the  work  of  tlio  national  government  in  iraprovinir 
the  river.    It  is  of  ample  depth,  flanked  by  a  massive  dike  of  masonry 
extending  on  the  interior  side  into  a  wide  quay  with  railway  connections 
and  pierced  at  its  upper  end  by  an  opening  provided  with  lock  gates 
lor  convenient  use  in  ordinary  stages  of  water. 

A.  spacious  warehouse  with  sheds  and  railway  tracks,  and  provided 
with  elevators,  bydraulic  cranes,  and  all  modern  appliances  for  handling 
treight,  are  buuc  along  the  landward  side  of  the  harbor,  which  offers 
moorings  and  anchorage  for  50  or  60  Khine  boats  of  the  largest  class 

Thus  constructed  and  equipped,  this  admirable  work  has  been  in 
useneariy  3years,  and  we  come  now  to  the  question  of  its  practical 
utility  as  shown  by  achieved  results. 

What  has  the  canalized  Main  done  for  Frankfort  ?  Has  it  fulfilled 
expectations,  and  is  it  adequate  to  the  purposes  which  prompted  the 
undertaking?  * 

The  statistics  of  two  complete  years— 1887  and  1888— arc  accessible 
and  from  t^em  may  be  somewhat  roughly  estimated  the  measure  of  its 
success.  Frankfort  is  abundantly  supplitd  with  railroads,  havino- 
among  others  an  iudej)endent  line  on  either  bank  of  the  Main  from  this 
o.ity  to  Mayence,  and  in  order  to  estituatt;  the  full  beueiit  of  the  canali- 
zation  improvement  it  is  necessary  to  include  both  the  rail  and  water 
ireights  in  the  account. 


*— -Tl    .,* 


ropriation  of 


CANALS  m   flERMANT. 


149 


Omitting  goods  in  transit  and  timber  cominff  down  tlio  river  as  rafts 
the  tonnage  of  freiglit  sent  and  received  during  each  of  the  last  3  years 
betore  the  improvement  of  tlie  river  was  as  follows: 


I,  a  minimum 


Tear. 


1884, 
18f6  . 
1880  , 


1887 
1888. 


Avorugo  per  year. 


Quantity. 


Hy  wator.     Jiy  rail. 


Tons. 
110,  Mil.? 
15(1,  80j 
IfiS,  036.  8 


l.W,  42.';.  2 


;iBO,  ()t,2 


570,  TM.  I 


Tons. 
804,  «05 
897,  04(» 
932,  000 


Peroeutage, 


Uy  water.     By  rail 


14.8 
U.  I 
14..-) 


K07,  712 
1,0U,U28 
1,231,935 


14.4 
20.2 
20.6 


85.2 
8,'>.9 
8,"i.  7 

sHTe 

73.8 
70.4 


From  which  it  appears  that  so  far  from  suffering  a  loss  of  traffic  bv 
reason  of  improved  water  transportation,  tlio  railroads  have  gained 
steadily  m  business  during  the  entire  i»eriod.  While  the  total  trans- 
port by  water  increased  04  per  cent,  in  1887  and  42  per  cent  in  1888 
over  the  figures  of  1880,  the  railway  freight  traffic  gained  30  per  cent 
over  the  business  of  1880  and  58  per  cent,  above  that  of  1887.  Taking 
into  account  the  rates  actually  paid  upon  this  increased  business,  it  is 
tound  that  the  economy  of  freights  caused  by  the  canalized  river 
amounted  to  1,141,502  marks  in  1887  and  1,692,755  marks  in  1888  and 
all  upon  an  investment  for  river  and  harbor  of  less  than  $3,000  000 

Nor  is  this  all,  nor  even  the  most  important  part  of  it.  The  whole 
commercial  and  industrial  life  of  the  city  has  been  quickened  and 
restored  by  the  new  and  improved  conditions  which  the  canalized  river 
has  entailed.  The  city  has  been  put  into  fair  and  practical  competition 
with  Its  former  rivals.  * 

The  cheapening  of  coal,  coke,  and  raw  metals  has  had  a  most  impor- 
tant influence.  Many  kinds  of  manufticture  which  were  previously  im- 
possible  here  by  reason  of  the  high  cost  of  fuel,  are  now  prosperous  and 
rapidly  developing.  Important  iron  mines  fiirther  up  the  vallev  at 
IJie  en  and  Wertheim,  which  had  long  been  abandoned  since  the  char- 
coal supp  y  tailed,  have  now  been  reopened  by  the  cheap  coal  of  the 
Ilhine  Valley  and  the  Moselle.  I^ot  only  has  the  commerce  of  Frankfort 
been  largely  increased  by  this  cheapening  of  freights,  but  it  has  been 
improved  in  both  symmetry  and  character.  The  proportion  of  outsyointr 
and  incoming  merchandise  has  been  more  nearly  equalized,  and  the 
traffic  ot  both  rail  and  river  thereby  made  more  economical  and  profit- 
f  „  *^o^;nerly  Frankfort  had  nearly  everything  to  buy  and  very  little 
to  sell.  The  freight  was  nearly  all  incoming,  and  both  boats  and  rail- 
road cars  went  back  empty.  Cheap  fuel  and  materials  have  now  de- 
yeloped  local  manufactures  and  given  this  commuuiiy  a  larger  export 
traffic,  and  the  city,  the  railroads,  and  the  river  mutually  profit  bv  it 

Two  years  is,  of  course,  too  short  a  period  to  demonstrate  fnllV  the 
effect  ot  this  important  work;  but  in  so  far  as  experience  has  yet  gone 
the^result  has  more  than  fulfilled  the  most  sanguine  expectations.  The 
trallic  ot  the  canalized  river  has  increased  steadily  from  the  day  of  its 
opening,  and  the  one  fault  found  with  it  now  is  that  its  locks  are  too 
short  and  its  channel  too  shallow.  The  development  of  freiirhtiiiff 
facilities  has  taken  here  the  same  direction  as  in  the  United  States,  and 
notably  on  our  western  l.skes  and  livers  ;  the  size  of  vessels  has  been 
increased.  When  the  Main  Eiver  improvements  were  i)l;uined,  it  was 
thought  that  locks  capable  of  passing  boats  280  feet  in  length  with  35 


'I 


<!■ 


i 


1 


150 


CANALS   IN   GERMANY. 


foet  beam  and  8  feet  draft  would  be  ajiiplo  for  all  roqiiiroinpiita  of  tho 
future.  But  already  this  is  set'ii  to  Lave  been  an  underestimate,  and 
plans  are  bein^  earnestly  discuwsed  in  the  newspapers  by  whicl:  the 
locks  of  the  Main  may  be  lengthened  and  the  channel  still  further  deep- 
ened. 

Frank  n.  Mason, 

ConnulOeneral, 
UNiiTn  States  (Consulate  General, 

Frank/ortoutheMain,  IStptcmbcr  (5, 1889. 


V 


EAST  PRUSSIA 

ItEPOIiT  BY  COnaULAR  AQENT  OADEKE,  OF  EffyiOSBESO. 

On  looking  at  a  map  of  Europe  one  may  hardly  find  a  country  or  a 
district  which  is  so  rich  and  abounding  in  water  as  eastern  Prussia,  and 
the  established  communications  by  this  element  have  contributed  not 
a  little  to  the  proHj)erity  of  commerce.  However,  it  is  to  be  regietted 
that  as  to  the  construction  of  canals  the  movement  in  it  has  been  so 
very  slack  and  leadenheeled  that  the  commerce  with  the  Rus»ian  neigh- 
bor has  suffered  more  than  could  be  anticipated  with  the  continually 
increasing  productiveness  of  Kussia.  The  want  of  establishiiij;  eoni- 
mercial  communications  by  water  is  a  vtry  old  one  in  Prussia.  About 
500  years  ago  A^'iuide  von  Kniprode,  the  renowned  masterofthi  German 
Order,  made  ajourney  from  his  castle  at  Marieuburg  to  Angeri  irg  by 
sailing  vessel,  thus  making  use  of  the  communications  existing  Ik  tweeu 
the  Nogat  and  Vistula  and  the  lakes  of  eastern  Prussia.  At  the  be- 
ginning of  this  century  the  floating  of  timber  from  the  largo  Johannis- 
burg  forest  by  the  Pissek,  Karew,  Bug,  and  Vistula  to  Danzig,  had  a 
great  extent.  Now  this  trade  has  gone  asleep  because  of  the  nonreg- 
nlation  of  the  river  near  the  Kussian  frontier,  and  ihe  principal  canal 
destined  to  unlock  eastern  Prussia  proper  between  Angerburg  and  Al- 
lenburg,  doubtless  the  most  desirable  of  all  Prussian  canals,  as  it  would 
not  only  bring  in  connection  the  Vistula  and  the  Pre^al  and  the  largo 
Masurian  lakes  and  open  a  series  of  all  sorts  of  industrial  and  commer- 
cial estfibiishments,  but  also  irrigate  and  meliorate  many  squai'  miles 
of  meadow  ground  and  create  a  flourishing  wood,  etc.,  trade. 

The  canal  for  which  the  Prussian  Parliament  had  granted  the  neces- 
sary sums  16  years  ago  has  also  gone  asleep  ;  the  money  was  used  for 
the  amelioration  of  the  harbor  of  Pillau.  This  canal  was  expected  to 
have  been  constructed  in  4  years;  its  length,  55  kilometres;  the  differ- 
ence of  the  descent,  tlie  highest  stand  of  the  Mauersee  and  the  lowest 
of  tho  Allerver,  amounted  to  113.14  millimetres  —  1,U!)8  millimetres  = 
112,072  millimetres.  There  were  planned  six  incluied  planes.  The 
breadth  of  the  bottom  of  the  canal  was  to  be  10  millimetres,  and  the 
lowest  depth  1  millimetre  40  centimetres,  the  canal  to  be  practicable  for 
vessels  of  33.0  millimetres  length,  4  millimetres  40  centimetres  breadth, 
and  1  millimetre  1  centimetre  depth.  Its  cost  was  to  be  about  10,000,000 
marks.  The  dimensions  were  taken  from  those  of  the  Oberlandischer 
Canal  which  was  built  in  1800,  also  with  five  inclined  planes,  and  which 
unites  the  Drausensee,  near  Elbing,  with  a  lot  of  provincial  seas  down 
to  Deutich  Eylau  and  Ostorode.  It  is  not  very  difficult  to  prove  the 
prosperity  of  this  canal  by  the  ciphers  hereafter ;  in  1801  the  frequency 
of  vessels  amounted  to  670  ships  and  rafts  up  and  about  as  much  down, 


CaJTALS    in  GERMANY. 


161 


It  must  be  n  Miarkcd  timt  some  of  the  articles  shipped  are  at  present 
by  far  more  frequent  that  on  an  average  of  the  hist  10  years 

Uri  the  whole,  it  is  a  grave  and  fatal  error  to  confound  the  usefulness 
and  prosperity  of  a  canal  with  its  reutability  ;  at  all  evtnts  the  canal 
dues,  If  liM>y  can  not  be  abolished  altogether/must  not  be  to«  heavra 
charge  for  the  trade  and  the  most  interest .  '.eople,  su.  as  the  neigh- 
boring land  and  forest  proprietors,  brick.nen,  manufacturers,  and  o  her 
industrials  shipper  and  workman,  and  all  those  people  becoiS  morl 

sffiflnail^es^'"'"^  '""''  ''''"^'"'  to  contrib^te^o'the  income'of  the 
tii^al^^?  Frederick  tin  Great  ordered  in  eastern  Prussia  a  ranal  from 
J^J^f'^i  ^T'^  ^  i''    "^"'  Angerapp,  where  the  wood  coi.un,e  co 
veyed  by  floating,  but  now  th.  river  is  much  impeded  by  stones  and  the 
interest  for  this  trade  is  very  little. 

Other  canals,  w'hich  have  been  built  from  1764  to  1767,  arethe  Joban- 

ofenH^""'"  '^r^  T^^'  ^^^"^  Nikolaiken  to  the  TalteVsee,  Taltersee 

n„Jl  i^^^lf  ^?'  ^  '"*'''^''*'  *^  *^«  Schimanusee,  Schimannsee  to  the 

All  these  canals  together  are  about  16,800  feet  long,  are  48  to  52  feet 

tC';  wl  \i:  p'""'  ?'^^'  ^"^  ^  'S-"^  ''  ''^^'^  •«  no^'caiial  combhihig 
them  with  tire  Pregel  River  and  Konigsberg  there  will  be  not  much 

rted'?8Tfifni«'.Q'^''^-  I»  1825  the  Angerap  River  was  again  regl 
i«^7  fi^ilt^  •  ^t^  ^n®"^  Johannisburg  Canal  was  built,  from  1850  to 
It  the  SchimoPker  Canal,  between  Mauersee  and  Spirdiugsee,  but 
the  chief  commercial  interest  remained  for  the  principal  communica- 
tions with  Russia  through  the  river  Niemeu  and  the  adjoininnma  ler 

river'onrfen?- "''  ^T^/"«"'  ^"l^'  ^"««'  ^"«'  ^"'^  ^he  IchTrra,  i 
Jl  fP^ ,?"»«'»»  yersts  long,  combining  the  Oginsky  Canal  in  Riis- 
sia  and  the  Dniejor  with  the  Niemen.  *^        J         *""  -tvus 

I  may  mention  here  a  canal  which  does  no    belong  to  this  system 
uninngthe  town  of  Memel  with  the  river      inge,  Ind  wli  ch  has  a 
length  of  about  5    ^er-nan  miles,  the  Kon,    Wi  hehn  Canal.    The 
traffic  ot  this  canal    built  1803  to  1873)  in  1888  was  218  smacks  2 

t^iX/'A  ?f7?I  "°'\^^  '^^^"^  *",^«'  ^""'^  ^'«^8'«*1  «»^'«  -metres 
timlier,  t.  p    13,759  score  beams,  round  wood,  and  sleepr -s. 

Ihe  canals  which  are  the  most  important  for  the  K   ..igsberff  trade 
are  the  Grosse  Fnedrichsgraben  and  the  8echeuburgor  Canal     Thev 
form  one  canal,  niiting  at  first  the  Gilgc  anu  the  Deime,  and  by  these 
rivers  t ..  Niemca  and  the  Pregel.    The  Niemc,  which'gets  the  name 
'Memei    at  the  Prussian  froutitu  at  Scl.raalleningken,  brings  the  Rus 
sian  supplies  eith.r  in  floats  or  in  very  fi     vessels  <   'led  "  wlttenmen  " 
but  the  regulatio.  of  the  Russian  water  w.  ,8  is  so  much  neglected  that, 
for  instance,  m  the  above-mentioned  Scharra,  where  the  journey  gen- 
erul ly  lasts  10  days,  the  rafts,  etc.,  are  often  forced  to  remain  6  or  8 
weeks  in  May  and  June  for  more  water  to  allow  t  lem  to  proceed. 
"Rniir  °v  *?^^-'^'^''^-*'5  Tilsit  the  Niemen  g,  ^s  a  third  name,  the 
"Russ,"  which  divides  into  tho  R(  ss  and  the  Giige.    This  latter  river 
interests  us    he  most,  for  it  brinat*  all  tlie  n.firohati'tifla  t«  i  ,«  h^„}.„.. 
burg  Canal       !  then  to  the  Grosse  Friedrichsgraben,  with  the  excep- 
tion ot  a  smai.  part,  which  is  forwarded  either  direct  through  the  Gilee 
orthe  Nemonieii,  a  river  crossing  the  Sechenburg  Canal,  and  being  en- 
larged by  the  Timber  Canal  to  the  Curisches  Half,  and  from  thence  to 


li 


•  ti 


m 


Ml 

;i  : 


152 


CANALS   IN    GERMANY. 


tlm  Deiine,  near  tho  city  of  Livbiiui,  which  river  Joins  near  Tapian  the 
I'logel. 

Tho  t^reatest  part  of  the  flat  vessels  atul  all  the  rafts  can  not  go  to 
tho  ('u'risches  Ilaff  iHicanso  of  their  flatness,  and,  therefore,  the  men- 
tioned canals  which  join  theDeime  near  Lahiau  are  for  the  Konigsberg 
trade  of  the  utmost  necessity.  Both  were  built  at  the  end  of  the  last  cen- 
tury, and  the  Seclienburg  ('anal,  which  at  first  liad  a  breadth  of  12  me- 
tres, has  become  a  stately  stream  of  2o  to  30  metres  by  the  force  of  Gilgo 
water,  whereas  the  Grosse  Friedrichsgraben,  which  has  a  more  quiet 
water,  has  a  breadth  of  IG  to  20  metres.  During  the  last  10  years  the 
Prussian  Government  has  done  much  for  the  widening  of  this  canal  by 
buying  many  houses  which  peasants  and  flshermen  had  constructed  on 
its  banks,  and  digging  out  the  land ;  always  busy  to  keep  a  sufllcient 
depth  in  all  the  canals  by  dredging  and  placing  small  wharfs  where 
necessary.  Often  the  arrivals  are  very  large  from  Russia  through  tlie 
Grosse  Friedrichsgraben  and,  therefore,  some  so-called  Holz-hiifen 
wood  harbors  are  constructed  in  two  or  three  places  of  the  Grosse  Fried- 
richsgraben. 

Tlie  normal  depth  up  to  which  the  Government  is  held  to  keep  the 
canals  by  dredging  is  only  1.20  metres,  but  it  is  now  in  work  to  enhance 
it  to  2  metres.  Larger  harbors  are  also  constructed  at  Schmalleninghen 
and  at  Tilsit. 

In  order  to  show  the  importance  of  the  internal  navigation,  I  give 
herewith  the  figures  stating  the  traffic  via  Schmalleninghen,  Labiau, 
and  Konigsberg  in  1888. 


VESSELS  PASSING  SCHM:A.LLENINQHEN  (RUSSIAN  FRONTIER). 

Vessels  up. 

Vossola  down. 

No. 

Sizu. 

Cargo. 

No. 

Si/.o. 

Cargo. 

19 
02 

Tom. 

2, 870 
120, 859 

Torui. 
805.47 
034. 21 

10 
1,319 
2, 050 

Tons 

2,870 
131,002 

Ton». 
0;i4. 21 

Knilinir  VRRHbln             --.    ..........••■->. 

80,  005. 43 

tJaffa                                                                                 ... 

*7.il,080.33 

VESSELS  PASSING  LABIAU,  CURISCHES  HAFF. 


Stoaniors 

Siiiliiif;  vessoln 
Rafts 


203 

2,290 

413 


23, 481 
213, 120 


18,154 
207, 441 
tl65,200 


200 

221 

5 


21,054 
207,  077 


17,  327 
55, 009 
tl.OOO 


*Wood. 


t  Cubic  metres  wood. 


In  Konigsberg :  Passed  internal  vessels  up,  4  steamers,  466  sailing 
vessels ;  down,  33  steamers,  480  sailing  vessels;  arrived  up,  463  steam- 
ers, 5,011  sailing  vessels,  whereof  2,497  were  fishing  boats;  down,  810 
steamers,  2,764  fishing  boats,  of  which  1,057  were  potato  smaks;  rafts 
passed  down,  14,  with  7,512  tons,  and  arrived,  357,  with  169,518  tons. 

At  present  the  chief  interest  of  the  Konigsberg  commerce  is  concen- 
trated in  the  construction  of  the  long-projected  canal  of  5.1|  meters  depth 
through  the  Frische  Haff,  which  is  granted  by  the  Prussian  chamber  of 
deputies,  and  which  would  allow  steamers  to  take  their  full  cargoes  to 
Konigsberg  to  discharge  here,  an  enormous  advantage,  enabling  Kii- 
nigsberg  to  compete  more  efficaciously  with  the  Russian  neighboring 

ports. 

The  depth  of  tliePregel  at  Konigsbergis  6  metres  and  more,  butin  the 
Frische  Haft",  the  large  bay  which  receives  the  Pregel  a  few  miles  from 
Konigsberg  and  leads  near  Pillau  into  the  Baltic,  there  are  now  only 


,pian  tho 

lot  go  to 
the  111  en- 
iiigsberg 
liiat  ceu- 
)f  12  ine- 
of  Gilgo 
)re  quiet 
7earH  the 
canal  by 
ncted  ou 
»uflicient 
fa  where 
oiigli  the 
lol/hiifen 
ise  Fried- 
keep  the 
enhance 
t)ninghen 

lu,  I  give 
,  Labiau, 


Cargo. 

Tom. 

034. 21 

80,  OO.'i.  43 

*7.a,080.33 


17,  327 
55,  009 
tl.OOO 


a  sailing 
63  steaui- 
lown,  810 
ks;  rafts 
18  tons. 
s  concen- 
ers  depth 
lamber  of 
argoes  to 
)ling  K(5- 
ighboring 

but  in  the 
liles  from 
now  only 


CANALS   IN  GERMANY. 


153 


sIhi'fstaktHn  liffrs"  "'"*  "^  ^-'^t^^*  P^^^  "^  t^ecargoes  of  all  ves- 
Am  for  irrigating  canaKs,  tho  use  and  the  benefit  derived  from  them 
wo  have  no  experience  at  all  in  eastern  Prussia,  as  tho  buihling  of 
sluices  and  the  use  of  such  is  very  rare  in  this  country  an«l  exists  more 
in  the  interest  of  industrials  than  of  meadow  owners. 

CONEAD  H.  GADKE, 

Unitkd  State.  Consular  Agency,  ^'"'"'^^'  ^^'"'- 

Jidniffsberg,  September  a,  1SS9. 


WEST  PRUSSIA. 

JiEPORT  Jir  CONS  PL  PAT.  OF  STETTIN. 

The  canals  in  the  provinces  of  Posen  and  West  Prussia  are  • 
ihe  Bromberg  Canal,  which  bears  its  name  from  the  town  of  Brom- 
berg,  connecting  the  river  Braho  with  tho  Wartho,  and  tho  main  rivers 
the  Vistuhi  with  the  Oder.  This  canal  was  cou'structed  during  the 
years  1772-'74  under  the  reign  of  Frederick  the  Great,  and  had  the 
effect  of  bringing  the  produce  of  Poland  to  the  markets  of  B.-riin  and 
other  large  towns  The  length  of  this  canal  is  27  kilometres:  width, 
22  metres;  depth  H  metres.  The  present  traffic  thereon  is  confined  to 
lumber  rafts  and  canal  boats.  ""ueu  to 

The  Kraflohl  Canal  was  constructed  during  tho  year  1495.  and  con- 
nects  the  town  of  Elbing  with  the  Frische  flaff  (FrLh  &?)  The 
present  traffic  on  this  canal  is  inconsiderable. 

r.3^  Weichsel  Canal  was  constructed  in  the  fifteenth  century,  con- 
necting the  Fistuhi  with  the  bay;  tho  dimensions  and  traffic  thereon 
are  similar  to  the  Bromberg  (3aual.  uiereou 

In  the  neighborhood  of  Stettin  there  are  two  canals,  viz,  theKouigs- 
fahrt  (King's  way)  and  the  Kaiserfahrt  (Emperor's  way)  ^ 

The  former  was  constructed  in  tho  year  1841,  leading  from  tho  Dam- 
maiisch  to  the  river  Oder;  width  50.5  metres,  depth  6  metres. 

Ihe  latter,  leading  from  the  bay  to  the  river  Swine,  was  completed 

Sellro^'s^^'^^^^^^^^^ 

M.«  *'Xl''"oV'''^'?"  ""^  *^^f  *.'^*'  ^^"^'^''  together  with  the  dredging  of 
port  '  ^^^^^  improved  the  shipping  facilities  of  this 

The  effect  has  not  been  to  reduce  the  cost  of  transportation,  but  it 
has  shortened  the  requisite  time  from  the  outport  to  Stettin,  and  facili- 
rates  the  passage  of  larger  vessels  to  this  port.  ' 

^fof^^^V^'^^f '^  '^^''^  constructed  by  and  are  under  the  control  of  the 
state.    No  charges  are  levied  thereon. 

tl  J«!l%b,Pr!  tr^  ""  ^T^X  l"^^^'*^?^^  <^^affic  since  the  construction  of 
i«!n  1  rS  '-H  iv^^'oTn^'^®'  '?'P'  arriving  in  Stettin  during  tho  vear 
l!?f'4,m  ^ogilL'^  '"^"^'^^  '""'  '  •^"^'"^  '""^  '-'^^  1844,  3,977  with 

Irrigation  is  not  necessary  in. this  part  of  Germany. 

Andrkw  F.  Fay, 
United  States  Consulate,  Consul 

Stettin,  September  3, 1889. 


I 


■til 


■i  . 

« 

u 


■■-^^, 


jyTyTrTT'iprgjiipriifBiirirT.^ 


154 


CANAL  IN  GREECE. 


J 


m "' .. 


GREECE. 
THE  CORINTH  CANAL. 

[From  the  London  Morning  Tost,  October,  1889,  transmitted  by  Consul  Williams,  of  Eouen.] 

.   Owiug  to  various  causes,  ouo  of  which  was  tlio  additional  outlay  involved  in  alter- 
ing the  slope  of  the  canal  cutting,  and  another  the  late  linancial  crisis  in  Paris,  French 
capital  being  largely  interested  in  thesclieme,  the  work  of  construction  on  the  Corinth 
ship  canal  was  recently  somewhat  delayed,  the  consequence  of  which  was  that  the 
canal  could  not  bo  completed  at  contract  time,  the  end  of  1888.    This  caused  some 
roactiop,  but  those  were  wrong  who  predicted  that  the  undertaking  was  therefore 
doomed.    So  far  from  this  being  the  case,  it  is  well  recognized  that  the  canal  is  of  far 
too  much  importance  for  the  shipping  trade  of  the  Mediterranean  to  be  thus  easily 
abandoned.    Aa  a  matter  of  fact,  at  present  all  vessels  trading  between  the  Mediter- 
ranean ports  of  France,  Spain,  Italy,  and  Austria,  and  the  ports  of  Greece,  Turkey 
Asia  Minor,  the  Black  Sea^  and  the  Lower  Danube,  are  obliged  to  round  CapeMat- 
apan,  thus  going  out  of  their  coarse  first  2  degrees  south  and  then  2  degrees  north 
again.    By  making  the  caual  through  the  isthmus  of  Corinth,  the  route  for  goods 
Irom  Adriatic  ports  will  be  reduced  185  naTitical  miles,  and  from  the  Mediterranean  by 
9i)  miles.    The  canal  intersects  the  isthmus  of  Corinth  in  a  straight  line  at  its  narrow- 
est part,  its  total  length  being  ju.st  under  4  miles,  and  follows  exactly  the  lineofNero'a 
project,  joining  the  Gulf  of  Corinth  with  the  Gulf  of  Athens.     It  will  reach  deep 
water  at  both  ends  about  220  to  :530  yards  from  the  shore.    The  bottom  width  of  the 
canal  (72  feet)  and  its  depth  (26i  feet)  are  the   ame  as  those  of  the  Suez  Canal ;  but 
tlie  proposed  slope  of  1  in  10  through  the  rocky  portion  of  the  cutting  will  afford  a 
width  at  the  surface  of  the  water  of  only  77|  feet,  and  a  cross  section  of  2.032  square 
feet,  instead  of  the  surface  width  of  177  feet,  and  the  cross  section  of  3,272  square  feet 
of  the  bnez  Canal,  This  small  section  of  the  Corinth  Canal  will  bo  somewhat  disadvan- 
tageous for  navigation,  but  its  depth  and  width  at  bottom  will  enable  the  largest  ships 
to  pass.    At  the  same  time  the  fact  that  the  canal  is  perfectly  straight,  and  that  the 
navigator  can  thus  see  from  one  end  to  the  other,  will  greatly  facilitate  the  passage 
otyessels,  while  the  current  will  be  but  small,  the  difference  of  the  tide  between 
Isthnim  (the  new  town  founded  at  the  eastern  end  of  the  canal)  and  Posidonia  (at  the 
Avestern  end)  being  only  4  inches.    In  order  to  disturb  the  surface  of  the  water  as 
Jittle  as  possible  during  the  passage  of  vessels,  it  is  proposed  to  employ  stationary  rope 
haulage.     By  this  method  of  transport  also  vessels  will  be  kept  fairly  in  the  middle 
ot  the  canal,  and  its  sides  will  be  little  liable  to  damage.     The  sides  of  the  canal 
trom  the  bottom  to  Ci  feet  above  the  surface  of  the  water,  will  be  lined  with  concrete 
blocks.     Ihe  approach  channels,  or  harbors,  at  each  end  of  the  canal,  are  to  have  a 
bottom  width  of  328  feet,  and  will  bo  protected  by  rnbblestone  jetties. 
In  the  original  design,  as  we  learn  from  a  paper  by  M.  Armand  St.  Yves  in  the 
Aniiales  des  Pouts  et  Chaussdos,"  the  total  excavation  was  estimated  at  12  865  000 
cubic  yards,  including  about  2,400,000  cubic  yards  for  slips  or  eventual  enlargements, 
llie  nature  ot  th(*  strata  had,  however,  not  been  sufflcieutly  investigated,  tlie  region 
being  volcanic.     When  the  cuttings  had  reached  some  depth  a  'arge  number  of  faults 
were  encountered,  and  a  considerable  disturbance  of  the  laversof  deposit  of  the  terti- 
oaL^^'"'^!''*  ^""'f  revealed.    The  maximum  depth  of  cutting  to' the  bottom  of  the  canal  is 
284  J  teot,  and  the  mean  depth  for  a  length  of  2.6  miles  190  feet.    With  this  mean  depth 
tbe  amount  of  actual  excavation  will  probably  not  exceed  one  and  one-half  times  the 
quantity  originally  estimated.    The  work  of  excavation  was  commenced  in  April 
1882,  and  by  the  close  of  1834  two  converging  jetties  1,310  feet  and  1,640  feet  lonjr' 
respectively,  with  an  entrance  between  their  extremities  265  feet  in  width,  had  been 
constructed  for  the  harbor  in  the  Gulf  of  Corinth  and  ono  jetty  on  the  northern  side 
for  the  harbor  in  the  Gulf  of  Alliens,  this  being  sufHcient."  But  the  excavations  for 
tlie  canal  itself  effected  up  to  the  end  of  1884  amonnted  to  only  1,700,000  cubic  yards 
?'   lio^'''^  .It  once  seen  that  at  this  rate  of  progress  the  canal  could  not  be  finished 
by  1888,  as  stipulated  in  the  concession.     M.  Bazaine  was  then  appointed  chief  engi- 
neer, an(i  work  was  pushed  forward  more  rapidly,  so  that  by  the  close  of  1887  the 
total  excavation  accomplished  amounted  to  7,978,000  cubic  yards.    During  the  opera- 
tions of  the  3  years,  1885  to  1887,  it  was  found,  however,  that  further  works  would 
be  required,  and  in  December,  1886,  M.  Bazaine  reported  that  it  was  necessary  to 
protect  the  sides  of  the  canal  with  masonry  in  hvdraiilic  lime  or  cement  mort.ar  for  a 
height  of  .'J3  feet  along  a  length  of  from  2i  to  2,^  miles  to  preserve  them  from  erosion,  to 
i.onu  a  oeneh  uot,  lo.s.'s  than  5  foot  wine  on  each  side  of  the  caiuil  (i^  feel  above  sea  level 
to  enable  the  walling  to  bo  carried  out,  and  to  ease  the  slopes  at  certain  parts  of  the 
cutting  to  insure  their  etability.    The  engineer  estimatod  that  this  necessitated 


^ 


CANALS  m  RUSSIA. 


155 


if  Honcn.] 

ed  in  alter- 
iris,  French 
the  Corinth 
as  that  the 
auaed  some 
18  therefore 
Dal  IB  of  far 
thus  easily 
tie  Med  i  ter- 
se, Turkey, 
[  Cape  Mat- 
jrees  north 
)  for  goods 
irranean  by 
its  narrow- 
ne  of  Nero's 
reach  deep 
idth  of  the 
:!anal;  but 
ill  afford  a 
.032  square 
square  feet 
t  disadvan- 
irgest  ships 
d  that  the 
he  passage 
e  between 
uia  (at  the 
10  water  as 
ouaryrope 
the  luiddle 
the  canal, 
;h  concrete 
to  have  a 

vos  in  the 
12,865,000 
irgeinents. 
tlie  region 
3r  of  faults 
f  the  terti- 
ho  canal  is 
lean  depth 
f  times  the 
ill  April, 
feet  long, 
,  had  been 
them  side 
'ations  for 
ibic  yards, 
)e  finished 
hief  engi- 
r  1887  the 
the  opera- 
rks  would 
cessary  to 
:)rtav  for  a 
erosion,  to 
I  sea  level, 
rts  of  the 
cessitated 


sion  of  time  asked  for  was  grantee"  an  1  th^  PrpTr  ?  ^''t  ''^°'^°^,  ^'^'^^^  ^lie  extoul 
additional  outlay  and  the  stpp.eml^'^i;^^^^^^^^  £600,000  for  the 

hy  the  Corinth  and  Athens  Railwav  a  bridal  hnSfn'^fr  f  *'!"',  ?*°"^  '«  crossed 
of  excavation  was  begun.  The  Se  an  imn  fr ,»,.  constructed  before  the  work 
feet,  is  104  feet  above^th;  level  of  th,;  cana?  nm  f^"!*"  «*f»«  "^^  of  a  span  of  26-2 
roadway  for  vehicular  and  pSenger  traffic    '  "*''  ^''"^''  ^^"  '''*'^^*y  ^rack,  a 

opolliZ'^tt£:^t^^^^^^  works,  andthenumber 

miles  in  length.    Thetotal  expenditurefor  tLpanniV       ^-'^^V  ""  '"''"^^V  track  ii 

«or  about  £638,000  per  mile     This  is  v«rrh^h  "^"'^ '?  estimated  at  £2,400,000, 

cost  about  £2b,55(f000  for  k  length  of  g/mS  exEvl  ""/^V^"  ^"-^^  <^''^"'*''  ^^'^^^ 
Bitter  Lakes, or  £223,000  per  mile  Rnf  ^1-.  ',  *'-^^M'«'^o  of  the  portion  through  tlio 
excavations  were  chiefly  Fn  sin  knd  o  her  H^h'f^'^nil  °  iT°/'^°  «»«^  C«"^l'  ^^^ 
the  work  is  through  rock  fStrons     l>om^^^^^^  while  for  the  Corinth  cknal 

formed  as  to  how  the  Corinth Tndertakinrwill  nnv  i?^  involved  an  iuea  may  be 
vessels  from  Trieste  and  FiumranKs  0.^^  fr^^^^^^  ^'^^^  about  300 

the  canal  annually,  whil^itTs  oSlld  fh«/r^  p*''^'i''"  P?'*"'  ^'H  Pass  through 
This  would  give  a  total  ofiyOveaseK^^^^  ships  will  use  the  canal. 

As  it  is  proposed  to  levy  a  101^^1  franrZ  ton' on  vrT"'''"^  onnageof  1,500  each, 
and  one-half  franc  on  all  other  vessels  Z«irfil  1  f7  '^'^  ''"'"'"^  from  the  Adriatic, 
estimated  to  yieldan  aniial  reveZt^l.'oo  000  f^^^^^^^  Passenger,  this  i^ 

at  tirst  only  about  ^  per  cent,  on  the  canifnl  Z  H.^^  (£t>0,000^  1  his  would  give 
further  deducted  thi  ixpenses  for  cohS^  t„ni^^Arb/'""'  ^hS"  '^'^"'^^  ^'^^^  to  be 
a  though  the  latter  item%an  nrbe  vmy  heivf  cons  dcrinf.''IL*''%'?*^  •'",  ''P^'^' 
of  the  construction.  It  remains  to  be  sennxJwhJii*'  *'"^  substantial  nature 
ing,  as  the  value  of  the  cana  to  ehippEs  lea  %d  A?'r"'  T^^  «'' """  *"''^«*«- 
whether  the  heavy  expenditure  was  justS.  P'^^'®"*  ""  ^^''^  «»»  say 


RUSSIA. 

nMPOnTBYCOXSULa^yEItAL  OnAWFORD,  OF  ST.  PETmSBURG. 
THE  BASIN  OF  THE  VOLGA. 

dustry  are carrietl  on     TIip trihnt.  .M^ri^P f L •  "    '  f  H®'^®  '^''  '^'"ds  of  m- 
Oky,8o„ry,  O^yXS'^XS^I    ISIS  M^^^^^^ 

tbo  v.rgi,,  forests  of  Siberia  to  tbe  sborraof  the  Kirn^  In?  h  '  n""' 
tb,8  grand  stream  stretches  out  lier  arms  lortli,.  te.m  ■„.*»         '  "?"' 


Voiyji., 


^^i^:rxsz^-±SS-J?S£'^ 


,.  ^m 


1 


i  ! 
■1 

i 


i 


II    i 


'7_,..a»6a 


166 


CANALS  IN  RUSSIA. 


time  when  the  Volga  became  a  tboronghly  Russian  River  from  its 
source  to  the  Caspian  Sea. 

The  basin  of  the  Volga  embraces  21  provinces,  occupying  a  territory 
of  1,333,333  square  miles,  with  35,000,000  of  inhabitants.  According  to 
official  figures  this  basin  contains  more  than  7,000  factories,  nearly 
10,OUO,000  horses,  as  many  horned  cattle,  and  more  than  30,000,000  of 
sheep,  with  great  numbers  of  other  domestic  animals. 

The  average  yield  of  cereals  obtained  from  this  basin  amounts  to 
nearly  1,250,000,000  bushels,  and  of  this  product  not  more  than 
800,000,000  bushels  are  consumed  at  home ;  the  remaining  450,000,000 
bushels  being  largely  used  in  the  manufacture  of  beer  and  whisky, 
together  with  immense  quantities  of  dairy  products,  great  numbers  of 
horses,  cattle,  and  sheep,  the  wealth  of  the  forests,  together  with  the  met- 
allurgical manufactures,  which  alone  amount  to  more  than  1,080,000,000 
pounds  per  annum,  with  the  products  of  the  salt  lakes  lying  in  reach 
of  the  Volga,  and  finally  with  the  output  of  the  7,000  factories  above 
mentioned,  with  great  quantities  of  koustar  manufactures,  seek  trans- 
portation. 

Moreover,  the  Volga  still  represents  the  principal  means  of  communi- 
cation and  transport  into  lUissia  from  the  Caucasus  and  Persia.  On 
this  river  are  transported  great  quantities  of  merchandise  from  the  cen- 
ter of  Asia  and  from  Khans;  also  articles  of  Chinese  manufacture  are 
floated  down  the  Volga.  Thus  this  river  defines  itself  as  the  general 
line  of  traflflc,  uniting  diiierent  tribes  and  peoples  settled  in  Russif,  a 
natural  indication  of  its  national  importance. 

Notwithstanding  these  facts  the  bulk  of  the  products  of  the  vast  Volga 
Basin  is  unable  to  find  an  exit.  This  elevated  basin,  situated  in  the  in- 
terior of  Russia  from  the  very  source  of  the  Dneiper  and  the  Dvina  to 
the  central  flow  of  the  Don  and  to  the  limits  of  southern  Siberia  and 
even  to  the  Hinifilaya  Mountains,  thus  including  an  important  portion 
of  Europe  and  nearly  all  of  central  Asia,  by  its  geographical  situation  is 
practically  isolated.  In  all  this  vast  country  there  are  no  natural  water- 
ways to  unite  the  points  of  interior  markets.  The  Volga  flowing  into 
the  Caspian,  an  inland  sea;  the  barren  lands  surrounding  its  mouth; 
the  occupations  of  the  nomads  raiding  in  these  sands,  render  it  possible 
to  dispose  of  all  this  vast  product  in  one  direction  only— to  the  north. 

Navigation  on  the  North  Sea  is  always  diflScult  and  is  impracticable 
during  a  considerable  portion  of  the  year;  whereas  to  the  northwest, 
from  the  Volga  to  the  nearest  point  of  the  Baltic,  tiiere  lie  300  miles  of 
iowland,  thick  set  with  little  lakes  and  nuirshes,  thus  rendering  such 
an  outlet  inaccessible  for  all  kinds  of  heavy  freight.  For  these  reasons 
an  enormous  product,  representing  the  labor  of  nearly  the  half  of  all 
Russia,  as  well  as  those  goods  transported  from  the  neighboring  eastern 
countries,  can  come  to  the  Volga  only  to  be  freighted  upstream,  with 
no  favorable  opportunity  of  reaching  the  interior  national  exchange. 

CANAL  TO  UNITE  THE  VOLGA  AND  THE  BALTIC  SEA. 

From  these  facts  it  could  hardly  be  otherwise  than  that  Russian 
manufactures  should  suffer  Therefore  the  wisdom  of  constructing 
artificial  water  ways  to  furnish  a  means  of  disposing  of  the  freight 
floated  on  the  Volga,  viz,  the  products  of  a  large  portion  of  Europe  and 
of  the  western  part  of  Eastern  Asia,  must  be  apparent.  A  practical 
ofkinfioii  of  tins  onestion.  it  is  ar'>'ueds  lies  in  the  building  of  a,  canal 
from  the  Volga  to  the  Baltic  Sea. 

The  experience  of  Russia  for  more  than  60  years,  together  with 


ver  from  its 

g  a  territory 
According  to 
tories,  nearly 
30,000,000  of 

[  amounts  to 
t  more  tlian 
g  450,000,000 
and  whisky, 
it  numbers  of 
with  the  met- 
1,080,000,000 
ying  in  reach 
ctories  above 
s,  seek  trans- 

?of  communi- 
Persia.  On 
from  the  cen- 
tiufacture  are 
s  the  general 
I  in  Russif ,  a 

lie  vast  Volga 
ited  in  the  in- 
the  Dviua  to 
\  Siberia  and 
)rtant  portion 
a,l  situation  is 
latural  water- 
;  flowing  into 
g  its  mouth  ; 
ler  it  possible 
to  the  north, 
mpracticable 
he  northwest, 
0  300  miles  of 
ndering  such 
these  reasons 
he  half  of  all 
)oring  eastern 
pstream,  with 
lal  exchange. 

3  SEA. 

that  llussian 
■  constructing 
)f  the  freight 
)f  Europe  and 
A  practical 
ing  of  a  canal 

ogother  with 


CANALS   IN   KU88IA. 


157 


researches  undertaken  duriuff  the  nasf  inn  ^a„„„  , 

tlmt  tbe  reconsZtJion  of  System  sbS'l."  '" '''«">f°™  e"1eut 
as  would  reuUerall  traffic  on  the  Vo^s^  and  n„  tL  If  ^*  ""  T"""  !  "'™ 
not  only  for  the  present,  b„?  Z/foHCiZe     FuJ^^'u  fl"^'"''''^, 

the  north,  tlmrebye.4abn8SH^  ''^'"^'  "ec*^«8ity  toward 

Arkangel!    But  even  a  rhat  Sd^^^^^  commercial  importance  of 

the  W  hite  Sea  and  the  NorH.Vrn  J?  inconvenience  of  traffic  through 

edge  caused  John  of  S'^^^^^  was  recognized ;  and  this  knoll- 

regretted,  unhappUy  When  PeZ  Jh"^  r  '"  I'T'^'t^  ^"^•"^'  '^  *«  ^o  be 
the  Swedes,  set  a  flfm  foo  on  the  coast' of 'vl^««^?^^  ^^  ^^^  ^^^^^^'^ 
first  thoughts  was  to  foiHfv  th.Jo^     -^^^  ^^1^^  Baltic  Sea,  one  of  his 

first  link  founrRlt  w^h'S'e  W^T't^^^^^^^^^^  ?r"?  l'' 

tSrarn^tSE^^^^^^^^^^^ 

force  able  no    only  to  aiTnul  sn.h 'l'^'  *^  ^?  'l''''^''^^  ^^  ^^^^^^ 
fuse  to  supply  th'eTrin'eiXitiSU  S'°'^'  '"'  ^'^"^^^^^^  ^«  - 

evenLElTcaf  n'of  r "l^^^^^^^^  ^f^^^',  ^-^^  and  Olenetz 

upon  their  neiglSring  pro?fnLf  for  ?Zd'''''"i^^  ^^"^^^  ^o  call 

of  exporting  cereals  IVomtS^  1?^  •  ®'^'^"    ^^  *^at  tune  the  thought 
Economic  conditions  of  sTiH^lm.^?'^'"''^^  "^^^'  occurred  to  anyone, 
and  strategic  measures     if  wn^n?'!''"''^  ?^'"'^"^  «^"«d  for  Po"tica 
the  new\y%rSZmJLZ^'^^^^^  ^""^  strengthen 

according  to  the  logTc  of llfinl^  th  Ji*^  •.*  f'^'^'^^^^tive  power  which, 
Such  reqnirementXallv  lP^7fn'  tJf  "1- ^  ""^^"^^  ^  nation  demands 
the  Baltic  Sea^ptffri^i  aUcoVdiLr^^^^ 
with  the  rapid  growth  of  the  Hfr  w)^^Sf  ^^'^^  necessities,  increasing 

Eiissia  and'the^pohttf cfn^ STh  "gre:?  Em'pirr"'  ''"  '''''''  '' 
brSl^ieTgKd^r^^^^^  Of  his  sound 

old  MarieOanal systermde  but  Z^^^^^  '"'^  ^  construction,  the 

when,  burdened  ?vith  aSmu  iHnTnh!f  P^"^        """'  "'  '^^^^  ^ears, 
serious  climatic  difficuSpetS^^^  ""^  T"^  ««'-^«'  iucliiding 

of  famine.    In  vieHf "uch  a^^^^^^^^^^  rxeauy'to  a  state 

and  commercial  adviL  mgXhe  n^^^^^^^^  «P^«io°» 

Volga  to  the  Baltic,  thus  encoXTnT?heTnln?'^'^"?  ^  ?*"^^  f™"*  th« 

the'Vish^ivoKz^cSaT\?sle"r  *^«  desirability  of  improving 

unable  to  accomplish  ^at  i:Si3:te  ZSZ^^  t^^lj 


«?; 


if!  -H 


158 


CANALS   IN    RUSSIA. 


ent  upon  the  quantity  of  water  accumulated  in  the  reservoirs,  and 
return  traffic  being  impossible. 

Later,  in  17G4,  it  was  thought  possible  to  obtain  a  satisfactory  connec- 
tion of  the  Volga  with  the  Baltic  by  constructing  in  addition  to  the  Viush- 
nivolotz  Ciiiuil  the  Tickvinsky,  although  shallowness  of  the  river  threw 
much  doubt  upon  the  practicability  of  the  project,  especially  if  snch  a 
connection  were  intended  to  do  anything  more  than  assist  the  general 
traffic  and  handle  the  local  freight. 

Finally,  when  necessity  demanded  the  building  of  the  Mariiusky  sys- 
tem, the  demands  of  Petersburg  and  of  foreign  exports  in  no  way 
equaled  those  of  to-day.  Through  the  sluice-way  locks,  built  with 
chambers  of  15  fathoms,  it  was  with  difficulty  that  800  vessels  could 
pass  during  the  navigable  season,  carrying  freight  not  exceeding  192,- 
857  tons,  scarcely  more  than  a  tritie  when  compared  with  the  demands 
of  Petersburg  at  the  present  ti  •?.  In  fact,  at  that  day  no  inventive 
genius  could  have  attained  the  results  desired  and  possible  now;  no 
i.iiagiiiation  could  have  foretold  then  that  the  discovery  of  steam  would 
render  futile  all  other  modes  of  river  navigation,  nor  have  forseen  its 
ettVcts  on  all  branches  of  manufacture.  And,  moreover,  at  that  time  it 
was  not  possible  for  the  Government,  because  lacking  in  both  money 
and  credit,  to  construct  such  a  canal  system  as  would  be  sufficient  for 
the  present  demands.  Even  as  late  as  1810  the  entire  income  of  the 
Imperial  Treasury  was  only  125,000.000  assignats,  a  sum  representing 
oulv  41,007,000  metallic  rubles,  or  about  $20,000,000. 

When  the  Marie  Canal  system  was  coustruct'^d  Petersburg  numbered 
but  300,000  souls  and  her  exports  amounted  to  about  3,000,000  tons, 
wh.reas  to-day  the  city  has  nearly  1,000,000  inhabitants  and  exports 
more  than  12,000,000  tons. 

THE  MARIE    SYSTEM. 

On  this  water  way,  beginning  from  the  middle  of  May  to  the  Ist  of 
July,  depeutling  upon  the  caravans,  from  30  to  35  vessels  are  dis- 
patched daily  from  Rybinsk.  If  the  sluices  and  other  comi)lications  of 
the  system  allowed  this  number  to  pass  through  from  llybiusk  without 
delay,  they  would  arrive  at  St.  Petersburg  in  30  to  45  days ;  but  as  the 
sluices  at  Rybinsk  pass  on  an  average  from  25  to  30  vessels  a  day, 
therefore  every  day  increase,  the  blockade  at  Rybinsk.  Moreover-,  with 
the  beginning  of  the  second  half  of  July  the  rapidity  of  transportation 
generally  slackens,  because  of  the  dark  nights  and  prevailing  winds. 
Takirig  these  facts  as  a  basis  the  calculation  as  to  the  rate  of  the 
Rybinsk  caravan  is  as  follows : 

By  dispatching  in  the  month  of  May  300  vessels  from  Rybinsk,  they 
will  reach  St.  Petersburg  in  30  to  35  days.  By  dispatching  the  second 
300  vessels  it  is  necessary  to  add  5  days,  and  they  will  reach  the  same 
destination  in  35  to  40  days.  The  third  300  vessels  require  an  addi- 
tional 5  days  and  they  will  be  40  to  45  days  on  the  road ;  thus  the  first 
1,000  vessels  or  241,071  tons  of  freight  will  be  from  30  to  45  days  on  the 
way  from  Rybinsk  to  St.  Petersburg.  When  the  second  1,000  vessels 
are  dispatched  it  is  necessary  to  add  not  5  days,  but  7  days  of  delay  for 
every  300  vessels,  and  the  journey  of  these  1,000  vessels  will  occupy, 
the  first  300  vessels  from  47  to  52  days;  the  second  300  vessels  from 
64  to  59,  and  the  third  300  vessels  from  01  to  GO  days ;  so  that  the  sec- 
ond 1,000  vessels  or  241,071  tons  of  freight  require  47  to  06  days  for 
their  journey.  W  heu  Lue  third  1,000  vessels  arc  uiHpatcf^eu  it  is  nee 
essary  to  add  10  davs  delay  to  every  3t)0  vessels  started;  thus  the  first 
300  vessel!*  of  this  1,000  will  be  from  71  to  70  days  ou  the  road,  the  sec- 


reservoirs,  and 

^factory  conuec- 
on  to  the  Viush- 
the  river  threw 
jcially  if  snch  a 
sist  the  general 

iMariiusky  sys- 
ort3  iu  no  way 
cks,  built  with 
lO  vessels  could 

exceeding  192,- 
th  the  demands 
ay  no  inventive 
ossible  now ;  no 
'  of  steam  would 
have  forseen  its 
',  at  that  time  it 

iu  both  money 
)e  sufficient  for 
e  income  of  the 
am  representing 

sburg  numbered 
;  3,000,000  tons, 
uts  and  exports 


Fay  to  the  Ist  of 
vessels  are  dis- 
complications  of 
Llybinsk  without 
Llays ;  but  as  the 
D  vessels  a  day, 
Moreover,  with 
ff  transportation 
revailing  winds, 
the  rate  of  the 

in  Rybinsk,  they 
uhing  the  second 

reach  tlje  same 
require  an  addi- 
td ;  thus  the  first 
to  45  days  on  the 
nd  1,000  vessels 
days  of  delay  for 
5eis  will  occupy, 
300  vessels  from 

m  that  the  soo- 
7  to  06  days  for 
aicficu.  iv  io  uuo 
d;  thus  the  first 
the  road,  the  sec- 


CANAL8   IN  RUSSIA. 


159 


t^Oo'da^^^^^^^^^^  tbird  300  vessels  from  91 

Having  approxinmteircalculatP^  tL    ^^  .'J^'P.  ^«»'  '*«  i>as8age. 
tons  of  Icods  the  -earl j^  av^rS  tri  ^^^^^^  ^^^^  «10.714 

V!*l  system,  require  on  autTt^Tl^lSro^^^^^  ^^'  ^^^ Marie  Ca- 
i^ybinsk  to  St.  Petersburg  fn  Jfti  •  ^?  ^^^  ^^  days' journey  from 
32  to  37  days  for  ifeSarvwll^.v^?  ''*'^  '"''^"''^^  ^^  *^«y«'  i«u"iey  and 
from  10tol2Saday  ^'^«  ^^^''^g^  ^"Pidity  of  the  tran^tTs 

tio?ofTe^?,'bTrkTolo^^^^  «^^«teu.  from  theinaugura- 

pood,  or  36  e'uS  poumls  wSfs^i^oon'  ?T.  '^  *^  ^^  copeckf  per 
of  transit ;  thul  leaving  a  ridTSSfl^'^'''^^'^^^^^  '«  t'^«  ^^al  cost 
under  the'most  favorable  coSdo"8'^         ^"'''^^  ^^"^  ^^^  *'^"W>«r,  even 

SayVX:S^^  n.ust  be  added  : 

cost  for  lUBurance  during  the  iou^Lv  •  .In?    '  1^  copecks  the  average 
at  Kybinsk,  freighting  VddicSiU^"?'4^^";^^^^  storage 

per  pood,  so  that  the  total  cost  for  [hi  tin. ^^  /^/^^''^"rff,  li  copecks 
to  St.  Petersburg  bv  the  nSr^ni  !    ;"'^'^'"^P*^^^o<'^''fronr%W 

Kybinsk,  amouni  i' isf  Topeck      e7S'  n ''"^'^f  ^  '""^  «^i»«»«««  ^t 

canalsystemrSefnit     S^ 

]ng  as  it  does  the  basin  of  The  y^^^^^^^^  fjf  ^"^  ^f  the  E.npira,  ui.it- 

but  the  real  value  of  this  4nni  n.,  f^  ^^^-  P^^'*  ^^  '^^f-  Petersburg, 

comes  acquainted  wthhe1m,iS=  "^  '^^PP^^^cinted  only  when  one  be- 
^olga  at  the  RyS^k  w£?r  T  rfnSnf "'"  f  !'''^^'  ^'^"^^^^  ^o  tlie 
the  amount  of  me.chanrse  that  was  tr^^Zft'^^^/'*^      ^^^'«  ^"'  ^^^^ 
<J"ni'ff  the  years  1855-1882  •  transported  to  and  from  Eybinsk 


Yours. 


Vcs-     ■^^'"'   , 
sols.  L  ■(-?      FioiRht. 
freight. 


18n5 

lKo7 
1860 
18G,'i 
1804 
1805 
1860 


Xo. 
3,  2f,4 
3,894 
2,  321 
2,864 
2,854 
2.406 
2,832 


Tons. 
236 
225 
217 
283 
269 
278 
308 


Tons. 
771,  573 
1)13.323 
503,  078 
811,3.^3 
768,364 
6.59,  009 
871,377 


7S6,  907 


Value, 


sels.  1 1  '^'e'glit.  j    Value. 


$',  743,  500 
{151,857,500 
|12,  990,  ,500 
16,847,500 

12,  283,  500 

13,  070,  500 
19,  090,  500 


13,  840,  500 


910, 469 

871,714 
1,220,110 

998, 485 
1,  006,  002 

088,  223 
1,  262,  234 


18,610,500 
19,  !52e,000 

22,  959,  000 
21,  389,  000 
21,  780,  rm 
21, 292,  000 

23,  VA,  .500 


',036,012 

408  il,  127,500" 

429    1,249,007 

919,575 

I,  447, 1S4 

1,  169,  tm 


2,188 
2,767 
1,790 
338 
3:5 
.?35 
412 


Total 

freight. 


Tons. 
08,  721 
88,  939 
57,  357 
43, 457 
40,500 
40,  532 
51,  927 


351 
432 
443 
443 
443 
1,892 
1,279 


$3,  603,  000 
I  5,844.  '00 
3,  000,  oOO 
1,  654,  500 
1, 449.  500 
I,  442,  500 
1,  500,  000 


Tons. 
840,  294 
1,  002,  202 
601,  035 
854,  790 
809, 164 
699,  ,541 
923,  304 


21,  244,  .500  1,335 


24,  859,  500 
23, 30.5,  500 
20,  676,  000 
28,  839,  000 
!3,  729,  000 


47,  693 
55, 671 
67,118 
67, 118 
57, 118 
121,  098 
121,564 


880,  .50.5  21.  4fi7'. r.nn 
I,  Ul,ti:!«  :23,  49S,'0U0 


1,020 
902 
1,055 
1,113 
1,258 
1,107 
991 


1,170,991  j-l,782,"000  1,064 


85,  014 
81,  369 
88,  727 
03, 889 
92, 185 
92,  2;i5 
84,  198 


1,696,000 
1,991,500 
2,  037,  500 
2, 037,  SOO 

2,  037,  500 

3,  527.  000 
2,  078,  000 


J69,  062 
930,  800 
1.  277,  229 
1,  277,  229 
1.  277,  229 
1,  099.  546 
1,  399,  1?0 


Total 
value. 


Ill,  346,  .500 
21,  701,  500 
15,9.')1,000 
17, 402,  000 
13,  713,  000 
14, 493, 000 
20,  590,  500 


121,  339  3,  252,  500  jl,  158,  698 


17,  989,  500 


20, 306,  500 
21,  517,  500 
24,  990,  500 
24,  990,  500 
24,  990,  500 
24,819,000 
26,  133,  000 


80,357 


2, 074,  000 
2,  208,  500 
2,  760,  000 
2,  582,  500 
2, 843,  000 

•J,  ;;xn,  000 

.\  990, 000 


1,522,591 
l,3.'i0,  3!»3 
1,008,413 
1,  585. 402 
1.267,296 
WV:;,  739 
1,  195,  843 


2,501,000  1,200,343 


24,  4^7,  000 

27,  .5:14^  000 
26,  574,  000 
23, 336,  000 
31,222,000 
20.  572.  50(! 

2.3,'  7:n.  boo 

25,  B?8,  000 

26,  283,"000 


!  ! 


160 


CANALS  IN  BUSSIA. 


An  examination  of  the  above  table  should  call  especial  attention  to 
the  following  facts: 

First.  That  during  the  period  from  1855  to  1866  the  largest  freightage 
brought  to  Kybinsk  was  in  the  year  1857,  and  amounted  to  1,002,278 
tons ;  during  the  period  from  1867  tO  1876  the  largest  freightage  was  in 
the  year  1875,  and  amounted  to  1,390,130  tons;  and  during  the  period 
from  1876  to  1882  the  largest  was  In  the  year  1879,  and  amounted  to 
1,585,462  tons. 

Second.  That  the  smallest  freightage  during  the  period  1855  to  1866 
was  in  the  year  1860,  and  amounted  to  559,607  tons ;  that  the  smallest 
in  the  next  period  above  mentioned  was  in  the  year  1868,  and  amounted 
to  930,600  tons,  and  in  the  last  period  the  smallest  freightage  was  in 
tho  year  1881,  and  amounted  to  968,400  tons. 

Third.  That  the  average  quantity  of  goods  shipped  from  Eybinsk 
in  the  direction  of  St.  Petersburg  during  these  periods  was  as  follows : 
From  1855  to  1866, 828,723  tons ;  from  1867  to  1875, 1,158,252  tons  ;  and 
from  1876  to  1882, 1,266,348  tons. 

In  the  absence  of  the  foregoing  figures  it  would  bedifBcultto  believe 
that  the  quantity  of  goods  transported  has  incrsased  by  433,929  tons 
during  the  last  28  years,  and  that  in  the  last  V  years  the  transports 
have  been  increased  by  112,500  tons. 

THE  EYBINSK  V/HARF. 

The  Eybinsk  Wharf  is  the  great  central  collecting  point  of  the  Volga 
districts,  where  are  gathered  together  the  cereals  and  other  agricultural 
products,  the  varied  mineral  wealth  of  liussia,  such  as  iron,  copper, 
coloring  matters,  naphtha,  also  salt,  wood,  bristles,  wool,  tallow,  hides, 
furs,  and  fish.  These  goods  are  largely  forwarded  to  St.  Petersburg 
to  be  sent  to  other  countries,  a  small  proportion  only  of  the  cereals  being 
directed  to  the  nonproductive  provinces  of  the  north.  It  is  therefore 
important,  both  to  the  consignor  and  to  the  consignee,  that  this  mer- 
chandise be  transported  as  quickly  and  as  cheap  as  possible. 

The  following  tabulation  will  give  some  idea  of  the  relative  value  of 
the  canals  and  the  railroad  in  handling  this  freight: 


Canals. 

No.  of 
vessels. 

Average 
IVeifiUt 

per 
vessel. 

Total 
freight. 

Trans- 
sliipinents 

fioni 
Kybinsk. 

Harie    

1855-1860. 

2,478 
2,777 
1,618 

Tons. 
161 
93 
29 

Tom. 
401,175 
266, 255 

40,  885 

Per  cent. 
,V3 

ViflhnivolofiMlc     ...........................•••.■•-•-■■-••->•• 

35 

7 

Xotal 

6,873 

717,283 

95 

18C6-1876. 

MtkTie 

2, 703 
2,  358 
1,224 

209 
93 
29 

576,  370 

228,166 

30, 932 

S5 

ViflhnivolndHk.. ....................■....•...........,•■•---. 

22J 
2 

Total 

6,345 

841,467 

79i 

1876-1882. 

Harie 

2,230 

1,417 

721 

241 
93 

29 

550, 087 

141,076 

22, 195 

47 

Viahnivolodsk 

12k 

Tiokhviniikv -  --- 

if 

Totals 

.     nita 

t,  auc 

712, 750 

flO| 

ial  attention  to 

gest  freightage 
Bcl  to  1,002,278 
eigbtage  was  iu 
riug  the  period 
d  amounted  to 

od  1855  to  18G6 
lat  the  smallest 
,  and  amounted 
ightage  was  in 

,  from  Eybinsk 
was  as  follows : 
^,252  tons ;  and 

Qcult  to  believe 

by  433,929  tons 

the  transports 


nt  of  the  Volga 
ler  agricultural 
,8  iron,  copper, 
1,  tallow,  hides, 

St.  Petersburg 
le  cereals  being 

It  is  therefore 
,  that  this  mer- 
iible. 
elative  value  of 


0 

Total 
freight. 

Tim  IIS- 
sliipinents 

fiom 
Kybiiisk. 

( 
) 

Tong. 
401,175 
266, 255 

49,  885 

Per  cent. 
r,\\ 

35 
7 

717. 283 

95 

) 

! 
) 

576,  370 

228, 166 

36, 932 

55 

22i 
2 

841,467 

79i 

1 
1 
» 

550, 687 

141,076 

22, 195 

47 

712, 750 

m 

CANALS   IN   RUSSIA. 

MyMnak  and  Bologoe  Railway. 


Description. 


Indepenilent  of  canals 

PeroentaRo  exported 

tioods  nocosHarily  wintered  at  Kvbi'nVk " " " 
I'ercentaKo  of  total  receipts.  . .:  ...;.■. 


•tons, 
'tons. 


1866-1875. 


145,254 
14i 
60, 186 
6 


161 


1876-1882. 


875, 043 

32 

87,  975 

74 


£:xportafrom  Rybinsk  without  transshipment-lS73-m2. 


Mario  system 

Vishnivolodslc  system.'.".".* 
Tiokh viusky  system .... 


Ey'biLf:w:;.trff„«:  """"^  '"o  ^""^  "'  «>«  l-^t  period,  ft„„ 


Via— 


Marie  system 

Vialmivolodsk  system ...'.'" 
lickhvinsky  system 

Total 


Tons. 

615,  808 

lEO,  075 

26, 100 

791,  983 

No.  of 
vessels. 

2,  594 

1,572 

898 

5,082 

Ryhinak-Bologoe  Railway. 


Direct  from  ves-iols.. 

From  stores  and  c^anufactured  goods".'.' 


Total. 


Freight. 

No.  of 
wagons. 

Tons. 
375, 943 
90, 129 

38, 986 
9,123 

466, 072 

48, 109 

THE  VISHNIVOLODSK  SYSTEM. 

por^Tgo^^^srS^S  the  trans. 

to  the  calculations  of  ISoS-TsSg,  ift^Xor  ed iS'f^^^  .  ^^"^'  ^^^^^'^'"^ 
the  period  1867-1875,  it  transnorfed  oSf nnn  .  '^^/""^  ^'^^  ^*^<>ds ;  for 
176,78(}tons;  in  1878  1879  S  18S0^&  ??,  *?°^'  ^^^  the  year  1877, 
1881  the  transport  was  73,7^  tons  aLdfn'l«\9>'  *"%"''^^^  ^^^^^  ^o^ 
that  At  present  the  transport  of  goods  fmm]?SlT'  7'^*^  *^°«;  «« 
nearly  ceased,  and  such  goods  is  L?pnfh!^.f ''  ^^  this  system  has 
for  neighboring  snpplie.s  or  ir  oto  Tvar  f  i  ^  l^'''  ''^"^^  ^^^  intended 
Petersburg  by^theKolas^Rarilv  '  theTa?t«'^'^  "'"  ^T^""'  '^  ^t 
ring  only  when  Rybinsk  is  so  emSassed  il  .  f  ^^i^^tP^jtation  occur- 


-"-iii 


I 


162 


CANALS   IN   RUSSIA. 


goods  are  only  from  12  to  14  days  on  the  crual,  by  the  time  they  arrive 
at  St.  Petersburg  by  rail  the  transports  cost  liA  cents  per  36  pounds. 

The  reasons  why  the  direct  transjjort  of  8o"bd8  from  Rybinsk  to  St. 
Petersburg  has  been  abandoned  are  th(^  following:  The  cost  of  trans- 
port would  now  actually  cost  from  13  to  14  copecks  per  pound,  and 
adding  to  this  the  other  necessary  expenses  calculated  in  the  Marie 
system,  the  real  cost  per  36  English  pounds,  by  the  time  they  arrived 
at  St.  Petersburg  would  be  8^  or  D  cents ;  again  it  takes  even  longer 
than  on  the  Marie  system,  the  journey  being  from  40  to  80  days,  and 
even  more. 

THE  TICKIIVINSKY  SYSTEM. 

Direct  transport  of  goods  on  this  system,  from  Rybinsk  to  St.  Peters- 
burg, has  also  almost  ceased  since  the  construction  of  the  Kybinsk- 
Bologoe  Railway.  Not  more  than  10,071  tons  are  transported  at  pres- 
ent from  Rybinsk  and  these  are  for  local  needs.  The  cost  of  transpor- 
tation by  this  canal  from  Rybinsk  to  St.  Petersburg  would  amount  to 
from  7  to  8 J  cents,  and  with  the  other  expenses  would  be  from  9  to  10.^ 
cents  per  36  English  pounds.  It  could  not  transport  more  than  48,214 
tons  during  the  navigable  season  and  vessels  would  be  from  16  to  25 
days  on  the  road. 

RYBINSK  AND  BOLOGOE  RAILWAY. 

Comparing  the  rapidity  of  transports  by  rai':,  without  doubt  the  rail- 
road has  the  preference  over  the  canal  system.  For  example,  if  we 
allow  the  most  rapid  transport  by  the  Marie  Canal  from  Rybinsk  to  St. 
Petersburg,  it  would  still  take  from  18  to  26  days  ;  whereas  by  rail  it 
would  take  from  4  to  6  days.  It  is,  therefore,  comprehensible  that  a 
certain  portion  of  goods  which  can  permit  an  extra  expense  of  l.J  cents 
per  36  English  pounds  will  always  apply  to  the  railroad  for  transit. 

The  railroad  also  brings  to  St.  Petersburg  such  goods  as  have  been 
left  on  account  of  the  closing  of  navigation.  On  the  other  hand,  how- 
ever, if  the  railroad  between  Rybinsk  and  St.  Petersburg  were  organ- 
ized, it  could  never  answer  the  purpose  so  well  as  a  well -organized 
caiml  system.  For  example,  it  has  not  the  means  of  transporting  at  a 
giT«n  time  what  would  be  required.  As  will  be  shown  below,  the  aver- 
age receipt  of  goods  at  Rybinsk  for  the  last  7  months  was  1,253,571 
tons,  received  as  follows : 


Month. 


!     - 


April 

May 

June 

.Tilly 

Augnst  ... 
September 
October  ... 


Beceipts. 

Per  cent. 
4-6 

30-50 

30-40 

8-12 

5-7 
2-4 

Mi 


Average  receipts. 


Per  cent. 

5 

40 

35 

10 

6 

3 

1 


100 


Tnnt. 

C2. 678 

501,428 

438,  304 

125,357 

75,  214 

37,607 

12,983 

1, 253, 571 


It  is  impossible  to  obtain  the  average  monthly  transports  by  the  Ry- 
binsk Eologoe  Railroad  for  the  last  few  years,  but  taking  the  year  1877, 
when  the  railroad  made  the  largest  transports,  namely:  both  ways, 
781,071  tons,  in  wh.ch  a^e  included  498,214  t^ns  of  goods  taken  directly 


'^.miimmm- 


CANALS   IN   EUS8IA. 


e  tliey  arrive 
16  pounds, 
ybinsk  to  St. 
;ost  of  trails- 
V  pound, and 
in  the  Marie 
they  arrived 
}  even  longer 
80  days,  and 


to  St.  Peters- 
the  Kybinsk- 
rted  at  prea- 
;  of  transpor- 
Id  amount  to 
from  9  to  lOi 
6  tbau  48,214 
from  16  to  25 


oubt  tbe  rail- 
cample,  if  we 
jybinsk  to  St. 
as  by  rail  it 
nsible  that  a 
>eof  l.J  cents 
ir  transit. 
IS  have  been 
it  baud,  bow- 
were  organ - 
eli -organized 
sporting  at  a 
ow,  tbe  aver- 
vas  1,253,571 


Werage  receipts. 


163 


er  eent. 

Tont. 

5 

C2. 678 

40 

501,428 

3S 

438,  304 

10 

125,357 

6 

76,  214 

3 

37,607 

1 

12,983 

100 

1, 253, 571 

rts  by  tbe  Ry- 

the  year  1877, 

:  botb  ways, 

:aken  directly 


'^^^^  «4X  .^^^pr„Vtti-r'-  --» 


Montha. 


April 

May 

Juno , 

•^"ly 

August 

Suptembor. . 
October 

Total. 


No.  of 
tiaiuH. 


94 
395 
352 
420 
3:il 
301 
24« 


No.  of 
WBjfons. 


3,268 
12,907 
12,  396 
14,  841 
11,  "80 
10,  239 

8,230 


Tons.    I  ''er 
I  cent. 


31, 330 
12S,  030 
119,  6.33 
143, 109 
118,661 
98,  734 
79,380 


2* 
10 
10 

'I' 

71 


'4 


67 


CANAL  VS.  RAILWAY  TBANSPORATION. 

bmskattheopeningofnaviffafionnn /iLfi    ?i^^^®  received  at  Ity. 
end  of  Octobet  tberf  woX  sW  Z  rema?nl'?i\^^'  ^*  '^"°"'  ^"^  ^^  ^^^ 
received  at  Rybinsk  •  thus  tl  «  r,nn/u  ?^^^  *^  ^^^^  ^^"*-  ^^  the  goods 
biusk  from  te^to  one  hund  ^^an  %Ttv  dnv^n   ^''"  ^^^'^^'^^  ^^  ^^ 
pounds  of  goods  would  be  delaved  at  SinKfT  ''''  ""Y^'^Se,  each  36 
^  The  cost  of  transportatiVj^pSbS  RnWni  p^ m  "'^^^  ^^y«- 
to  the  tariff,  Uj  checks  ?er3rEng?^;h"^^^^^^^^^ 
added  3  copecks  for  freighting  and  un load^nr^  /o^o  7^'?^  ™"«*  ^^ 
waste,  and  at  least  1  copeck  for  L-a-fi«fT?l-^®''^f  *''''  ^^'^  ^"^ 
tohil  of  17^  copecks  per  sn^ngbshpoa      ^  '"'^'  **^"'  ""^^^"^  ^ 

sixteeVcSTro^^ng  ^^^^^^^  *^^^«  «^»tic  8ea,runs  through 

miles  with  its^rib  Ses     of  ?H.  /T'"?"'  ^"*^  extends  over  6^6^ 
Petersburg,  600  SaTe  covered  bv?^^^^^^^^^^  ^^^^'"«k  and  St! 

main  133  to  be  constructed  arS«Hv/f,    waterway;  there  only  re- 
tant  canals  in  the  worW      '^'^'^'''^"^  *^  "^^^e  it  one  of  the  most  impor- 

The  natural  portions  of  this  system  are: 

JeT^f^'ltcl  S  ItsZf^lZ:^:  "^^^^^  f  ?  '""^  ^^'^  Sea,  266 
miles  theKovia,23  miles.  From  Rvb  ,^^^1^ i^  ^\  ^^^^«  Sea,  23 
Vuitigree,  14  miles;  the  buera  Lake  ^^^^iV^frfe^rg:  The  river 
miles;  the  Ladoga  Lake  100  mnp.-  th«".^  x?'  *^®  ^'""^"^  Svir,  100 
40  miles;  and  furtherrthe  opSI  sel     "  ""''  ^'^"  ''  ^''  Petersburg, 

ble?tl.irK'e'?L^nri^&^^^  occupies  resem- 

mand  of  goods  waiting  to  brtjLsSed  aXlf;,^^^  for  the  de- 

murmur  on  all  sides.  "'insported,  and  there  is  a  general  stir  and 

seJvLSlVLtcIsp^^^^  steamers  2,000  barges,  1,100 

and  larger  vessels  of  old  toLstruS«n^ti?«?f'^'^-%"^.«'"''^"er  boats 
largest  Interim  flotilla  in  the^'^orld  and  Wh II  ?t.^  ^-  ''  ^^'^'^^^  ^^^ 
work.  For  example,  when  an  extr-o^din  ,1? .  "^J  -^  ''^^  "o<^  ^^  the 
tricts  has  placed  1,000,000  to  1  500  000  ton«?f-^^'^'f^  ^°  *^^  ^olga  dis- 
%bin8k,  there  is  a  un  ver4l  auxiefcv  IVLJ  ^^"^-^^^^  '*''  ^^^  ^^^^^^^s  at 
tient  to  get  their  goods  oTatthe  bead  of  fi  ^'''*'"  exporters  are  impa- 
goods  arrives  at  itybinsklc^fn  tH'e  IsTiftay^U^^^^^^^^^^  ^of'f  °^^^^  **^ 
^   Some  shippers  hasten  to  avail  thfim.<,Ai  .TI^  IVTJ^^^  «/  J"°e. 


■"'""  "^  ''"^"  ^'oo«*'  preierring  to  take  less  profit:"" 


'£5   «fit  «lt.l 


m    )Bi'- 


t » 
1 


■'^i. 


It 


164  CANALS   IN    RUSSIA. 

The  reasons  why  everybwly  hurries  his  goods  to  Rybinsk  (pint  from 
those  already  stated,  ai<> :  First,  after  June  lOtii  to  20th  the  water  iu 
the  Volga  generally  becomes  low.  Second,  it  is  necessary  to  hurrv  t  je 
dispatch  of  cereals  from  Kybinsk  to  St.  '"ntersburg,  in  order  thaf  ley 
may  arrive  in  the  mouths  of  Juue  and  July,  as  already  in  Angnsi  'i» 
rates  of  freight  and  insurance  are  increased  threelbld  ovei  thi'Se  of 
June  and  July.  Third,  American  cereals  of  the  new  cropN  gifi  to 
reach  Europe  in  September,  whereas  the  last  Russian  crops  u  vith 
difficulty,  duriug  the  whole  navigation,  scarcely  arrive  at  the  ark»*t8 
for  sale.  Fourth,  to  transport  the  cereals  from  the  Vol  i  by  rail,  fiT 
reasous  shown  above,  means  a  heavy  loss  to  the  farmer  u  to  tUe  shij)- 
per. 

The  Marie  system  can  transport  from  the  Volga  to  St.  Petorsbuig 
about  642,857  tons;  the  dispatch  of  boats  from  Rybinsk  terminates 
during  the  month  of  June,  and  the  arrivals  at  St.  Petersburg  are  ap- 
proximately as  follows : 

Tons. 

June 160,714 

July 192,857 

Aujiust :.  160,714 

September 1^8,571 

The  Rybiusk-Bologoe  Railway  transports  about  401,785  tons,  the  ar- 
rivals in  St.  Petersburg  being  about  as  follows: 

Tons. 

May S0,357 

June , 112,500 

July 112,500 

August 64,285 

September 32,148 

Finally,  next  to  the  two  principal  roads  are  situated  three  other 
canals. 

The  Kickhvinsky  and  Vishnivolodsk  systems,  also  the  Volga  at  Tver; 
but  these  are  not  ettective.  The  three  canals  transport  to  St.  Peters- 
burg, at  the  utmost,  160,714  tons ;  the  remaining  80,357  tons  brought 
to  Rybinsk  are  distributed  among  the  neighboring  towns. 

It  thus  appears  with  what  uitficulty  the  live  roads  can  transport  to 
St.  Petersburg  the  products  of  an  ordinary  year.  Therefor'i  it  is  with 
universal  applause  that  the  liussian  Government  has  decided  to  im- 
prove the  Marie  system  even  at  any  expense,  and  to  such  an  extent  as 
will  enable  it  to  transport  with  facility  and  dispatch  the  fruits  of  a 
welcome  harvest. 

IRRIGATING  C/.NALS. 

On  this  important  question  but  little  can  be  said  in  this  report,  inas- 
much as  no  reliable  data  can  be  found  touching  this  matter.  In  the 
study  of  the  navigable  canals,  especially  the  Mariensky,  Tickvinsky, 
and  the  Vishnivolodsk  systems,  and  of  the  arguments  tending  to  show 
why  they  should  be  improved  and  enlarged,  I  have  come  across  here 
and  there  many  statements  bearing  upon  this  method  of  irrigating  the 
lands  in  different  parts  of  Russia ;  but  as  the  bureau  of  statistics  has 
only  studied  this  matter  for  a  few  years  past,  and  as  these  studies  are 
very  superficial  as  yet  and  meager  in  detail,  little  of  value  has  been 
learned  regarding  the  subject. 

I  have  heard  in  a  general  way  that  there  is  a  small  irrigating  canal 
in  the  Caucasus,  worked  by  a  private  corporation,  and  which  is  reported 
to  be  Qu  the  eve  of  failure.  I  have  been  inform.ed  on  sem.ireliable  au- 
thority that  the  irrigating  canals  of  central  Asia,  situated  in  the  cotton- 


"ANALS   IN   RUSSIA. 


165 


and  r  regard  the  queSn  ^  oo  in     ,^^^^^^^^^  ^»«»»"ff  them 

port  in  the  absence  of  omcini  flffiirfii       o    '**  ^"^  «l'«ou88ed  in  this  re! 
expert,  have  been  B^nthyZlt^^^^^^^^^ 

nere,  and  I  am  able  to  sav  that  n.«nv  i  "^'''^'^  "'  oj)oration 

^uKl^a'  httr'btKnvolK^ 
w'ould  be  likely  to  L  vSabK^^^^^^^  «"  *''«  n"««t'0"  t  at 

corporate  it  in  a  aupplemenuJy'rejtt '^'''''"'"''  ^'''•'^"  ^'  S'^<'  t«  i^' 

J.  W.  Obawpord, 
St.  Peteesbubg,  February  15, 1890.  Oonsul- General. 


FINLAND. 


i?SPOiJr  Br  VWE.OONSXJL  DOmSR 

Wiborg.  The  extent  of  the  r.nn«  ;«  sr  °^  J'"'an<l  at  the  town  of 
lowering  of  the  water,  wh  ch  is  255  Uj^'^V^'  ^""^^'^^  '""^s),  tl^ 
through  the  medium  of  28  iX  all  of-  W.T  '"V"^"''  ^«  «ff««<*^l 
each,  a  breadth  of  25  feet,  and  a  eotir  of' 0  f.T  *  '^^^^  ^^  ^^O  feet 
granite.  The  construction  of  he  nan?!  w?^  ?  ^^^^'  ^^^  *^«  ^"''^  of  cut 
granite  rocks  and  partiT  hroulh  3^^ 

1845,  and  was  flnisheil  in  1857  at  ,  ,n^^^^^  ^«8  commenced  in 

marks.  ^^'^^'  **=  '*  *^«^*'  cost  of  over  12,000,000  Finnish 

alsf  aVenX^sr^nts^rcrS^^^^         Tl^^^  «'f«  «-»-I'  ^hich  has 
system  through  terSVent  statio,2  a  d  ^^•^'»*  ^anal 

with  those  of  the  Sai ma  Canal.  ^''''  of  similar  construction 

The  cost  has  been  2.500  000  mnrta     rpu 
canals  in  different  pa  troche  couutrvonnn^r'  ^""l^"'^  ^^"^  «'»^»e'' 

traffic  of  all  the  other  canals  amounted  to  ^oon^^o       ™^.'^''-    ^^'^  *^otal 
95,000  q,  or  net  only  5,000  q  ^""^""^^'^  *«  1^^,000  q,  with  an  expense  of 

Ma^toth^^rnrddl?^^^^^^^^^  ^^,^r^^  fro-  the  middle  of 

have  to  a  great  extent  assisted  anTfnnrl  ^^"^L^^^-V  sets  in.    The  canals 

and  produce  of  the  cmSf  wS  co^^^^^^^^^ 

farm  produce.  ^'       ""*  ^'^"^^''^t  ^^'^fly  of  timber  and  some 

p£:riSsltfttt'^^^^^^^^^^  ^'-  Saima  and  the 

keepers.    All  the  other  can^^lsr^na^^ffi^^^^^^^ 


United  States  Consulate, 

Helsing/ors,  August  23,  1889. 


-niJKMAN  UONNER, 

yice  and  Acting  Consul. 


id 


ff 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


// 


O 


v. 


WJ. 


h- 


11.25 


li^  12.8 
us 


IM 


2.5 
2.2 

2.0 


1.8 


JA  11 1.6 


0%     '> 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  87i2-4503 


\ 


iV 


A 


\ 


\ 


'17?^ 


'i 


7, 


r 


I         I! 


;i^ 


M    i 


iiil  1 


'III 


166  CANALS  IN   SWEDEN. 


SWEDEN. 

REPOni!  BY  CONSUL  MAJf,  OF  QOTBETfBVRQ. 

A  glance  at  the  map  of  middle  and  southern  Sweden  will  suffice  to 
show  an  observer  that  the  formation  of  the  country  is  peculiarly  favor- 
able to  the  opening  of  canal  ways,  as  it  is  dotted  with  lakes  and  trav- 
ersed by  small  rivers.  Two  of  those  lakes,  Venern  and  Vettern,  are 
extensive  bodies  of  water,  Lake  Venern  baing  94  miles  long  and  43 
miles  wide,  and  ranking  as  the  third  largest  lake  in  Europe,  while  Vet- 
tern  is  72  miles  in  length  by  18  in  breadth. 

The  people  of  Sweden  3  or  4  centuries  ago  saw  the  advantage  of  cut- 
ting a  way  between  these  chains  of  lakes  and  water  courses,  and  thus 
Connecting  them  with  each  other  and  the  seacoasts. 

As  long  ago  as  1617  the  first  important  work  of  this  kind  was  begun, 
while  the  latest  undertaking  was  completed  ia  1871. 

The  canals  constructed  during  this  period  furnished  the  earbest 
mediums  of  commnnication  and  traffic,  and  not  only  proved  of  great 
convenience  and  profit  in  the  early  days  when  railroads  were  unknown, 
but  have  continued  their  popularity  and  usefulness  up  to  the  present 
time,  when  they  are  traversed  by  innumerable  craft  of  every  description, 
from  the  humble  ore  and  himber  barge  to  the  elegant  passenger  steamer. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  principal  completed  canals  of  Sweden: 

TrollhUttan  Canal  and  improvement  of  the  Gota  River,  completed  in 
1800 ;  rebuilt  1836-1844,  at  a  cost  of  $603,000,  furnished  by  the  state. 

Gota  Canal:  Conneofcing  lake  Venern  with  the  Baltic,  commenced 
in  1811,  finished  in  1832;  54  miles  in  length,  and  costing  $4,154,000. 

Stromsholm  Canal,  connecting  lakes  Malaren  and  Barken.  Com- 
menced 1777,  rebuilt  1840-1860.  Length  68  miles,  7^  miles  of  it 
cannal.    Cost  $50,920,  furnished  by  the  state. 

Scdertelge  Canal,  connecting  lake  Malaren  with  the  Baltic,  built 
1806-1819.    Length  2  miles.    Cost  $214,400. 

Dalsland  Canal,  connecting  lakes  Venern  and  Stora  Lee,  built  1865- 
1868,  at  a  cost  of  $361,800,  of  which  $53,600  was  furnished  by  the  state. 
^  Kinda  (Janal,  connecting  lakes  Eoxen,  Reugen,  Jernluuden  and 
Asunden,  completed  in  1871,  at  a  cost  of  $482,400. 

TEOLLHAITAN  CANAL. 

The  need  that  furnished  the  impetus  to  the  idea  of  constructing  this, 
the  first  Swedish  canal,  the  inspiration  to  which  is  said  to  have  sprung 
from  Swedenborg's  fertile  brain,  was  the  establishing  of  a  perfect  con- 
nection between  the  great  lake  Venern  and  the  Gota  River  to  the  sea. 

The  Gota  River  was  already  the  natural  outlet  of  Lake  Venern,  but 
near  its  source  it  was  rendered  completely  unnavigable  by  rapids  a:!d 
a  sharp  descent  of  144  feet  within  a  distance  of  1  mile. 

To  avoid  these  natural  hindrances  an  artificial  water  course  was 
begun  during  the :  eign  of  Charles  XII,  upon  the  return  of  that  monarch 
from  his  long  adventurous  sojourn  in  foreign  countries.  After  his  death 
the  work  ceased  for  a  time,  but  was  taken  up  again,  and  eventually, 
after  many  difficulties  and  i'>*:rjrruT>tions,  was  successfully  completed  in 
1800,  thus  erowsiing  the  perseverance  of  200  years  with  the  final  estab- 


en  will  suffice  to 
peculiarly  favor- 
i  lakes  and  trav- 
a-ndVettern,  are 
lies  long  and  43 
irope,  while  Vet- 

Uvantage  of  cat- 
ioarses,  and  thus 

kind  was  begun, 

hed  the  earliest 
proved  of  great 
is  were  unknown, 
ip  to  the  present 
svery  description, 
issenger  steamer, 
mals  of  Sweden: 
ver,  completed  in 
led  by  the  state. 
Atic,  commenced 
ng  $4,154,000. 
I  Barken.  Oom- 
I,  7^  miles  of  it 

the  Baltic,  built 

b  Lee,  built  1865- 

ihedbythe  state. 

Jernlunden  and 


constructing  this, 
id  to  have  sprung 
of  a  perfect  con- 
River  to  the  sea. 
Lake  Venern,  but 
)le  by  rapids  a:A 
i. 

v^ater  course  was 
n  of  that  monarch 
}.  After  his  death 
1,  and  eventually, 
fully  completed  in 
1th  the  final  estab- 


NEAA^    T-- 


FROM 


If 


3 
S 
If 

I  I 


11 


.,iem.mmam> 


u^v^. 


%  %  T  ^ 


3 


CANAL  SCALE. 


10  h'/LOMETRES. 


CANALS  IN  SWEDEN. 


NEAA^    TROLLHATTAN    CANAL. 

(IN    ITS    ENTIRE   LENGTH.) 

PROM  VENERSBORG  TO  THE!   GOTA   RIVER. 

(From    Barois. ) 


METRES 


•CANALS   IN   SWEDEN. 


167 


nlruZl  tt  NoThS"^  '"'  ^^""^"'^  «^""'^«"-  between  Lake  Ve- 

-^^S'Sfl^Zm:^;[^^,:T^  that  Gothenburg,  situated 
the  Kingdom.  '  '^®*''""®  ^'^'^  '^^ding  commercial  city  of 

presented  a  steep  des«>  t  /nw^^.f/^^  l"""''  '•*  *^^«  locality,  which 

ite  rock,  throuTh  wS    L^^^^^^^^  ^  """"'^  mass  of  red  gran 

constructed.  ^  ^""'^^  ^''^  ^''^'^^  «''^°a'  and  its  fifteen  locks  were 

Of  \"heTvrr:?hi:i!'t^X^^  ^^^^^-^  -^  -P-ing 

00  miles.  "JBeiuer  win  the  canal,  represented  a  stretcL  of 

THE  GOTA  CANAL. 

tothrffl':'geMrsS^eri,°fe,!'r  .r^"'"*  ?r  ^''™™  ^t""^* 

the  Baltie,  thas  uniting  the  wo^e»'<  hv  .^  ""<  •  ''°''''  «''"«'a'^  »« 
the  chain 'of  ,al.estS„gI™rrhec'o™rv'^'"'^  canals  as  links  in 

n.e?c^JT„1ia7Si  «;?e1i^!T^|°' '''A^*?^  «»-»'.  ™  then  con,. 
cial  and  other  extraiMo,  fdrVwi,,,!?  '  '  ''^^'"^  "«'  *'th  the  flnan- 
enterprise.         «^""<">"S  drawbacks  experienced  by  the  flrst  canal 

whTleXS^t'betwer^hrttr^^^^^^^^^       <"'"'" ,'"'"«™  «*  ™K 

laile^y^S^?^!""'™"''"  "^^  «>«  '-'  ab„ve'"r  Baltic,  and  163  above 
feet'brld.'''''"''*''"  '"'"'''  '^'"'  •"  "•"«"  *«  121.36  feet  long,  and  22.96 
ha^^'^enSorZsta,"""'"'^''^  '''^"  "  ="  ""  ™^  "o««'»gs,  and  it 

onSISXg  to  t'helJeat  ™L*irf  S,  °,"'  ""•«""  "^  '-'=--'  "»■ 
its  course  somewhat  deviattoB"nplacer»'n;?  encountered,  which  made 

rrttrin-^&SSS™^^^^ 

^^^^^^t^l^^B^t  is  paved  at  the 

ers,  a  fine  and  luxorionf  h»  If  „^-  T  ,^^  '"'"'''  ''y  the  passing  steam- 
and  Gothenbnrgh  everTieason  ^  rvi!;'///^"'''"'^  J"'*"''""'  StSSkhota 
<na.,y  of  which  Ire  American  t^nS'"^  ^^'^^  """"«''«  "'  paasengers, 

ioc?sTcrt  tretaTe?"JifaS^r'Js:"i'',f^-"f  r''"''  -™-"y-f»- 

tbe  North  sea.  which  in  I'LTel  ZoSTIh  SSs  '"^  '''""«  '» 


ffl 


Si 


II  i 


I     ii 

i  i 
:! 
'Ii 


I    M 


Ui^ 


168 


CANALS    IN    SWF.DEN. 


The  otlior  canals  mcntionetl — Stioinsljolin,  SodPitelffo,  Dalalnnd,  and 
Kinda — are  merely  to  connect  other  lakes  in  the  interior  with  the  water 
ways  opened  up  by  the  Trollhiittan  and  Gota  Canals. 

Stronisholm  Canal,  connecting  the  northern  ])r()vince8  with  Lake 
Malaren  and  Stockholm,  fnrnishea  a  water  way  08  miles  long,  7^  miles 
of  which  is  a  canal  of  7^  feet  depth,  with  twenty- five  locks,  and  an 
elevation  at  its  highest  point  of  301  feet  above  the  sea  level. 

SiJdertelge  Canal,  joining  Lake  Miilaren  with  the  Baltic,  is  2  miles 
long,  30  feet  wide  at  the  bottom  and  00  feet  at  the  surface,  and  has  a 
depth  of  12  feet.  It  is  cut  through  sandy  hills,  some  of  them  100  feet 
high. 

Dalsland  Canal,  connecting  Lake  Venern  with  a  number  of  narrow 
fjord-like  lakes  near  the  borders  of  Norway,  possesses  fotir  locks  and 
an  iron  aqueduct  118  feet  long  and  16.40  feet  broad,  which  conducts  the 
canal  over  a  water  fall,  and  altogether  measures  3J  miles  in  length. 

The  Kinda  Canal,  connects  achain  of  small  lakes  near  the  souiiieastern 
coast,  with  the  Giita  Canal,  and  is  49J  miles  long.  It  has  fifteen  locks 
98.40  feet  long,  by  10.40  feet  broad,  and  (\57  feet  deep. 

Most  of  the  work  on  these  canals  was  mere  manual  labor,  without  the 
assistance  of  excavating  machinery  and  other  mechanical  appliances 
familiar  to  modern  engineering,  and  therefore  is  of  little  value  as  to  de- 
tailed method,  incalculable  as  the  benefit  of  the  completed  structures 
have  beon,  and  are. 

The  two  canals  furnishing  a  water  route  across  the  kingdom  have 
naturally  held  the  railroads  in  check,  moderating  excessive  tendencies, 
and  otherwise  proved  invaluable  to  the  country. 

They  are  all  owned  by  stock  companies,  and  their  management  is 
similar,  consisting  of  a  president,  four  directors,  a  chief  engineer,  lock 
inspectors,  two  canal  constructors,  a  traffic  chief,  and  other  subordinate 
officers. 

Sweden  has  no  irrigating  canals,  no  necessity  for  them  existing  here 

StaUment  showing,  hy  months,  traffic  and  amount  of  toll  collected  oh  Gota  Canal  durin 

the  year  1888. 


Months. 


Nuinlier 
of  nailing 
vessels. 


May  10  to  31 

June.. 

July 

AllKUBt 

September 

October 

November 

December  1  to  15 

Total 


391 
082 
724i 
C8l 
613 
361 
170 
35 


3,663 


Number 
of  steam 
vessels. 


89 
175 
179 
179 
159 
133 

00 
8 


1,012 


Aniuunt 

of  toll 
collected. 


$5, 47C.  70 

10, 008. 57 

10, 9U8.  21 

10,  696.  42 

8,  077. 78 

C,  102. 47 

3,155.03 

229. 13 


55, 249. 31 


Statement  showing  merchandise  carried  hy  sailing  vessels  on  Giita  Canal,  during  the  year 

1888. 


Articles. 

Amount. 

Articles. 

Amount. 

Breadstaffs kilns . . 

2, 929.  822 

251.  742 

3, 245,  883 

26,  350 

Ore 

kilos.. 

,1, 768,  873 

Coal  and  coke .....hectoliters 

Ore  zinc 

Pittprops  and  wood. . . 
Stone 

do  .. 

cubic  meters.. 
kilos.. 

20, 020,  985 

74, 395 

5,948,808 

Iron  anil  steel kilos.. 

f-jWTr^".-'-  ■'^-Y-r*tfe''\t 


\  Dalslnnd,  and 
r  with  the  water 

ices  with  Lake 

8  long,  7^  miles 

e  locks,  and  an 

level. 

laltic,  is  2  miles 

'face,  and  has  a 

»f  them  100  feet 

mber  of  narrow 
four  locks  and 
ich  conducts  the 
Bs  in  length, 
he  souiiieastern 
las  flfteen  locks 

t)or,  without  the 
iiical  appliances 
)  value  as  to  de- 
leted structures 

B  kingdom  have 
sive  tendencies, 

management  is 
f  engineer,  lock 
her  subordinate 

tn  existing  here 

Gtita  Canal  durin 


Number 

Amount 

of  steam 

of  toll 

vessels. 

collected. 

89 

$5, 47C.  70 

175 

10, 008. 57 

170 

10, 9U8.  21 

179 

10,  696.  42 

159 

8,  077. 78 

133 

e,  102. 47 

00 

3,155.03 

8 

229. 13 

1,012 

55,249.31 

lal,  during  the  year 


kiloH.. 

....do  .. 
c  meters.. 
kilos.. 


Amount. 


.1, 768,  573 

20, 020,  985 

74, 395 

5, 948,  808 


CANALS    IN   THE    UNITED    KlNODOAf. 


Statement  nkowinf/  traffic  and 


^'>^-^'>^t%toVroUcctedon  Vota  Canal,  d„rln,j  ihe 


1879  to  ims. 


Salllns  viBselH.     I     Steam  vesaeU. 


Toll. 

♦17, 6J4. 60 
19,914.27 
18.031.09 
22,358.  17 

22,  670. 39 
20,313.3,') 
20,116.08 
23,191.92 

23,  556. 32 
21,  6S2.  OS 


No. 

608 
906 
K9H 
1,0,U 
1,0,')2 
1,145 
1,  U-i 
1,209 
1,  025 
1,012 


Toll. 


$2.1, 081. 71 
24,  906.  ;il 
24,  OUO.  18 
34,  350, 10 
36,  082.  54 
36,  281.  U( 
38,  491.  .lO 
40, 174.  20 
34,  720.  04 
33,  503. 26 


yearn 


Statement  showing  traffic  and  amount  of  toll  eollected  on  all  the  eanals  in  the  kinnrt      . 

*«//  the  years  1884,  l8Hr>,  and  1886  /^"'gdom  dur- 


United  States  Consulate, 

Gothenberg^  October  30, 1889. 


Ernest  A.  Man, 

Consul. 


THE    UNITED    KINGDOM. 
CANAIS  COMMUNICATING  WITH  LEEDS. 

REPORT  Sr  coif  SDL  WiaPALL. 
EARLY  ENGLISH  CANALS. 

reign  of  Henry  I,  IhC.  thHeL?  llV,"i?"/'''"<'  »^  '»■■  back  m  the 

ishing  Htate  and  onjoyini  an  ext«?>,?i  L.  ^*  ^^f '*''.  ^^'""^  ^»«  «'««  >n  a  very  flour 
of  a  n,ore  ready  ^olnZ^^^i^oi'^Zl^S.Sr''''  ""«^*  ''''''  ^''  '"^^  advYnfages 

^^^^r7ttl2'of'u^^  ^^  -ore  keenly  marked, 

known  to-day,  and  toiheont^^tSa^^^^ 

magnificent  cathedra'  and  other  heirToom^  ^-  T  '^l'^?  ^^  *^«  P^«<='  ^''^ 
the  Fossdike  is  there  .till  ItTs  11  mSL  ^^Pf  ^^^^^  greatness;  but 
through  its  course,  Desn  te  its  ohJ  3^1  ^^  ""'  thereabouts  and  level 
but  bears  the  barges  avS  brTn^  to  n.«'  L^T^'^''  ^^^^^"^^  of  senility, 
coals  With  a  surfai  as  si^en^e^Jlld^Sr;]  S,-  l^^^t/^^ 


170 


CANALS    IN   THE    VmTEU   KINOI^OM. 


disuse.   f„r  „„„turios.  ''"  ""'""  •"•  '"'1«»  '"  lenjitl,.    It  |,„,  ™„^,t 

Witham  below  Lnool  and /h'p'w'.f  ^""«  "^^^^  Peterborough  to  th« 
tbe  Trent  at  Torksey  '^^  fhe^^^^^^^^  was  joined  by  the  To?  ,fke*to 
whose  affluents  is  the  Ouse  /iw!  n  "^  «'nptiea  into  the  Humber  oi,p  n? 
of  the  Fossdike  navigaS  \v^^^^^  ^"fl*"^  'engtL  on  1  n  Uea 

link  man  inland  course  from  L^h^*''  ^*^«  ^^en  the  comnlet  mf 
tbe  capital  of  Koma  Britain  ^jTi;:''^l'^^'ifire  to  York,  Sh  Zl 
the  chain  to  be  taken  up  andbornebX"  a  •  ^'''  "  "^"^^  la'tor  late  for 
Ouse  to  Leeds  and  Wakefield  Infin  ^®  ^\'^  "'"*  ^^^  ^^^Wer  from  thi 
Peunine  Hills  to  Mancltter  iirerVool"rnd''^^^^^^^      T''''  ^«-0S8  he 

During  the  twelfth  and  the  mi<3iS  '       '  ^^^  ^^'^'^  Sea. 
little  attention  was  an  nVenHl  S'V"?.^^  "P  to  the  sixteenth 

traffic  by  water;  anffieed  ^^  ^^^  *''?  opening  of  new  channel"  of 
spread  endeavor'manif^t  ft^l^lft  add  t^th'^^^^^  T'^'^y  ^^^defy 
by  the  various  creeks  and  rivers  ""  ^^^  "^^"'''^^  routes  supplied 

npl«  o^'^fW'^''^  ^'^^  ^«^o  limited,  yrrie  to  M.^^"'P?'^*^'«»  ^'^cilities 

ThT^-  ?f  "^  'J^'ugof  waterways  provi'iS 

The  eighteenth  century  had  neiXl]^I!i  ,    i^^  ^^®  uatural  courses, 
canals  received  the  irapet^wK  {,?  '^"^  ^'^^^^  ^^^e  making  of  pro,  er 
England  with  that  network  of  artifloS  w^"?'"'^^  "'  covering  the  face  of 

tlTatl'^.V"'  "^''^  ^^tensfve  am  '  ;ar'erranl'r  ^'/^^  «»PPlemen?s 
tliat  saw  the  gestation  of  the  revo  if  inn  f,?T?        '^^  system.    The  years 
perfecting  her  hold  on  lud  aSn  fT«       '""''^'  '^^''^'^  f^u^d  England 
Jer  grasp  the  still  i«ore  mfghty  DossfbiiT"  Tf  ""^  ^^^^'^^  «lip  S 
sions,  were  filled  with  a  sn  fit  nf ^nn^i  1  ^'®^,  ""-^  ^®^  American  posses 
Itself  manifest  in  many  wayi     if T^^^^"'^  innovation,  which^Zde 
when  steam  as  a  moti/e  power  was  stn±?"^  l^^'^  troublous  tmes 
application  of  electricity^had  blen  £<-  i?'"^,  *^^^'«<^«»«e'  when  the 
when  men's  minds  were  shaken  wi  ^""H^Saely  dreamed  ot;  a  neriod 
and  religious  precedents  were  suftlriP^^^^^^^^  ^"^  when  Sa 

alleledj  it  was  in  this  time  fLifhl^.^^-^"^^^  scarcely  till  then  nar 
came  to  a  similar  awakening        ^^'  '"^^""^'  '^^'^^^^  o/the  kingdZ 

soug^tfo^ptf^cTth^rror^^^^^^^^  --  that  which 

and  population  centers  wS^h  thus  f^J'hadTem  v^'f  the  various  tratle 

The  two  plans  which  found  mo^tSll^  '^'"'"ned  so  ill-provided, 
tions  of  long  and  well  known  SholTr'?  ""^'""^''^  ^«^«  ^dapta- 
the  mines,  so  afterwards  magSed  «nrl  1  ""T  ""^^  *''«  tramroad  of 
capable  of  recognition  in  thSlwav^in"^'*  as  hardly  now  to  be 
changeful  development  of  a  stmnhi?'  ^^^,''^^^^'  «^a8  the  slower  and  less 
which  nature's  hind  2ad  buil  ''  '""^'^  ^^ ^^^"^P^^^.  the  wa  er  ways 


f. 

I'ain  Iiad  tho  caro 
^'iKation  therein, 
tlmt  district,  the 
'ue  from  a  point 
r  Wjthani  3  miles 
:tli.    It  has  been 

ition  oftheCaer- 
'<ljy  as  any  the 

>  this  island. 
Mnents  to  the  al- 
t  works  intended 

rborough  to  the 
the  Fossdike  to 
Humber,  one  of 
'gth  of  Jl  miles 
^he  completing 
[>rk,  which  was 
1  later  date  for 
Ualder  from  the 
nals  across  the 
ea. 

>  the  sixteenth, 
ew  channels  of 
tury  no  widely 
outes  supidied 

public  spirited 
ation  facilities 
:  of  river  chan- 
^ral  courses. 

king  of  proper 
ng  the  face  of 
'  supplements 
»•  The  years 
>und  England 
ling  slip  from 
rican  posses- 

which  made 
Jblous  times, 
ce,  when  the 

of,  a  period 
when  moral 
till  then  par- 
he  kingdom 

I  that  which 
arious  trade 
provided, 
'^ere  adapta- 
tramroad  of 
now  to  be 
^f^r  and  less 
water  ways 


CANALS    IN    TIIK    UNITKl)    KINGDOM. 
EARLY  ENGLISH  RAILWAYS. 


171 


tJno  ri       l'*** '"  ^^^  P^«««»«'«"  »  I»''otoffr'iph  of  one  of  the  oarlv 
trains,  taken  from  an  engraving  of  the  vejir  IH1'>  ...wi    .?.  .■      L^ 

Jane  24,  1812,  the  lly  engine  come  to  the  Bird  in  hand  and  Leeds  with  8  waggons 

The  "fly  engine"  presented  has  a  large  cog-wheel  at  one  side 
which,  engaging  ,n  a  row  of  teeth  laid  along  the  track  nroMols  the  en 
follf  S'U'r    f  ^^*^f "«"  attached  to  it  at  the  rate  we  a  e  firth"; 
told,  of  "  3^  miles  an  hour  on  a  level  railroad."    What  its  c  imu  itv  fnr 
speed  might  be  on  a  steep  grade  is  left  to  be  conjectured.     ^  ^       ^ 

ifte  three  score  railroads  existing  or  contemnlatfi.l  ii,  la"?!  «r„.^      *. 

f',S'„«''"^?<>'=''«'."<">'"0«™  had  been  turned  out  by  SterSson 

hnes  and  tUe  OO-mile  apeils  wbicb  barcomrafter  ibl  [uff  Zj^ 
tbaii  tbree-quarters  of  a  century  has  passed  since  tbe  Mi,b  ,.tl,  2? 
eiigine  wm  deemed  worthy  of  bavms  its  no  tAit  mn^^ .  „„,i  7  f 
are  now  quite  otber  than  they  were^  TbeiJ  etL  shLU  thi'"!™''?' 

proved  before  they  can  compete  withriiaA        nothe^wTess  rt.'tes 
that  the  locl5s  and  ivater  ways  of  canals  are  altogether  wantSn'.r 

the^KroJS^^^^^^^^^^ 

the  divided  ownership,  and  the  absence  of  through  roS-sZ^^^   ^ 
rL«T,'fi'"'"i'  separately  or  in  combination^bave  sufficed  to  exer 
pZ^blfotS^^^^^^^  «--^-«  -P--t?he 

THE  AIRE  AND  CALDER  NAVIGATION. 

n:t  "o;;e  satisfactory  issue  has  been  attained  in  exceptional  instanoe«, 
One  ot  the  most  important,  successful, and  well-estaSSof  TS  an 


« 


172 


CANALS    IN    TIIR    UNITKD 


elilk 


KINGDOM. 


A,r„  a„„  c.,l„„r  navi;;;!^  l^^'^  '     ;;,^""  »"<;  .ll«trict  of  u2     fe 

years  beforo  tlio  itiithiHm   ^I-  ^''^''s'l  canals.    It  whs  I.Pirnn  «/ 

company;  it  was  in    fo  Vont  raX^^^^  ^i"''^'"'^'  a^rnXtlo^ 

caiiai  building  Mas  o.iteml  m.     /.       /''■"  r^^"'"*'  cftnaJs  wlu.„  y^^^u!. 
energetic,  thorouffhirabSsrv^it  .%h'";'''''^'''^^^'^"  '"^«  «».^en   vise^a 
a ;«  to  meet  'lim<MiC  aTtheraro  e '^"^^^^^^^^^  "ot  only  willi^/b: 

T..e  re„.,eri„«  tC  Le^l^^    "  "  ""'     '"''"'  '"^«  «^  ^"«  ^'^^  '"'<!  balder  • 


niOHt 

of  .my  «nuctn.m,t  for  a  cunal  ,mti^'''l'-""""'.*  •"«"«"*  above  C    Wrs  "1    '    ''^  '•*"" 

•       iindertakinir  inav  I'of  fJnJl     ""^'K»t'0",  a  brief  outline  of  f hi« TJ^/        '"  ^''^  ''^t'^ 

The  Hrst  l?c"of  KCu"  l'"?™"'-^':'*  *"  ""  reader'"  «^'«"«'^«  »"<!  "sefnl 

eIapStC!!«J.:;-4^^  .ore  tban  70  vears 

thieed  a  similar  ^ilMnto  I.T  ZZ  of  Cn^n  J^"^^  ^^^'"'^  ^'""'^^^  "'tm 
1699  the  act  passed  the  UppeiT'se  Id  r«  "•''"?' !*°^''  the  next  year, 
may  be  noted  here  that  uetifi.  .«fn  ?«     received  the  Royal  assent    It 

coming  from  towns  as  KpaJtrsTi.^^^^^^^  ''^^^  ^'»  ^«'e  numerous 
tY«'"^?!^''^*^«'  ^Wermen,  aC  b^fri'^r,  T  ^^^f'T^er,  and  "S 
the  petition  from  the  lord  mavor  nnT;i,  ^-»'"8t  ^'e  bill  apneared 
also  the  private  petition  of  FrSis  C^^  commonalty  of  Yi^C^ull 
of  the  Soke  Mills  at  Wakefield  '"'  ^^  ^'^«^«<^'  ««q'"re,  the  owner 

thettnrt^^Sns  m^ent'reS t"^  ^f  ^^^^^^  --  -"^"larly  anti 
nnaltruistic.    The  coJpomtio^of Uk  s?v  tr'"''^!'^  motfverequal  ;" 

?4»r-^'-  -"«-»  »>«  ine...I,.oppe.  .0.  ,ol„,  at  al,  to  ..  ,.at 

"^^P^  SS!°i -ay  ^^^^^^^^^^^  -t  going  at  all,  both 

The  conditions  of  the  period  'irAmnrffif    ,^°  ^^^  -^'^^  and  Calder 

th^?' • '  ^''\'''  a  statemen  to  tCeffect  thit^.^^         '^^  I''^  petition^  ' 
the  principal  trading  towns  in  th«  wl  7-  *    ^^f'^^  ^i^d  Wakefield  are 
petitioners  having  no  couven  ence  S  i^/^""  ''''^.^^'"  ^nd  further  "the 
tbem,  which  not  ?nly  occasions  a^?L7«^'  ""^'"'t^^  ^^*J^'»  16  miles  of 
damage  to  their  goods,  and  Hmn«t.?^!^l''l'''°^®  ^"'  '^lany  times  frreat 
The  clothiers  of  Katchda"esTth'ffh  *^^  '""'^'^^  ^re  impassiWe,^tc" 
carriage."    The  clothiers  of  HanflV«?Jf^'?/'f^  "^'^^^  ^'^^  any  Water 
carnage  within  30  miles  and  much  datfct  ?^*  "  9^^  ^^ve  no^  water 
ness  of  the  roads  bv  the  nv^rTS       "?^®  ^''^PP^^n^^  through  the  baVl 
Wakefield  repeat  the'sLtTm  'rraflelr^ T'^    7'''  '^'<^tMers1f 
*b«'^«nited  importance  as  cloth  ir?rlfpf«        * '?  -^^^^^  petitioners  of 
send  their  goods  20  n.iles  by  land  corriaS;  'fH^'^'"  *''^^  ^'^^^^  ''ave  to 
only  very  chargeable,  but  the™  fS'.^Jf  ^^P^°«e  whereof  is  not 
While  the  roads  are  Passible  to^Sk^rand^^n^S,^S.r^t^hrg7^ 


■Miam 


'■'«-v  offIi(.«?e. 
of  Leeds,  fluj 
'•  A  <U'8cri|)- 
'"iiiyporhapN 
I  hikI  ('xpliiiri 
m  begaa  50 
»^  navijffttloi! 

'en  wise  and 
Y  willing  but 
construction 

i»i(l  Oalder : 

TiiiH  ouo  of  the 
[  <w  thoy  were 
lor  to  the  dnto 
Ive  and  useful 

'  11,  1699.    All 

of  Char'^H  I, 

^iotaiiiing  the 

ke  navigiible, 

^n  70  years 

iifax  intro- 

next  year, 

assent.    It 

numerous, 

and  signed 

I  apiieared 

York,  and 

the  owner 

ilarly  anti- 
es  equally 
^0  drained 
5oke  mills 

0  his  great 

;  all,  both 
d  Calder. 
titions. 
efield  are 
lier  "  the 
•  miles  of 
>es  great 
ble,  etc." 
uy  water 
10  water 
he  bad- 
hiers  of 
aners  of 
have  to 
of  is  not 
inetiines 
)ods  re. 


CANALS   IN    IHE   UNITED    KINGDOM.  J  73 

J^ive^conslderable  damage  through  the  badness  5f  the  roads  by  over 

<i.'l-r'  Ti:'J!lt.X.r^:^;^s>  ^""  r-  "-"««^>'«  ^o  t,. 

outof  Malham  I'^tnn,  u  few  „E "  .    '  of  41h.''  '''r^l^"*   Vorkshf  e^ 
««tuate.l  about  (iO  milks  vvc^st     f  Yo  k   rl  '?""'«'  ^^'»'"''  »"tt"r  place  is 

-a  something  less  than  40  ^H^t' a^.:^;^:;^;^;:^^^!;^^;^ 

l;;onUheju..ction,  still  b..iS^^^^  ^"'•''•'^^"  "^  ^'"^tle'fo.!. 

Ouse  into  which  it  emj)ties  a  sliS  ,  i^f„  .  '  ^'^  "''*'''  l>''o«oe.lH  to  the 
"hU  thence,  receiving  he  waters  of  t.^T^^^  fove  the  port  of  Goole; 
f«»»'«  tlu^  river  Uu.ube,-,  upon  vi.ich  S  i'*'"^ '"^"'."^^^^'•'^t  lower  down 
nver  of  the  sau.e  name,  the  irimX,.;  ^  .)"'i<!tion  will,  the  smaller 
"uthority  of  the  llrst  act  ext"  K  f^T^'K'^  f  «"1I  i^  situated.  Thi 
above  its  junction  with  the  oITI^^^  ^"  VVeeland,  a  point  on  the  Aire 
way.    The  subsequen 7 <S^th  Si.m  of'tlirir  • '^^''^  "«"'^  ^''  ^^^  ^h  c 

;;;«tance  of  about  U*  utiles,  i^^^fii^tllt  C^Sff^^^^^^ 

3.fsf'^r;r^;;;^,^St:;i.K?trv''^ft  ^^^  *  '-•^^  -•»  ^^  ^^^i  of 

ot  the  Aire  and  Calder  im  'gat ion  are  s?  S.  ??'?^''  V'""'^  ^ho  Avharves 
and  Liverpool  Oanal,  which  iS  down ^.^^^^^^^^^^^  tlie  basin  of  the  Leeds 
and  thus  connects  the  two  navigatior  '  l>^'"ti'ito  the  river  Aire 

by  ea^t'^rm  if/erisrer'a,;dT;  ^ """'«"'  "  ^«-"  ^«  '"il^'^  north 
bor«ler,,f  thecountiiof  Yolk  ?  /"t'*''*  southwest  from  Leeds    at  thJ 
Hills.    The«c  laslwmnl^V^om^^.  ririroSf'^'  ?"""^'  thj'l'etn.h 
bone  of  England."    In  the  smue  fleL  th«^  w  ''/.f^'f?^      "  ^^^^  back- 
bereof,  takes  its  rise,  and  flmviL  i     a  ?  m.?^''    ^f'^^'^  *^''  ^  l>'»»«b 
Kibble  and  en.pties  into  the  Sh  Se  i      riy,r'^^  airectior.  joins  the 
coming  down  from  the  high  lake  countrv  n?vir'*''""''^  ^  '"«  '"«  ^^  range 
nating  at  the  Peak  in  Jierbyshire  s^"^,  S,-     ^T««tmorelaud  and  culuTi- 
«oat^,  and  forming  a  by  no  me  uL 'in?   ^J'"^'/''*'  watersheds  of  the  two 
takings  which,  life  railroar^''eSr'fre't''  ""Y'"'''  '^  "".V  "nd^r 
tenance  more  or  less  approxim-itPh  nf  uf    \'^t'eudent  upon  the  main- 
their  lines.    It  is  thr(,ugh  a^  j  S  h      ^^^^  gradient  in  the  traject  "f 

and  canals  connecting  fheNorr.tndH-  '^"  S"'^  *^''^^  ^»  ''^^  'vv  ^V^ 
the  points  more  delinitelv  TT.  l  n^  r"'®  ^"''"  ^eas  (or,  to  desiffuate 
The  Calder,  risii.g"S'i?oSmSen  rur^'^  ^''^'^^  '''  ^'«  coSL'J  ^^^ 
passing  near  Halifax  and  thro.Tn  '  1^"^  '"  ''"  easterly  direction 
^«  junctiou  with  the  aL  at  c;,tSbTf  "¥, '"  "^"'^^^^-^^^  ^"^  <>n  « 
Wakeheld,  and  in  the  12A  n,ilesT(  wL f  ^V.V'''7«''^'«"  ^*^ffa»  at 
feet  by  four  locks.  The  tota  .mI>m.  ^^^"^^^rd  the  level  dropped  28i 
to  Weeland  was,  in  l-S^l  a  d.VSe^^^^^^^^  ''^^  wSkefiefl 

Just  below  Wakefield  lrm<rA    .     ri  ,,  ^  nules,  and  the  fall  62^  fepf 
Ijinsaiulhalfanii'tl'j^'f^j-^ 

into  the  river  Calder.    Since  th  it  t  ,L  h  ^'i^»«'«.V  ^anal  locks  down 
acquired  by  the  Aire  and  Caidt    a^dth^r^n""'"^/^^"^^  ^^^  l>een 

At  the  date  of  Mr.  Priestley.  publication,short  canals  and  .ilroad. 


174 


CANALS   IN  THE    UNITED   KINGDOM. 


the  property  of  private  ludividuals,  were  connected  with  and  served  as 
feeders  to  these  navigations,  for  trar sporting  the  lirae.  gypsum,  coal, 
and  so  forth  tno  pro.  uce  of  the  various  estatel    Oneofthiserai  roads 

To'iSo  /nTriSnn^r^'"^  ^^'^^  ^^  ^^'^^^  tousof  coal,  and  another  from 
70,000  to  100,000  tons  per  annum  to  the  river.  It  was  on  one  of  these. 
It  may  also  be  noted,  that  the  fly  engine  of  1812  was  used  ' 

lo  revert  to  earlier  days,  it  appears  that  upon  the  passing  of  the 
enabling  ac  in  1G99  a  sum  of  about  £12,000  ($38,3£3)  was  advanced  by 
the  undertakers  of  the  Aire  and  Calder,  and  that  in  the  course  of  a  few 
years  more  sundry  additional  sin^ll  amounts  were  provided  to  the  ex- 
tent of  come  £10,000  ($77,891),  which  were  lent  and  advanced.  These 
sums,  together  with  the  whole  of  the  income  derived  from  the  tolls 
during  the  first  24  years'  operations,  were  laid  out  in  completiu<r  tlie 
Y^'^Iri,  '^^  inconsiderable  wa8  the  trade  of  the  district  that  as  late  as 

?iftc77<^"^  .J"  /'■?"f'"^^  "i*'  *^^'  navigation  was  rented  for  £2,000 
(f  J,7do),  the  undertakers  themselves  agreeing  to  be  at  the  risk  of 
keeping  all  damd  on  the  rivers  good  against  accidents.  In  1771  in- 
creased demands  of  trade  led  to  the  projection  of  an  entirely  new 
canal  from  Leeds  to  Selby  on  the  Ouse,  20  miles  east  of  Leeds  and  14 

Tlrf  n?"  n  [^"^  ^'*'^-  .?^bi«ras  surveyed,  but  being  opposed  by  the 
t^  ?i  ^^^iZ  ^^^'^S^tion,  the  plan  failed.  It  was  in  consequince, 
neveitheles8,of  this  application  and  of  several  memorials  addressed  to 
themselves  by  merchants  and  by  others  interested,  that  the  Aire  and 
Calder  undertakers  applied  for  and  obtained  a  second  act,  which  has 
already  been  refer.  <.d  to  and  which  was  passed  in  1774,  enabling  them 
to  make  a  canal  from  Haddlesey  on  the  Aire  navigation  across  the  angle 
separating  the  two  rivers  to  Selby  on  the  Ouse;  and  also  to  improve 
the  river  Aire  from  Weeland  down  to  the  Ouse.  Various  betterments 
wereshoitly  altorwards  made  under  this  act:  and  on  April  29  1778 
the  canal  was  opened  from  Haddlesey  to  Selby.    These  and  other  alter- 

£70,OOo7$34?,655)      ^^  **"  ^"^*'^  *  *^^^'  "*'''''  *^®  *^^"^«^"  <^^  »^o«t 
Since  the  year  1800  very  considerable  sums  had  been  expended  in 
adaitional  ocks,  in  the  purchase  of  premises,  and  la  dock  and  ware- 
house building  and  other  improvement  of  the  property. 

ihe  canal  from  Haddlesey  to  Selby  was  about  5  miles  long  and  had 
but  one  lock,  that  into  the  tideway  of  the  Ouse  at  Selby.  From  Leeds 
to  Selby  was  about  30J  miles  by  this  line  of  canal,  with  10  locks  ;  and 

llT  Ya^^^^f'^  ^"^  ^f'^y  ^^*  ""««'  "^'^^  «  locks.  The  old  locks' were 
5b  to  60  teet  long  and  14  feet  6  inches  to  15  feet  wide,  but  the  new  ones 
ran  to  a  width  of  18  feet.  Vessels  drawing  5  Teet  6  inches  could  pass 
at  the  date  in  question,  1831,  and  improvements  were  then  in  execu- 
ticu  which  would  enable  vessel:  of  100  tons  burden  to  navigate  these 
rivers.  °       ^^^a^ 

In  the  years  1817  and  1818  a  canal  from  Knottingley  to  the  rive^ 
Uon,  with  an  extension  to  Doncaster,  was  talked  about:  but  it  was 
met,  as  the  former  project  had  been,  by  application  successfully  made 
by  the  Aire  and  Calder  to  Parliameut  for  autliority  to  cut  a  canal  from 
Knottingley  to  Goole.  This  was  obtained  in  the  year  1820  (June  30) 
and  authorized  the  cutting  of  a  canal  as  far  as  Goole,  with  two  collat- 
eral branches.  This  canal  was  opened  in  1826,  in  the  month  of  Julv 
It  originally  began  at  Knottingley,  but  was  afterwards  extended  to 
Ferrybridge,  passiirg  thence  through  Knottingley  and  running  to  the 
south  of  Snaith,  whence  its  course  is  parallel  to  the  river  Don  for 
Dutch  Kiver)  until  it  reaches  the  tideway  of  the  Ouse  at  Goole.  The 
*'0§t  as  Srst  estimated  for  this  line  was  £157,000  (|i»60,710.50)j  but  a 


. 


•««»s«iMM.iiii  rmmmaim 


CANAF8    IN   THE    UNITED   KINGDOM. 


I  served  as 
>8uiTi,  coal, 
6  railroads 
other  from 
e  of  these, 

ing  of  the 
vanced  by 
le  of  a  few 
to  the  ex- 
id.    These 
I  the  tolls 
•letiuo;  the 
as  late  as 
"or  £2,000 
le  risk  of 
a  1771  in- 
irely  new 
ds  and  14 
ed  by  the 
sequence, 
iressed  to 
Aire  and 
ivhich  has 
ling  them 
the  angle 
improve 
!)terments 
29, 1778, 
her  alter- 
of  about 

ended  in 
iud  ware- 

and  had 
)m  Leeds 
Jks;  and 
cks  were 
new  ones 
mid  pass 
n  execu- 
ite  these 

the  river 
t  it  was 
Ily  made 
nal  from 
rune  30), 
o  collat- 
of  July, 
mded  to 
ig  to  the 
Don  (or 
le.  The 
);  but  a 


175 


far  greater  sam  was  found  necessary.  From  Ferrybridge  to  Goole  the 
canal  was  about  18^  miles ;  to  low- water  mark  at  Goole  was  a  drop  of 
Mi  leet.  The  width  of  the  canal  was  60  feet  at  top  and  40  feet  at  bot- 
tora;  depth,  7  feet,  and  the  locks  70  feet  long  by  19  feet  wide. 

When  this  work  was  commenced  Goole  was  an  obscure  hamlet  con- 
taining only  a  few  houses.  It  began  at  -nee  to  increase  and  it  is  at  the 
present  time(1800)  apoit  of  considerable  importance  for  both  foreign  and 
coasting  trade.  The  port  is  situate  27  miles  above  Hub,  in  latitude  53° 
40'  north,  and  longitude  Oo  52'  west,  and  is  the  most  inland  port  on  the 
eastern  coast  of  England.  It  has  now  (1890)  a  population  of  about 
15,500,  and  has  dock  accommodation  to  the  extent  (according  to  the 
Shipping  World  Year  Book,  1887)  of  about  23  acres,  which  is  in  process 
ot  being  extended.  These  docks  are  connected  with  the  Aire  and  Calder 
navigation,  and  also  by  sidings  with  the  Lancashire  and  Yorkshire  and 
Kortueastern  Railways.  Spacious  sheds,  warehouses,  bonding  stores, 
cellarage,  and  wharfage  are  provided,  as  well  as  a  large  graving  dock 
ot  capacity  sufficient  to  accommodate  the  largest  vessel  using  the  port 

A  newspaper  paragraph  recently  published  gives  some  shipping  de' 
tails  as  to  one  of  the  lines  of  steamer  trading  between  Loudon  and 
Goole,  and  is  here  anhexed : 

[The  Yorkshire  Poet,  January  28, 1890,] 
IMPORTANT  PURCHASE  OF  STEAMSHIP  PROPERTY. 

J^^A\^h^u''^'''^^^^l?A,^^''^^'^''^  Cbainbers,  Abchurch  Lane,  London,  have pnr- 
chased  the  business  of  William  France  (limited)  as  from  December  31  last.    The  lat 

ereafmi'mw  nf  ^^  *^"  ^*'f  ^''"'^"^  ^?"*'«'  ""^  ^'"^''  ^^''^^^'  and  Goo  e,  has  for  a 
forkVi  fr«  Y  .r*""'  "i°  Steamers  regularly  (incouneotion  with  the  Lancasbire  and 
WwfnP*°?*'*'':?'T^'''^"*y\^e'^i''«  Aire  and  Calder  Navigation's  Canal  system) 
K.M  9"^^^^'^  h"A",°«  ^^^  fl*'^*  ***  t'^e  Vreiient  time  consists  of  the  steamS 
forthtvood  (dead-weiKht  810  tons),  Bertha  (730),  Fairway  f670),  ParadoxCQm   VeTsack 

S'/p*'^'"'r  ^^•^?^'  ^^'•^'""'i  ^^^<^)'  ^'''«"''"  (500),  ^nd  Edith  (400r  MessrrFeu 
wick  &  Co    who  will  carry  on  the  business  under  the  name  of  William  France  &  Co 
tnn«ffi?r*-  ''''''P*''^  the  following  steamers  to  carrying  on  the  traderwith  fhe 
hope  that  the  increase  in  efficiency  and  carrying  capacity  of  the  fleet  will  iu«ure  a 
£^%<;n?^J'.°,P"'*'?*  °/  the  b„ai„oss :     Metia  (1,050),  Bdmont  (1,050),  X»  (T 000) 
f^TS^h  «'?«"»*«".'«  ('«0),  and  Black  Diamond  (800  .    The  staff  ongaged-iu  c'arryl 
"e  on  the  bnsiness  will  be  practically  the  same  as  heretofore,  under  the^  direct  con- 
trol of  Mr.  William  West,  the  late  company's  manager. 

I  am  advised  by  the  Aire  and  Oalder  Navigation  as  follows : 

orl^f  ®r™  °^}^^  companies  trading  regularly  between  Goole  and  London,  and  there 
are  also  lines  of  steamers  between  Goole  and  Antwerp,  Rotterdam,  Ghent  fireusen 
Sri.'i'^'?'"^"''^"",^^'^.^^'^^^'  K""*'"'  Ostendr'and  Boulogne.  There  are  at 
S«n^>.f  hin"""^''*  ''^''"*  forty  steamers  engaged  in  regular  service  to  and  from 
the  port  bes  des  steamers  and  sailing  vessels  which  are  not  regular  liners  but  wS 
are  constantly  arriving  at  Goole  with  grain,  Spanish  ore,  Jamaica  lonrwooJ  and 
other  produce,  and  return  usually  with  coals.  o>»mu,wa.  io„wooa,  and 

.nti^^^lJ'iT  ^^*/'';  ,P"e8«e.y'8  writing  the  same  cause  which  bad 
stimulated  the  undertakers  of  the  Aire  and  Calder  to  make  the  nreced- 

Tlfn«^?i'''fSS^"*'  1^^  ^P'"  f  ^^"'^  5  ^"•^  ^°  ««t^  '''-^d  been  obtained 
June  19, 1828,  enabling  the  undertakers  to  make  further  additions  and 
improvements,  including  a  shortening  and  betterment  of  the  routes  be- 
tween  Wakefaeld  and  Ferrybridge  and  betNveen  Leeds  and  Oastleford. 

ihe  estimate  ♦^or  this  work  amounted  to  £462,420  ^$2,250,3()G  93) 
allowing  £135,350  ($058,680.78)  for  dock  extension  at  Gool^  and  Par-' 
liament  granted  power  to  borrow  the  sum  of  £750,000  ($3,6i9  875     rit 
was^xpected  to  shorten  tlie  -  ivigation  by  some  miles  and  to  admit  100- 
ton  vcsscis  10  Leeds  and  to  Vvakefteid. 

lamiudebtedto  the  Aire  and  Oalder  navigation  for  the  annexed 


i'- 


■  ; 


176 


CANALS   IN   THE    UNITED    KINGDOM. 


memoranda,  as  well  as  for  other  and  vduable  information  and  assist- 
ance iu  the  preparation  of  this  report. 

In  the  year  1846  an  act  was  passed  under  which  the  Aire  and  Oalder 
proprietors  were  empowered  to  construct  a  jetty,  coal  tips,  and  railway 
lines  connected  with  their  Goole  property,  and  to  extend  their  dock 
accommodations  there,  and  by  further  act  passed  in  June,  1889,  they 
received  authority  to  make  a  number  of  alterations  in  che  streets,  rail- 
ways,  and  bridges  at  Goole  with  the,  object  of  adding  an  additional  dock 
to  provide  for  the  increasing  traffic  of  the  port.  By  the  same  measure 
power  is  given  to  construct  an  "  incline  "  or  "  inclined  plane  "  on  the 
Barnsley  Branch  Canal,  for  the  transport  of  boats  and  other  vessels, 
with  hydraulic  api)liances,  in  order  to  expe'''<^e  the  traffic  by  avoiding 
a  flight  of  locks  at  a  i)lace  called  Walton. 

From  the  latest  available  returns  it  would  appear  that  the  Aire  and 
Oalder  Trust  are  the  proprietors  of  the  following  mileage  of  navigation : 
Aire  and  Calder  navigation  (main  line)  commencing  at  Goole  and 
terminating  at  Gastleford,  where  it  divides  iu  a  westerly  direction  to 
Wakefield,  and  in  a  northerly  direction  to  Leeds.  At  Knottiugley 
there  is  a  branch  to  Selby,  60J  miles. 
Sundry  lengths  of  old  navigation,  16^  miles. 

Barnsley  Canal,  commencing  at  Heath  Lock,  near  Wakefield  (junc- 
tion with  the  above),  and  terminating  at  Barnby  Basin,  15  miles. 

Dewsbury  Old  Cut,  extending  from  the  Calder  and  Hebble  naviga- 
tion to  Savile  Town,  Dewsbury,  1  mile. 

Bradford  Canal,  commencing  at  Windhill  and  terminating  at  Brad- 
ford, joint  owners— one  moiety— with  the  Leeds  and  Liverpool  Canal 
Company,  2^  miles. 

The  undertakers  of  the  Aire  and  Calder  are  also  the  harbor  authority 
at  Goole,  and  under  the  Ouse  (lower)  improvement  act  of  1884  the 
conservancy  authority  of  the  navigation  of  the  Kiver  Ouse,  between  its 
junction  with  the  Trent  and  the  railway  bridge  across  the  river  above 
Goole.  An  expenditure  of  about  £250,000  is  being  incurred  in  improv- 
ing this  length  of  the  Ouse. 

The  maximum  size  of  boats  using  the  Aire  and  Oalder  navigation 
main  line  is  given  as  120  feet  long,  18  feet  wide,  with  a  draft  of  7|  feet. 
On  the  Barnsley  Canal  the  maximum  size  is  said  to  bo  78  feet  6  inches 
long,  14  feet  10  inches  wide,  and  6  feet  draft. 

THE  PORT  OF   GOOLE. 

The  largest  vessel  that  has  entered  the  Goole  docks  is  said  to  be  the 
Antonios  Stathatos,  which  in  May,  1889,  arrived  with  a  cargo  of  1,926 
tons  of  grain.  ' 

The  Engineer,  of  December  20, 1889,  contains  an  article  from  which 
I  take  the  accompanying  plan  of  the  port  of  Goole,  and  also  the  princi- 
pal portion  of  the  context : 

KECBNT  IMPR0VBMBNT8  IN  THE  POKT  OF  GOOLB. 

The  port  of  Goole  is  the  most  central  inland  port  on  the  east  coast  of  England  be- 
ing situated  about  47  miles  from  the  sea  and  20  miles  more  inland  than  Hull  Al- 
though, perhaps,  not  so  well  known  as  other  ports,  yet  Goole  plays  an  important  part 
in  the  export  and  import  trade  of  the  couutry.  The  prosperity  of  the  port,  as  com- 
pared with  the  comparative  failures  of  Avoumouth,  Portishead,  Greenock,  and  Tilbury 
to  attract  tra  le,  shows  in  astrikiug  manner  the  advantage  ofcanying  cargoes  inland 
in  tlie  same  vessels  which  take  or  bring  them  from  abroad,  and  „»  i.«ar  to  th«  .vi../.p, 
ol  i)rod.ic(,u»ii  cr  manufacture  as  practicable,  instead  of  attempting  to  shorten  the 
distance  of  water  transport  by  carrying  the  port  of  delivery  nearer  to  the  coast.    By 


'~««Mi«B«|B»«f, 


and  assist* 

and  Oalder 
lul  railway 
tiieir  dock 
1889,  tiiey 
treets,  rail- 
tional  dock. 
16  measure 
le"  ou  the 
ler  vessels, 
J  avoiding 

e  Aire  and 
avigation : 
Goole  and 
irection  to 
^nottiugley 


field  (June- 

liles. 

)le  naviga- 

g  at  Brad- 
jool  Canal 

•  authority 
f  1884  the 
tetween  its 
ver  above 
in  improv- 

javigatiou 
of  7j  feet, 
et  6  inches 


I  to  be  the 
[0  of  1,926 

rom  which 
bhe  priuci- 


Injtland,  be- 
1  Hull.  Al- 
portantpart 
)rt,  as  com- 
and  Tilbury 
goes  inland 

tn   fill*    iila/iA 

, I 

aborteu  the 
I  coast.    By 


CANALS   IN    THE    UNITED   KINGDOM. 


177 

=d?L;s\.e;ro%^^e?SSS„t^^^^^^  orher  large 

Ibo  manufactures  of  Yorkshire  and  I  n  p^^  fit!  ''"*' ^^icient  system  of  water  carriace. 

of  the  Continent ;  and  fooS  pro  h^ce  bm  L ht  wS"?f""""i''  ^^  ^"^^^  ^o  the  hem 
France,  and  Belgium.  I'™uuce  brought  hack  to  then,  from  Holland,  Germany 

.  -r^i'^P^l^l^^^^^^^^  a  few  scattered  houses; 

shipping  trade  of  1,200,000  tons  Tye^ai-i  whole  of  thi  ^^^'fa^'^l^*'  ''"*''^«'  '^"'^  « 
the  management  of  the  "  unrlortS  '■  of  t^e  Air«  «.  h 'r '^ m  ***  *^*'  «"t«rpri8e  and 
Bhowa  the  immense  in.portance  to  this  country  c,f  ~%1^a  ^^f^""-  "a.^'g^tion,  and  it 
communication.     NotwithstandinHL  coSt  tiEn  ?n  Ift'^t^^^      '*f  '"'"^^^  ^"ter 

way  companies  who  had  invaded  theidSpi^^„f  tlicir  new  competitors,  the  rail- 
adapt  their  canals  to  the  altered ciminstiS'  llt^r  f  ^'  *•  ^'"■''.*°  ""P™^^  ^nd 
modat.ou  was  provided  at  Goole.  LeeT  a  d  w;^  ?"V'"?1  ^""^  «tat'«n  accom- 

the  boats  improved;  steam  towing  was  introduop^i  i^i  t  lie  locks  were  enlarged,  and 
improvement  carried  on  that  this  water  svNtPmnf'n^^  ^"'' '  ^  P»0S'«88ive  course  of 
successfully  with  the  railways,  not  only  fn  Ss  l.iTf.''^^  ^'^^  ''^'«  *»  ««»'?«*« 

The  cut  was  made  60  feet  wide  at  tow  w  Ih  4n  fit  i^  contractors,  Joliffe  and  Banko. 
being  72  feet  long  by  18  feet  wide.  \hfSarliIment«tl'*"'  ^'^  I  ^""*  '^^^P'  ^^^  l-^ks 
£?  ^'^^  ^"l^^'y  exceeded.  Under  the  ^Ts  of  this  «^t  n  *  v"*^  ""^^B^^'^^^'  »^"t 
feet,  and  a  barge  dock  900  feet  bv  150  fr fit  ™  L  *  ^l  ^^^'P  ^"^^  ^00  feet  by  200 
lock  into  the  Oiise  was  laid  at  sufBcTeS^rh  to  ^f/?^^^^^  The  sill  of  th" 

2  years  after  the  opening  of  the  new  S  the  nn,i?rL\  ^u*'  ***  ^.'^h  ^'^ter.  In  1828, 
80  far  as  custom-house  arrangements  were  Po^^lrn^^r  ^PP"sed  the  public  that 
a  footing  of  equality  with  Lolidon  D.S  and  LTveVnn?lP"'*,"^,^°"^"  ''  P'"««d  on 
others  m  the  United  Kingdom  "  T  in  nJiT.V  i  l^.iverpool,  and  of  superiority  to  all 
stated  "that  2  years  hafSsed  since  th«nnf-  '°  *^;V^  P."^l*«  announcement  also 
was  declared  a  port  for  foreign  trade  and  duK?lf«r  ^"''^''  ^'^^  ^  •"«"*»^«  «'"«e It 
to  any  of  the  numerousships  or  vessels  whioh^^fi^^  ^\T  "°  accident  had  happened 
fesled  the  most  perfect  readinesrto  renlat  hi  «,?«  ^^"  ^^T '  ^^^'^  shipowner  nan  - 
trade  was  daily  increasing."  They  aEnnounef^^tW  "^'."^'"^  Goole,  and  that  the 
the  ^«'««'''«.of  50-hor8e%ower7wjS  proSd^^^^  ^°»t  ««ll«d 

rivers  Ouse  and  Humber.  Trade  increSnf  a  fi.M,  H.  !  *f  ^*  *^*^  navigation  of  the 
carrying  out  further  improvements  Kecnn'nffnif  act  ^vas  obtained  in  1828  for 
in  accordance  with  a  report  mldlhyllS'   T^J""!  1^^^^^^ 

was  over  half  a  million.  Between  1820  anSin  ^-^^  ««|""ated  cost  of  these  works 
length  be  ng  increased  to  72  feetrthe  width  tcffs  feet  Ml  ^''' W°  iniproved,  the 
Under  the  power  of  subsequent  acts  «f  ill  f-Lf i       • '  ^^^  ^^*^^^^^  ^o'"  vessels  7  feet. 


During  the  last  few  year7(  186^1880  Uh^o^ora^J+i!''''™  have  been  made 

^ '         improved  fir  the  thkd  time  td  Snr^'^'i"'  *^'  '?^"'°  1*"«  «f  "^vigal 

reet..  Culverts  hJ^tlir^J^^^^!^l^l-^^"-9}^of2l,  Lt 


tion  hpvebeen  impr „„.,.  ,, 

by 22  feet  by  9  feet.     Culverts  iravp'wi.  ,.i'„    "j'-^riT'*".".'^"  **  """orm  sizeof  215  feet 

«g  and  emptying,  by  n,rn.:V^;h^SLL'water  We'l  S  r'V''  'j^'''''^'^  ^^^  S 
teet  m  a  minute.  The  total  len<^th  of  rnnnir  Jevel  can  be  altered  at  the  rate  of  3 
taking  is  as  follows :  ^     °^  '"°''^''  comprised  m  the  Aire  and  Calder  under- 


withadepth  on thesillathijh  water  tp^^^^^^^^^^ 

H.  Ex.  46 12  '  **  The  connection  between 


li 


178 


CANALS   IN   THE   UNITED   KINGDOM. 


the  two  sets  of  clocks  has  been  enlarged  from  60  feet  in  width  to  224  feet.  A  new  dock, 
3^ acres  In  exU-nt,  is  now  in  process  of  construction  to  the  north  of  the  Aldam  dock, 
and  to  the  west  of  the  parish  clmrcb.  When  this  is  completed  there  will  bo  alto- 
gether eight  d.  !  .,  covering  an  area  of  about  30  acres,  together  with  a  graving  dock, 
Si50  feet  long  hy  57  feet  wide.  Tlie  docks  are  well  provided  with  warehouses  for  the 
storage  of  grain  and  other  produce.  The  depth  of  water  at  the  present  time  allows 
of  ships  drawing  from  18  feet  to  19  feet,  to  get  into  the  docks  at  spring  tides,  and 
from  14  feet  to  15  feet  at  neaps.  The  largest  ship  that  has  yet  entered  the  docks  had 
a  cargo  of  a,000  tons,  and  drew  18  feet.  The  number  of  vessels  which  entered  and 
cleared  the  port  last  year  was  4,H5.5,  of  1, 192,124  tons.  The  principal  trade  is  timber, 
grain,  seed,  dye-wood,  iron,  coals,  machinery,  manufactured  goods,  and  food.  There 
are  reguHr  Hues  of  steaaiors  to  Hamburg,  Rouen,  Ghent,  Calais,  Antwerp,  Rotter- 
dam, Boulogne,  Bruges,  Dunkirk,  and  London. 

The  export  of  coal  forms  one  of  the  most  important  features  of  the  trade  of  the  port, 
amounting  to  nearly  three-quarters  of  a  million  of  tons  a  year.  For  facilitating  the 
transport  and  shipping  of  this  coal  special  appliauces  have  been  provided.  The  coal 
is  brought  down  the  caual  from  the  mines  in  iron  barges,  each  containing  about  35 
tons.  These  barges  are  made  in  square  compartments,  20  feet  long,  16  feet  wide,  and 
7  feet  6  inches  deep.  Each  barge  is  provided  with  butfers,  and  when  coupled  up  is 
free  to  move  within  a  certain  range,  both  horizontally  and  vertically.  The  boats, 
to  the  number  of  thirty,  can  be  coupled  together,  and  made  into  a  train,  the  usual 
nnmber  being  about  twelve  to  sixteen.  A  dummy  boat  with  a  stem  is  placed  in  front, 
and  wire  ropes  run  along  each  side,  and  are  controlled  by  two  drums,  which  are  self- 
acting,  and  are  under  the  charge  of  the  man  who  is  steering.  By  means  of  this 
arrangement  the  train  is  easily  conducted  round  the  curves.  The'train  is  hauled 
either  by  a  special  steamer,  which  propels  the  train  from  behind  when  it  is  short,  or 
is  attached  in  front  in  case  of  a  long  train.  These  compartments  on  arriving  at  the 
docks  at  Goole  are  taken  tc  an  hydraulic  lift,  and  after  being  floated  over  a  table, 
which  is  sunk  to  a  sntHcient  depth  in  the  water,  and  made  fast,  are  raised  up,  and 
when  at  the  requisite  height  tilted  over,  the  contents  being  sent  along  a  chute  into 
t'  1  hold  of  the  vessel.  The  time  occupied  by  each  compartment  is  usually  from  "a 
qiiarterof  an  hour  to  twenty  minutes.  If  the  ships  have  self-trimming  apparatus, 
300  tons  an  hour  can  be  put  into  them.  In  order  to  cope  with  the  increasing 
trade  and  facilitate  the  dispatch  of  the  steamers,  a  second  hoist  has  lately  been 
erected  by  the  firm  of  Sir  W.  Armstrong  &  Co.  The  cost  of  this  hoist  amounted  to 
£7,500.  The  boats  and  hoists  liave  been  designed  by  Mr.  Bartholomew,  and  con- 
structed under  his  special  supervision.  By  this  system  the  transport  of  coals  is  protit- 
ably  carried  on  at  the  rateof  .119d.  per  ton  per  mile.  Ibis  now  intended  still  further 
to  extend  the  system,  and  to  place  the  coal  mines  which  lie  away  from  the  canal  in 
direct  communication  with  the  ships  in  the  dock.  For  this  purpose  an  inclined  plane 
is  about  to  be  constructed  at  Stanley  provided  with  rails.  The  incline  will  descend 
into  a  basin  at  the  side  wf  the  canal,  with  a  commencing  slope  of  about  1  in  5  and 
terminating  with  a  gradient  of  1  in  20.  The  total  rise  from  the  canal  to  the  col- 
liery is  about  50  feet.  A  bogie,  having  its  wheels  so  arranged  as  to  have  its  top 
nearly  level,  will  be  run  down  the  Incline  until  the  compartment  barge  can  be  floated 
on  to  it.    It  will  then  be  drawn  up  and  conveyed  to  the  mine,  a  distance  of  I J  miles. 

The  general  traffic  of  the  canal  is  carried  on  by  men  owning  their  own  barges,  and 
by  barges  and  steam  tugs  belonging  to  the  Undertakers.  The  tugs  carry  from  20  to 
30  tons  of  cargo  an'  u  haul  12  barges  or  8,  if  fully  loaded,  and  carry  from  700  to 
800  tons.  For  the  i  aveyance  of  manufactured  goods,  the  tugs  generally  start  with 
their  train  of  barges  from  the  dock  at  Leeds  at  the  end  of  the  day,  and  travel  during 
the  night.  It  takes  8  to  10  hours  to  get  from  Leeds  or  Wakefield  to  Goole,  or  from  13 
to  14  to  Hull.  Thus  goods  loaded  up  in  Leeds  at  the  end  of  the  day  can  be  delivered 
on  board  the  steamers  at  either  Goole  or  Hull  next  morning.  The  tugs  run  with 
their  train  of  barges  at  an  average  speed,  including  stoppages,  of  4  miles  an  hour. 
For  boats  towed  by  horses  it  takes  about  15  hours  to  get  from  Leeds  or  Wakefield  to 
Goole,  and  4  hours,  if  towed,  from  Goole  to  Hull.  They  charge  for  towing  boats  not 
belonging  to  the  company,  up  to  80  tons,  is  Us.  from  Leeds  or  Wakefield  to  Goole,  the 
distance  being  about  32  miles.  The  cost  for  hor.se  hire  for  the  same  distance  is  148., 
but  the  time  occupied  is  double  that  of  towing.  The  horses  are  provided  by  men  who 
make  this  their  business,  the  canal  being  divided  in  regular  stages  of  from  7  to  10 
miles. 

The  ri\>er  (hiae. — In  order  to  provide  for  the  increasing  size  of  the  steamers  which 
now  come  to  Goole,  Mr.  Bartholomew  came  to  the  conclusion  sorrie  time  ago  that  it 
was  necessary  not  only  to  obtain  deeper  water  in  the  river,  but  also  to  effect  other 
improvements  in  the  Ouse  between  Goole  and  Trent  Falls,  where  the  two  rivers  unite 
in  the  Humber.  The  depth  of  water  at  the  shallowest  place  along  this  portion  of 
the  river  used  to  be  only  frojn  2  feet  to  3  feet  at  low  water  of  spi'iiig  tides.  As 
ordinary  spring  tides  only  gave  another  14  feet  at  high  water,  the  pilots  had  to  run 
the  vessels  with  very  little  margin  under  their  keels.     The  river  also  was  very  ir- 


i 


^:^^^m^mms^^^^^^^. 


\.  new  dock, 
uldam  dock, 
ill  bo  ulto- 
ravingdock, 
uses  for  the 
time  allows 
;  tides,  and 
e  docks  bad 
entered  and 
deistinaber, 
ood.  There 
erp,  Rottcr- 

of  the  port, 
litating  the 
1.  The  coal 
ig  about  35 
Bt  wide,  and 
upled  up  is 

The  boats, 
D,  the  usual 
3ed  in  front, 
ich  are  sol f- 
)ans  of  this 
n  is  hauled 
;  is  short,  or 
ving  at  the 
/er  a  table, 
9ed  up,  and 

chute  into 
ally  from  a 
:  apparatus, 

increasing 
lately  been 
mounted  to 
V,  and  con- 
als  is  profit- 
still  further 
he  canal  in 
;liued  plane 
ill  descend 
1 1  in  5  and 
to  the  col- 
lave  its  top 
m  be  floated 
of  I J  miles, 
barges,  and 
f  from  20  to 
rom  700  to 
7  start  with 
avel  during 
(,  or  from  13 
)e  delivered 
fs  run  with 
es  an  hour. 
i''ake(ield  to 
g  boats  not 
o  Goole,  the 
^nce  is  148., 
)y  men  who 
loni  7  to  10 

ners  which 
ago  that  it 
affect  other 
rivers  unite 
3  portion  of 
J  tides.  As 
had  to  run 
Vila  very  ir- 


CANALS    IN   THE    UNITED   KINGDOM.  I79 

on  the  accompanying  pH.  .,^.3  ,,,  ^  cVuSTf  tt^'j^v^wVJh^  tatl^fs 


Vji 


^b^l-trS^^^^^^^  Theimproved  chan- 

increased ^bout  5  feetfand  the  d'e ^^^n-^r^.^n*  '°-  ^^'^-^^y  *^«  depth  hL  been 
wX""^'"  *^'  ^^'^•""'fe'  ^^1  «  are  cf- '  !'4^\«„*'".jP;«a"««i«^^  and  no  ^oubt  will  be 
walls  are  composed  of  slag  broucbt  rom  u^a,  ^ °^^  ?"*  opened.  The  traininc 
specially  constructed  for  the  mirnn?«     'rT  Middlesbrough  in  steam  hopper  vessels 

b;astK;n;^-;;^^;S^-^ei.^about^ 

placed  in  the  lines  of  the  walls  the  sllndnn*;.  V  ^^'^  ^1'"^'  *^«y  are  moored  to  piles 


i 


I 


180 


CANALS   IN   THE   UNITED    KINGDOM. 


slope  is  H  to  1.  It  is  estiiiiuted  that  2,000,00'^  tons  of  slag  will  l»e  required  to  com- 
plete the  work.  Tfae  accuntulatioii  of  silt  and  warp  behind  the  walls  testifies  to  tlie 
enormous  amount  of  detiitus  transported  by  the  river.  In  some  places  the  accretion 
has  amounted  to  IG  feet  in  the  2  years  that  the  walls  have  been  in  progress.  This 
rapid  leposit  of  material  has  oooasioued  a  great  deal  of  trouble  in  keeping  open  the 
outlets  of  the  several  drainage  sluices  which  disoiiarge  into  the  river,  and  which 
have  to  be  extended  across  the  reclaimed  portion  of  the  river  to  the  new  ciiunnel. 
In  one  case,  near  Swinefleet,  the  Undertokers  have  been  obliged  to  divert  the  outfall 
drain  and  construct  a  new  sluice,  in  order  to  avoid  extending  it  across  a  wide  and 
deep  part  of  the  inclosuro.  The  parliamentary  estimate  for  the  rivor  improvemont 
was  £252,J)99,  the  interest  on  which  is  met  by  a  charge  of  1  penny  a  ton  on  the  regis- 
tered tonnage  on  all  ships  going  to  Goole,  and  also  a  penny  on  the  goods  conveyed. 
The  whole  of  the  works  are  being  carried  out  by  Mr.  Bartholomew  for  the  Under- 
takers without  the  aid  of  i:  contractor.  At  Blachtoffc,  near  Trent  Falls,  about  8 
miles  below  Ooole,  a  capacious  mooring  and  landing  stage  has  been  erected  for  heavy 
drafted  vessels  to  lie  at  in  case  they  are  late  on  the  tide  and  not  able  to  get  dowu  to 
sea  in  one  tide.  At  this  stage  there  is  a  depth  of  from  12  feet  to  13  feet  at  low  water. 
Owing  to  the  distance  from  Goole  to  the  sea,  and  the  shoit  duration  of  the  tide,  ves- 
sels have  to  leave  the  dock  at  from  1  to  1^  hours  before  high  water,  and  it  is  there- 
fore necessary  that  accommodation  should  be  provided  for  their  safe  berthing  in  case 
'  they  are  not  able  to  reach  deep  water  or  are  OTeroome  by  fog  in  going  either  up  or 
down. 

TOLLS. 

The  tolls  authorized  by  the  act  of  1699  were  as  follows :  From  May 
1  to  October  1,  any  sum  not  exceeding  10  shillings  a  ton,  and  from  Oc- 
tober 1  to  May  1,  any  sum  not  exceeding  16  shillings  a  ton  for  the  entire 
distance  from  Leeds,  or  from  Wakefield  to  Wesland,  or  vice  versa,  and 
so  proportionably  as  to  weight  and  distance. 

The  second  act  of  Parliament  materially  reduced  the  rates  of  tolls 
from  10  shillings  in  summer  and  16  shillings  in  winter  per  ton  on  all 
articles,  and  fixed  them  according  to  the  following  rates : 

Scale  of  tolls  authorized  to  he  taken  under  the  act  of  1774. 


Description  of  goods. 


Dung  or  Htable  manure,  cualB,  cinders,  slacli,  culm,  and  charcoal,  any  gum  not 
exceediuir per  ton  per  mile. 

Figoon  dunjg  and  rape  dust .«.' do... 

Lime: 

If  carried  up  the  rivers  or  outs do... 

If  carried  down  the  same do... 

Pack  sheet  or  bag  of  wool,  pelts,  or  spetches.  not  exceeding  312  pounds,  includ- 
ing sheet 

For  every  quarter  of  wheat,  rye,  beans,  oats,  barley,  and  other  gruiu  ;  malt,  rape, 
mustard,  and  linseed,  of  8  bushels,  Wiuclioster  moasure 

Apples,  pears,  onions,  and  potatoes,  for  every  32  pocks 


Chalk,  fuller's  earth,  pig-iron  '  clp,  flints,  pipeclay,  Calaisfaand,  and  other  sands 
(except  got  in  the  river),  stm.o,  bricks,  whitiug,  rags,  and  old  rope,  lead,  plaister, 
alum,  slate,  old  iron,  tiles,  straw,  hay,  and  British  timber per  ton.. 

Fir,  timber,  deals,  battens,  pipe  staves,  foreign  oak,  mahogany,  and  beech  logs, 
per  ton 

Flour,  copperas,  wood,  tallow,  and  ashes per  ton . . 

Bad  butter  or  grease ...do — 


Soap . 


do.. 

Bar'lron .^ do... 

Cheese do... 

I'owder  sugar,  currants,  prunes,  brass  and  coi)por,  argol  or  tartar do . . . 

Treacle do... 

Ma<lder do... 

Cloth  bales,  and  all  other  goods,  wares,  and  merchandise do . . . 


Hate. 


i 
i 

lOi 

6 
9 


How 
charged. 


'  M  ».  o  a 

Ill" 

B  "*-  5 

=  §-s=« . 

0)  k   3     .J3 

o  •?  «  Z.-5 


Note  from  Aire  and  Calder  Kavigation,  February,  1890:  The  above  are  the  maximum  charges  which 
parliament  has  authorized  to  be  taken  on  traihc  passing  over  the  navigation.  The  actual  tolls  now 
charged  (1890)  are,  in  most  cases,  less  than  these. 

It  may  be  here  remarked,  in  the  scheme  of  operation  of  both  railway 
and  canal  undertakings  at  this  period,  that  tlie  controlling  note  was 


\> 


'■0^'' 


.  ^■.■j..j^PL|^-^ijj^i-*r-'i*f*^'-*"-'mrByj\iirajW'-^tpT^    ii;iiiiiatfna*irijjiar-p 


)d  to  com- 
ifies  to  thn 
B  accretion 
lesH.  ThiH 
g  open  t  he 
and  which 
w  cliuunel. 
the  outfall 
%  wide  and 
provemoiit 
I  tile  regis- 
couveyed. 
the  IJnder- 
Is,  about  8 
i  for  heavy 
3t  down  to 
low  water, 
e  tide,  ves- 
t  is  tliere- 
ing  in  case 
ither  up  or 


rom  May 
from  Oc- 
;he  entire 
ersa,  aud 

i  of  tolls 
)u  ou  all 


How 
charged. 


c  h  fJ  O  fl 

111" 

,5  H  P  ►-  iS 

fli  k  3     .J3 


t    ^ 


liurgos  which 
ual  tolls  uow 


h  railway 
note  was 


' 


CANALS    IN    THE    UNITED    KINGDOM.  Igl 

the  ':^^  ^r  '^'^:^r^Z^l^'V'^'''' '  ^^«  ""^^^^takern  of 
struction  ami  ma  ntenance  Tmf  elnoi  f  *  ^°-*'«'f  '"^^^'^  ^«  ««»■ 
independent  carriers  who  mfJhf  nSt  «  ^  *"?  '?f'^'''^  ^^'^'^  P^^ts  from 
ness.  The  increisft  nf  IroS^  lu^-^J^®  ^^^  *°  ^^'^  coui'se  of  their  busi- 
ties,  soon  bSt  abonf  fni.r'*'' '  '  attendant  economical  po88ib"h- 

presont  system  of  LXeVt^^co,m>an^  Thf  *?'  "'^''^"^^  *«  *b« 
permit  the  use  of  cars  owned  hi  f ST  i"^^"    ?^^  radways  still,  indeed, 

flc,  but  the  haulageTs  doTe  bv  t^he  L^'^'P^'  ^Z""  '^'^''  «'»««  o*"  traf- 
slower  to  change -and  whn«L  1^  company.  Canals  have  been  much 
traffic  is  ta  e^^b,'  tZ  commnv  IT^  ^''"''*'"  ^  ^^^«  proportion  of  the 
routes  the  occ"  pLcy  orthrwaVbv  n?iv\'f«'''"'-''  ^"  ^"  «^  *^"«  ^^^^^ 
on  some,  perhaps,  it^is  the  oilIfmefflTn'usr^^       ''  ^'™^''«^'  ""'^ 

CANAL  TEAFFIO  AND  ROUTES. 

sa^'eVs^tfe  o^rrtv^e^t^g^^tt^i^^^^^^  ^"  *^^  ^^^^«  ^«-^  -re  the 

ser^v"ti?ro"?ro"s'e  tVoS'" " f  ^^^"^  "^^«  ^^P^^^^*-^  - 1*62  con- 
the  five  decades,  isll  ?o  1868  th«Toffl  «'^""^«t«^»,  therewith.  During 
per  annum.  The  natation  ?n  lillo^tLZ^^^^^  «^^^V^  ^^^'000  ton! 
to  the  confluence  otThe  Trent  On«f^^^^^^^^ 

was  one  lock  at  NabuJn,  7oZt  b^  sW^f  «?"?^®^' ,?"  "^"««'  There 
to  low  water,  9  feet  ^      ^®®*  ^  '°''^®«  ^»";  summer  height 

dividends.    C  f  lount  oSfre  canS  ^'"iV"'"  ^'"^^'^  ^««'^""g 

acts  of  incorporation?  ProprSors'fnte^^^^^^^  .f'^ ''  T.^  ^T^^  ^^  *^^ 
by  the  proportion  borne  TSend  In  18^9^.'^'^  to  be  estimated 
Aire  and  Calder  dividend  had  raS  nu  ill  I  V^  ^^^^^^  *^**  ^^^ 
($194,600)  to  £72,000  ($350  388)  ^'""^  ^^^'^^ 

^^jln  1872  reconstruction  of  the  canal  for  the  fourth  time  was  taking 

were  6(hS1  ri'S^bl^S  6  inll'lrr  ^T""'  '^^  ^^«  ^o«t« 
locks  were  made  66  feet  by  15  feet  bv  fifp^V"^^^"  ^  *'*  ^'^^^^^  *^^ 
In  1820  the  Goole  Canal  was  constrnofp^  £l?f  ^^T^^^"^  *^«  »y«tem. 
by  7  feet,  and,  under  the  act  of  182S  thlri^-  ^''^^•'  ^^  ^®<^  ^^  1«  ^eet 
to  the  whole  navigationf  S  nee  the ^Lr ^«?^^°''''°^^?''«  «^*«°ded 
had  taken  place  previouslv  to  Issl  li?i  i  ?  11®?®'^^  improvement 
feet.    At  th'it  datP  iS'/  ;»,         u  '  ^'*^  ^^^''^s  216  feet  by  22  feet  bv  9 

being  compile  etVttVo^^^^^  froml^'ooT^?  "'^ *  '  ^^-rs? worK  ' 
Wakefield.*    The  caLl ,  sdf  ^^as  t^i^n^fi  w  ^T^'  ^°^  ^'^^'^  ^o«'e  to 
£600,000  ($2,9x9,000^  was  said  tn  W.  i   ^®*  "^"^^^    ^^^"^  ^^^'^  to  1883 
and  iurchlses  of  m  Srr  and  J!.^'^"^  ^uP'"'^"^  in  improvements 


l; 

is 


If 

0 


182 


CANALS   IN   THE   UNITED   KINGDOM. 


branch,  12  miles  (acquired  in  1871);  Bank  Dole  branch,  11  miles  (Bank 
Dole,  IS  miles  from  Goole  to  Selby). 

Navigation  of  the  river  Aire  to  »»awclitt'e  and  intermediate  points 
not  touched  by  the  canal  was  also  in  the  hands  of  the  Aire  and  Calder; 
so  that  the  total  length  of  the  undertaking,  reckoning  canal  and  river 
together,  was  called  about  80  miles. 

Over  the  Aire  and  Calder  proper,  not  including  the  Barnsley  canal,  the 
traffic  in  1872  amounted  to  about  2,000,000  tons,  total ;  equivalent  to 
42,250,000  tons  carried  1  mile.  At  the  same  period  the  rate  of  the 
Barnsley  was  about  260,000  tons  per  annum,  and  that  of  the  Calder  and 
Hebble  656,000  tons. 

Gross  tonnage  of  Aire  and  Calder  is  given  in  1838,  1,383,971  tons; 
1848,  1,335,783  tons ;  1868, 1 ,098,149  tons ;  1868,  1,747,261  tons. 

The  locks  of  the  Aire  and  Calder  are  divided ;  one  length  takes  two 
boats  and  the  other  length  takes  one  boat,  so  as  to  save  the  water. 
Three  boats  of  the  Leeds  and  Liverpool  Canal  will  go  through  the  Aire 
and  Calder  locks  at  once. 

A  large  culvert  extends  alongside  the  lock  with  one  sluice  at  the 
upper  end  of  the  lock  7  by  6  feet  (the  ordinary  sluice  is  2  or  3  feet  square) 
and  at  the  lower  extremity  of  the  lock  Is  another  sluice.  When  that 
IS  closed  and  the  lock  is  empty  the  upper  sluice  is  raised.  It  is  self- 
balanced  like  a  throttle  valve.  Three  oritlces  open  into  the  elongated 
lock,  arranged  so  as  to  divide  the  boats  and  prevent  their  knocking  to- 
gether when  they  are  in  the  lock.  To  empty  the  lock  the  upper  sluice 
is  closed,  the  lower  opened  and  the  water  drawn  into  the  culvert  and 
discharged  at  the  lower  end.  This  plan  is  in  stead  of  discharging  the 
water  at  the  gate.  The  sluices  are  practically  self-acting ;  two  turns 
of  the  sluice  handle  raise  it,  and  three  turns  lower  it.  The  lock  is  said 
to  be  filled  and  emptied  with  much  more  celerity  by  this  plan  than  in 
the  ordinary  way  by  the  gates. 

By  way  of  the  Aire  and  Calder  there  are  three  routes  from  Hull  and 
Goole  to  Liverpool,  viz:  (1)  Through  Leeds,  by  Aire  and  Calder,  Leeds 
aud  Liverpool ;  (2)  through  Wakefield,  by  Aire  and  Calder,  Calder 
and  Kibble,  Riichdale,  Bridge  water,  Mersey  River;  (3)  through  Wake- 
field, by  Aire  aud  Calder,  Calder  and  Hebble,  Sir  John  hamsdin's, 
Huddersfleld,  Ashton,  Rochdale,  Bridgewater,  Mersey  River. 
The  distances  are  given  as  follows : 


Ronte. 

Miles. 

Roatc. 

Miles. 

No.  I. 

26 

36 

128 

Runcorn  to  Liverpool 

16 

Hnll  to  Oonln 

Total 

Goole  to  Leeds 

160 

Leeds  to  Liverpool 

No.  3. 
HuH  to  Wakefleld 

Totai 

190 

26 
37 
22 
33 
27 

63 

A'b.  2. 

WakoHeld  to  (Joopi-r  Brid>;o 

13 

JBnIl  to  Onnln 

Cooper  Bridge  to  Ashton 

24 

Goole  to  Wakofleld 

Ashton  to    Rochdale    Cannl    at   Man- 
chester   

4» 

Wakefield  to  Sowerby  Bridge 

Manchester  to  Liverpool 

Soweiby  Bridge  to  Manchester 

Total 

Mancbester  to  Buncom 

146i 

The  Aire  and  Calder,  it  has  been  already  mentioned,  had  once  a  lease 
of  the  Calder  and  Hebble  the  canal  which  meets  the  Aire  and  Calder 
at  Wakefield.  This  was  for  21  years,  and  expired  about  1886.  It  was 
for  a  gross  annual  mUx  to  be  paid  by  the  lessees,  based  on  rates  which 
proved  to  be  higher  than  were  practicable  consistent  with  keeping  the 


«    >i  ■-3kifc..c)ya<.rM 


K^^-^^P?*??; 


CANALS   IN   THE    UNITED    KINGDOM. 


183 


Milea. 


16 
160 


13 
24 


4i 
42 

146i 


on'Ss  J^llis''.:!/^  ^^''"■*''>  "^^o'-'Panied  the  lease  was  framed 

on  riie  mm^  Dusw,  and  hence  was  not  earr  ed  out.    Some  iniurovemeiifH 

rmrcait,'" '"'  '^"""'  ""^  ^'^'^'^'^  ^^"""« ''« o-upancHiy  trriJ: 

Tim  nf/.!!!n 'r'7  •'""";'•'  "!""  l>»r«»'a«ed  by  the  Aire  and  Calder  in  187J 
^e  ,      :^r  e  Srin'lnn^  were  subsequently  lengthened  Ivoln  6(i 

S  forr  t  n  s      VhLl    V  o  ''"^'  "'«»'^'f«"'«the  viabh,  tonnage  from  75 
tu  iH  roxi.)  ro  IS.     j  his  took  2  years  and  cost  about  £7  500  ^«'U!  4<w  7r.^ 

tralHc  on  it.  Knigtli.    It  liad  formerly  a  large  coal 

utld'to''vnl.k''  T  ','"'  ^'™  *"'J  ?,"''"'"•  '■'■''"'  """k  Dale  to  Selby,  .listrlb- 

Tlie  old  line  tUroiiKli  liaddliiscy  and  Snaltli  to  the  Oiise  wna  in  msi 

rout,.     Tl!    i^f  '  ?'"■;"*  H"''  »  ""'"  "'  "=»"'  """•  "'"tJer  to  the  ol  1 

trjc  «r.Sr?^„i;' X^^^^^^  -;.  -0  a  large 

Si       '^  *P^  company  acted  as  carriers  in  addition  to  beinir  tikov^nf 

jji  i{,iey,  jvtigniey,  bkipton  Colne,  Burn  ey,  Accrinffton  Blaekbnrn 
W  gan,  Liverpool  Waterfield,  Dewsbury,  Barnsley  ISld  Hud^^^^^^^ 
field,  Brighouse,  Halifax,  and  Sowerbv  Bricltrp     Thrlli.  Ih.-  P" 

Charged  by  water  are  ie^s  't£  "t'h'r  „/'Z  TlXtrlSl^S. 

iiii^ipiss 

acting  as  carriers  ^''^'''  """^  '"^  ^^^^^  «*  c^"'^!  companies 


H' 


■     '1  I 


li 


184 


CANALS    IN    THE    UNITKU    KINGDOM. 


or  fiOinpartmontH  ftro  (;()ml>iiie<l  in  trains  liico  wivjfons  on  a  railway. 

Kacli  boat  is  of  35  tons  bunion,  Hi  by  liOby  7  feot  a«oi>  or  nearly  aqnaro 

in  area.    A  steamer  jjoes  b<^liin<l    to  jmsli ;  the  leadinjf  bout   being 

shaped   with  a   bow.    The  steamer  eouples  with  the  rear  boat  by  a 

knuckle  joint  fitted  into  a  hollow  stern  post  free  to  move  vertically' or 

laterally.    A  wire  rojie  on  ea(5h  side  gives  steerage  to  the  train.    A 

saving  of  the  crews  of  the  several  boats  results,  the  crew  of  the  tug 

alone  conducting  the  train.    The  cost  was  reckoned  in  1872  at  one- 

twelfth  of  a  penny  (seventeen  one  hundredths  of  a  cent)  per  ton  per 

mile  as  the  whole  expense  of  carriage,  minuH  the  capital  involved  in  the 

carrying  compartments,  bub  including  maintenance  of  the  steam  power, 

t.  e.,  the  tug,  and  the  crew  in  charge  of  the  train.    No  incionvenience 

was  suftered  from  wave,  which  diminished  in  proportion  to  the  number 

of  boats  put  on.    This  was  on  a  canal  6G  feet  at  the  surface  and  8  feet 

to  8  feet  6  inches  deep.    At  Goole  was  a  large  hydraulic  hoist.    There 

the  train  was  broken  up,  the  boats  lifted  singly  and  the  contents  of 

each  tipped  in  turn  into  the  sea-going  vessel.    A  second  powerful  hy- 

draulic  hoist  has  since  been  provided.    The  cost  of  haulage  at  this  time 

was  stated  to  be  one-tenth  of  a  i)enny  (two-fifths  of  a  cent)  per  ton  per 

niUe  in  GO  to  80  ton  boats  where  locsks  are  not  closer  than  3  miles  apart ; 

with  a  greater  distance  between  locks  haulage  comes  to  one-twelfth 

of  a  penny  (seventeen  one-hundredtbs  of  a  cent)  per  ton  per  mile.    The 

distinction  here  made  as  regards  cost  between  the  haulage  by  ordinary 

boats  and  the  mrriage  by  boat  trains  does  not  come  oiit  very  clearly 

in  the  evidence,  since  the  capital  involved  in  the  carrying  compartments 

IS  excluded  from  the  calculation  in  the  last  case  as  being  a  capital  expen- 

diture. 

About  half  the  navigation  of  the  Aire  and  Oalder  then  (1872)  was 
done  by  steam.  Tugs  employed  were  from  50  horse-power  to  150  horse- 
power. 

In  1883,  Mr.  Bartholomew,  the  manager  of  the  Aire  and  Oalder,  in 
testifynig  before  the  select  committee  on  canals,  stated  th.?,tfor  a  large 
canal  like  his  own,  there  was  no  question  but  that  as  compared  with 
horse-power,  steam  haulage  was  the  cheaper.  It  had  succeeded  much 
beyond  his  expectations  on  the  Aire  and  Caldor.  They  had  tried  all 
kinds  of  experiments.  He  began  himself  in  1852,  and  had  been  exper- 
imenting  ever  since.  The  results  achieved  were  stated  by  him  as  fol- 
lows, for  three  classes  of  haulage:  (1)  Merchandise  traiiic  towed  by 
tugs  carrying  cargo,  also  themselves;  (2)  merchandise  traffic  towed  by 
tugs  not  carrying  cargo,  also  themselves ;  (3)  merchandise  traffic  towed 
by  horses,  on  the  Aire  and  Oalder  proper,  on  the  improved  system  of 
navigation. 

XT. .^'.^^^^^,^^7'°^  cargo  and  tugging  cargo  4,000,000  ton-miles,  one- 
thirty-fourth  of  a  penny  (six  one-hundredths  of  a  cent)  per  ton  per  mile, 
allowing  10  per  cent,  for  depreciation  of  capital  and  all  the  repairs. 

2.  Tugs  not  carrying  cargo,  but  tugging  only,  one-seventh  of  a  penny 
(twenty-nine  one-hundredths  of  a  cent)  per  ton  per  mile  on  a  ton  mileaee 
of  2,250,000,  in  round  figures. 

3.  Horse  haulage,  one-fifth  of  a  penny  (forty  one  hundredths  of  a  cent) 
per  ton  per  mile  on  650,000  ton-miles. 

These  figures  were  actual  cost  in  1882,  and  in  the  previous  year  it  was 
about  the  same.    It  had  varied  very  little  for  some  years  past. 

For  merchandise  traffic  they  had  a  special  class  of  tug  constructed  by 
themselves.  They  made  their  own  engines  and  boilers,  and  did  all  their 
own  repairs,  in  tbeiro«  a  workshops.  With  a  larger  mileage  it  could  be 
done  for  less.    The  steam  merchandise  traffic  speed  is  called  ^  to  6 


I 


^,4g?gi^tiy^M'i^4l^'jg.^j»,i»iij,jMy 


CANALS    IN   THE    UNITED    KINGDOM. 


r 


/ 


185 

mil::  ^H  orf-uSiu^s: 'If  r  r'^  *'t  r'  '^^  ^'««^'»«o  ^o» 

,     four  onelnuulreclt  Ks  ot       .( rr  ,3  «"f '  ""'*>'-*.\<lth8  of  a  pmiuy  (twenty 

e-npties.    liy  ordhmry  Kt    S    v^f^  of  taking  back  the 

«mi»tie8,itoo8to,,olnnS'aiX  W^^^^^  f'.'^  ""*  returning 

ton  per  mile.  ""»«*•«"  o,na  llfteon  one-thousandths  of  a  penny  per 

nmnbeS not^':f^g'nns"»r '£  ''  *^"  oompart.nents,  up  to  30  In 
train.  With  so  i  inv  "^ •  'h  T^''  '"'"'"  ,»f«"erally  11  or  12  made  the 
can  be  pushed  T  eTo  ks  of  mSt?^^  '/'"  V^^'"'  "«  "mnyls  1? 
ments ;  with  more  boats  th«^^^i"-"  '^  ^'  "  '  ""'^  ^^  con.part- 
partnie'nts  loa.led  <Iraw  fro ,'  6  ?eet  to"i  fLV".' i  ^''.  ^'■"'^^^•-  ^'"^^  «»'"■ 
tons  has  been  loaded  on  one  train  •  too  J  ^-  ^  'n^'H*'^-  ^'"^  Imndred 
train.  The  hy,lra„lic  hoK  ?il'l«  h  .i"""'  "  ''f'.^'^  "  ^«''^^'  convenient 
raisi,jg  coals  and  within  feca^e^craSe  iTfvldt.h  '^f  "T^'  ^"^«  ^«'' 
?n  order  to  be  raised  and  tin  its  oonfmil  'j.Vf  '''/  ^^^  ^'*'**^  >«  secured 
into  the  vessel.  In  lower  mr  LI  Vhl  "**"  '-J^'T^  '''"«'»  *'e»vers 
water  in  one  of  the  cTlInders  is  flrP«d^^^^ 

There  are  two  lifti,.ffcvlnderr.n.ifhi  ^''?^  'l'^"*  ^^^  accumulator, 
and  boat  forces  half  ?he  wSh„  ^^^  "^^^^''^  ^^  ^^«  descending  cage 
advantage  of  push  J  is  LI  l  L  h^  •  '^f!''"  i"^^.  ^^^  accumulator.  The 
water  taSk  forCd  for  reg„Pttin^  l/ol  «^^  f  ""T^i  J^^  «^^''»'"«r  has  a 
loaded  train  and  ra  sed  fori  Hirh  oip  '  ^Thl  f  *^  '^'^^^^  depressed  for  a 
a  pulley  direct  to  a  cylinde?  oVe  oZ;.h  i^^Sf.**? h"^/^»*"  ^'^'^^^  abound 
tUrougU  guides  attachedTo' TcircompartrnV  '^^1*^^* 

and  of  not  more  than  10  boats  oan  Ha  «vLri?\  ,  ^     ^^'^'''^  loaded 

The  train  can  go  to  any  c ifrve  bv  tlf^ItT^  ^^  ^"''""^  ^"  '"'^  ^e^ther. 

thesametimeLetoriLSlv^  .Vnlir  t^^^  '"'^*"^«  ^"^»  i«  »* 
together  as  a  train  by  means  of  wTrlrn i^'  •  ^''^  compartments  are  held 

compartment  is  provfded  witlfbE/  £  '/"  '''  f  ^f  ^.  °^  ^*^"«'«»^-  ^ach 
ir.to  place  when  they  are  Sven  Sde  e^  !  e°/h v  ^"'f  *^"  ^^"'-^^^  ^^^^ 
wire  rope  from  the  steerW  ^fl^i  fv       .      ^^  ^'"^^  ^^'  water.    The 

boats  and  holl  the  train  "Lather  wl  n«  '^,T''r''''  ^»^"^«"'^  ^^e 
ward.    The  comDartmm7f«  S  „?      u       S^\^'^^ng  it  as  it  pushes  it  for- 

carriage  ot  mrc  a  fdZ  ^Th^e  fi^^Z^^^^T'*  *'  ^^^^P^  ^^'"^  *«  the 
a  hatchway  and  tarpauL  co^Ts.'"  S'crtr^t^^  T^"'^^ 

[-^'^^-treolZ'll^^^^^^  Of  tugs  carry- 

Leeds  and  Liverpool  sSmTjliLt^H^  TU"*"  ^^^  "^'^e,  on  the 
the  proportion  of  six  one  humSs  ofVo^f;^°/  ^^  ^  P^^^^'  «^  '" 
Mr.  Bartholomew  thiXs  ordinnrl  L  ,^",^***,*J"''*y°°el^"n'lredth8. 
introducing  such  stc^  m  i^u  S^  «liould  be  improved  before 

uses.    The%08t  of  one  tSv  fom  h  oV  .''''  ^'  ^^"^  ^''^  ""^^  balder 
merchandise  traffic  tu-eSvin^i  of  a  penny  per  ton  per  mile  o> 
boats  at  the  speed  oh*  to  6  r^ne/n.^^^^^^  ''•  T"  ^'  bugging  the  oti 
pany  of  hauli njr  the  Imdpr? i^o.    V® V'^.V''' '» the  actual  cost  to  the  cc 
inoln.^•„„  "  i  f ^^r.iP'*^®^.  boats,  including  the  cost  of  f,h«  tn.r  k1  «... 

spondi;;g%;tng^;"i,.^er  onfraK'  ft^je  haulage  onhem,c;rt^ 

goes  from  Gooll  or  S  to  Livorl  iS^;.f     *  "^  *.k'^"^^  ''"^^^  ^^'  ^ater 
ui  xiuii  to  l^iverpool;  not  more  than  2,000  or  3,000  tons 


1i 


180 


CANALS    IN   THE    UNITKD    KINGDOM. 


per  aimiim.  The  great  liattlc  in  tlie  intoriiuMliate.  At  Leeds  poods  nro 
traiiNMliipped  from  -Aire  and  Calder  into  Leeds  and  Liverpool  boats. 
From  (foole  to  Liveri»ool  tlie  Lcetlw  and  Liver[)ool  bouts  niJKht  be  em- 
ployed ;  but  tliey  woul<l  bo  too  light  for  the  tideway  between  Hull  and 
Goole.  Of  local  trafllc  something  like  .'1U(),()()()  tolis  is  exchanged  be- 
tween the  Aire  and  Calder  and  the  Leeds  and  Liverpool ;  that  is  to  say, 
it  goes  from  one  to  the  other  line ;  actual  transshipment  would  not 
amount  to  above  l(),(M)(l  tons  a  year. 

Coal  and  trattle  originating  below  Leeds  goes  over  the  Leeds  and 
Liverpool  system  till  it  meets  the  Lancashire  Coal  at  about  Skipton, 
some  30  miles  from  Leeds.  Koad  and  paving  n>ateriuls  <!omo  from 
points  on  the  Leeds  and  Liverpool  Canal  to  Leeds  and  are  there  loaded 
into  sloops  for  London. 

There  was  considerable  traflic  from  the  Aire  and  ('alder  over  the 
Rochdale  by  way  of  the  Calder  and  Ribble  in  1883.  The  locks  of  the 
Calder  and  Ribble  were  03  feet  by  14  feet  0  inches  by  5  feet,  taking  a 
vessel  57  feet  8  inches  long,  14  feet  2  inches  wide  and  5  feet  draft, 
50  tons  burden.  On  the  Rochdale  Canal  locks  are  81  feet  long,  admit- 
ting the  same  width  of  vessel  (14  feet  2  inches),  but  70  feet  long,  and 
■with  a  less  draft  of  water  viz,  3  feet  10  inches,  giving  GO  tons  burden 
by  reason  of  the  longer  lock  despite  the  shallower  depth.  The  Roch- 
dale had  been  in  the  hands  of  railway  companies,  the  lease  expir- 
ing about  1875.  The  traffic  from  east  to  west  is  generally  carried  in 
one  bottom.  The  Aire  and  Calder,  however,  does  not  carry  as  a  carrier 
beyond  Sowerby.  From  that  point  private  carriers  do  the  work,  and 
the  goods  are  generally  transshipped  at  Sowerby.  Sometimes  on  small 
boats  it  goes  through.  The  long  boats  are  cheaper.  Grain,  tor  exanjple, 
is  brought  from  the  west  in  long  boats  to  Sowerby,  and  there  transferred 
to  the  short  boats,  while  the  short  boats  load  with  stone  to  the  west 
and  naturally  load  back.  Stone  traffic,  like  flags,  will  not  pay  for  trans- 
shipment; it  commands  too  low  a  freight.  Grain,  on  the  other  hand, 
will  allow  transshipuient  and  it  is  more  convenient  to  do  so. 

There  was  a  through  toll  charged  by  the  canal  companies  which 
would  be  included  in  any  rate  agreed  upon  with  a  i)rivate  carrier. 

The  through  carrier  received  freight  at  Goole ;  the  Aire  an<l  Calder, 
if  the  carrier  had  no  boats  going  through,  would  take  it  for  him  as  far 
as  Sowerby  over  their  own  canal  and  the  Calder  and  Ribble  to  the 
Rochdale  at  Sowerby.  The  through  carrier  was  the  responsible  party. 
He  might  carry  through  himself,  or  only  partly  so,  as  described.  A 
large  portion  of  the  goods  going  from  Goole  to  Manchester  direct 
were  taken  through  by  the  carrier,  but  for  broken  ]>arcels,  that  is  to 
say,  10  and  12  ton  loads,  the  Aire  and  Calder  would  take  the  goods  for 
him  and  deliver  to  him  at  Sowerby,  whence  he  would  take  th-Ji  for-' 
ward.  The  carrier  in  such  cases  received  the  total  freight  auu  prfid 
the  Aire  and  Calder  for  their  share  of  the  work.  33 e  made  a  oov.i Va-.t 
with  the  shipper  from  Goole  to  the  point  of  destination  and  a  oulcon- 
tract  with  the  Aire  and  Calder  to  Sowerby.  At  Sowerby  the  Aire  and 
Calder  as  carriers  were  bound  to  deliver  on  the  quay;  but  instead  of 
this  they  delivered  it  to  the  boat,  and  the  through  carrier's  crew  received 
it  on  the  boat  without  its  going  on  the  quay.  Of  the  through  rate 
charged  by  the  cucnov  the  Aire  and  Calder  got  a  mileage  proportion, 
deducting  in  the  Syyt  place  f't  cartage. 


Sir  John  Rams('^;j 
Calder  and  Hebb!> 


si 


imi  \4  miles  long)  had  the  same  locks  as  the 
From  Huddersfield  towards  Manchester  the  Hud- 
oeks  only  7  feet  wide.    Very  iittie  traffic  was  ex- 


changed with  the  Aire  and  Calder  on  that  system  except  to  Hudders- 


CANALS    IN   THE   UNITED   KINGDOM. 


187 


8lonfi«  -^f«""'^'^''ler  ,8  partly  dwarf  walled,  and  partly  has  pitched 
hoff^r^     rt^       1^    .    '  ."*  ^^^  ordinary  nav  gat  on  the  dwarf  wall  m 

«n  o  ^  !\,^^",^'  ^,^'^^  ^®  describes  as  reaching  to  a  distance  ofTLll 

bV  extent  rSpir  1  ^,^®^  *''^.^f  ^  ***  ^^  employed  to  a  consideva- 
In  „?Jl  4.  f  ^^^*'  development  between  Hull  and  Liveruool  iml 
to  give  great  advantage  for  steam  haulage.    Their  use  goes  Sow.  rd. 

ing  to  eoifal  cost  nf  ioif  ff'f^lV  ^^Z'  H°^^  reckons  20  Jears  sav- 
almolf  l!?if  orf.?  -^"5  that  the  dwarf  wall  is  more  economical  bv 

edTy  the  best       '''''''  '''  ^^''P"'"  altogether;  is  sufficient  anS  decid^ 


fr:jr;;\Sa^i-X  to  li  iraeiiCtT^v^^^^ 


188 


CANALS    IN    THE    UNITED    KINGDOM. 


Mr.  Abernethy  iu  1883  8ays  iu  large  canals  no  more  detriment  occurs 
to  walls  from  steam  haulage  than  from  that  by  horses.  At  speed  ot  4 
to  U  miles  per  hour  wash  would  do  no  injury  at  all  to  canal. 

In  the  year  1761  the  Duke  of  Bridgewater's  canal  was  opened  from 
his  coal  mines  at  Worsley  to  Manchester,  having  been  executed  under 
authority  of  an  act  of  Parliament  passed  in  1759,  in  furtherance  ot  a 
previous  authority  from  Parliament  in  the  year  1737,  warranting  the 
making  navigable  of  the  Worsley  Brook  from  Worsley  Mill  to  the  river 
Irwell,  which  last  named  act,  however,  had  been  until  then  neglected. 

The  success  of  this  undertaking  gave  a  spur  to  a  scheme  which  had 
been  long  in  contemplation  for  a  navigation  between  the  North  and 
the  Irish  Seas,  by  way  of  the  rivers  Aire  and  Eibble.  The  atter  rwer, 
the  Eibble,  it  may  be  remembered,  is  the  one  with  which  the  West 
Culder,  starting  from  near  the  source  of  the  Oalder  River,  unites  and 
runs  into  the  Irish  Sea.  The  course  indicated,  therefore,  with  reference 
to  the  Pennine  Hills,  was  that  of  the  natural  watershed,  namely,  con- 
forming generally  to  the  valleys  of  the  two  rivers  mentioned  above, 
and  crossing  the  Pennine  range  in  the  neighborhood  of  their  common 
source.    As  carried  out  the  route  did  not  follow  the  Eibble  line  except 

approximately.  ^       ,  ,,    t        i    *.u 

Upon  the  establishment  of  the  Bridgewater  Canal  Mr.  Longbotham, 
a  native  of  Halifax,  after  an  investigation  of  the  Bridgewater  woris, 
conceived  the  project  for  a  similar  canal  between  Leeds  and  Liverpool. 
With  this  in  view  he  made  an  actual  survey  of  the  route,  with  a  plan 
and  estimato  which  were  shown  at  meetings  held  among  landowners  ot 
the  country  who  were  interested  in  the  undertakiag.  In  order  to  more 
fully  ascertain  the  practicability  of  the  route  a  resurvey  of  the  line  laid 
down  by  Mr.  Longbotham  was  obtained  from  Mr.  Bnndley,  the  engi- 
neer of  the  Bridgewater,  assisted  by  Mr.  Whitworth.  The  report  ot 
the  resurvey  was  made  to  two  meetings,  held  respectively  at  Bradford 
and  at  Liverpool  in  December,  1768,  with  the  statement  that  the  scheme 
wns    feasible  and  might   be    carried   out  for   the  sum  ot  £3c9,<77 

.  264,224.77),  for  which  details  were  given.  According  to  this  esti- 
mate the  canal  was  to  be  108|  miles  long,  42  feet  wide  at  the  top,  27 
feet  at  the  bottom,  and  5  feet  deep.  It  was  the  most  extensive  canal 
undertaking  at  the  time  in  Great  Britain. 

The  act  under  which  the  Leeds  and  Liverpool  Canal  was  made  re-  . 
ceived  the  royal  assent  May  19, 1770.  The  Douglas  Eiver  navigation, 
from  the  river  Eibble  to  Wigan,  had  been  authorized  in  the  year  17JU, 
and  this  navigation  was  purchased  in  large  and  controlling  part  by  the 
Leeds  and  Liverpool  Canal  in  1772.  In  1780  the  entire  Douglas  Eiver 
property  passed  into  possession  of  the  canal  company,  which  extended 
the  canal  and  abandoned  the  river  navigation,  except  for  a  short  dis- 
tance in  the  tideway.  In  1788  the  navigation  was  incorporated  with 
the  canal.  It  was  estimated,  including  all  the  improvements,  to  have 
cost  about  £74,000  ($360,121).  ,,.      ,  •    ^        t      ,    x,   a^. 

The  route  of  the  Leeds  and  Liverpool  Canal  is  from  Leeds  Bridge, 
where  it  joins  the  Aire  and  Oalder,  27  chains  in  the  river  Aire  to  the 
first  lock  on  the  canal  where  the  warehouses,  docks,  and  basins  are  sit- 
uated. Thence  it  takes  a  northwesterly  course  by  Kirkstall  Abbey  and 
Shipley,  where  (Bradford  3  miles  distant)  the  Bradford  Canal  branches 
off",  155  feet  7  inches  above  the  surface  of  the  Aire  at  the  initiai  lock  at 
Leeds.  At  New  Mill  the  canal  crosses  the  Aire  by  an  aqueduct  and 
|.nT,a  nnrfhwesfes'ly  to  Binfflev.  where  an  ascent  by  locks  of  88  feet  8 
inches  takes  place' to  an  18-miie  level  without  a  further  lock.  At  this 
time  (1830)  the  great  lock  at  Bingley  consisted  of  five  lifts  in  one  range 


Jilt  occurs 
ipeecl  of  4 

ened  from 
ted  under 
ranee  of  a 
mting  the 

0  the  river 
neglected, 
which  had 
S^orth  and 
itter  river, 

the  West 
mites  and 

1  reference 
mely,  con- 
tied  above, 
ir  common 
line  except 

ngbotham, 
ter  wor'is, 
Liverpool, 
^ith  a  plan 
downers  of 
ler  to  more 
tie  line  laid 
,  the  engi- 
>  report  of 
t  Bradford 
the  scheme 
f  £359,777 
3  this  eati- 
the  top,  27 
isive  canal 

s  made  re-  ^ 
navigation, 
)  year  1720, 
part  by  the 
iglas  River 
h  extended 
1  short  dis- 
orated  with 
its,  to  have 

eds  Bridge, 
Aire  to  the 
sins  are  sit- 
Abbey  and 
al branches 
itial  lock  at 
[ueduct  and 
of  88  feet  8 
!k.  At  this 
Q  one  range 


CANALS   IN   THE    UNITED   KINGDOM.  Igg 

Bingley  Great  Lck  the  c^n^roes  ne^K^  n'  ^''^\''  ^^'^«'-  ^^^  ""^ 
where  it  attains  an  elevaS  o?l72i  t  J  F^'^^^.u"^  «°  *«  ^kipton, 
Above  Gargrave  it  aS  crosses  th«^  Ilrl  f^°''^  ^^^  ^'^^  ^^  ^^^^ds 
bends  southwesterly  aKeaSs  the  «u^,  mi.  f  T  aqueduct.  It  then 
elevation  of  411  feet  4  inches  IbovetiA  IT.  ?'']'  ''^^l^^^reenborfielu,  an 
of  41  miles.  At  Foulridge  bLtis  th  It  >t  ?  ""^  ^^^^«'  ^^^  ^  distance 
wide,  and  1,C40  yards  lo^^'^The  watfr?n  Z'tl^^  ^'"'^-'^^'^  ^^  ''^' 
depression,  is  60  feet  below  the  surS  of  th«f  """*'''  ^*  '*«  greatest 
ervoirs  near  the  tunnel, coverinriolacres  of  !n'^'  ^'''""^-  ^'^«  "««■ 
b^yLl  ^^*-  '^  ^'^  --''  o^' ^?cV^S  "^^^c^^r^J^  ?a^ 

ac^trc^o^^^^^^^  an  aqueduct  takes  it 

which  it  passes,  and  where  is  an  Pmhanif  !7'  J"""""^  *'^^ee  sides  of 
feet  high,  with  aqueduc?^ove^thTri^f.l  R  *^'  ^'^^,^  l""''^'^  ^^«"t  60 
highway.  Auothcrtunnel659vards?n?pL?  '?''''  ^"^  ^'^^^'^^  ^"d  the 
the  canal  goes  by  Haptoro  to  Srch  y^^^^^^^^ 

by  an  aqueduct,  past  Eushton  to  the  town  of  R^f  ?f  *^®  "''^^  Hepburn 
for  Its  cotton  mills,  and  near  vvlnoWhl  «^P/ackbnrn,  now  celebrated 
fall  of  54  feet  3  inches  Thence  over  ?Ww«^  '7^^  ?'T  ^'^  ''^  ^^ck,  a 
andRadillesworth  Water  bv another  it^n.r''*  ^l^^^^'  ^^  ^^"^  aqueduct 
Valley  the  canal  locks  do4  64  f^eVfiSrY^^^''^^-  ^t^ophurst 
head  level  of  the  Lancaster  Canal  a^Tnhn„^''  "^Mf  ^^°  '««'^«'  "'to  the 
caster  canal  intervenes  fbr  11  mlp«nn  ''''I' ^Z"^?''-  Here  the  Lan- 
Liverpool  begins  aga?n  n^ar  KirTlees  at  thVS  J^'"  '^^  ^f'"^'  ^"d 
three  locks,  which  bring  the  ™1  domi  214  w  f-  ^  ?°^^  «^  ^^^^nty- 
at  Wigan.    From  Wigan  to  NewburTh  clittffuL  thfrf  *^  *^rf  ^^«*« 

Hals'^lT,  St  ,'fver1L"i^%?rve?^«J'H^  level  passing  Burscough, 

and  Liverpool  c^ual  basin  ^t  th?C«  LLl^.^rl''n''  ''  '^^  ^'^^^ 
distance  from  Leeds  Bridge  tn  fh^TUrl  VJ'  •  .'^'  ^^  Liverpool.  The 
with  a  lockage  ors^fS  TA^noJ^es  r^'V^^'^V'  ^5  '"*'««  ^^  chains! 
rise  of  411  feet  4i  inches  ami  Wf?'  '  '  ^^"^"^  ^^^^s  to  the  summit  a 
a  fall  of  433  feel  sTn^Ch^L^^^^^  *".V'^  ^'-^^^^  ^'  ^'^''^^o^l 

LeSr:^^?^^r;^&?iES  - 

tideway  at  tbe  i.  il  of  Setou  r„f   ,^f       navigation  locks  into  tbo 

struction.  "^^  allowed  5  per  cent,  interest  during  con- 

tofn&T^^^^^^  and  amounted 

superintend  the  work,  it  was  i iverto  TVf/ ?!:  ^"  .^e  being  unable  to 
years  (from  1770)  completed  the  cana^  f^ln.  r  "^Z'*'.^''^'  ^^«  ^^thin  7 
Gargrave,  33*  miles,  a^acosto^^g  000%^^^^^^^  »«^'r 

pool  to  Newb.;rgh,  28  miles  a?  n. IK?  t^?£',!i?-f  )^^"d  from  Liver- 
i^iverpooi  end  was  opened  in  1775  «"n.i7i.r'T  ^'  ,  ^^^"^^^^-50).  The 
works  and  the  purch^ase  oll^I^^^^:t:tZ  YoTiave^T 


r 


■  J 

II 

In 


190  CANALS   IN   THE   UNITED   KINGDOM. 

snmed  all  the  money  authorized  to  be  rai««<l-  .^^^J^S;,^?,^^^^^^^  ^t 
obtaiue.1  in  1790,  under  which  a  further  credit  of  £200,000  ($973,300) 
was  authorized  on  niortfiage  of  the  tolls  and  preferring  the  interest. 
In  this  year  (1790),  Mr.  Whitworth,  being  the  engineer,  resumed  con- 
struction at  Holmbridge.  A  resurvey  showed  an  estimate  of  nearly 
£170,000  (1827,305)  as  needed  to  complete  the  line.  He  also  recom- 
mended some  improvements,  the  most  important  being  a  tunnel  at  the 
summit  level  near  Foulridge,  by  which  a  head  level  ot  above  6  miles 
was  substituted  for  one  of  1  mile.  This  part  he  also  made  3  feet  deeper 
to  serve  as  a  reservoir  in  dry  seasons.  The  work  from  Holmbridge  to 
Wanlass  Banks,  14  miles,  with  208  feet  of  lockage,  cost  £210,000 
($1,021,905)  including  £40,000  ($194,660)  for  the  tunnel  at  Foulridge. 

In  order  to  accommodate  the  increasing  manufactures  of  Lancashire 
the  proprietors  abandoned  the  id  a  of  the  shortest  line  and  had  a  sur- 
vev  made  through  the  coal  and  mill  districts.  In  1794,  ac^'ordingly,  the 
company  applied  to  Parliament  for  new  powers  and  obta.ned  another 
act."^  They  were  authorized  to  borrow  or  raise  among  themseve^^^^^^^^ 
admission  of  new  subscribers  the  further  sum  oi  £280,000  ($l,3bJ,b JO), 
£101  394  ($493,433.90)  of  which  was  to  go  to  repaying  that  sum  bor- 
rowed under  the  preceding  act  and  the  remainder  to  finishing  the 

^^In  May,  1796,  the  canal  was  opened  to  Burnley,  8  miles  farther,  with 
a  lockage  of  70  feet.  Again  in  1801  9  miles  37  chains  were  added,  mak- 
ing in  the  17^  miles  from  Foulridge  to  Henfield  the  most  ^'xpensive  as 
well  as  the  most  difficult  work  on  the  route.  This  stretch  cost  £1|0,000 
($.583,960),  including  £40,000  ($194,660)  for  Foulridge  tunnel,  £9,000 
$43,798.50)  for  reservoirs  there,  £22,000  ($107,003)  tor  embankment  at 
BurAley,  and  £10,000  ($48,665)  for  another  tunnel  near  Burnley.  The 
construction  proceeded  slowly,  but  in  1810  another  stretch  of  8  miles 
was  opened  from  Henfield  to  Blackburn.  This  last  and  the  remainder 
of  the  canal  from  Blackburn  to  Wigan  wasdoiie  under  direction  of  Mr. 
Y.  Fletcher.  The  canal  was  finally  completed  and  opened  for  through 
trade  from  Leeds  to  Liverpool  in  October,  1816.  ,^    , 

It  may  be  observed  that  the  company  left  their  own  line  at  Cophurst 
and  locked  down  60  feet  6  inches  into  the  head  level  of  the  Lancaster 
Canal,  which  consequently,  for  11  miles,  from  Cophurst  to  Kirklees, 
forms  part  of  the  Leeds  and  Liverpool.  An  agreement  to  this  effect 
was  made  and  confirmed  by  Parliament  in  1819.  The  Leeds  and  Liv- 
e'^pool  Canal  was  46  years  it  building,  and  up  to  1830  had  cost 
£1,200,000  ($5,839,800),  £400,000  ($1,946,600)  and  more  of  which  was 
borrowed. 

TOLLS. 

The  tolls  were  estimated  on  the  original  scheme  drawn  up  by  Mr. 
Brindley,  but  had  not  been  increased.    The  act  of  1770  fixed  them  as 

follows : 

Tonnage  rates. 

Clay,  brick,  or  stones per  ton  per  mile.,      i 

Coal  or  lime .- •• •:;.-- X""     U 

Timber,  goods,  wares,  merchandise,  or  other  commodities ao....     .» 

Soap,  ashes,  salt,  salt  bcrow,  foul  salt,  and  grey  salt,  pife^eon  dnng,  rape  or  cole 
seed;  dust,  rags,  or  tanner's  bark  to  be  used  for  manuring  lands  ot  any  person 
whose  lands  shall  be  cut  through,  lying  in  the  township  through  which  the 
canal  passes  per  ton  permile..      i 

.  .«    11  _.„i-i.;~-u     „„„*«    ««-fvv""   -ftYim    nnorrina    ornvftl.  JlTld  Hand  em- 

Ali  SmilU  iUUUiSU,   Waste    cttriico    Jt!^j..    -j —  7  = _.,-—-  

ployed  for  repairing  roads,  not  being  turnpike,  if  not  carried  more  than 
5  miles ;  also  all  dung,  soil,  marl,  ashes  of  coal,  and  turf  for  the  improve- 
ment of  lands  belonging  to  persons  through  whose  lauds  the  canal 


CANALS   IN  THE   UNITIiD   KmODOM.  I91 

«  gW;  and  the'  tou  oTSS  and  |  S o'n«l^^^^^    '"  '"'  '''"=""'<'  1 «»" 
weight  of  112  pounds  each  "mestone  to  be  tweuty-two  hundred 

«p^nte5;^■;:s^b:^1t>u"ofe7eSe'd"i^^''^l°<^^^^ 

g.ven  by  company,  then  thre^^^ry'ljUt'Sec^  t^r ^  ""^'^  "»"- 

Wharfage  rates. 

sSi.?Sor£;rt'ci7,av,-. P=..™..f. 

Fr^tir??  ri^rs  ife  ts;^:/:  ^t  f  ■r'^- ''^»""«  °>^»-- 

quarters  of  a  ton,  and  of  a  qua?  er  as  a  o^ni^'/"''^™^  °''  "  '»»  "»  »« 
Wh^lfl^^tlrsB/''"'"""^^"^^  livery  vessel  passing 

wares,  and  mercLaudise  Dassino  mf^'^  ^^^^'  ^*^°6«'  ^""her,  goods 
no  more  than  if  the  tmHad  Verca'SHLI;'  t^"  ^«  «^^4'd 
Leeds  and  Liverpool  Canal.  ®^  *^®  '^^®  distance  on  the 

The  act  for  the  branch  to  Leiffh  rei>Palp,i  ti.^    i 
on  passing  loclis  for  burthen  of  Hnf     ,*^®  '''^"^^  imposing  charge 
sbouldpuy  o  shillings  at  the  fi  St  ?oS^^  ^^^  ^'"Pty  bou!s 

ii^ain  line  in  1816  wShecomllrf  "^^f'"^^  ^"^^  finishing  their 
having  gotten  au'tSVfrorSCer?nV''?'^^^^°«^««t«r ;  a^^^^^ 
communicating  at  Leigh  with  th«  «r?^      ^l  ^ i""^  ^0^^  near  Wigau 
Chester  the  wSrk  waTun^rUen  ^nd  fn  TS^  f  ^'"^^  ^^«,^^"^  *«  ^an-' 
nearly  7  miles  in  length  with  a  ll  to       ■    "^  ^""^^  completed.    It  was 
locks.    The  cost  of  this  branch  w«« T  ''''''A^^  ^^  ^^^^  2  inches  by  I      - 
for  paving  and  building!  Stone  L  road ff'w^  {$243,325).    ston^ 
and  important  coal  supplieHre  amo?^^  t iff    ^""^^  ^P""  ^"""'^^  into  lime, 
J8  facilitated  by  the  canal     luadSn  ?Z^^^^^ 

of  commodities  between  the  man  fi?f?J  ^"^fw^  ^^^^^  ^^^  interchange 
Yorkshire:   and  Anally  iraSdsco^^^^^^^^ 
Hull,  Leeds,  and  Liverpool.  <'ommunication  by  water  between 

LEEDS  AND  LIVERPOOL  CANAL. 

to^L^rSi^r^cXt,^^^^^^^^  was  leased 

percentages  of  liability  the  rXlvs  mfrl  fi  ^,"'  ^^^^-  <^^  certain 
chandise  traflQc,  leaving  the  mSl  S/«nH '/^^  ^  ^'^^^^  ■"^-  ^^^ '"er- 
canal  with  the  canal  company  Seth^f?rm-^K'"'""^"^"«^  «f  the 
cording  to  Mr.  Bartholomew^';  ev^?len.-eli  lSi'ff'°"  *'^^'?^  ^^^««' ^«- 
these  facts,  through  rates  for  the  Ai?e  ind  rfu'  '""!,  '\^'''^  ^  ^^'^^^ 
Liverpool  had  been  arranged.    Arfasonabi  «n?f'*'°^  ^^«  I^««^«  «nd 

SeSer  ^"^  ^«  *^«  ^--^  incrretf^  fS7^S^ 

sin'vh^e'tX  become  carriers 

largely.  '  '""  "'^^  ^"^^^^^^^  merchandise  traffic  themselves 


111 


I 


u 


I-  i 


4  4 
'n 


L\ 


I 


192  CANALS    IN   THE   UNITED   KINGDOM. 

During  the  tenure  by  the  railway  companies  tlie  toll  for  merchandise 
was  very  heavy:  l^d.  (Scents)  per  ton  per  mile  maximum  was  actu- 
ally charged,  making  a  through  toll  of  lOs.  ($3.89)  from  Liverpool  to 
Leeds,  12S  miles.  The  railway  rate  for  the  same  article  was  15».  ($3.05); 
while  the  canal  toll  upon  coal  which  was  under  control  of  the  canal  com- 
pany was  one-third  of  a  penny  ($0.0067)  per  ton  per  mile.  Now  (1883) 
the  merchandise  toll  was  reduced  to  three-fourths  of  a  penny  (a  cent 
and  a  half)  for  the  san.e  service,  a  reduction  of  50  per  cent.;  and  there 
was  a  fair  amount  of  traffic  and  the  canal  paid  21  per  cent,  dividend. 
The  railway  rates  also  underwent  a  reduction. 

As  to  dividend,  Mr.  Powell,  in  1883,  says  that  the  figures  of  10  per 
cent,  and  20  per  cent,  for  the  Leeds  and  Liverpool  are  illusory,  and  that 
the  £100  sliare  ($486.65)  is  only  a  book  entry;  that  in  its  construction 
and  maintenance  costs  of  ordinary  repairs  and  capital  were  all  mixed 
up  together  in  respect  of  expenditure,  and  that  the  sum  which  stands 
as  a  £100  share  really  represents  a  very  much  larger  capital,  ])robably 
several  hundred  pounds.  It  may  be  noted  in  this  connection  that  two 
shares  of  the  company  were  sold  at  Bradford  in  December,  1889,  at 
£430  ($2,092.60)  per  share. 

Six  months  before  the  expiration  of  the  railway  lease  referred  to 
above  the  Aire  and  Calder  Company  made  an  arrangement  for  a  reduc- 
tion of  rates,  under  which  the  Leeds  and  Liverpool  were  obliged  to 
recoup  the  railway  Interest  for  their  loss  thereby. 

The  tonnage  of  the  Leeds  and  Liverpool  in  1874  is  given  as  1,779,208, 
the  details,  as  stated,  making  a  slightly  larger  total,  as  follows: 
Pn„i tons..  1,149,842 

Bnck8:;to":::::::::::::::::: ^o...  293,320 

Maniiro '}o---       .,fJl'i\[. 

General  merchanilise  uo...       .i/il,7»y 

Total 1,823,208 

In  1880  the  same  authority  gives  2,215,688  tons  with  details  here : 

Coal t«"«-  1.30J'105 

Bricks,  etc 'jo---       ^'i'^'kl^ 

Manure do...       127,986 

General  merchiiiulise do...      4bi,4.)y 

Total 2,215,686 

The  gross  tonnage  was  1,436,160  tons  in  1828 ;  2,001,577  tons  in  1848; 
2,141,161  tons  in  1868 ;  tlius  seeming  to  have  reached  its  highest  at  or 
about  a  time  coiu(!ident  with  the  great  railway  development  of  the  later 

forties. 

The  lockage  of  the  canal  in  1883  comprised  91  locks  ;  42  from  Leeds 
to  the  summit ;  49  thence  to  Liverpool.  Atone  point,  Wigan,  there  were 
said  to  be  23  locks  in  3  miles. 

The  dimensions  are  given  variously  within  certain  limits ;  the  most 
trustworthy  figures  would  seem  to  be  about  as  follows  for  the  locks 
in  1883 : 


IF  'i 


Yoiksliiro  side; 

Sum  111  or 

WiiitpT 

Laucasliiro  !>Ulo; 

Summer 

Winter 


Leiigtb. 


Feet. 
1 60 


Width. 


Ft.  In. 
15     2 

15     ? 


Depth. 


Ft.  In. 
•■•i  8 
\S      10 

t3       8 

>3     10 


Depth. 


10 

8 
10 


CANALS   X^    PHE   UNITED    KINGDOM. 


A  recent  newsnan^r  ""^  -^^^-^^om,  jgg 

^eZ:^:^^i£^^^^:^Zr  st  ^'  *^«  ---t  ex. 

a"d  reckoi  s  thfi /n/^,^  Present  date,  that  is  fn  ^"'^'^'''"'"^"cement  of 
the  greaten',ipYiM:e2!S  ."*  .^^'^^^0  (iV^gTs^^^  'V'  *«  "^^^f 
of  revenue.  ^"^"^^^  ^o  have  been  contSbufeTfrnl''^^".^  ^^  ^^^^ 

Under  the  schemA  nf  ^"^  savings  out 

yearly  meetinToA^  ^  reorganization  which  v...    ^ 

•  «o'npany  anil  to  apply  to S^^^^  ^^  «^«,.Ste  «^M  «^  September 
ordinary  stock  fnr  *?  l^arijament  for  dowop  *«  ®^"  shares  of  the 
^^600,000,  e  ?her  ordina'rvP'"'""*  ^^arehoC^*^  «^f  V^  ^1,500,000  of 
that  sum  of  £9  iSnn,?^^'^^  preference  sroTir^^^         *  farther  sum  of 

to  a  depth  of  5  feet  6  n«h  "'"^^  ^^^^  deepening  of  1  o*.  m 
length.  This  Wn,  n?*"^®^'  ''^"^  the  AaS  Jm  ?u  ""l^^^  <^f  the  canal 
to  Liverpool  and  23, mM^^".^'J»«J«des  SO^Llrh  ?«^^  72  feet  in 
Provement  wm  admi? i  ^'/'-^  branches.  It  is  LfiS  i'°^  ^^^^^^  I^eeds 
being  nearly  doubl?h«?f'''^'"y'"g  cargo  of  a^d^^^^^^^  ^^^^  this  im 
^orks  is  set  at  ^fsS  O0oT«t?]f.^''°'^-  The  total  estt^f*  ^^  ««  tons, 
voirs,  boat  coustructior^i'f ^^'^^^^-    OtheSideZh '^  ^^'*  ^^  these 

making  a  total  sum  of  £S'?^*nn'n''''r  ««t.mated  at  S'"""'"''-?^''^'^'- 
the  canal  is  said  to  hnx^fi    '^^^  (« 4,053, 794  5m     rf^^^'^^O  additional, 

For  mnumion  of  "^"^  '"^^  "^viaATios. 

S  effe°?A  1!'"**'°"  °^  tl»«  tidal  floViM^°'*^'^'"«°  wo^  Id  be  u^«!f  "r'*-"**'"""  ^ould 
at  a  pStYE"^   "^^^^g'^^'e  dTl>^5r/„,"f  J^y  agouti  hourra  '  wS  '^^■"^*« 

-T^-:rTr-:: ^'«-    Belo^thewelr  the  depth  wouMtj.  J?"1<1  »>«  the 


been  withdrawn  C^p^?  '^""en7thrbiinr^r7~-T^--^^  "»•«- 


-r-( 


194 


CANALS   IN   THE   UNITED    KINGDOM. 


s 


"■'I 


'S  u  ■ 


rr---i 


't- 


1-1 


When  the  majority  of  «al°'«"  B«  "f  ^f,®  "^/jd^^bets     £u^^    the  flHhery  board, 
and  kept  down  throuKhout  the  dnvation  of  the  treshets.     f^no^  a  salmon 

purposes.     The  basiu  "V^^^^.tS.v.fstTeatlTc^f  6,000,000  cubic  feet  per  day, 
wonhl  give  a  supply  say  dining  tliodiyost  wear,  icr  01  o,uuv,, 

whereas  the  quantity  used  in  passing  one  vessel  would  be  about  ^''^^"^'^"  j^^  j^ 
ryri"uvteLthe^holeofthene..ss^ 

the  dredging  might  not  be  finished. 

The  notice  of  intended  application  to  Parliament  is  as  follows: 

WHARFK  RIVER  NAVIGATION. 

[In  Parliament— Session  1890.1 

the  Ouse  navigation  and  the  town  of  Tadcij^ter.  ^  ^^^^.^  ^^^  following 

nv'e'ri^^i^otint.^t^i^^^^^^^^^^^  and  exercise  the  following  powers, 

Ss1hSeV^iro^f» 

SfSiiS^fi!^^^^^^^^^^ 

^''(^Vto  construct  and  maintain  a  weir  and  lock  in  and  ac^^^^^^^^ 
or  near  the  ferry  at  the  southern  «»^d  «f  the  v  Uge  of  UUoskell  to  oe  ^^^^  ^^^    ^^^^ 
bed  and  on  the  banks  of  the  river,  and  on  adJ0"""g  ami  i    tne  ro  i  ^^         [ 

and  parish  of  Kirkby  Wharfe  l'«l«"K'Vf,  *°  ^i^^/,^' fl'e^^^^^^  of  BoltU, 

tion  of  Joseph  Beau,  and  in  the  township  ot  Bolton  f  «;«/•"  ^ff^fjj  j^],^  Uptou! 
belonging  to  Sir  Fredk.  George  M.lner,  Bart.,  a,nd  ''    *'  ^  ""^^"P^i'/Tia^^^    and  conve- 
(1^%afQr^n^  Iny  down,  maintain,  and  use  with  all  proper  laii  Pia™»„ »""  ,^„„  j„ 


le  retain- 
ent  to  the 
SM  a  Hiip- 
ed  owing 
the  weir 

in  a  few 
1  the  butl 
?  quicker 
(leaalinon 
06  a  day, 
leap  for  a 
;  freshets, 

lowered, 
9ry  board, 
,  a  salmon 

the  exist- 
18  will  not 

wo  aid  be 
;  it  wonld 
1  dredging 
I  the  head 
or  lockage 
les,  which 
t  per  day, 
jubio  feet, 
ccnpiod  in 

the  river 
I,  although 


ws: 


fe  for  Navi- 
ver  Wiiarfe 
rartcaster — 
'urchase  of 
laws,  etc. — 
endiuent  of 

ment  in  the 
)  company), 
;  the  River 
to  the  river 
'  powers  for 
,ft8  between 

le  following 
ing  powers, 

fil,  or  water- 
laintain  the 
repairs,  and 
f  Tadcaster, 
:by  Wharfe, 
m,  Acaster- 
;he  county  of 

er  Wharfe  at 
uated  in  the 
ofUUeskelf, 
1  the  occupa. 
ih  of  Bolton, 
John  Upton, 
s  and  conve- 
le  of  them  in 
ty: 


CANALS   IN  THE    UNITED   KINGDOM. 


(10)  To  autKz?tt%^nr.S  tJ  e^""'^^^  «^  the  compan'/'^''^''^"^  ''''''  *«  ««y 
charges  on  bartfeV^mrl  nfi,^^™'^'*"?^  *"  demand  and  recovfir  fnii  ^«<. 


Ml 
I 


196 


CANALS   IN   THE    UNITED    KINGDOM. 


(14)  To  authorizo  the  company  to  anpropriale,  aud  use  or  sell,  and  disDose  of  the 
materia  8  dredged  or  removed  from  tlie  bed  banks  aud  fore  shore  ot^heS  river 
an<l  to  deposit  the  same  if  they  think  fit  upon  any  other  portions  of  the  saiKuk/o; 
foreshores  or  upon  any  lands  by  auroenlent  with  the  owners  thereof  irirsnoh 
'Z)  To*  mnowePr"?h^«'"'*y  think  proper  or  as  may  be  pres^rirdty  thelnLdedaot 
witer  andfirfW«!^t„"'''"l'''"y**'P''"y  °°  *'>«  busfnoss  of  carriers  by  laud  and 
Ca^'b^rLHVmfo?^!?*''^  *"*  '""^"^.'  ««°«*'-»«t.  "^opair.  1°*  «n  hire  or  license  tug- 
uoar.8,  uargos,  and  other  vesae.  *,  and  to  construct  wharves,  warelionses  and  of h«r 

m)  To  anTnSrtr  "'^'1'"''''^  "i  ««""««"»"  with  the  ojera^on  offi  compa"  J 
poiir  Jor  nennauenl'lv  TX7-  \''  '^'^"'i*'  *'*"'"'  °"  «t»^«'^wi8e  interfere  with,  teml 
SS  cnlvS  ««w«r^Xll^  ^*"'*' ,Pa««aK««.  footpaths,  watercourses, 

th^'PrpeTo?lS?:'ndedTcr  ""'^  °'^'''  ''''''''  ^°  '"'  '^  '^''^  >"'  '"'''^'^'y  ^"^ 

tonffdt"opK7r2f  i''^  "ompii'iy  to  deviate  in  the  construction  of  the  several  in- 
tended works  hereinbefore  described  from  the  lines  aud  levels  dolinertted  on  thA 
plans  and  sections  to  be  .leposited  as  hereinafter  mentioned  Irsuoh  an  extent  as  wHl 
le  defined  on  the  said  plans  or  provided  by  the  intended  act  *'  """ 

naviritil*"  '^?  9^  company  to  use  for  the  purposes  of  traffic  to  and  from  their 
navigation  any  existing  cuts,  channels,  locks,  wharves,  towing  paths  and  other 
works  and  conveniences  thereon  or  connected  therewith.  *  ^        ' 

of  trayc°ftSpnnfrni*^?  compauy  to  make  by-laws  and  regulations  for  the  regulating 
«Lwi  x"""*"^?^  "^  vessels  aud  boats  in  the  River  Wharfe  and  for  sunervis  on 

into  theMven""  °'  ^''^"*'^  ^^""'«'  ""'^^^  *°  '^'''^^  «^  rubbish'LJotff  mSr 
(20)  To  authorize  agreements  between  the  company  and  the  Ouse  Nftvitratinn 

in.?»n/Sl'll°'l??j ''  '.'"■'^  ?'"•  .8'™"  "il"  »■"  1'  before  the  30»h  day  of  Novembof 

£h  n^nni^i^'f  *f^^  '^^!?^  *^^««'•l  ^"-"l^^  a^«  i«t«"ded  to  bl3e  or  will  b^e  sUuate 
^S  nf  uE°^  *  ■  t  "?*,i?®  published  as  aforesaid  will  be  deposited  with  the  Ssh 

Bkomkt,  Taylor  «&  Bromet, 

Tadcaater,  Solicitors. 
„-  ^  W.  «fe  W.  M.  Bell, 

27,  Great  George  Street,  Westminster,  Parliamentary  AgenU. 

PROPOSED  GOVERNMENT  PURCHASE  OF  ENGLISH  CANALS. 

It  is  said  that  papers  have  been  forwarded  from  the  board  of  trade 
to  the  various  canal  companies  and  trusts  requesting  information  of  a 
very  complete  character,  and  looking,  as  it  is  suggested,  to  legislation 
in  the  next  (now  current)  session  of  pirliament  for  the  acquisitSy  the 
Government  of  the  entire  canal  system  of  the  country.  The  rumor  nro- 
n!;?;l^^  the  effect  that  leading  men  of  all  parties,  recognizing  the  diffi- 
culty of  dealing  eflectually  with  the  question  of  railway  freights  under 
the  present  system  of  what  is  called  virtual  monopolies,  have  ii  ven  theS 


CANALS    IN   THE    UNITED    KINGDOM.  197 

CANALS  VS.  RAILWAYS. 

Of  pjai's^rr  ^JVoS^^^^^^^^^^  "^r"  or .»,,  oo„„ece.d  p.a„ 
the  touch  ofthat  vital  spirit  of  or,,n„?  ',?"'•'''"  «»«">»  ">  have  miS 
the  other  hand  the  raiI^CcameSost'?H  °''''  "''<«<'  '"Ine^ron 

hasruItt^iPThfexiSoUlnfr  ^  "-n  witnessed  which 

con8olirtfd?oSi':d%rdS[^^^  ^^«"*  that  in  opposition  to. 

to  wS  t^d^rnT^h^aT^a^rtV^^^^^^^^  f  ^  -^«  -^^  «ttle  reference 
were  regarded  as  considerable  n  Ja^'    ^T^^^^  ""^  1^  and  20  mUea 

of  ^ridges^rXTrn^ln^^^^^^^^^^^  '-^T f  ^^- ^f ^-^J^^,  --^s heights 
impossible  intercommunica  ion  ^P^^*^^  ^h^ch  facilitate  or  else  render 
W,  the  notion  of  cooSaion  Sit  Zfl  """^''^^*^"  «f  connecting 
of  the  constructors,  would  annear  in  ntl  f  ^^^  suggested  to  the  mindf 
expressly  negatived.  ^^^*'  '^  i>early  every  instance  to  have  been 

^^P'^P'^^^^^^  f  the  plans  adopted  for  the 

rise  to  much  discussion,  anrabo„;S^''®'^™  has  g'ven 

been  expressed,  but  which  woSdnTf^i"?  "^'^f^  ^^^^^^^  opinio?  Jaa 
interpretation.    Since  all  rrcorded^  tim^  ^""^'^  ^'^^'^  *«  J^^^tify  but  onl 
trated  by  fable,  and  nroven  nn  ?i??     "'^'  suggested  in  proverb  illn« 
stance  tending  'to  theyoflt  of'Jhe  ^K  hf  '''T^^ ''  i^riT^clrinm: 
rhe  English  railwav  i.o"  u'^-    ^.      *^  ^®  >"  the  power  of  th^  «fr-"~ 
play  the  lamb.    The  consflnntL!!  "''''  "^"^  ^'"^^  ^e^t  it  to  the  canalTo 

par.ian.entaryco„n.1tCXr;/^ers';:!;r„?^:'SSS^ 


198 


CANALS   IN    THE    UNITED    KINGDOM. 


it- 


h*,- 


of  Kj)irit"  and  even  of  "creeping  pjiralysia "  on  the  part  of  the  canal 
Hysteni ;  w'lich  seoujs  to  have  hirg«ly  arrived  at  the  state  in  which 
neitlior  self-help  is  likely  uor  aid  from  without  desired. 

While  this  discouraging  view  is  warranted  in  a  general  examination  of 
the  present  development  of  the  English  canals,  there  still  remain 
some, and  some  very  striking, exceptions.  Not  to  refer  to  that  bold  and 
vigorous  manifestation  of  what  commercial  enterprise  can  undertake 
and  engineering  skill  fulfill,  the  ship-canal  now  in  course  of  construc- 
tion from  Manchester  to  Liverpool,  there  are  some  English  canals 
wliich  may  be  profitably  studied,  though  they  are  not  laid  out  on  such 
a  scale  or  intended  to  cope  with  such  demands  of  trattic  as  tli  one  just 
named. 

THE  OALDER  AND  HEliBLB  NAVIGAiiON. 

Perhaps  the  most  conspicuous  among  this  last  mentioned  class  is  one 
whose  organization,  and  operation  srre  entirely  or  almost  entirely  within 
the  limit  of  the  Leeds  consular  district.  It  is  the  project  whose  pro- 
gress has  been  previously  described  at  some  length,  which  was  organ- 
ized originally  and  which  is  still  in  part  operated  as  a  river  navigation, 
but  whose  development  as  a  canal  forms  its  more  interesting  and  talu- 
able  aspect  for  the  purposes  of  this  inquiry. 

The  Calder  and  llebble  Navigation  connects  the  A.ire  and  Calder 
Niivigation  with  the  Eochdale  Canal,  joining  the  former  at  Falling 
Lock,  a  quarter  of  a  mile  below  Wakefield  Bridge,  and  the  latter  at 
Sowerby  Wharf,  about  2  miles  from  Halifax.  The  Hebble  Kiver  unites 
with  the  Calder  below  Salterpebble  not  far  from  the  terminus  of  the 
navigation.  The  course  of  the  Calder  and  Hebble  navigation,  from 
the  beginning  at  Sowerby  Wharf,  is  in  an  easterly  direction  by  Elland, 
Coo  .er  Bridge,  near  where  Sir  John  Kamsden's  Canal  branches  from  it 
to  Huddersfield,  and  on  by  Dewsbury  and  Horbury  Bridge  to  Wake- 
field, where  it  unites  with  the  Aire  and  Calder  navigation,  as  already 
stated.  From  Sowerby  Wharf  the  Eochdale  Canal  goes  by  way  of 
flebden  Bridge  and  Kochdale  to  Manchester. 

The  Calder  and  Hebble  navigation  was  originally  undertaken  by- 
authority  of  an  act  of  June  9,  1758.  It  was  surveyed  by  Mr.  Smeaton 
in  1757,  and  executed  with  his  superintendence  by  commissioners  under 
the  act.  Authority  was  given  to  raise  money  on'  the  tolls  at  6  per  cent. 
The  toll  rates  were :  Stones,  slate,  flags,  lime,  limestone  and  coal,  Is. 
l^d.  per  ton  for  the  whole  distance;  all  other  goods,  merchandise  and 
commodities,  8.9.  per  ton  for  the  whole  distance,  and  so  in  proportion  for 
any  shorter  distance. 

The  exemptions  from  toll  are :  Stones,  timber,  gravel,  sand,  or  other 
materials,  for  the  use  of  the  mills  within  the  limits  of  this  line  of  nav- 
igation ;  soapers'  waste,  dung,  and  all  sorts  of  manure,  except  lime  or 
limestone. 

Coal,  under  this  act,  is  prohibited  from  being  carried  down  the  stream 
towards  Wakefield  (except  for  the  use  of  the  vessels  navigating  the 
same)  under  the  penalty  of  £50  ($243.33),  one-half  to  the  King,  the 
other  moiety  to  the  person  who  sues  for  the  same. 

Great  damage  having  been  suffered  Ixom  a  flood  in  1767,  application 
to  Parliament  was  made  by  the  parties  who  had  supplied  the  funds  for 
construction  and  an  act  was  obtained  in  1769  for  strengthening  the 
undertaking  and  securing  the  flrst  investors.  A  corporation  was  formed 
with  unlimited  iiowers  tn  mjap  monpv  ainopf  +li'»f»>q^li'pa  n"«i  .^,^n,f^^;*-^ 
to  borrow  on  the  tolls  the  sum  of  £20,000  ($97,330).    This  legislation 


arf«Kawr' 


CANALS   IN   THE    UNITED    KINQDOM. 


199 

whole  distance;  all  011X^0  f3'p'"^T' V--''' ^^^^  *«»  ^'or  ".e 
1>«.  per  ton  for  the  whoL  fli£o«  nf/i  "'*'''<''"""l'«e,  and  noinmoditie«, 
distance  or  weight  '"^tnuce,  and  ho  m  proportion  for  any  less 

^nTT^ZSr^;:}^!:!,^^^  -^>--  o^-y  Of  the  .ills  on 
except  lime  and       So,?e'mov2^^  of  manure 

locks  at  the  tim«S  miter  h.flnwin"'''  "'^1?'""  P^««  ""o"*?!'  the 
Boats  under  15  tons  no  to  ass  ^itlZlT  '*''^'  J^^  ''^^'"  «^'  «"«»'  J')ck«. 
charge  3d.  per  ton  for  an V  "rtlTe  wSi  ^^'  ^""'-'^"f  "*"  ^•'"'•^««  '"ay 
if  more,  a  hTdfpenny  per  lyt  Irdditlon    ""^  ''^"""'  ^'^«  "'^"  «  *^^>''''; 

ceu^irstll  b^'^Si  in'any^irett^nll"'''^'"^^^^^^  "^^  *'-'  1^>  ^>- 
the  navigation,  then  the  rates  shSiwL^  ""'i'*^"^    «"•"«  expended  on 

Millers  were Vequ  red  trstoi'^^^^^  "A^''^  ^'oar  following. 

18  inches  below  the  crown  oi^'Jl.e  dam     '  ""  '"'  ^^'  water  was  reduced 

Iockfth';'l"?s^"s4,1^'V;r^^^^^^  1«-.^  wharf  to  Fan  I„g 

Navigatior^is22m^il(:sTle  gth  w^^^^^^  ^T  T^  ^^'^^«^ 

A  considerable  portion  of  h.»  n,.!.  •        ,  ^^^^  ^ "'^^^^s  ^^y  28 locks. 

river  The  remSe"  is  com  osed'of'cuts' to  ''?'T^  T'''  ''  ^^' 
avoid  obstacles.  With  the  T/re  ami  r.?/^  ^"^  ?''°.'^®'»  distance  and 
and  their  connections  it  formf.nfnM  '''?*'''.  ^"'^  "'«  Kochdale  Canal 
coast.  TheopeSfn^of  th^rchda  eam^^^^^^^^^^  *'^,  Y/^,^  ^«  ^'^^  ^^^«^ 
a  great  increase  of"  revenue  and  as  mnl  «?  1^''"''^*'^^  ^''"^'^  «''^"««<l 
as  dividend.    Previous  to  tl, a  rw!?  '""^'^.^s  l"*  Pcr  cent,  was  declared 

.    advantages  weTrcWeS^from  tl^^^^  ?"  I?"^'^^^  «:^«t«™  ^'reat 

penetrated,  particuSvMn  fSlSaJir  /£  ^r"  ^^  ^^'^  ^•'""^ry  which  it 
ing  stone,  lime,  coal,  aud  iron  ore    "  transport  of  flag  and  build- 

(oiVlf  mSeT  J,^'  humhl'H^  'T  ?'^^"^^'»e»t  to  extend  to  Halifax 
and  sixty  dSars  was  tu?hor^pS"?n  T^^l'^T'  *^«»«^"*1  «i^  ^"S 
$48,(i65  i  waHt  loan"or'S  new  ^ha^^^^^^^^  fem^elve,  and 

promissory  notes  or  pledging  the  tollr'^      ^^  the  option  of  issuing 

rater  J/teX^reldts'^  T  ^  ^"'^  ^^^  ^--^^ 

and  coal  2s.  2d.  per  ton  for  tZwilii  ,^  !  '^*®'  ^''F'  '''"^  or  limestone, 
merchandise,  and  commodRies4TuS  ^'f  ?««' ^»  other  goods,  wares 
and  in  proportion  for  aiy  less  welS.^^^^^^^        ^""'^  K^^^  ^'^«^«  distance 
as  for  a  qu'arter  of  a'mifetras fbr  a%tSr  ^'f  a^t^ """  ''  '^  ^^'«" 

long  to  a  pit  from  whTcS  it  is  railed  r\?if'"''^  ^^'  ^  ^''^^  ^'^^^  y^^^^^ 

-^;:i.?s^?Sr Jtss^i^!;?^^.^-^  ^^^^,  com, 


dersfleld\;  a  j^nS  with  tHS^^^^^^  "V^^^  ^^  ^^"^  siui- 

Ashton  to  Manchester  ,'"1  ^^V-^^h?-  "  ^^'"''-^'"''''  leading  from 
Bukeof  Bridgewater's Can^irtn  T^m  1^^  "^'  ""II  ''^  ^^"^  ^^ochdale  aud  the 
to  Liverpool.  ^^  ^  Euncorn  and  thence  by  the  river  Mersey 


it 
t  I 

tl 


1'' 


|- 


•i' 


Lfi    lii 


200  CANALS   IN   TUB    UNITED   KINQDOM. 

ft.,^''"  John  iiamsdeti'a  Oanal  Is  about  3!{  miles  in  length  with  a  rfso  of 
93  feet,  ll.oug  1  so  short  it  is  of  importance  aa  one  of  the  links  in  the 
chain  between  the  two  seas  and  as  a  means  of  communication  with  the 
prominent  miinuiactnring  center,  IIudderHfield.  The  act  allows  U  M 
per  ton  on  a  goods.  It  may  be  noted  that  the  owner  of  the  canal 
owned  also  the  entire  town  of  IJuddersfield,  one  lot  or  so  excepted 
J,w  V  I  "^^  «*tf/^y«r«l8  (about  J84r>-'40)  purchased  by  the  London 
and  Northwestern  Kailway  Company. 

The  Huddersfleld  Canal  vyas  suKgcsted  by  the  evident  convenience 
to  be  derived  from  connecting  Huddersfleld  and  Ashton-under-Lyne. 
from  which  points  other  canal  and  navigation  undertakings  previously 
entered  on  gave  the  possibility  of  another  and  the  shortest  through 
line  of  waterways  from  Hull  to  Liverpool.  This  course  included  the 
Uumber  and  the  Cu.e  Kivers  from  Hull  to  the  Aire  and  Ca  der  navi 
ga  ion  and  on  to  WakeHeld;  thence  by  the  Calder  and  Ilebble  toTir 
John  Kamsden's  Canal,  and  thereby  to  Huddersfleld,  where  the  new 
project  would  begin  and  take  the  traffic  as  far  as  Ashton,  where  iM^ 
would  reach  the  canal,  then,  in  1793.  in  a  great  state  of  forwardness  and 
designed  to  enter  Manchester,  where  a  short  cut,  (afterwards  obviated 

fhl  tI^'^''"'/']!'^-',''"  ''V^^  Kochdale  Canalgave  communication  with 
the  Duke  of  Bndgewater's  Canal)  Euncorn,  and  Liveipool.    In  1794 

of£fooSJi«rr?N^''*'''wI'  J'^«««^^' i?ri°ff  authority  to  raise  inshares 
£00  •??.?« iSc^'r?^'^'  H'?!^'"  of  £184,000  ($895,430),  and  ifuecessary 
£JO,000  ($437,985)  m  addition  amongst  themselves,  or  by  new  shares 
or  jy  mortgage.    The  act  established  the  following: 

Tonnage  rates. 

A 11  Hn^^'  ™''°"™»  °|»y'  sand,  ana  gravel  not  passing  a  lock....  per  ton  per  mile      \ 

Aldiingmanu/e,  clay,  sand,  and  gravel  passiug  a  lock do         U    ^ 

All  lime,  stone,  coal,  cannel  or  othorminerals  not  passing  a  lock  do"'  1 

A    lime,  stone,  coal,  cannel,  or  other  minerals passingii  lock..     do""  2 

per Torpefmno  ^''^'"''  '"""''""'I's*''  ^"d  other  articles  not  before  m^ntioi^d, 

For  all  stone,  lime,  coal,  cannel,  timber,  minerals,  goo'tVs,  wares' mer- 
chandise, and  all  other  articles  passing  along  or  through  the  tunnel  on 
the  summit  level,  or  any  part  thereof,  in  addition  to  the  above  rates 
the  further  sum  ot  Is.  6d.  per  ton. 

Fractions  of  a  mile  to  be  taken  as  a  mile;  of  a  ton  as  the  quarters  of 
a  ton  contained  therein ;  and  of  a  quarter  as  a  quarter. 

Wharfage  rates  to  be  demanded  by  the  company  or  others  having 
wharves  on  the  line  of  the  canal  shall  not  exceed  3  pence  per  ton  for 
the  space  of  10  days,  after  which  time  an  additional  charge  mav  be 
made  for  every  succeeding  day  of  one  halfpenny  per  ton  per  day. 
Vessels  of  less  than  10  tons  are  not  to  pass  a  lock  when  the  water  does 
not  run  over  the  weir,  nor  of  15  tons  when  it  does,  without  leave  of  the 
company's  agent,  to  be  given  in  writing. 

on^T^V^i"^  T  *^.^®  made  by  the  company  to  contain  not  less  than 
20,000  locks  of  water,  each  lock  being  180  cubic  yards;  none  of  this 
water  (except  in  time  of  flood)  to  be  taken  from  the  rivers  on  the  line. 
Sir  John  Eamsden  is  guarantied  against  any  loss  on  his  canal  arisinff 
from  the  new  project.  ^ 

Provisions  are  made  against  detriment  to  the  mills  in  the  vicinace 
and  diminution  through  the  tunnel  of  certain  waters  is  to  be  made  uw 
to  the  neighborhoods  aftected.  Further  extension  easterly,  if  made  to 
the  prejudice  of  the  Ramsden,  Aire  and  Calder,  or  Calder  and  Hebble 

..,  „vvvLni7rtutcu.  (jjrrupiiiiitiuu  f,o  parties  suUenutr 

damage,  who  are  to  receive  all  rates  and  tolls  in  due  proportion. 


*• 


d. 

..  1 


CANALS    IN   THE    UNITED    KINGDOM.  201 

from  atftlybridge  waH  aTm        v^  "      Stu  ^  l,r„|^M^    A  further  purt 

of  thettmnel  ami  failure  to ffctnm^^  7'"^'  ^"  "'^^  ^'^^^^  «*P«"«o 

Blow  vrnanm.    Tl  e  compa.^v  S^^^^^^^^^^^  "'« ''""'^'  »""«e 

again  to  l^irliameut  and  otS^  *''*"  '"?"''^  they  applied 

tliey  were  empowered  to  mkoiLlI«  \T  ^  '"'T"*  '].^**  f^"«l«r  this 
share  in  the  whole  a  d  to  raia/hv  n«     '.  ®'^''®''''"'«  ^^<^  (*»7.:W)  per 

promissory  notes  'a,?;  necesTZ  s^'^,' '"I''  «•;.'"'■"",«''  '«"^' *«'•« 
original  limit  of  £27(oorfll'f33  42?\T^  exceeding  altogether  the 
be  80  much  beyond  tl  Ha  culations  t'Lf  ^  ''''^'  ''"^^^«''  ^''^^''^'^  'o 
Parliament,  and  a  third  act  obt"  ined  i  fsoaiT®  l''^  "*^^*"  '""^^^^  ^o 
successfnlly  completed         *"'^"'"^'* '"  ^^OO  before  the  canal  could  be 

This  canal  was  constrncted  for  *»raff  7  ft^^*  • , 
navigating  upon -the  StifJbrdshire  aX.uSn  ^u  1""'V'"'^  ^'  T.' 
of  passing  boats  with  24  tons  burden  From  m  i  i  «  /.'^  '^**^  capable 
southwesterly  past  Slaithwaife  rrnrai,.  IT  f^"^der8tteld  its  course  is 
ducts,  and  by  an  asS  o743oSr  i^^/\'^!'\*'^  ^^'"^^  ^'"'^^  on  aq»e. 
length  of  7  Jniles  it  cles  near  mI  U ,?  Jo^'^^  among  42  locks  ami  a 
wasatthetimoofcousSZtlw^hSi^^  ^"'""'•<^  '«^e'»  wl"ch 

feet  above  the  sea  By  a  trnS  6  46^  v^^^^^^^  T^  ^^.'^"  '^"'^*^^'"'  «3« 
Pemrine  liange  and  to  the  imZhhnltl  /  /w  °V-^  '*  '''^^^^^  «"der  the 
of  summit  lefel  of  4  mitr  ft±  kI^^,T''^''^  ^*i'>  ^  ^^^^^  »«°gth 
the  Ashton  junction  is  84  milp^wf  T  I^ol>cro88  and  Stalybridgo  to 
locks,  crossing  the  I  iverkmeliruinH^  ^?^»  feet  through  3? 

of  canal  of  l^  miles.    Betweei  the  s"'  -^^^         marking  a  total  length 

were  towing  paths  minutes.    At  Scout  and  at  Ashton  there 

-^^''^^^oT^t^^^^^^^^^^  Aire  andCalder 

the  OalderandHebbfnnd  Sir  Jo^  n  T?n?n??  ^V^  ^}Y^^P^ol  from  Leeds, 
and  Ashton-under-LyL  l"om  WakefioM  '?^^^  ^^^  Huddersfleld 

OalderandHebblea/dtheCSfe  boH:.'^^^^  also  from  Wakefield  the 
at  the  end  of  the  ESaTline  at  M^^^^^^ 

Bridgewatei-'sCanal  tekes  UD  the?L^or/'^i^^  ""^^"^^  the  DSke  of 
The  line  over  the  HuSfieldrnnnilf  n^^il^'^^"'^  ^^"^  ^^e  Mersey. 
It  passes  through  a  InseiyponSr^^^^^^^  nfa'^f  f  '^^'"'f^^^  ^  miles, 
valuable  stone,  but  otherwL  s?h^.pr?n  "Z^?""''^  ^*«t"ct  full  of 
The  original    e^tCZTJ^'^fsIm^^^^      %T  f  ^?^  ^^«^"«*«- 

I^o^h^^M^^^^  With  the  London  and 

He?bIeS[h^"lThSSV^^^  ^^*be  Calder  and 

portion  under  act  of  Arliament  o7T794'^""  ^'  ''^^^^'  '^^  «««^<1^'« 

xfeuuenBriUge  to  Todmorden.  naooi^;,'^  "i"   ^"^^^  "^    i-uo  v;aiaer  by 


#", 


h±\ 


202 


CANALS   IN   THE    UNITED   KINGDOM. 


'  i 


U'     I 


L^rfoT  T  southerly  direction,  with  a  brauoh  to  the  .neighborhood  of 
Eochdale,  to  near  Failaworth,  whence  turning  a  little  mort  to  the  west, 
ward  ,t  locks  into  the  Duke  of  Bridgewater's  Canal  at  Oas«efleld 
Manchester,  having  received  the  Ashton-under-Tyne  Canal  at  pS 
dilly  wharf  about  a  mile  from  the  junction  at  Castlefleld. 
According  to  the  levels  of  Mr.  Renuie,  the  engineer  to  this  work,  the 

Travis' Miirwa^27^  VT'  ^'  rT'''^  *^^  «""^""*  ^«^«1  *«  beginf'near 
fh^uol  <5?H'.^^^^^/^^^'?  *  distance  of  about  llj  miles,  and  the  fall 
thence  to  the  Duke  of  Bridgewater's  Canal  438i  feet 

ofm  ^^J^  *^<^  Y^F^"^  had  already  cost  £328,900  (|l. 600,591.85),  but  were 
still  unfinished  though  the  canal  was  partially  op.  nel.    One  hundred 

t'h^st'nlit  m-^^^^  ""^  Tl  P^4"'«  ($6^,152.83)  w^s  saiS  to  Se 

Jl  K  lu  ^^'^"l^ed  for  the  completion  of  the  whole,  which  was  provided 
for  by  the  act  in  that  year  (1800.)  ^ 

The  Barnsley  Can.l,  16J  miles  in  length,  was  incorporated  in  1793 
the  proprietors  being  one  hundred  and  thirteen  in  number  and  con- 

Trll'llil^rm'^^^^^^^  They  were  empowered 

/LK^N  I  -^r^^'^?^^  ^"°°S  themselves,  in  720  shares  of  £100 
{^480.b5)  each,  with  further  power  up  to  £20,000  ($97,330),  for  which 
last  they  might  pledge  the  rates.  ^-^    >      ;.  ^^^  wmcn 

fi,!.^  '''^"f  '"^^i"^  ^f  ?^,  ^*^®^  ^^^"^^^  (^i^e  and  Calder  Navigation), 
three-quarters  of  a  mile  below  Wakefield  :^ridge  and  about  three  eighths 
of  a  mile  below  the  junction,  at  Fall  Ing  Lock  of  the  Calder  and  Hebble 
Navigation  with  the  Aire  and  Calder.  It  risesfrom  the  Calder  117  feet 
by  fifteen  locks  in  the  distance  of  2*  miles;  thence  on  a  level  to  the 
crossing  by  an  aqueduct  of  the  river  bearne,  at  the  south  side  of  which 
10  miles  from  its  commencement  at  the  Calder,  it  forms  a  junction  with 
the  Dearne  and  Dove  Canal.  From  the  aqueduct  the  Bainsley  Canal, 
still  on  a  level,  turns  westward  parallel  with  the  Eiver  Dearne,  passes 
near  Barnsley,  and  on  to  the  neighborhood  of  Barugh  Mill,  whe?e  the 
long  level  terminates,  11  miles  in  length.     From  this  plaTe  to  the 

tnl'l^nlT^hf^t'  ^^^^°'  ^'^^^  ---Of  ^^feet  V  ^^loil 
The  rates  of  tonnage  allowed  under  the  incorporating  act  of  1793  were 

Wheat  (shelling),  beans,  pease,  vetches  and  lentils,  rape,  line,  cole,  and  mnstard     * 

Barley  ^.^r.'.!.?"'.! ""^  ^"*''*°'' ^''  ^"^^^^"^  ^^'^^^  X°e  iTngS'      6 

Oats  and  inait ""'."".!."."! f^--    5 

^"length .!^!!! .?!.r.!^'  '^"'^  P^^'' "«^'«P«t«^««."p'er  312;Voi;ndV "for"  th'e  who'lo    * 

^^uh^nt:.^^^'"^^^  1 

Stone,  ironstone,  flag,  paVVngstony.andsYate" .'.'.'!"!!'" J"""  ,* 

Pigoroldiron ^ 

Cast  metal  go-ids  and  bar'iVon.'!."" --..ao...  1^ 

English  oak,  timber,  and  planks " i^\\\"^\ 06^40  VubTcaVfeet'TiVrmn;"  7i 

i!M^a:s»t:is^er '-  ^«  ^^  ^-  -  T" 

All  other  things  not  before  ;nnmVrVtVdV;;;;;";;;;;;;;;;;;;;peV  ton  Jer  msie::  J* 

That  10  superficial  yards  of  flag  paving  stone,  from  1  inch  to  23  inches 
m  thickness,  or  16  cubical  feet  ot  stone,  to  be  deemed  a  ^n       *  ^ 

Jt  S^.'^I'LtdT^'-  this  company,  made  under  the  authority 
v..vr-^aeaa<3i,  uao  x^  luuuamiuugcu,  running  from  Barnby 


a. 

6 
5 
4 

6 
1 

* 
1 

1* 
2 

H 

U 
H 

U 

2 


J 


CANALS   IN   THE   UNITED   KINGDOM.  203 

Serir™''  °'  *"*  """""  *»  ^'"^«'«  Bridge,  near  the  Silkstone 

60  feet.  '^"'  "'  ""  ■""""  ""»  «  *«'■  "W"'  »f  'ocka  16  feet,  and  ...gth 

When  the  call  of  $291.99  per  share  of  £inn  ^<Ji.taft  an\ 
(ler  the  second  act  maav  shareholder.  Hn        (**^^;?^   ^'t^  made  un- 

erSef  rn'  S~       SS^^^^^^ 

b^=„reKoXinXr.„r-'"'^^^^ 

EXTENT  OF  BRITISH  CANALS. 

IHL^Io^S^X^^Jrn^^^'^"^^'^.^/'^^  companies  occurred  from 

iSways     The  resul?  wit  T'^-  ^'\^^},^''^^  "'to  combination  with  th^ 

At  Kle  this  ?St^™e  neTt^^^^^^  '^"^T  "-^  *^^  '^'"^<^«'»- 

country  been  developed  n or TnltLnl  *^^. transportation  trade  of  the 

onstrated.  ASer^itness  savs  tL  S'*^  ""^  *^  '^J^^'^  ^^^'^  ^^«°^- 
(canals  with  railTOUook  nS  t  fS^^^Vlu^^'  ^^  consolidations 
full  force  for  obtainhl  fromSian  Pnfnia  l""  -^^  movement  then  in 
strucfcion  the  new  i  udertaki2rwft  !  1  ^T^.^"^  authority  for  con- 
companies.  Theorcomeof  th^^  ^^  l^^  ^^'«*'°^'  «a»al 
ments  entered  intrbrThera^tavrwfr  A"  *^^  subsequent  arrange- 
wl-3h,  by  meansof  ffuara,i?ffi  Xi7  ^  ^^^  ^'^"''^  companies,  under 
others  by  ou TJht  Sin  so  the  nl.^^^^  '"  T^  instances,  and  in 
neutralize.l.  AnothS  wi^^^^^^^^^^^  opposition  was  overcome  or 
.angecan_als,wiTc!il'^^!;e:tSll^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
routes  .  uetdmental,  quite  700  niiles  in  EnglanrwCrun7er  rXI? 

The  total  mileage  of  railway-inaueuced  ganals  is  variously  stated. 


m 


» '- 


^1 


If' 


204 


CANALS   IN   THE   UNITED    KINGDOM. 


fig^res?'"''''^''^''"'^^^'''''''^'**'*'*^^'"  ^^^'^  bamled  in  the  following 


England. 

Scotland. 

Ireland. 

Total. 

^Pm'os*'.'.?""'''''' *'"' •  ""^"*'^  or  controlled  by  railway  com- 
Leugtli  oif  canals,  ct3.,  owuoiV  by  other  tiiaii  railway  coinpanios  ] 

1,259  J 
l,42Si 

85 

92 

m 

1, 430| 
*  1,592  J 

Total 

2,688 

85 

250 

3,029 

•  Theao  Ifln fifth B    arn  Av/ilnalTru    ,^e^^.^    -:     „    ..    nti                    ™ 

— 

E^S!.  W?.V/?)r;.f^;'«i^^^^^^^^  ^ye   Uu,nber,   Wea.  and  TynT^^ 

ancT  other  navigations  in  Ireland.  t-aieuonlan  Ship  Canal  In  Scotland,  and  the  Shannon 

n.^w.^\ff l^^'^'' ?^®^  *^^  ^"^"^^^^^s^^^^^ement  Of  the  canals,  etc.,  own 
or  controlled  by  -^ailway  companies  on  December  31, 188^  bv  dS  of 
the  special  acts  of  authority:  '         '  ^  °* 


^ 


Ik  1 


!•  r?'. 


[:  i« 


Under  acts  of— 
1845. , , 

184A 

^0^1 ■'••••.••••■ 

1848 

1852 

1862 

1864 

1865 

1866 

1867 

1870 

1872 

1882 


England. 


Miles. 

78J 
7744 
96| 
20} 
86J 
3i 
74 
Hi 

m 

56" 

17 
9i 


Scotland, 


Mimt. 


32 


1, 269J 


63 


... 


Ireland. 


Total. 


MUes. 
02 


85 


92 


Miles. 

170i 

774i 

06i 

52} 

86i 

3i 
74 
34 
15J 
53 
60 
17 
9i 

1,  4361 


Another  gives  canals  and  inland  river  navigation  under  control  of  railways  in- 
England ^''«8' 


Scotland  ... 
Wales 

Total 


l,062f 
106 
70 


Against  not  under  such  control  in- 

England 

Scotland ."*[[ 

Wales 


Total 


l,238f 


l,260i 

84i 
58i 

1, 40.'} 


Rivers  in  England  under  railrt^ay  control ~~  „„„ 

Against  same  uncoutrolled  ...     .  209^ 

Canals  and  navigations  abandoned"orcVnvertedVnto  raiiwaVs.'." 3 

Whitaker's  Almanac  for  1890,  a  usually  reliable  authoritv"  states 

S«  nl''/"'^^'- ''i*^^  ^  ?'^y  "^'^^  exactitude  what  is  the  total  fen ffh  of 
the  canal  and  inland  river  navigation  of  the  United  Kingdom     Th« 

The  Board  of  Trade. 
United  Kingdom,  exeliiding  certain  rivers  and  a  ship  canal,  as  named  .. .. 


Miles, 
3,029 


id. 

Total. 

92 
64 

5tt 

1,  430| 
*l,5U2i 

3,029 

d. 

Total. 

Mileg. 

2 

170 

774 

06 

52; 

86 

3;; 

74 

34 

16J 

53 

60 

17 

8| 

2 

1,  436i 

8  in— 

Milos. 

.  l,062f 

.      106 

70 

209i 
932f 
250' 


CANALS   l:    THE   UNITED   KINGDOM. 

Anothir  authority. 

iSsS^^S,.;;;::;;::;: 

Scotland  '^"^'''"^^'Jd  Wales...     

Ireland     

Nonnavig^bi^Vi;^^^^.— ■- "--"•■^'":.:'::^ 

•"■■• ••••  •... 


4,  3:i3 
354 
755 

1,875 


205 


4,050 
4,033 


^  Wh.ake.,  Ataaoao  Use.f  Si™,  a  taMe  ahowing  f„nho  w.„„  Ki„,. 

&)re'tr-r^;&t"r4rff;i': Ts. 

Total,...  1.421 

""**""■■""••""••"•••....  — — ^.— 

Of  Which,  sofarasindicafprl  «,n. •   V ^'^^^ 

and  92  railway  coutrotd  al^^^^^^^^^^^  ^'f^^'^  ^^^  '"iles  independent 

Independent  canals ....  «uuiaces— 

Ownersbip  not  known 

Converted  into  rail  ways'." 

Total 

CS!  ii  ^  ''^^^  ^^^J^ed  manner.    !«  annmtj    ^."-'^^  «uPPort  the  com- 
and  fn^^"""  °^  "'formation  at  al ,  I  have Eo^^^'^'f '  nevertheless,  are 
and  to  give  a  general  idea  where  nar?^  f  °<^eavored  to  embody  results 
tamable.    One  of  the  ^tnersefbefol  f  h     ""  e^'-^ectness  might  beTnat-' 
of  the  canals  that  I  have  given  ?m^  "TheSh 

from  literary  sources  alone  ^  tLIJ^  ^^^  ''/e^  ^^^^en,  as  yon  mav  sav 
ance  with  the  actual  Sme  o?f?  ''^'''^7  ^^'' "^^^e  thorough  a^oS^ 
nni  '^"J  "rged  that  t2e  GovernSe„f  ll"^  operations  has  been  ^so  per 
Sl*^'^^"«**^^«^kfromthewKi^^^^^^  in  an  effort  to 

with  a  view,  as  the  report  ffoeV  ^  niL-i^^^  ^^  canals  in  the  Kinffdom 
assuming  control  of  the  s'S'    TM«  r^""?^  *^"  ^dvisabilitfiJfS 
In  the  testimony  before  tC««i-/     ^''''^  '^'  Perhajis,  questionawi 
once  an  expression  like  t^.f'SnLT'"'*^^^  one  finds  more  ?h an 
tS  Thar  '"•  ''^'^^  «^«'ructions  "  '""'^^  ^"^^  ^'^"«^  ^^^h  creeping  par"! 

t\^TfT'^^^-^^^^^^^  thatfoirr^"^^^^  ^^*b«  r-'-ays, 
in  the  early  davs  of  t.ha.v  ^""„L;!'_!?^nolIowing  upon  the  flonn.v^^fj^^ 

intercepting  liriks  of 'canafrmifrf?"  '*^  *,^«  railways  oflhort'aTd 
railways  themselves  was  ?rpnn"i'^^'";^^*'"^^erf"l  t^ev^lopmeiifc  of  t  « 
part  Of  the  canals,  ^^S"^^^::^^^^/^^^  '^''- 


\M 


growth  and 


vigor,  so 


1 


\1  i  i 


206 


CANALS   IN   THE   UNITED   KINGDOM. 


s.  i- 


marked  as  to  in  some  sort  demand  explanation.  Tins  explanation  is  m 
laree  degree  aiforded  by  the  attitude  attributed  by  many  witnesses  to 
the  railway  companies  in  tbeir  dealings  with  their  own  acquired  canal 
interests  and  with  those  of  the  canal  companies  whose  lines  traversed 

the  same  districts.  ,    „      ^,        ,         i    i„„,i  „«„ir 

Mr.  Llovd,  in  his  evidence,  as  a  remedy  for  the  acknowledged  weak- 
ness of  the  canals,  recommends  unity  of  administration  between  centi-al 
points.  In  this  position  it  may  be  said  generally  that  he  is  supported 
bv  all  the  testimony  oftered  on  behalf  of  the  canals.  As  a  preliminary 
to  better  things  entire  alienation  from  railway  control  is  desired  by  tbe 
more  thoroughgoing  opinion;  and  indeed  it  seems  diCicult  for  an  ob- 
server to  understand  how  the  present  conditions  could  have  been  deemed 
avoidable,  or  how  any  decided  and  permanent  betterment  could  be 
anticipated,  with  vital  portions  of  the  main  through  canal  routes  ot  the 
Kingdom  in  the  hands  of  those  whose  business  was  identical  with,  ana 
whose  methods  so  diametrically  diverse  from,  those  of  the  canal  com- 
panies. Sir  H.  Bartle  Frere,  Bart.,  testifying  in  1S83,  says  that  rail- 
ways had  a  feeling  that  canals  were  a  delusion,  and  that  it  was  their 
proper  function  in  life  to  supersede  them  entirely  by  railways.  Many 
connected  with  railways  still  preserved  that  feeling.  A  certain  weight 
of  the  evidence  favored  this  so-much  desired  uniformity  being  ob- 
tained bv  means  of  government  authority  acting  directly.  Otherwise 
private  management  was  regarded  sufficient  for  effective  operation. 
The  need  of  information,  however,  was  distinctly  indicated  m  the  course 
of  the  investigation.  This  of  course  could  scarcely  be  acquired  in  the 
^av  and  to  the  extent  wished  for  without  government  intervention ; 
and,  as  already  stated,  the  Government  is  now  taking  action  looking 

The  need  for  improved  water  transportation  seems  peculiarly  to  be 
felt  with  reference  to  the  important  centers  of  production  and  distribu- 
tion in  the  interior:  points  ranging  in  distance  from  the  sea  from  dO  or 
40  miles  upwards.  Where  sea  freights  intervened  the  railway  rates 
were  said  to  be  kept  down ;  but  with  many  of  the  most  important  places 
railways  supplemented  by  canals  are  the  sole  reliance. 

COST  OF  CANAL  AND  RAILWAY  MAINTENANCE. 

During  the  Inquiry  conducted  in  1883,  a  number  of  estimates  of  cost 
were  brought  to  the  notice  of  the  commUtoe.    A  brief  conspectus  may 

^n  a  report  dated  1882,  Mr.  Cornier,  a  distinguished  engineer,  whose 
recent  death  has  caused  such  regret  in  his  profession,  gives  a  table  ot 
comparative  cost  between  railway  and  canal  as  follows : 

Out  of  every  £200  ($973.30)  paid  for  an  equal  tonnage  transported 
ah  equal  distance  the  detailed  costs  are : 


Maintenatico  of  way 

MftintfiiiancB  of  works 

Kcpairs  of  rolling  stock 

Traction 

Traffic  oxpoDBCS 

General  cliargos 

Interest  ou  capital 

Total ,...,,,,,, •  ■•• 

Showing  an  economy  of  G4.7  per  cent,  by  canal. 


By  rail-  iBy  canal, 
way.     ,   ■' 


Per  cent. 
13 
7 
19 
16 
30 
15 
100 


Per  ctnt. 
0.0 
2.3 
6.0 
8.0 
6.0 
15.0 
33.3 


200  I 


70.6 


ion  18  m 
esses  to 
ad  canal 
•aversed 

id  weak- 
i  central 
ipported 
lirainary 
[I  by  the 
•r  an  ob- 
deeined 
could  be 
B8  of  the 
rith,  and 
lal  coin- 
hat  rail- 
^aa  their 
.  Many 
ti  weight 
eing  ob- 
therwise 
peration. 
le  course 
3d  in  the 
vention ; 
1  looking 

rly  to  be 
distribu- 
■om  30  or 
v&y  rates 
nt  places 


BS  of  cost 
ctus  may 

Br,  whose 
i  table  of 

msported 


il- 


iBy  caual. 


nt. 

Per  cent. 

13 

0.0 

7 

2.3 

1» 

6.0 

Ifi 

8.0 

30 

6.0 

15 

15.0 

LOO 

33.3 

200  I 


70.6 


CANALS  IH  THE   UNITED   KINOUOM.  207 

thmutfr^It^;,^™;^;^™""^  as  follows:  On  con 

of  caual  takes  11,^1011°  ,n>i,i  of  5*';  ""°  ">"'  ""<>  feiRhto:  Ow,°er 


Costy  transport  for  nm  navigation. 


0. 08833 
0. 08712 
0. 05076 

0.40428 


Equivalents  of  tolls- 

EqnivalflntBof  freights' •' 

Boati'""*'"  *''"'^»  *38  6».) 

IStnptieg. .' 



^  ^    Total 

Deducting  interest  and"  ■mimp'tion:;:::::;- 

Leaves  for  haulage,  boat,,  and  maintenance 

co»^^^^^^ 

ot  interest  and  maintenlnce  (the  eoS"?^ 

of  receipts  to  capital.  M.  Krantz  h  hVp^  oL  ^  •^'^"'^  depends  on  ratio 
on  two  minimum  amounts  STraffiowMnh  ''^^^^'^"^  cost  of  maintenance 
profitable  on  canals  on  600  oSm?,^!i      ^''^  reckoned  sufficient  to  be 

-^!!l^!!!^!l^!!^^^  centers: 


teian  "cS^' ^«°"'''' "-i»-tion,  Galatz  to  ^ 

Louvain  and  Itnpel"  CankU .'.'.■■.■ 

Alsace  and  Lorraine  Canal 

Saaroriick  Canal..  

ciiioagotoNews-ork;;;::: .■.'.■ 


*104. 16 

130.  25 

83.30 

154. 16 

101.25 

41.30 


A-  cent. 
0.24098  ==0.51 
0.31260  =  0.63 
0. 19992  =  0. 40 
0.36998  =  0.79 
0.243  =0.49 
0.09912  =  0.20 


fi"el"„d"I^X«iL';rbrt?  a'n^??„S  "'  <=-*««  <>»  »>■«  French  canals 


OnBngiisFranar^ri'Z"' '"  ""I'Posed  to  be  sunk.  '  "°  ''"'^™"''- 


Interest 

Miiintonance.    

Traction.  

«"at8 ■.■.■;:: 

Eiiintieij , 


100,000  ton 

Per 

niilea. 

ton  per 

mile. 

Cent. 

«42. 375 

0.21 

9.450 

0.04 

3fi.  2.50 

0. 18 

3).  250 

0.15 

..-. 

31.250 

0.15 

m  »■ 


i  if) 
'  W 


'Ai 


i 


itJ 


if    I 


% 


.  \t 


208 


CANALS    IN   THE   UNITED   KINGDOM. 


Oil  Fortli  and  Clyde  Oiuial  Mr.  Condor  gives  £33,3  (O.IG  cont  per  ton 
per  mile)  tor  liorse  towufje  only;  ,£1)5,8  (O.t?  cent  per  ton  per  mile)  in- 
clnding  nil  coHts;  Gloucester  and  Berkeley  Canal  £37.5  (0.18  cent  per 
ton  per  mile)  steam  towinpr;  Kivei  Lea  £138.8  (0.07  cent  per  ton  pw 
mile)  covering;  all  eontH ;  liiver Thames  (no  maintenance,  etc.)  £41.0  (0.20 
cent  per  ton  per  mile),  tufjffing  alone  by  steam  tugs. 

On  a  cost  of  corsstrnction  per  milo  of  railway,  which  Mr.  Condor 
reckons  for  those  of  England  and  Wales  £10,800,  and  for  the  United 
Kingdom  £  10,000,  ho  estimates,  on  a  tratllc  of  600,000  tons  net  load, 
that  cost  of  interest  would  be  per  mile  for  the  last-named  0.68  penny,  and 
for  working  expenses  0.C3  penny,  making  total  cost  per  ton  per  mile  1.21 
pence. 

COST  OF  FRKiailT  BY  CANAL  .*nd  RAUVr'^Y. 

In  a  tabulated  statement  submitted  by  u  ;  '  383,  to  the  select  com- 
mittee, he  gives  figures  from  which  the  folio  ■  g  are  e.\tracted  ;  show- 
ing comparative  cost  of  tralllc  600,000  tons  net  per  annum.  Interest  4^ 
l)er  cont.  on  cai)ital. 


United  Kingdom; 

All  niilwit.VH 

KiigliHli  ritilwiiys 

EiikIiihIi  cniinlR 

EuKli'th  canals  (ox  intorost). 

KiiKliah  oauals  (miuimuiu).. 
Franco : 

Kaihvays 

Canals 

nolgiiim : 

Kailways 

CanalH  (rpiloemed) 

TJnilod  States : 

Kailways 

Cauats  (ininiinuni) 

By  8oa : 

Coaatin$;  steam  coUiors 

Lowest  sea  froigltt  (Kx.  12  $, 
6d.  per  ton) 


Miles. 


17, 000 
4,  3;)2 

4,  »;)2 

4,332 

16,177 
7,009 

l.lOfl 
1,254 

84, 225 


Cost  per 
luilu. 


£. 
40.  000 
40,  800 

6,560 


2S,  780 
e,  220 

20, 403 


11,629 


Intorost. 


d. 

0.  (ig 
0.7H 
0.11 


0.44 
0.10 

0.45 


0.15 


0.038 


Work- 
ing ex- 
penses. 


Cost  per 

ton  per 

miln. 


rf. 

0.53 
G.  S3 
0.  'Jti 
0.12 
0.05 

0.42 
0.23 

0.49 
0.20 

0.27 
0.10 

0.116 


(I. 

1.21 

1.31 

0.37 

0.12 

0.  05 

0.86 
0.33 

0.04 
0.20 

0.42 
0.10 

0.155 

'6."  65" 


Co.st 
100,000 
units. 


£. 

604. 0 

687.6 

154.0 

50.0 

20.8 

818.0 
137.0 

392.0 
88.3 

166.0 
41.0 

04.5 

"26.'8' 


Per  ton 
per  milo. 


Oentf. 
2.45 
2.05 
0.75 
0.24 
0.10 

1.74 
0.07 

1.00 
0.41 

0.85 
0.20 

0.31 

o'.ii) 


It  may  be  added  that  in  transcribing  the  above  details  some  evident 
tyi>ographical  errors  have  been  corrected,  and  that  some  discrepancies 
still  remain  as  taken  from  the  table.  The  right-hand  column  has  been 
added,  giving  federal  values  for  the  sterling  cost  per  ton  per  mile  ap- 
proximated to  two  decimals. 

The  following  is  an  estimate  (submitted  by  Mr.  J.  S.  Watson  in  1883) 
of  what  could  be  done  on  an  improved  canal  route : 

Statement  ofoost  of  canal  transport  between  London  and  Liverpool  if  effected  with  3  boats 
(84  by  12  feet  by  G  feet  3  inches  draft)  carrying  120  tons  each,  and  towed  by  similar 
sized  steam  barges  carrying  90  tons  (450  torn  in  all)  exclusive  of  canal  toils. 

[Time  for  Journey  6  days,  with  2  days  to  load,  2  days  to  nnload,  and  1  spate  day,  say  10  dayi.    Tlio 
time  for  journey  might  be  reduced  if  the  boats  worliod  all  night,  without  increasing  the  cost.] 


Total  cost  of  new  120-ton  bargea,  £(520  each. 


£    8.  d. 


niro  of  barges,  tbo  owners  doing  repairs,  £100  per  annum  (6s.  8d.  per  clay 
for  eaob  barge  for  300  days) ;  4  bargos,  10  days 13 

Wages  (9a.  per  day  for  each  barge),  4  barges,  10  days 18 

First  oostof  machiuery  (new),  £600. 


■ 


ih    , 


fii: 


Pur  ton 
per  milo. 


Oentg. 
2.46 
2.  OS 
0.75 
0.24 
0.10 

1.71 
0.07 

1.00 
0.41 

0.  85 
0.20 

0.31 

6."i6 


£     8.  d. 


CANALS   IN   THK    UNITED   KINGDOM.  £09 

Haulage,  18  horHo-powc,  nominal,  fitted  la  steam  bargo- 

te^SS^^  i  'o  '6 

Co«l8,on8,otc.(5day8';tea;uing)T;.l.";;^^^^     f'    «    » 

Kxpouees,  incidental  (aay  U  per  day),  lo  days.  4  Z^ ^~  VZ    0    0 

Profit  S^^tSl^*^:^:^- -ier  ^^'^^  ^^^  - '«  ^'r  all  his'^i^ni^^vf^ 
co«t«)  l-Kfercivl  ^aiH? be  reoiouJd  atb;:(-73  ''  ''    ' 

Total  cost  ofnowsn-ton  boats    £130 
Br?„'k  r;:r"'  -'""^  -=""««»   ™  -»«„.*  fro,„  L„„.,„„  ^  rrosto,. 


GrRiidJiinclion 

OxfonlCaunl.... 

Cj.vcntiyCiinal  ....' 

BlrmiiiKliam  Canal      

Covoiitry  Canal...     

North  Staflord  Uanal/or -Tront  &  Mowoy 


Histanco. 


Miles. 
96 
24 
22i 

54 
5jr 
07 


Rate 
por  ton. 


d. 

8 
8 
Si 


I'orton 
niilo. 


Oentii, 
0. 4055 
0.  0759 
0. 5009 
2.  (1277 
0.  6769 
0. 0759 


♦$1.26. 


aadedj  .18  also  thi  averages^  ^'^^  "delivrerod  elsewhere"  are 

H.  Ex.  15 14 


'.^<  f 


1.* 


I' 


210 


CANALS   IN   THE   UNITED   KINGDOM. 


Comparison  of  rales  for  limber  and  dealt  where  there  ia  railway  and  canal  compelition, 

baaed  on  the  nearest  rail  route. 


Per  rail,  station  testation, 
and  delivered  on  canal. 

Per  ton  per 
mile  do- 
livero<I, 
railway  sta- 
tion or  on 
canal. 

Per  (on  per 

mile 
delivered 
clsewliore. 

Per  canal  to  Ulr- 
niinKliam. 

Miles. 

Rate. 

Celiverod 
olsoTliere 

than  on 
canal  or  at 

station. 

Knto. 

Per  ton  por 
mile. 

To  nirnilncliam,  from— 
Oloiici^stor 

64 

01 

107 

».  d. 
5  10 
7    « 
0    8 

«,  d. 

7  0 

8  6 
10  10 

d. 
1.20 
1.01 
1.08 

d. 
1.56 
1.12 
1.21 

«.  d. 

,5     0 

7  6 

8  4 

d. 
1.11 
.08 
.03 

UriRtol 

Cardiff 

Avorftpos ., 

84 
65 

7    0 
0    4 

8   n 

7    C 

1.13 
I.IC 

1.30 
1.38 

6  11 
5    6 

1.01 

1.01 

To  Wolvcrlianipton,  from — 
0  loiicoBter ...... .i...... 

Averages ...  ...... 

70 
70 

7    4J 
$1.70 

8    Hi 
$2.0G 

1.  13i 
$0.  023 

1.32 

$0. 027 

0    7 
$1.00 

1.01 
$0.02 

Averages  U.  S.  money 

Bates  per  rail  oti  timber  and  deals  to  places  where  there  is  no  canal  competition,  based  on 

the  nearest  rail  routes. 


:f     .1 


If 


From— 


Gloucester. 


Cbettenliam  , 


Total 

Averages 

Averages  U.  S.  money. 


To— 


Uoss 

Ldoniin.ster 

Hereford... 

Liidlnw 

Heading 

liirmiiiglinm 

Wolverhampton . 


Miles. 


18 

42§ 

30 

5;!1 

78 

47 

60 

320 
47 
47 


Rate. 


£  ». 
4 
8 
6 
8 
10 


6    8 
8    4 


2  10  10 

7    3 

$1.76 


Per  ton 
pur  mile. 


d. 

2.77 
2.  :!5 
2. 00 
1.88 
l.iiS 
1.70 
1.C6 


13.87 

1.08 

$0.  Ot 


In  1883  Mr.  Bartholomew,  speaking  for  the  Aire  and  Oakler,  says 
that  there  are  certain  railway  rates,  and  the  Aire  and  Calder  carry  at 
a  certain  rate  differential  from  these  rates  as  being  lower.  Tor  exam- 
ple, a  5s.  ($1.21)  rate  by  railway  would  answer  to  a  4«.  Id.  ($1.11)  rate 
by  the  canal,  a  10s.  ($2.43)  railway  to  a  9s.  2d.  ($2.23)  by  canal,  or  jnst 
about  a  penny  (2  cents)  in  the  shilling  (24  cents),  or  about  8^  per  cent, 
less  than  the  railway.  There  were  also  the  private  carriers  on  the 
canal  who  compete  with  the  canal  company,  and  sometimes  make 
lower  rates  than  the  company. 

Working  expenses  of  an  average  c  nal,  including  maintenance  but 
not  including  interest  on  first  cost  of  construction,  Mr.  Abernethy,  in 
1883,  thought  should  not  exceed  35  per  ceut.  of  the  gross  receipts.  He 
considered  the  cost  of  maintaining  canal  walls  no  more  than  those  of 
docks. 

Mr.  Conder  states  that  on  the  Suez  Canal  in  1882  maintenance  and 
repairs  cost  7.2  per  cent,  of  the  gross  revenue.  He  says  also  that  on  an 
English  canal  31  per  cent,  of  gross  receipts  should  pay  all  expenses, 
and  regards  that  indeed  as  rather  too  high  an  estimate. 

Mr.  Conder  in  1883  takes  the  position  that  mineral  trafBo  on  railways 
is  of  doubtful  value  to  them  as  a  general  thing,  and  estimates  an  in- 
crease in  the  railway  dividends  of  £7,000,000  per  annum  as  likely  to 
arise  from  throwing  the  heavy  traffic  on  canals.  He  reckons  the  cost 
of  conveying  coal  to  be  0.838  iieuuy  (1.099  cents)  per  ton  per  mile  on  a 


l.tl 

.08 
.U3 

1.U1 

1.01 

1.01 
$0.02 


d. 

2.77 
2.  :!5 
2. 00 
1.88 
]..')3 
1.70 
1.C6 

13.  H7 

1.98 

$0.01 


CANALS   IN   THE    UNITED    KINGDOM.  211 

o.|e1onstructod  fb    orSr^S po  efaS^^  ^'"'^  ^'""'^  ^*"' 

mil  .^ral  traffic,  for  which    t  was  V.nf-  1?        i^T"'^'  'V  «xtraoidiuary 
ins.ancos  the  GrearWtXriri^^^^^^^^  ^t.    He 

£78,722.()()()  ($383,100  613)    nn  1  fnk&i  "i*^   '.?**«    ^''«   ^^'I^^tal   at 

(833,430,410.88)  from  t  e  irosl  inn.  no  i.^      i''".'".?'"^  *'^  £6,8(5{),409 
^«I7  UK  i7r:  «Q\      1    ,  :  .  «'^"»s  inccjie  he  deducts  the  cost  £V^.ir»  .loo 
« 17,108,17.5.88)  and  obtains  a  net  income  of  £]  Sfism  n?nr7N  '      '•, 
The  company  were  then  spndinn-    i  mnnLvV    ^''.''"'^''•^^)l'C''"''>e' 
(915,000inl877)Sriel20r     Lf  J  ^Tof  ^^'"^^  *«  ^^^'x'"" 

meaning  per  ton  peTmile  m"  ( w.l^  f  1V^  ^l^^  ^^"^^'  I'resun.al.ly 
£155,000  $754,307  50)  a^d  esHnntes  H.Jm.'  "'^  T  «"  *^"«  ^'''^^^^  ^t 
ut  a  saving,  of  £311,400  or  $1,515  428  10  ^  '*  "^"'^^  ^"  "^^^"^^  ^^^  ^^"^'•^^ 

pef ton'^peV' m^?;3  'y^::!::^'tSn^'/''^  *^««'«  '^*  «•*  P-"y 
you  have  0.9  penny  to  ch^^Jeo^^^^^^^  f  ""^^i'  ^-^^  "^"«<^'  that 

shareholders'  pockets  something  else  or  to  take  out  of  the 

wo^'lTL^t^dSS^^^rnii;^^^ 

traffic  they  are  best  adLS  tn^  ^/^  T®""^^^' ^^''':^  ^^^ 
trarisport,  that  wherever  the  co^,;,  !it  u'^T^'J'^^'  ''^""'^  *«  ^^^ter 
is  owing  in  the  mS    o  hnnerfS  oni    nT  ^^''''  *^^*  ^^'^^'^  ^^"^^'^^'s  it 
in  some  of  its  uarts  oifl  1  fn  h,I^"     "  "'^  carrying  machine  itse  f  or 
in  those  oftheCS^or  perh.is  if  f  ^^'•'  "^""^  '''^  ^^^^s  or 

itself.  General  EaiVdayconZ  es  "  On  tf^'o  i^SfT*  "*"  ^'^^'^^"^^ 
proved  like  the  Aireand  Calder  has  bee  thero^fnf^"  """  '^"^''  ""- 
of  being  reduced  to  an  astonishinilv  w  «!•  ^^^'f^f  carriage  is  capable 
liolders  »  He  adds  thai  Sfari"^^^^  h  Jw/"T,  ""'^5  ^'^^'^  ^«  ^^^  share- 
and  canals  in  their  respec^^^^^^ 

tween  two  machines  XchexisnuwiLji^'^'?"'-^'^  comparisons  ''be- 
In  1874,  as  stated  also  bv  Mr  r     T  ^Z^  ^J^ssimilar  circumstances." 
(which  runs  from  London  to  YorksSf "'  *^^  ?'^^^  Northern  Railway 
traffic  18.6  per  cenToT  the%^?:f  S^"'^^^^^^^^^^ 
carrying  minerals  occuni^d  ti.o  u,.^ i qT i  '  ^*  '^  trains,  33  tra  ns 

cent,  of  the  eSe  day  ^  ^^"''  "^"^  ^^  ^-^  ^°"^«'  «^  ^^  P^r 

4j™s.Tji:;7o^"tSc^^^^^^^^^^ 

only  £829,  showing  a  deficiencv  o"  V  ^^r  ^''  *^^  ?"^"^"^^  ^^^^^  P^id 
traffic  £341,  comparing  gross  Svemie^l^^^^^  ^^  t'^^  "^^n^ral 

revenue  required  to  my  IfLr  npnt  ""T  ")!"f^^'«  P^r  mile  with  net 
used  ;  56  per  cent,  of"  tbe  etSng  camoRv  nW'^•''^  ^'"^  ""'^  ^^  ^^^^ 
l^-VVr".?  ''-'  P-  -nt^ol^gSr^Venu^^    ^""  ^'^^''"^  ^^«"  ^<^<^- 

on  a  ca^iS  for  ra^^aLriah  won  d'aff fr ^'*  '''7''''^ ""'  ^^^  «^'  ^00  tons 
manufactory  than  a  ?Sv  couh?  Mr  /^^^ter  accommodation  to  a 
consulting  engineer  to  hrnrZctl'^  Mo  I^^T^'S^  ^^^^  ''^t  that  time 
dieted  that  if  ie  Sam, lestrSaf  b^f  £fn '■  ^^"^'  ^'"''f-  "«  I^^^" 
would  spring  up  all  over  the  kh.gdom  ^'''''  "''"''  ^'^"'P-'^nies 

Sta?iS%Si:t!;:£Sdl"'£"r.^^  ^He  Manchester 

v,pf-   oy.^ .r?/^*'  V^XJIIUtl,    V/.   rj.,  gives  the  followinn-  /l«f..;i..    „f  fl    - 

«ot  anu  «.uss  earnings  of  an  average  n.ile  of  Englishraflway : 


F 


212  CANALS   IN   TIIK   tJNlTKl)   KINGDOM. 

From  pnHsongors ,.•  mn 

>;rom  K„.,.i„ .: :::;::::::::::::::; ^lii 

FroniiiiinoralH .'..*.'.'.*.",".'  7(m  ' 

Total n~AM 

Working  olmrges I'l??    ro  a 

"  *"     1. 1^05=531%  percent. 

UndiNtributod  notoamingH 1  rn— ana     " 


FrolRlit 

per  not 

ion  nor 

milo. 


FMsenser .. 

Goods 

Miuerala..., 
Total . 


d. 
10.  e 

1.1 

0.6 


UroRB  re- 

coipta 
pornillo. 


Tare. 


Pound*. 
1,500 

1,220 

768 


06 
06 
6« 


Not  tons 
(ratio). 


round$. 
fl,50U   I 

1 10.  fld.  S 
I  1,  220   i 

\    1.14.5 
f     708   1 

(     .5i.) 


Not  tons 
per  milo. 


21, 818 
206, 181 
868, 640 


QroflRtnns 
per  mile. 


656, 030 


545,450 
760, 620 
837, 818 


2,143,707 


12,113,797  grosB  tons  per  mile,  costing  for  working  charges  £1,855,  cives  nor 
_  gross  ton  per  milo  for  cost  of  workinKexiHUisos...  ,  feives  per 


-.=  ..„         '^       - ig  expenses 0  207f5/i 

n'^nw^'"*""  *"""  P.®"" '"*'*'  paBSongers,  yielding  gross  receipts  £1,500,  givM 
groSfVorperrile^f-.T  ^™'*  '^'^'^^"    Working  expenses  per 

""•■•  ••••••  •«•>••  •■•■■•  •*•■•■  U»  (^U ID 


7rn  ro?®*  ®»rning8  passenger  traffic  per  gross  ton  per  mile  (68i  per  cent.). ..  0  4524 
760,529  gross  tons  per  mile  goods  yielding  gross  receipts  £1,220  gives  0.  & 


— -  miir  *'°°  ^^'  ""'^^  ^°'"  ^™^*  receipts.    Working"  expenses  per  gross  Yon 


per 


0. 2076 


oo^  Qii^     earnings  goods  traffic  per  gross  ton  per  mile  (46  per  cent.) 0  1776 

837,81S  gross  tons  per  mile  minerals,  yielding  gross  receipts  £768,  gives  0.22<?. 
per  gross  ton  per  mile  for  gross  receipts.  Working  expenses  per  gross  ton 
^^^  ™"® 0.2076 


Net  earnings  mineral  traffic  per  gross  ton  per  mile  (5.3-5  per  cent.).. .  0. 0124. 

The  tare  was  obtained  as  set  forth  below,  and  represents  proportion 

dead  weight  to  paying  load,  and  is  noted  as  a  percentage  of  the  gross 

Passenger  fare.— Royal  Commission  on  Eailway  Accidents,  1877,  re- 
port, averaging  weights  and  number  of  seats  in  a  London  and  North- 
western, a  Great  Northern  and  a  Midland  train  as  reported,  and  allow- 
ing one  seat  in  4  to  be  occupied  (the  known  French  proportion)  Fives 
passenger  tare  96  per  cent,  of  gross  load. 

Merchandise  fare.— The  mean  merchandise  tare  of  railways  cited  in 
lable  2  (Indian,  French,  England,  etc.),  in  each  of  which  this  is  defi- 
nitely ascertained. 

*ilfinem?fam— Weights  and  capacities  of  best  types  of  mineral 
^'T^??,?"  .^^^^^  ^^^  Northwestern  ;  Northeastern:  Great  Northern 
and  Midland  Railways,  mean  of  the.«e  wagons,  if  full,  contains  1  ton  12 
cwt.  3  qrs.  of  coal  to  1  ton  of  tare,  which  return  of  empty  waffons  in- 
creases to  2  tons  of  tare  J  or  66  tare  to  44  net=56  per  cent,  of  gross 

Mr.  Morton,  of  Fellows,  Morton  &  Co.,  railway  and  canal  carriers,  of 
•  This  proportion  more  accurately  stated  is  55  tare,  45  net. 


i 


CANALS    IN   THE    UNITED    KINGDOM.  '  213 

Wolvorhampton,  in  1883  testified  that  his  (Ir.ri  owned  ralhviv  waLm,.- 

ply  to  such  distJincea  as  are  found  in  thn  TTnif«*i  Mf«f!!     i  Y  .!  },  *l^* 
Jbow  Ijow  crowded  traOlo  au^tt  coteS  Klay^^^^  1,"  ,1  lit'  ,mw 

ej;!f;rtS.t"e'd''a1';7raX"''MrBtJnXI^^^^^^^^^ 
bisopluiou  tliatwith  proper  depth  ami  suprv  of  water  .'niaf^^^^^^^^^ 
ceulduudoubtedly  compete  withVailroads'^K'ors.alX^e^^^^^^ 

?h'rctrciVdrerf  r^^fiti^^^^^^ 

rlTaj-t^?— S=r-a^^^^^ 
were  two  weeks  behind.    Goods,  said  Mr  Cth'olo mew  TcetecMf^ 
Arie  and  Oalder  at  6  p.  m.  at  Leeds,  were  delivered  in  Hull  at  11  a  m 
f^  '}^li  n«^^'°?^'i"^""^  ^«for«  t»ie  railway.  ^    ^  "*•  "* 

in  188d  Mr.  E.  J.  Lloyd  stated  that  no  uniform  princinle  in  valnafinn 
of  canals  for  taxation  obtained  in  England;  soniewTre  valued  at  van^ 
of  adjacent  laud,  area  of  water  being  taken'like  a  simiLr  area  of  a^^^^^^ 

lERIOATING  CANALS. 

s'lkTih^rSl*''  *^®  nso  of  irrigating  canals,  in  this  district  it  may  be 
said  that  there  are  none  in  existence  here:  and,  moreover  that  f Lr« 

towlfftnr"  ^T  ^^"^'l  ^'^Ploynent.    The'  tenclency  ot^Jte  cHmate  S 
towards  too  much  moisture,  rather  than  too  little.  t^"uiaie  is 

CONOLUDINa  EEMAEKS. 

There  seems  to  have  been  little  or  no  thought  on  the  part  ortheS 
designers  of  the  possibility,  still  less  of  the  neeessitv  nf  ninLfi 
Wnation  and  coalition.  H^lice  the  eLrmous  varfa&  t  a  Se  deS 
o  dimensions,  direction,  and  general  construction  and  tL  resulS 
hands.  "^  ''  ''"'"'^  "'""^  ^^""  development  de'manld  it  at  & 
Then  came  the  glamour  of  steam  railways.  The  imaffination  of  thn 
r«Z "!"^^  "^f  ^^^^^"*^  5  '^"^1  *^^<^  ^J^ic»»  stimulated  tWogress  of  the 

which    nH?'!'^  ^?^'5^  *^  ^'"^^^  ""'^^^^^^^  ^^^  narcotized ?he  energies 
which  until  then  had  shown  such  force  in  the  establishmentTrf  cSJ 
practically  indeed  having  done  previouslv  to  tii^  «!nT"ulSfc 
been  done  at  all.  '         — ""  "^^^"""3 

The  succeeding  partial  entry  of  the  railway  companies  upon  the  canal 


214 


CANALS   IN    TlfK    UNITED   KINGDOM. 


domnin  ami  Dm  av.qiurvmmt  by  tho8o  co.npiinies  of  tho  owt.oral.in  nr 
co„tn)l  of  short  lincH  „f  canals,  detm-hcxl  an  I  intervoninLHinks  oT  L«r 
routes,  was  toOwed  by  a  natural  oniiNPniwu,....      iV.;i  '^  .    ■      ^"*^ 

tiou,  Which  neither  ^e^ltucnUHy  luuir^r  ^kicX^S.^; veJ^ 
foiL"' wrf "  '•'^''  'J  '""V'  -t'-onunon  r.Ju^  with  tL  S  ,    «  U 
loi  Its  own  hand,  nor  does  itsouuil  unlikely  when  witnesses  t.stifvM.uJ 

pani:;i;s;.trvi^';!;!;^';:^i  o?'fciSm*"  "'^^'  '"^  '^^'-'"^ 

1  rom  this  state  of  thiuffs  has  <!onio  about  "  a  decreasing'  loir  "  as  wn« 
clmrKud  against  the  honest  Falst.tr  in  his  dec^m  Tveurs  fi^u   u-^lo 

tnat,  as  a  whole,  tho  canal  system  of  Great  Hrii-iin  imu  r^f  , 'r'*"*^'** 
been  in  a  rather  lamentable  keeping  '    "  ^'''*  ""^  '"^"  ^  ^'"''« 

li  J^"*Ti?o1  *'P"'V'^'""  •>  *  uecessary  one  tho  facts  do  not  seem  to  estab- 

gent  e.  erJy  will  s^T''"h"""'  '^'''''^''}  "'^naffement,  and  JLTot"  iS  ! 
fctnc  energy  will  suUlciently  account  for  the  nresonf  Hfin,a     rn,,    ■ 

point  to  a  change,  and  a  chLge  largely  and'  dSd'^  tbr  t.fe  be'lfer' 

F.   U.   WiGFALL, 

United  States  Oonsttlate,  Consul. 

Leeds,  February  14,  1890. 


^ 


He    I, 


■i 


FALMOUTH. 
REPORT  liY  OONSUL  FOX. 


United  States  Consuls  "'is, 

Falmouth,  September  3, 1889. 


Howard  Fox, 
Consul. 


i 


LIVERPOOL. 

REPORT  liY  CONSUL  HIIERMAN. 

THE  LIVERPOOL   CANALS. 

.  -i-  ouip  v..u{ai,  lunuerlj  mc  bnuge water (Jaual. 


'ii 


4 


CANALS   IN    THE    UNITED    KINGDOM. 


215 


Thi  S  .      ;  •        "  o«k  gat«8  aro  of  cltii,  oak,  or  teak  wood. 
h«»if  Shropshire  Uuion  Canals  am.rd  the  Hhortest  an.l  best  canal  route 
between  the  Mersey  and  Soutli  StartordHhireaud  BirnnnKhan    ron  (is 
Uicts,  and  the  only  water  route  between  that  river  and  Shro oshir    .iml 

C.u.a  at  Middlewich,  and  thus  provide  water  co.nniunication  between 
the  Shropshire  Union  system  an.l  North  and  South  Staflbidsh  re  an  I 

/«^  rf"'!'*'''?!'  '^"^  Manchester  districts;    (See  ,nap  atei'ed  1'. 

fl)  Chester  Canal,  between  the  river  iJee  at  Chester  and  Nantwich 
a^amtance  of  20  u.iles,  the  statutory  authority  for  winch  was  giveuiu 

{b)  The  Ellesmero  Canal,  from  Carreghofa  in  Montgomeryshire  where 
it  joins  the  Montgomeryshire  Ca.ial,  t.»  Uurleston  in  C Ere  whereat 
joins  the  Chester  Canal,  with  a  branch  Iron,  the  Dee  at  01  es  eT  to  the 

in  1?93  ?Ki!J  ^^^T''^  ^Y^  ^J'^  a«t  of  Parliament  Sg  granted 
m  179.3,  the  distance  traversed  covers  80  miles. 

(c)  The  Birmingham  and  Liverpool  Canal,  from  Autherlv  n,  nni„f  «f 

rfZ:''}'  "f  ^^'^?"*?  ""'  W;>rchoster(3anrnot;;Wol^^;^.i^^ 

to  Nantwich  where  it  loius  the  Chester  Canal,  with  a  branch  to  tl  e 

eiveirhnHi^T*  f  ?'"''^"''-^  -^"V'^'""-    ^"t^«"ty  for  conduct  ia 
^    S   m  ^^^^ '  ^'*^  distance  covered  being  53  miles. 

(d)  The  Montgomeryshire  Canals,  from  Correghofa  {where  the  Elles- 

The  ;rhoHt'v7nV?K  "^'"^"-"^ '^""^^^ 
25  miJes.  ^  '  '"'''  ^'''^"  '"  ^^'•^*-    "^^'^  ^^^^ance  covered  is 

(e)  The  Shrewsbury  Canal,  from  Wombridgeto  Shrewsbury  in  Shroo- 
belng22  mUes  "^  "'^'"''  """^  ^'""'"^  '"'^'' '  ^'^^  ^Sce  covered 
Comp\fytthiye'^:i846-'^''  "^'^  '^^"'^  ^"'^  ^^'^  ^^^^^^^^^^^  ^-'^n 

is  ISoutToe'S.  "'  *''  "'"'"'  '"""^'  '"""^"«  ^^^  ^^'^P^^y'^  «y«tem 
The  canal  from  Nantwich  to  EUesmere  Port  (its  terminus),  where  it 

frr4o'tn?o^^''''^'''\*'^"''^"''«  1^^««  "«'^^«r«  and  flats^IrryTng 
from  40  to  CO  tons,  and  such  craft  are  constantly  employed  upon  it 

carrv  flo^n  iTtn-m  ^^'^  system  narrow  boats  7  feet  wide  Le  useS"which 
carry  from  18  to  30  tons,  according  to  the  depth  of  water.  The  denth 
of  water  varies  from  3  feet  to  4  feet  6  inches.  ^ 

The  locks  on  the  canal  from  Chester  up  to  Nantwich  are  broau  and 

THE  TRAFFIC. 

The  canal  between  Chester  and  Nantwich  was  intended  for  the  con- 
veyance of  coals  and  general  merchandise  to  what  was  at  that  ti7ne  ti^e 

commifiH«.'T'4'^"  i"  Cheshire,  and  for  bringing  down  sSidothe? 
commodities  to  Chester  lor  shipment  on  the  rivAr  Dp«  Tho^^  ic  „*.-ii 
a  connection  with  the  river  Dee,  but  the  traflic  between  these  points 'is' 


'¥  iJ 


ri  _ 


*.f 


216 


,1  - 


CANALS  IN   THE   UNITED   KINGDOM. 


The  imported  tvaZVm^ZoTfitZ^^-^^^^^ 
merchandise  foi  inland  SuLtion'flLT^^''' ^*'°'.a"d  general 

ore  and  pig-iron  brought  into  SlerePn^^^^  quantities  of  iron 

clay  and  flints  from  the  wes?  rS-  T?nSt  i  ^  57  coasting  vessels,  and 
tare  of  earthenwar^  in  the  pottertes^         ''''^  ^'*"""  ^^^  <^^«  ^^^'^f^ 

tertei'SSif  rcXrl'i^"""  *^^  ^^^'^  Staffordshire  pot- 
by  the  compan^Tsikel^rnt  E^^^^  being  proviS^d 
Longton,  and  Tunstall  wIibpb  mSJ?.  „„  'i  '"^J  Burslem,  Longport, 
factureri  aj  they  arf  S5  «^5'^,'„r^5"f^^  ^7,^  '"""  '"«  "»">'' 

until  it  i8  deliveST„ogaWe8h?oi,  r^'r'-''  '"«'!l«d  to  ttei?  team, 

miles  fmmSpo'C^"ere  thOT  £  ha™  ^"''r"*  ^<"-'  '«'»»'«  » 
commodation,  fitted  i'r  ^ith  allihe  mnil  .^L^'^  '"T  ""ekouae  ac- 

EI&?&?„Tri;SL-tr 5~^  »'«'  -^  ->et.eea 
additioo  to  towing  t^,rZTto^ffS.',  fXl^Totr  """^  "*'«»'  '» 

horses  belong  to  the  company  °*"'*' ''"'  ">«  ^"Ik  of  the 

and  timber.    This  ha«  been  inteSd  wM  hv^h.  °  '■',""'' '"'"'''  ^'""^ 
^JerKS'*''  »"«'",  ■"""yPltrraTal^^nJside''''™^'  ""'""  •"" 

the  trafflc  conveyed  by  local  traders  StoAordshire,  in  addition  to 

paS''"U^.?eSt'to1hirt^7^UT;le'°«^^^^  -^  *-^-.  -"^o 
ififtnf,     «;..««  *t.!n.  X.  °  _  ",  ^""  ^'*''*^^  "xea  by  the  various  anta  «f  t>„„ij„ 

Se-greaterpoSn'rtirrtSTnV^I^rSbJSr'^ 


> 

z 

m 

s 

CD 
> 

Z 

m 

z 

H 

o 

z 


PI 


n 

m 

-< 


> 

z 

m 

s 

CD 
> 

Z 

m 

z 


o 

z 


I 


n 

m 

-< 


m 


% 


f^ 


t-; 


CANALS   IN   THE   UNITED   KINGDOM. 
GENEBAL  MANAGEMENT. 


217 


eagf^rX^^^^^^^  intrusted  tea  paid 

staff  of  bank-teuders  Ckmen  'and^  1^^^^^^^        '"spectors,  and  a  Urge 

?:  tS^aSf  nzztea  'c:  ^^^^  ^.^-  ^"^-s. 

•mch  town  of  importance  the  companv  h^«  «"  ^f  ^^«*^f  «f  officers.  In 
see  that  a  share  of  the.traffic^7the^nrhbo?S  '  ^  -"  ^"*^^'  ''  *« 
company  to  see  to  the  loading  SruiCdinl  "l  f  °^*^'°^^  ^'^^^  ^he 
goods,  collection  of  accounts  etc  '^^^oaaiug  of  boats,  delivery  of 

greater  iaXSfinftan?e'^fe„ifJT^^^i^««^  must  be  aa  mwnh 

andafterwardspoteotedbyrraTeloreaTth  a?«^^       and  bottom  puddle  bein^p^t  in 

.Where  there  la  extra  embfnkmin'^fi^i'k^f.^!^"^"  ^y  the  transverse  sectZ^Vn  o"" 

>^ert°rr.reX*,Lrnar^^^^ 

««diB  -tentiveof  watern^hHCLrartoTLlTll  uiTtU^b'o^^^    ''f  .*^«  -*«-i 

•*y  put  lu  either  bottom  and  side  puddles, 


■iki 


218 


CANALS   IN   THE   UNITED   KINGDOM. 


ol^ps^llXTZ^^^^^^^  -y  '^-g  "P  vertical  side  puddles 

tbSK;iroVr{rwi:i*Sh^^  »-*  ?«  sloped  up  from 

last  S:rcr*itd  orthe'to w S'lt'at'h^sldV  btlt i  bencffA  f/  T ^'j  '""«*  ^'^  «^«P«'^  ^^^ 
the  level  of  top  bank  on  the  off  side  of  t)  «  n«n!?^  ^/^t*^"®*  '^•"'^  "'»«*  »^«  made  at 
puddle  as  sho^n  as  by  tIoZ^.:itrse  ictioS ' 6  "''"  *"  *-"'  '"  ^'^^  «''^«  ^'°'"S  «- 
mS\ttltrd*L?c^:^^  earth  below 

f LYefolt  ?  ^JTra^e^  rho-riVtrF^^^^^^  "it^^pri^^^^^^ 

then^tobecarrie^dnTtrtJ^^^^^ 

be^l^roughTwVrled  TZ'rse^iXZatlT  "i'''''  T'  S^^^'  *'"^  "'-* 
finished,  perfectly  water-iight  exceeding  6  mches  each,  so  as  to  be,  when 

separately  from  the  rest  of  the  eTthwork  ^^  working  of  the  puddles 

stated!  thTioeSt"SL*roSSe^a\t'^^^^^^^  ''  '^f^'^'^on  are  not  separately 

^v.Sa'dtnnir'^^^^^^^ 

the^£T?f  Th«*;r^*^''T,^^.^*"«  ^^«  «ft«"  constructed  to  protect 

?n  caL.   ^'  ''''''  "'"  constructed  with  their  ?ops  flush  wTtS  top  wtter 
Let-offs --In  order  that  the  water  may  be  drained  from  anv  narf  ^f 
llu^Xf  ^r  ,^«Pf  ^\«r  cleansing  let-oft^  or  sluice- valveHhTch  cai  be 
opened  and  closed  when  required  are  provided  at  short  inrervais 

TOWING  PATH, 
cinders,  etc.         "  •■  *"ra(  (iimeotoucucbns),  tuiiiaco 


t 
I 

t 

a 


t( 

m 


illl 


CANALS   IN   THE    UNITED   KINGDOil. 


219 


and 


i 


LOCKS. 

The  loots  are  constructed  of  brickwork  nr  maa«r,^^     t 
upper  id  lower  L^Tof  tbe  t^^l  7JS%Z%  'to  St  ''^"'"■'  ""' 

LOCK  GATES. 

gates  have  been  constructed  of  cast-iron  ^  ^^  *^®  ^^"^^ 

boats  descending  draw  up  the  eiZtv  lEa'    tv.^      -^^^  '^^'^  ^°'^'**^^1 

CONSTRUCTION. 

1772,  and  the  canal  was  completed  in  1776       ■  ^      ^  "  ^» 

^»mtnfif/mw  an<i  ieWj^oor  Ca«aZ.^CommeLed  iriU«  I'n  i 
pleted  in  1834  or  1835  '^ommencea  in  18J8  and  com- 

nifinoHd  in  181  n  :?,?... J!'^Jt/^?°^  .^.^I^hmyl  to  Newtown,  was  com- 


220 


CANiLS   IN   THE    UNITED    KINGDOM. 


A  abort  length  of  this  canal,  between  Trench  and  Dormin.rf^«  ^     • 
existence  prior  to  the  above  dates        ■^'*'"*'"  *«<*  uormington,  was  m 

Mmiewich  Branch.-The  canal"  from  the  Ellesmere  Danai  «f   « 
bridge  nearNantwich  to  the  Trent  and  Merl^ev  fWl  «?  m- i  n   ^.*^' 
was  cornmencedu,  1827  and  compTeteS  aboutlS^s?  "^^  ^'  Muldlewich 

MISCELLANEOUS  STATISTICS. 

al":'  ""'*'°"'  ■■'"*'  "'  '»"  '"  ^  <="»'««»  »"  a^ed  by  the  various 

acta  h1ve"b^Er*WnS  t't'lferrt"a^Tf  .'?f  ^  "1"  "™  ^-''^i"' 
gaHou  and  also  for  thrconstrlcK  of^»L'^f^„r'^^^ 

tS^  S™"  P?"'  '?  **'-^  '■"«'  ^l'"™  the  ordnance  datnm 
caS^^='orere^T4:nXunnS5*atf''?"««^^ 

Place  the  tolls  so  high  a.  prac«cry"rdri.e'alUrt  i  t'^TCSs""" 

CANALS  VS.  RAIL\^AYS. 

r^^'i?fzz:rzi%7^^^^^^  -ruction  of 

perform  quicker  deliveries      SSha?!!^.    *^^  railways  being  able  to 
time  allows  of  as  quS  deliverv  as  r^^^  ^''t''^^  ^'  ^^^^^ 

be  conveyed  is  sufficient  to  mv«r«f,Jn^7.^^'  ^"'i  ^J'*""  *^«  *^afflc  to 

maintainfng  two' modefof'c'on'v^yrnl^^^^^^^^^ 

formidable  competitor  to  them  ^tTh  fo'i.^  ^u  •         ^^?  ^^^^  ^^  ^^t  as  a 

cost  of  tran«nnrh!"'n  ^^  *^^°''  ^°^  ^^"^^  ^^^'^  P^rt  m  cheapening  the 

There  is  no  doubt  that  canals  have  exercised  a  powerful  influence  not 


< 

z 
< 
o 

o 

D 
Q 


Z 

o 

I- 
o 
llJ 

CO 


I 


'«v5 


-W 


CANALS   IN  THE   UNITED   KINGDOM.  221 

is  quite  impo88iblerhoweve?  to  ifv«^^^^  '^^^'^  routes.    It 

V^p:^::ilTr:^;:X''^^^^^^  the'Spod  Post,  news. 

LiJ^erpool  an/Znchester      °«^  ^^  ««»r8e  of  construction  between 


United  States  Consulate, 

Liverjaool,  February  25, 1890. 


Thos.  H.  Sheeman, 

Consul. 


■' 


t 


[First  article.  I 

/ 
MANCHESTER  SHIP  CANAL. 

reals  tlTrawUn>^^^^^^^^^^^^^  iV"'^"^-  ^«  of -teres*  to  onr 

that  a«  the  year  wears^ou&urtherJrowtUofThl^i^^^^^  Ship  CanJl,  " 

tion  nearest  to  Liverpool,  aud  therefor«  oT  fT.^  .  ^°I^  '"''^  ^«  marked.  The  sec- 
eection,  extending  almost  fn  a  tS  line  ftom  tfa^ntrV"^^^  '«  *'^«  E'^^'h'™ 
the  Inoe  section  begins.  Jn  one  sense  thn  Fp.t^„  l-^  ''.°®  *."  EUosmere  Port,  where 
?? •  «°«''^T*«°'' «« J^«™  a^e  the  great  loekJdiite.^'hi'"""  '?  ^^^  ""«*  important  of 
1 18  hoped  by  the  promoters  the  sE  will  enW  3  nil*"*"/'  ^''?'°.*,'^«  "^e^'  '"^hence 
locks  here  are  larger  than  anywhere  eTJe  on  tL.  P^^^^  up  to  Manchester.  The 
gether  with  the  building  of  Kuvertasla^el^^^^  ^^t  obstruction,  to- 

as  they  are  one  of  the  most  expSe  bit^  nf  'w-l^.f ««'  T  *•>«  "»«*  interest  ng, 
amount  of  material  employed  isCShin^stnnrH  J  ^^^"^Shont  the  system,  The 
vastness  can  be  convoyed  bvmor7f^nrl^^  stupeudous,  and  no  idea  of  the  canal's 
where  the  locks  are  inZiJs^e  of  erecf  on  is  over  WolT,'  '^  ""^  '^^  *.^**  *he  cuttrng 
deep,  a  very  bald  idea  is  oonveyedY  an  idea  howevJr  w^^T''  *"u*  °«^'^y  ^0  feet 
conveyed  by  the  statement  that  there  are  nrohlfJnAf^'"^  """^.^^  "'"''e  strongly 
kingdom  w&o  could  throw  a  ball  from  bankt^S/b^o^K  ^Tx®  "^  cricketers  in  the 
cubic  yards  of  clay  and  soft  materiaUnd  7^0^. n^-,  ^he  statement  that  3,000,000 
vated  is  very  iraposinsr  b.Tin«<  o=  'i'.*^"'^'°  ^^''^^s  of  rock  have  been  eica 
6,000,000  tons'^of  maSl  havi  altot^tC  ?'°^  *"  ''  **»«  ^"'^^^^  statement  that 
Ellesmere  Port.  But  proieriVto  i pSiate  thT  ^IT"^'^  .^f .'^^^"^  ^»«tl>*"  «nd 
seen,  with  the  laborers  crawlin."«i,nnf  »T^    the  greatness  of  the  work  it  must  be 

Jt^r^°^^1'^'°«  ^-^^  *-"Ssaf  ateTarthl  earth  tt^K"  °^ ^^'  '^''^''  *•>« ^t««™ 
graBien  8,  the  cranes  noisily  hauling  great  bl2i^;,fr!J°''Tt'^^'  P"®°S  »P  steep 
aUseemingly  at  a  level  far Llowth^e Ordinary  surfac^^^^^  sandstone  to  mid-air,  and 

THB  NEW  EASTHAM. 

tbXXtdTaT*o?t£^^^^^^^^  been  run  along  in  a  line  witb 

been  poshed  seaward  as  the  bauRas  g7own  Sfl  tf«  rf'  '^"^  *r.r«  ""^'^^'^  ^^ 
croachedon  that  cement-laden  flats  and  ftC  sm  uf  L  i  '^*'''  '^^^^^  ^^^  ^^^i  so  en- 
s,de  and  discharge  their  cargo  at  the  artmcialTanl  Th''  ^"^  f""^  *^^«  *»  ^»"  alo°g- 
Sally  "  and  archery  have  given  nlace  to Vh«  L.  .  "  P?  one-time  glories  of  "Aunt 
once  whirled  the  "three  stacks  a  X^'^^eftbSkf^^^^^  of  engineering.  Whe?e 
twang  of  the  bow-string  is  supJS  bv^the  rnHi„  V^  ^^*°'*®  ''"^  ^«P08«-  and  the 
locomotive.  Beyond  Elstham,  thrione  Jrassv  nli^l  ZT^  *"*..**^«  «'^"«k  of  the 
neers  were  wont  to  hold  their  annual  camDnnl^«M  ^^«''«on  the  Cheshire  engi- 
mentof  workmen,  a  double  row  orwhosSTooZSl?  "''™  jPermanent  encamp- 
The  houses,  generally  speaking,  areTSTtS  kenf  «„  J"''^- 11'^^  *  ^^"S*'^^  street, 
evidences  of  the  most  careful  tidiness  LatfttW',.*^'' °«*^^'"  «^®°  displaying 
bell.shing  the  windows.  Many  of  the  houses  hiv«  nn^t^'°'V  ^TT.^  *°^  plants  em- 
thegoodman  or  eoodwife  nrnhahit^»o  ,.®  ^"^'te  a  stock  of  fowls,  from  whioh 

road  down  to  theST  Lff  ^KorVXhel'^^^^^^^^^^       '''°°^*' .  f  ■""^  *b«  Easthlm 

Who  has  the  entire  Charge  and  contri'a:rk%f  thi  SLTsSn  ^f^^^^^^ 


'.f-  -l-: 


222 


CANALS   IN   THE   UNITED    KINGDOM. 


fni^alSliSrdlaJeV;^^^  to,  forn-non.  the  hotter  oIa,«  hnild 

ball  club  has  been  forined,  und  a  cm^Sl  t,,S  m"'*''':  l''*''""™  '""^  robustly,  rf"ot 

ue  Bitnnted  altnost  wh«ie  the  nreseiif  nofi,r..r  i.-  i  y'*'^*'^.     Tho  outer  bank  hero  will 
?e±'  T.^"'.""::'  «<'»«'''*1  '•"bl^e  S,o7    n  bvtf;'"'''*"'"  """'^ '«  '•'"'^"  by  a  Ih.Tof 

lipiiisiiPisii 

learii  from  Mr.  Lawsoii,  foremanVSe     ',;?"»'''"«•  »"''  "■»  "s  »»(  enrpriae.l  to 

,*?„^  P';««?"/«  '«  «trongo8t.  the  ..peLtZ,  ^ffii°**?,'":"^J'>«  gat«:    At  the  bottom,  wheJe 


botter  class  bnild- 
aboiit  400 poisons; 
•  by  tlio  niannj[orH, 
II  beinifof  theiu.m 
B  robustly,  a  foot- 
the  groniul  beinir 
It  a  woll-beliavod 
iine  of  it.  Turn- 
iiiliar  with  tho  old 
lof'.  the  longlovel 

8'..ge,  being  c«r- 
i  forces  had  inain- 
,  gradnally  sloites 
Sana),  the  distance 
or  bank  hero  will 
ho  WD  by  a  lino  of 
this  it  will  be  un- 
ftud  at  its  mouth 
iggest  lock  of  the 
rand  the  farthest 
to  the  distance  of 
sandstone  upon  a 
irfaco  calculated 

0  dashed  upon  it 
equate  for  the  re- 
le  lock  gates  ont 
this  channel  silt- 
Ity  dredgers  will 

'i'lg  is  furnished 
the  level  of  the 

of  the  canal,  we 

1  ontermost  por- 
our  attention  to 
ee  locks,  the  en- 

r. 

lot  surprised  to 
'le  sawyers  and 
m  are  engaged 
mirs  o  ■  gates— 
ther  pair.    The 
?ates  open  sea- 
[■ds,  they  being 
resisting  power 
used  once  in  a 
on  of  the  inner 
isary  to  repair 
IS  alFaira,  each 
» total  for  the 
I  greenheart,  a 

nonshrlnking 
of  the  texture 
•f  the  material 
;e8,  it  must  be 
,  and  tho  four 
Ls  tho  80-foot 

Every  leaf  is 
18  running  the 
)ottora,  where 
ite  rises  it  is 
•eing  boarded 
he  miter  post 
I  that  a  curve 
ig,  the  width 
me  thickness 
come  in  each 
iches  square: 
h,  space  of  13 
inches,  space 
]  nches.  nrt^;^.'^ 
1  firmly  iaoi> 


11 


i 


I 


Ki 


*?j*  -i^-.^aiifiRjs.^ 


hi' 


h  '  I 

"ii 


CANALS   IN   THE    UNITED   KINGDOM. 


^    223 


z 
o 
p 
o 

tr 


O 

o 

u. 

o 

U) 

o> 
HI 

IT 
O 

o 

0. 


o 

o 


< 

I 
I- 

< 


^ 


i^£!lS3;^HSBf s  '-i"  ^r  ^-  ^^^- 

steel,  and  will  work  upon  a8teoT«ivoVwPn«.  *  f  *"^''^",*^:  ^'^'^  '"^«^  *«  «l"«»  with 
in  which  a  steel  collar  w  11  euerrde^f'  tS,  h««? ^'*"t'^  """  ^^  ^'"'"^ '"  "'«  .nasonry, 
each  being  a  Holi.l  beam  of  6  to  ,8  5  c  wt  ^^if«  t  .f' •?  ^""^  ponderous  pieces  of  wood 
and  the  section  posts-^ach  of  Xcrc3\mTii  of  w  1^^'  P"",*?  ^eigh  6  tons  15  cwt. 
each  10  tons  15  cwt.  From  the  ton  of  ?h«  hi?!  ?  *  ^!?™^  ^^^  '"•''^«»  square- weigh 
is  a  steel  strap,  sTnches  w  df by  U  inc  ,es Sk^  r.  n ^  ^"''*  of  themiter  postthire 
and  this  may  be  adjusted  £  vSoLTetTonstcTn'^'?.!^  '^Zl^^  «^^« ^V^^r*"^,' 
servo  to  equal  ze  the  weieht  to  somn  nvtmli-  if  ifi^  °  tne  gate  firmly,  and  it  also  will 
strain,  the  continnancrof  which  rrainfnl'nh  ^'"^  •"*  "'^  ,*°^'«  "^  *he  greatest 
the  warping  of  the  whole  slrnctureTle  ^«to«  tiln'''"'  ^ork  nVight  easily  result  in 
the  outside  posts  running  Sn  rme^al  rl^«  wn  Jo^''t'^°''''?f>  hydraulic  pressure, 
wheel  1  foot  11  inches  l^roJLt^nth«Lf„f7v^^  ^  ^r*ill.'^"^?'''  ^^^^^  ^^''"S  »  steel 
something  similar  to  the  ha  1  ^earin^rs  "?^^^^^^^^  ^"',V  ^^'^  "^^^^^ ''»« ''«"«'■  bearings 
wheel  being  substituted  fo?Llls  and  wh^^^^^^^  *»»«  length  of  the 

inside  the  wheel,  b     do  not  com;  af  faT  Sh?« M'^l'i^''^''  ^'♦f«''«°««  that  the  rollers  are 

je..font^heberg^s\rt,^\?tLl^ 

po2.iWrcl'ti^I'git\"Vit'to3^^  ?(*''«  e^*««  was  sufficient  for  all 

down  the  frontOTuhe  outer  eaten  ro?B"?or'\r^'^^^  sure,  vertical  fenders  are  run 
12  inches  by  9  inches,  and  ?ortKo-foota.S  4  f  P',*  *l^'"«  greenheart  beams 
inches.  The  entire  strucLre  is  bo  ted  toZ, L  tin''  .  "  beams  of  12  inches  by  6 
and  li  inches  in  diameter.  The  KS  an^d  30  fo^/ «\7rl'*''^^^''^''  ^"'*«  "^  1*  *»«he8 
same  height  as  those  already  described  hltlflZ,  ™  "5"*  i"T^^  ^ates  are  of  the 
are  10  feet  9  inches  lessTn  height  the  waer In  fu.7T  ?°^  "^*1'^J«'='^«  »"  *he  gates 
while  the  genera]  depth  of  tbrcana?  X™  fi  ^  locks  being  36  feet  9  inches  deep, 
smaller  gates  can  be  made  to  serve  In  Slln^  ?'Hfn  1?  ""'^  ^^  ^««*.  ^^d  therefore 
30.foot  gates  are  2  feeT2?inches  Across  the°ton„ftt^T*  ^'***''  ^^'^  ^  ^««*'  ''"'^  th« 
be  constructed  for  the  convenience  of  thos?LX.^^  lower  gates  a  footway  will 
In  the  gate-honse  mucrprogres"  Ls  be^Tmadf  w?^  ^^J'  "*°*^  ^*  theioint. 

gates  being  finished,  also  one  pair  of  tS  wt.T  ^^^  work,  one  pair  of  SO-foot 
rapidly  approaching  completioT  When  read vCr*"  ^^''  "{."'«  ^?-^°«*  g*t««  «"•« 
to  be  afterwards  taken  apart  °n  secHons  S  *i^«gat«»arepnt  together  in  the  shed, 
Along  the  sides  of  the  she^a  trolley  way  about  12  fi«f  T'""  Pf^™^«*'°t  positions! 
erected,  upon  which  runs  the  lanre  oran  J'„««^  L!  ^  •  ^"""lu  *''®  ground,  has  been 
and  after  dark  the  place  is  lighted  by  electricitv  Zr^fS'  weighty  logs  about, 
shows  splendid  grain,  and  is  of  a  rich  dark  3;  ^ome  of  the  wood  being  worked 
mental  woods.  The  chips  ft-om  the  shed  «,J  1^1'  ?«««•" Wi eg  olive  and  other  orua- 
logs  are  roughed  out  are  utiS  for  laviL  on  fS,  r^"^^^  ^'Ti^^  «''^P'*«  ^^ere  the 
better  and  cteaner  road  than  fny  other^^Kr  m^^^^^^^^  ^""^  '""'^  «™  «*'^  *«  ^'^^^  » 

[Second  article.) 
PROGUESS   OP  THE   CANAL. 

the  Eastham  section,  and  are  indeed  one  of  Hmnlfn;-     i        ^^'^  the  main  works  on 
being  larger,  stronger,  and  deeSerS^^^^^ 

leaving  Eastham  are  those  at  Latchford  XrSaw  w   nn7^    ^'''^^  ^''/^^^  "^*«'^ 
ft  necessity  that  from  Eastham  to  LatchfoVd  t  o  W^^^^  "f  ''"•""•'  '*  ^"""*«  »« 

an  advantage  of  having  so  lon<r  a  sePHnn    „vV  L  f7     "^  *^^  ^''^•''"  '«  »*  «»«  height, 
M>ay  be  ntilT/.edto  "iZ  up  for%vater  Z  i"  wtS.5^  ^T^  *aV*^*.^"  ^'^^^  ««^ 

at  spring  tides  the  outer  and  in^r  uates  i.    v  Wl    il  Lf     ""Y'    J^l"*  '"  *"  ^a^'  *''at 
Mersey  will  tlow  in  raisins  th,,lAviinff^  ^      i     "^^  "P^ned  and  the  waters  of  the 

n.aki„i.  it  in  a  Llall  degS  a  tiia  i  vl^^^'^d  t LfrJurd'^"^^  *"  Latchford,  thus 

servici*   fnr  »""r"  +:.>.-  M  -  !  **  ""f  n  vor.     anci  tills  Will  doubtless  prove  of  lu,  IjhIa 

vastquantiiy  of  w;t;;i8  ttoi^H^^^^^^^^^^  fT  ^"T^'"^'  '^  vessel  into  therivVr  a 

orthe^gener/uystem!"^£"aJ^"Sl^e^^S,*o7Srtt^ 


0^' 


224 


CANALS  IN  THE   UNITED   KINGDOM. 


X 


ir 

^^^^B  ^   J 

^tjl 


tnte  the  ent.'re  breadth  of  tbf  en?  K  that 'pSfnl  Fil^tW  *.^  ^^^  """^^^  ««°«t^ 
ward  side  an  arm  of  the  canal  run K  down  th«  «i«i«  «f  +1^',*^*''®,"  °°  ^^^  land- 

hand  and  the  groat  embanffent  of  th^caZ  on  ZothL*^^^^  .°°  *^«  »»« 

by  a  dam  very  slightly  above  the  ordinarrievel  of  tl,«  wnf'»^^  ?"•"u*^  i'®^"»  ^«f™ed 

has  been  constructed  in  accordaLe  w.Tthe  demLds  o^  *  -  ^^^^  ''^^  -  ^*''" 
required  that  none  of  the  tidal  water  shon Id  h«^«f^„n^-  *^«™«y  anthorities,  who 
method  adopted  of  leaving  this  dam  to  act  L-  an  ovlTw  i?l  the  canal,  and  by  the 
certain  height  ships  may  be  paLed  in  or  oiit  l*f V«T  ^  7*1®"  ^^^.  ^**«''  "aches  a 
may  also  be  passed  out  when  the  ttde  hi  re^^^^^^^  «f  the  tide.    Thev 

the  proper  level  is  reached.  If  there  wwe  no  overflow  III  i^T  '^  ^i"  continue  tifl 
closed  just  before  the  turn  of  the  tide  nn^^iZtu^  the  locks  would  be  affected  if 
little  time  in  workinrthy^vesseTs  in  aid  oat  Th«*^^^^^^^  ^^  experienced  for  some 
wide ;  then  comes  thi  wall  or  p  attbrm  dSinI  if  "^^'^Ao^  raceway  or  arm  is  59  teet 
this  platform  being  35  feet  9  inffis  On  7hf-  o!  *  ^1^°"  **^''  ^"""^^  ^°°'^'  ^^^  ^idth  of 
ringLts  and  othef  applia„Ls  neces8a?y  i^^^^^^^  '^^'^  ^»1  be  . 

of  course  there  wrll  be  the  small  housed  «oi^Sl.*T^  ?  making  fast  a  vessel,  and 
ng  of  the  locks,  the  motive  p^werS  hydrau  kP  RevS'?,^-  ^^r"/"''  the  Work- 
lock,  80  feet;  then  the  second  Xtform^30  feet"  th^  Si^'iVH'^  PJe?^?^"  comes  the 
aet;  small  lock,  30  feet:  and  thVo.S'embSVn«nf  99f  "J  lock;  third  platform,  30 
inner  wall  of  th'e  canal  'to  the  out^r  edge  ^^htr^v^^^^^  ^  J  S  ^^^  fr"""  *he 

smaller  locks  will  be  used  whenever  nof«ihl«  t,  nl^L  *  336  feet  9  inches.    The 

as  much  as  practicable  ui  throircKtenljeT     ^''  *°  '"°°°"''^  ^^^  '°^  «^  ^»t«' 

pejfc\*i;irr^4:uT.i°a^^  l%  »  dimcmt  matter, 

At  the  upper  end  and  outsido  of  thi  i-!„i,^  ii  *®    ,   .®  ^^^^^^  understood, 

verts  or  ]a?|e  drats  runrfinding  opening Ls^^^^^^^^^  ^l°"  ""^^'^  °»1- 

similar  systim  exists,  thesluice  LeSinSo  the  riv«r  an^^A  ^"^**  *^®  ^»^«''  «»»'i  » 
insid«  the  platforms  dividing  th^locks^  For  the  «n\Mn  *^««"^e^t8  being  formed 
that  the  captain  of  avessel  cSgdownfhe  caiial  wfs^es/^  «"PP°«« 

paratively  low  state  of  tide,  the  water  in  th«  rit  J  i  of  *"*  "^c^^the  river  at  a  com- 
depth  than  the  canal.  TheVessel  having  ent' red  ?heloof  ff/^^P'  "  *?*'^°™  '««« »" 
and  then  the  slniceat  the  lower  end  is  of  ened  whin^  V.}  **»«"??«' gates  are  shut, 
the  sluice  mouth  being  lifted  nj  The  lode  watlr  r,?«h«AT  '^^  *  «»ding  door  over 
ng,  along  the  culverts  and  out  at  the  sluice  «nri  in  If  through  the  cnlvert  open- 
leve  with  the  river,  the  sluicrdoor  is  droi  an^  ^b«  1«T  ^T^^^  *^^  ^°''^  '«  ^^  » 
reaches  the  river  w  thout  any  perturbation  of  f  h«  Jf,.£**^  ^T^  ^P*'"^'^  ^^^  teasel 
Mersey.    For  vessels  enterin^^nf  ^n„^pf  l^  *''®  surface  either  of  the  lock  or  the 

higher^han  the  cTnal  level  X^^^^  and  if  the  river  be 

In  the  large  locks  are  immense  holes  fcher«  hAin^'^f  t  ^^^!^1  ^°*«™-  ^he  culvert* 
as  they  might  be  cuMed?"fe^ThiS  bv  4XtSd  TA^""^  ^'""^  ^^"^^^  doorways, 
huge  drain  Ifi  feet  high  bre  feft  St  both  tol  1°?  ,*^^^^^  open  into  a  culvert  or 
amount  of  water  which  can  nass  tlirmi^^'«„<,i,  „     ?  and  bottom  being  arched.    The 

pendens  and  even  thfgreaf lock 'r^e  lower^dferrirfeetl^f: ''  '"T.^-'^^"^  «*°- ' 
measured  by  seconds.  The  progress  madft  in  f  h«  ?«« =♦  *^*  "  *«  ^?*"®  °^  *™e  to  be 
very  satisfactory,  the  greate?Vmrunt^fworVw?nS^*''°''*'°°.  °^  .*,h«  ^«°1^  J^as  been 
which  all  the  foundationraro  iSd  and  arthJ  l7f>.^  'iT  P"*,^°  ^^^  80-foot  lock,  of 
to  the  height  of  about  21  feet  Tile  unn«r  „n/?«l^  *"  n?^®  "^^"^  h*^«  ''een  built  up 
have  been  laid,  the  culverts  are  partiaH v  buUt  Ind  hoS«,  ^^^'^  *^  ^^*««  «™  ^^^ 
are  completed.  Looking  at  the  hS,,^H  ^„i '  ^^^  ^^  ?i"'*'^  ^"'^  ''"'^"*  openings 
ume  of  water  rushing  ou^t  to  lower  the  leteTlr/ol^^^^  '1-''  °*°  ''M^*^  "^  t^e  vol- 
There  is  a  solid  foundation  of  excrete  on  Im.i?  i/  f  *^'?.f  ^«  ^"^  ^^  necessary, 
culvert,  consisting  of  two  courZ  of  har^hSi^^i?'^^  *^?  ''°**°™  arch  of  tfie 
up  of  similar  material.Tnd  therthe  nlnf  f  nrml  L.*^  ^TJ'^  T^^  ^alls  will  be  built 
concrete.  As  may  be  'seen  from  the  fflustra^fo J  ofTjf«°  ^^Vr'^"  ^'",^  ^"^d  in  with 
built  up  of  granite,  of  which  also  tiA«ni^?!l°  ^^*'^®  exit  sluices,  all  the  arches  are 

built,  t^he  inirmed'iateTj^i  beTnl  of  br  ck  and'«l°^  ^}'\b^  P'**''°™«  »™ 
tion  the  arch  of  the  culvert  may  be  seen  in  tL  miHHiT*?-  ^°  **"!  «^^°»'i  iliustra- 
the  foreground  the  bottom  of  the  culvert  wSh  ^ts  ittt  it'^r^'  *?**  '^  *^«  '"'°*«^  «f 
pictures  being  taken  from  the  great  lick  In  fh„  f,n  f^^.TH'^fu'^  'h"^°'  ^''^^  t^e 
and  the  cnlvtrt  ways  are  irprogress  Siile  n^prw  f?i  ♦if""^  *^^  «***«  «"'«  are  laid 
have  been  now  laid,  and  the  wallf&re'w^ll  fn^^  *"-?«  foundations  of  the  lock 
worked  at  so  much  K  the  ^fls  have  beJn^af J  3"    ^^"  ^.''l*^"*  ^""'^  ^^as  not  been 

continue  unci]  half  na«f  «  Y-H-bt  \    f.  '  although  m  the  various  sheds  the  men 


kH 


.r 


U, 


;{' 


a: 
O 

a. 

Ul 
QC 
LJ 

s 


LU 


< 


o 
z 

I- 

O 

< 
z 
< 
O 

Ld 

X 


If''' 


u 


O 
Q. 

UJ 

a: 

LLl 


LU 


< 


O 


=) 
O 

_] 
< 
z 
< 
O 

UJ 

X 


CANALS    IN   THE    UNITED    KINGE    M. 

[Third  article.] 


225 


Passing  from  the  looks  aud 


PKOGHK88  OF  THK   CANAL. 


Kates,  which  we  have  ^ 


which  has  heen  ma.le  with  he  exVavS^  P"!^-*^?  T^^^^  'V'^'^'"'^ '''«'  ^"""t  ProgreS 
boon  entirely  cleared  away,  nor  wi  t  betill  tl  «  S"^^»"t«'•.  «  t''o  loclshai  not  yet 
vat.ons  have  been  extended  much  L.i*uL^„^if  t'  P" '"^'''  '"""•'  '"'^  ^''^  "^^^a- 
yet  to  be  broken  down  before  the  rivAr  !^L.  I  .  f,'  '''•^v'"«  "  massive  wall  of  cl.iv 
too  is  another  work  which  w?ll  e  imJuJT.f  *'•?  P*"^-  '^'''«  ""t«ide  ch  ,m  X 
JS  that  if  it  were  carried  on  mnc^fbefor;  fhe  j^ai^w  ""'*"?'  ^**'"*'"'  P'-"l"il'ility 
rai.idly  be  choked  by  silting  sand  of  which  th^^v^rL^  'T^'^  "'«  •^'"*"»«'  would 
clear  when  the  canal  is  in  wljrki,;  order     Vvas?^?,?^^  '^''^*''  '''^^  keep  it 

niovet ,  an  will  also  sev.ral  great  bloc  ks  of  rorkMnli'^-T*'*  '°'^  ^"'  '^''^'^  *«  l^e  re- 
near  the  locks  (o  facilitate  the  wor Idnt  i?/„,?i';;'  'l"".'l'linKs,  which  have  been  left 
the  riverside  there  is  also  a  jrnn.  Tip  .  "1  cpmection  with  the  sluices  and  srates  A^ 
<liffieult  or  costly  nature  The  si  o^t  IT'"'''",^  *°  ^^  •''^"'''  I""  '^  i«  "ot  work  of  a 
canal,  i,„t  it  was  uporr^^he  o   pos  te  ,» luk  ^  ^'^Ik  along  the 

iioMce  that  the  san.lsfonedressinrw.s  ^^  to  i>^  1"?'^''  <'*r^^«''e  much  surprised  to 
overdow  to  a  pomt  abovethe  o  .^^t^rocks  thl'l^  ^"''  f'^''  I'^uk 'from  the 
the  surface  by  talcing  off  all  the  oose  cl.ay  and  seein.  Ll  tf '"^  'i"'"'^'  '^  trimming  of 
While  engaged  looking  at  the  niany  iKeVwortin  ""^  '*"!'  V^  ^'"'  '^"<'  «"lid. 
canal,  inunerous  dull  reports  remind  us  Hr^t^^^^^^^  *^"   '^""om  of  the 

and  we  make  a  move  in  that  dire^V  0,    ^'^^  further  up  there  is  .^Iso  work  goin-  on 

which  eerves  to  drain  the  cutting  Sv/ot'k'^h'L'tlT^t'  f "'  "V/'*^  g-!t'p"iunp 
hour  has  arrived,  aud  at  once  the  men  roin«  1  ?,.  ^'"^  '*^  proclaims  that  the  dinner 
ment  to  get  their  midday  me^r^S^^  J^J^^'"^' ^»o;vn  the  lines  on  the  embank- 
the  side,  and  soon  we  notice  them  c  imbin^Yn  H.^^rZ/ ^  ''!'*',"l«  "'"ke  a  move  for 
a  long  hue  of  men  following  e.ach  oL7n"roni^h,ri^'^"'''.H''"  *'*"*'^  "P  >'  >^rick, 
steps  A  little  further  on  a  grourof  ,nm.^Lf>,  *  serviceable  wooden  flights  o f 
which  glimmers  and  sends  upTfeehle  smok«^Sv  ,"'"°1  ""P^  "^  *^«  P'"t"'^le  «res 
and  tlrere  they  eat  their  <linneriSe  y  "n^,  f'ell™  ^'■'^•"  ^'^°.  ^'"'  ''««•«  J"v«l 

the  elder  men  staidly  devote  themsZe^  a  fent  vZ  tL  h'""'  '"  ''''^'''""^  ^'^vs,  while 
have  in  hand-and  mouth.  Still  Sher  from  E.Sh*.n*''''  '"'P"''^!^"*  •'"«iness  tl.ey 
them  down  on  the  couni;    -  p1,„;...  1^       i^-astham  some  of  the  men  h^vn  s.vf 

that  coinfortalde  p,^"    o  ,  they  s^,  enm[v  di  Jn  'r^'"?^'?'  ""'  ''''  «»  the  fine    and  in 
in  the  hollow  a  «tLam  dig.'er  lies  .X  th^l^nV^  I'alf-hour  at  their  disposal     Do\vn 
teeth,  being  supported  on  a  trnlVba   ^^      -^^*'  ""''"''*'  ^^■"'^^  ^^^''^"  steel 
great  artifi^i.al  n'.a'vvy  looldng  Stogetl  er  mS^t},"  om*^„'f''"""*''  '^^IF-  '"«'*«*''  -'">«'« 
the  many  truck  lines,  so  observant  are  w^oftHnl       ^-  ''''•     ^^'king  along  one  of 
snnultaueous  shout  of  the  laborer  and  Z  wh  stle  of^«''  "  °"  ^•°''".  ^''"'^  "''^*  *'^« 
clear  the  line  of  our  presence  ere  threnSnerat£n,.f.i  '""'';*' ''^    ""^l'^  «"'»ce  to 
much  of  Mr.  P.aucks,  the  collector      On  a  ^ev.li^h      1'  ^'  ^''V'  ™"'i"«l"'?  one  very 
th.aton  which  we  8t.;nd,  another  euLrhiisCi J'  '«*l^ei' lower  than,  but  ascending  (o 
;».<!  after  a  few  prelinmUr    shrLKe  are  nurnH^^^^^  ^^o 'tf'",  ?f  ''''••^*'"  ^'"'"^^  «"'"''^«'C 
locomotive  haul  the  heavy  trucks  up  the  s  eX  f.!  r     *'"1^  *^'*'  '°«'S»i'icant-lookiug 
o  her  engines  Join  in  now,  and  fS  some  minStwi?  '""^  *''  S'^'^*  "P'^'^^.     Several 
direction,  till,  all  reaching  the  one Tv«l   M  "!  ^  *^"  ^^^'T  ""l"  8'i»"tcd  about  in  every 
After  g,>tting  ri,.  of  the^tr    ns  wo    ear  a  -'th.k   tfnT'"''  fi  *°  Ellesmere.  '^ 

is.on,  and  soon  come  upon  a  suLTborwlio  st  indM^^^I  ""^  ^'^^  ^i"*^^  '^'•**'='««  i°  <^<>^- 
.lerking  up  aud  down  a  wire,  to  which  isTn.,nW  "^'^"^  ^»«  of  t»ie  r,iilway  points, 
another  iron  article  causes  the  robust  'ttik"^"''  "•""  *^''"'-  ""^  this  beating  on 
3s  good  enongh  to  inform  ns  hat  Let  worWn^  the^^fn  "''^""'^  '^-^  "'"^'^  Pointsman 
the  thing,  as  the  air  is  quite  clear  Al.nnt  v.^  ^^,  signals,  just  for  the  fun  of 
across  the  shore,  and  the  o,?  er  watl  of  tSe  en^nn'.Tt  «"."^'^"kment  has  been  rim 
called  Pool  Bay,  which  now  showrfirm  and  l«v«       ,*'\''^'  •"  *  P*?"^'""  "f  ^^'^  «liore, 

pearancewheratherockand    iThas  W   tln.i  "^'^^  *^^  ""'""P  "P" 

aqneduct  carrying  out  to  the  ri7er  the  ovmJow  from  J^'^'X  ^"'^'''  *""'  '"""'*  **  ""'-I'l 
fell  into  the  river  at  this  point!  At  nres7nt?iT«?r  *''''?'^  "^'■^'?'"  ^^'""^  formerly 
diverted  into  several  ponds  wl  ich  se?v«  ,«  ri  ^^'^^'V^  dammed  and  the  wat*>r  is 
to  the  st.itionarv  oiiginoa  alon  l  the  w  ''^f^'^''^"!,''"  f';""!  where  water  is  pumped 
little  wooden  aqueduct  wh  t^  fo  is  an  te\''\?r«r  \-  ^^^'''-  *'«'  ^'-^  ""''"'« '^f  the 
little  inland  fro,,;  here  is  Pool  Hall  o  ,0  of  tL  P*^*!' ••^\  ^'^^tnr.^  .1,  the  landscape.  A 
and  full  ..f  value  to  the  .anthurfrin'  "')^.  f  t^f  "'o?*'"*"'"'*'"-  houses  in  Cheshire; 
is  separated  frcm  the  canal  y  one  field  on  vl'n?i  1'."''  '"■""*  {^'  ^'"'"  """ton  Station 
of  Its  fall  l.er,^!,,,.,,,  ,":"y     ,^  "7."  "'I'y.  and  there  w  unfortini3.t«Iv  =>  nns-'  ilifv- 

hall,  which  Is,  o;^oceu%d'LT."Se\er"'^'  is  complete.     The  fronl  lS"of 'tS 
that  Pe--t  t^  SetnStt^r&rS  S^S^^ClS-f 


226 


CANALS   IN   THE   UNITED    KINGDOM. 


H 


*tf 


tnry,  and  one  of  the  gables  isa  fino  spocinuMi  of  Norman  anhitcctnro      Insido  the 
houHe  IK  a  inaKnilicent  ohl  oak  staircase,  and  throi.Kliont  tho  r  o.ns  theo  are     umv 
interost.n^.rel.cs.     It  will    indeed,  be  a  pity  if  the  ol.l  hall  has  to  he    .uHed       wu 
for  th-,  modem  needs  of  the  district,  and  its  demolition  will  ho  mnch  rcLre  red 
«n.     ./"V'^  *"  *'■'''  •'"'V'^  ""^.^  '?  «»»tinnanceof  onr  walk,  tlie  first  bnildiu.'  to  catch 
our  attention  is  a  most  comical  one.     At  the  foot  of  a  signal  post  sods   stick,   an 
clay  have  been  built  up  to  the  height  of  little  more  than  a  van,  and  the  s.n  has 
caked  ,    all  together  in  the  form  and  firmness  of  a  little  Hij;i,1,  nd  bothy      As., nil 
dra.n.p.pe  js  the  chimney  and  at  the  cheerful  little  fire  inside  a  coup  e  of  lads  are 
warmins  themselves  evidently  pleased  with  their  small  but  cosy  shelter      The  cut 
tmg  about  here  is  not  nearly  so  deep  as  it  is  nearer  Kastham.  and  it  is  evident  fj  at 
much  work  will  yet  have  to  be  expended  upon  it  before  anything    ike  co.npletion  ts 
approache.       A  great  quantity  of  solid  rock  has  to  be  got  thrmig     and  Ttm  near 
Ellesmere  Port  the  ground  c].anges  to  clay,  so  that  both  materials  have  yet  to  he 
faced;  but  they  will  doubtlcRs  be  overcome  in  as  easy  and  rapid  a  manner  as    hev 

have  bZZiir'.n/.*  t'^.f""^'"^'"  '''^-  NearElhimere  pJrt  a  nnnrrof  sS 
liave  been  bmlt  and  here  tho  men  are  working  away  at  the  carpentry  and  other 
nidustries,  all  aiding  towards  the  general  scheme.  Just  above  the  sll,ro  stacks  of 
solid  tunber  are  built  np,  and  these,  we  learn,  are  for  forming  tLbLk  which  takes 
m  a  part  of  the  Mersey  for  the  canal.  The  piie-driving  macirineL  ,Z  .at  wo  k  and 
under  Its  steady  "dump  dump,"  the  fonn.lations  of" the  bank  Vre  b.  ing  ranid  v 
for  ned.  The  piles  are  in  four  rows,  aud  the  breadth  of  tho  bank  at  the  baL  w  11  Im 
60  feet  the  sides  sloping  in  till  at  the  top-a  height  of  2<i  feet-the  .  ea  Ithwill  e 
about  '20ie,t,  This  is  a  very  substantial  wall,  and  calculated  trr  have  a  bi  reserve 
margin  of  resistance,  much  beyond  the  actual  requirements.  The  bank  ni,  s  alioss  a 
cons.derab  e  embaymeut,  and  the  furthermost  half  belongs  to  the  Ii  ce  sect  on  wlHch 
begnis  at  this  point,  and  with  which  we  at  present  have  uothin- to  do  ' 

th^F.'«flvfJ'rf'i''^'  """  ;"'"'F  ^''^^  referen,  e  to  tho  various  machines  employed  on 
the  Lastham  section,  and  wo  learn  that  twenty-nine  steam  cranes  aud  ten  steani  di?r 
gers  have  been  m  use  on  the  section,  but  nearly  all  the  di-n  ers -ire  at  n..^Mf.Mf  nV' 
mav  t.rir?'"/r";'"  '1  -"  '^^S-:-a-.e.  which  when  not  m^^-l^d  for  nl^^  Tp   n  oses 
may  be  brought  into  valued  ■:  ^  vice  as  a  10-ton  crane.    Then  come  derricks  of  loT 
and  2i  tons,  half  a  score  of  portable  steam-engines,  a  great  Co  •niHrnumD  to  1^^^^ 
dUio,  ?;1n*;f  ""1i^  '"'""'•' '  "r  *'«»^rifugal  p7,mps   and  otlnua      la^^  .'^  £  ai- 
dition  to  all  those  there  is  enough  turning  plant  in  the  engineering  shoos  to  stock  a 
small  establishment,  for  every  bit  of  work  that  can  be  done  on  the  pie     ses  is  there 
earned  out  everything,  indee.l,  except  casting  and  forging.     But  to  fu    y  am   ed^ 
the  ainount  and  variety  of  these  things  they  shoul.l  be  seeTi  a.  d  LamSed   bare  cat 
aloguing  being  a  very  bald  way  of  enumerating  them  examineu,  bare  cat- 


LONDON. 
REPORT  OF  OONSVLOENFUA  L  NEW. 

TnW^Tq«o''a  ^''"'''  ^"^  f  kVowledge  receipt  of  canal  circular  dated  31st 
July,  1889,  and  in  reply  thereto  have  to  8tate  that  in  the  district  of 

p.L'';"'n^*^f  n'''^'  ^  ^":^  *^^^''«  ""'^  fo"^  «^»'^l  companies,  viz:  The 
Eegent .;  Canal  Company,  The  Grand  Junction  Canal  Company,  The 
Surrey  Canal  Company,  and  The  Lee  Conservancy.  ' 

regent's  canal. 

Rp^LS"r  ^"'^1  i  ^'-  f  ^•^r-^"'  ^^«  engineer  and  manager  of  the 
Regent's  Canal,  I  am  informed  that  under  the  authority  of  tbe  British 
Parliament  the  canal  ^as  commenced  in  the  year  1812  and  occu  ed 
about  8  years  m  construction,  being  opened  for  traffic  in  the  year  18'>0 
It  was  construe  ed  in  the  ordinary  manner,  but  differs  from  .Hher  canals 
by  havniff  two  locks  at  encli  vnHofinn  of  level  sid,^  h  ^^  ir.  -\  '^"'"^ 
mize  consumption  of  water.     '     "^^  ^"^  "^^^'  ^^  ^"""^* 


I 


■ 

T 


CANALS   IN  THE    UNITED    KINGDOM. 


227 


The  traffic  consists  J.ri nci pal  v  o f  co  ,1  S  r  ^''^^'''.^'^l^  l^^^^  fl"ousli. 
cement,  and  stone,  a  sc  JS  ?,.?*  i.?;l\.  r/''^'"^  ".aterial,  vi.:  Urick, 
siderable  quantity  otlceTirivPrlrV'^^^  ^"'"^*"'''  ^'"^  ''  «on-' 
1,()0(),(M)0  tins  anmmlly  ^'''^^  *^"'  *^«  ^'''^^  •'  y^^rs  exceeds 

a,.rtKS  iJn^^S^r  iS^^hl^'  '''''"^^^^^  andslaff  of  officers, 
irrigatiou  is  bardly  em-  reiliS    ^  ^'"'^'"''' '  '"  ^'^*'^' '"  ^'"'«  ^:"""tr; 

GRAND  JUNCTION  CANAL. 

l.a..v  has  power  to  char^^^  td  for  ^    t  ...l."'^'?'  mivigated.    This  com- 

im-  I'ef  ton,  but  in  point  of  fict  fhp  t'    f?     ^^  ;il>o''t  100  miles  of  IG.9. 

Gd.  a  ton  over  thntseS     t,  ntsl.nwi  T  ''''"  ""'^^'  '^'''^^  ^  t«»  of  2s. 

been  effected  on     r  e^.^ctanrstZ  '^^^^  ''"'""''*^"  ^''^^^  '^''^■''  "o^ 

strnction.  e-xptctcint  sources  of  revenue  at  the  time  of  con- 

and  Bulbourne,  and  is  "ot^n^cru;^:?^^;!^^^;-^^!-'  «ade, 

THE  SURREY  CANAL. 

|rsSi^;^rv^;;r'S^s^- 

Battersea,  which  is  about  3  n  i  es  fron    Lom/^^^^  ^"*^Se,  to 

was  not  carried  out  in  its  entiretv  ,m  H..  w"'^"''^'''  *'"^  '^•'^  P^'in 
well  and  Peckha,n,  suburbs  of  Lm'^t,?  *''a^?J"^^^  ^^'"""^tes  at  Camber- 
the  clnss  of  bar«es'ordinari  v  ua  Wga  i.  ^W^""'  constructed  for 
slieeted  for  nearly  its  entire  lenrffrnii-  If  ^  "J*^'^'"^''^' *"'•'  iscamp- 
Th3  traffic  consists  eath^lv^of  Cip^^^  available, 

wharves  a,,(l  premises  on  tl^^M,?is  JK  ^''^^^^d  'n  supplying  the 
ter  the  company's  docks  at  Rotilerhi the       ''"''^  "^'"'  ^'''^'  ''^''^^'  ^^■ 

<^^^^^Z^Z,^^^:'^:r:^^^^^  ^^  tardistmenes, 
from  the  canal  is  (lerive'<l  fro  uXdm  L  ni'7^  I-""'}  «^  ^^^  ^^^^'^""^ 
the  canal  to  the  South  Metro,^  u   r  ^^^^  ""^"^"^  '^""^  ^^^""g^t  "P 

a  water  frontage  on  the  camJ  "'iC  canaHs  IS  ^'^^^^ 
pany's  dock  system.  "*  ^  "  ^"'^">  P'^^t  of  this  corn- 
Length  of  canal 

Width  at  snrlace '.""■. miles 

Width  at  bottom feet 

Number  of  lod>-3 ;;■ do....' 

Lift  of  locks 

Length  of  locks feet 

Average  load do 

Maximumdraft  of  bu.its         tons"" 

Maximum  width  of  bMuis  ....!!!!]!"..'.' *'t'<t..' 

" ' ilo 


4 

58 

52 

1 

•ih 
120 
80 

4* 
I7f 


r-r 


I 


228 


CANALS   IN   THE    UNITED    KINODOM. 


THE  LEE  CONSERVAISCY. 

The  river  Leo  is  a  natural  stream  and  was  known  as  far  hack  as  the 
time  o  Henry  VI  I  and  does  not  compete  in  regard  to  transi>oVt>it  m 
ot  goods,  nor  can  it  be  said  to  be  used  for  irrlRat^.n  purposes    "''■""*" 

1  inclose  copy  of  a  report  which  has  been  furnisliHl  to  me  bv  the  cour- 
tesy  ot  Mr.  (ieorge  Oorble,  clerk  to  the  Lee  Oonservan(Tv  and  Xh 
return  was  originally  prepared  lor  the  Enslish  Board  of  Tra<le.  The 
information  therein  supplied  contains  all  the  detail  I  am  able  to  obtain.* 

CANALS  VS.   RAILROADS. 

♦i.?^ll^''?"^  'T''^'''  '•""'"  !''  ^^'^  t^xpansion  of  the  railway  system,  had 
the  ettect  of  cheapening  the  prices  of  transportation,  etc.,  by  tiai  sfer- 
ring  trathc  from  the  road  to  water,  but  tiie  present  network  of  railroads 
in  this  country,  particularly  in  and  around  this  consuhir  district,  has 
diverted  the  transportation  of  goods  by  canals  to  a  very  large  extent 
and  where  goods  are  transported  by  canals,  it  has  been  fo.ind  nccessai  v 
by  those  controlling  canals  to  considerably  reduce  their  <!hai  ges  as  ormi- 
nally  fixed,  the  competition  being  keen.  ^"^{,1 

Jno.  C.  New, 
UNITED  STATES  Consulate.(Jenebal,  Consul-acncral. 

London,  October  25,  1889. 


'7 


fliiclosnro  in  Consul-Genorivl  Now's  report.] 

kegent's  canal  and  limehouhk  dock. 

The  Liinol.oiiHo  dock  lias  a  water  area  of  10  acnw,  aii.l  oxtensivo  nnavace  with  a 
sh.j)  ontranco  of  :m  foot  long,  60  feet  wi.lo,  and  sills  laid  28  foot  bdori  i7.?tv  1   uh 

Zf.ulT'^i'  ?^'",?.".''!'"^'"!'^«  '■«^"  ^''"'^'•^  ''J  ^'^^^  1""«.  14  f««r,  (J  inches  wide,  and  sUls 
laid  22  icct  lielow  Trinity  hi>j;li-water  niaik.  ' 

fV.JI'r''.,''''i'"'*'?"'^"''''lr'  V    tl'o  clock  are  provided  with  hydraulic  and  other  cranes 
lor  traissi  ippins  and  loadin-  coals  and  otlier  floods  up  to  15  tons  wci-ht 

MitnuL  ^.  '  A''V'''l^''i  'T^  ^''•'^^'  "^'  f'"M""'f'  of  London,  is  n.os"  conveniontly 
8  tuate  on  tlie  north  bank  o  tlio  river  Tiuimes,  abonta  half-mile  below  the  81  ad  veU 
eutrauceto  the  London  docks,  U  miles  below  London  Hridge,  and  one-third  of  imlo 
above  the  L.mohonse  entrance  to  the  West  India  docks,  ami  is  close  to  1  e  Ste,'  ey 
station  o  the  London  and  Blackwall  Kail  way,  which  is  reached  bv  trains  rm 
KMichurch  street  station  in  8  minutes;  an<i  trains  run  to  and  from  this'  station  t  a 
stations  on  the  Groat  Eastern  Railway,  and  the  London  Till.urv  an.l  S.  ,  th end 
fhames  Haven  and  London,  Woodfonl  and  On«ar  branches  thereof,' an.l  also  ,  co  ! 
station       "  "'"*""'  "'^  ^^"'"'""  ^''''^''"^y  Company  passing   Jiow 

Screw  steam  vessels  to  and  from  Liverpool,  calling  i>,t  Falmouth,  Plvmouth,  and 
HpiTr'  l'^"^^V\-'"'^»«i"v«  at  the  dock  weekly.  Lc.don  agents,  Messrs.  J.  D 
street  Leadenhall  street,  and  Messrs.  .John  Allen  &  Co.,  150  Leadeiihall 

The  jetties  in  thedock  are  capable  of  transshipping  and  weighing  with  great  rapid- 
ity and  small  breakage  coal  from  screw  steamers  and  other  vessels  into  craft  for  the 
river  I  hames  and  other  inland  navigations.  The  Regent's  Canal  communicates  with 
the  Hock  and  river  Ihaines,  and  is  navigable  for  barges  of  100  tons  burthen,  and 
passes  through  Stepney  Mile  End,  Bethnal  Green,  Hackney,  Shoreditch,  St.  Luke's 
Islington,  St.  Pancras,  Marylebone,  and  Paddington,  in  which  last-named  parish  it 
communicates  with  the  Grand  Junction  Canal.  *  ^ 

Large  warehouse  accommodation  iind  extensive  wharf  areaforstoringtimber.  stone 
and  other  goods  are  provided  within  the  dock  premises. 

I  he  company  are  permitted  under  a  sufterance  license  (class  B),  received  from  the 
*  Not  considered  necessary  for  publicationu 


:'.<^^u.i££^^4^»i^b,. 


m.^-^-^.J^^':tMf^s,i*Ji£mi^i^SeiaKmiilS4<-^^--S^i^ 


CANALS    IN    THK    UNITED    KINGDOM. 


lioiiornlilo  board  of  ouHtoii 


229 


triiiiashi|)iii(<)(iii(t  Coi 
to  lioiid  iiitic.los). 


™r;r:;;;,;'--:ii^^,-,,t-.,E,,-.'-;,; 


SHEFFIELD  AND  SOUTH  YORKSHIRE. 

Ii£I'OJ{T  JSY  oomVL  FOLSOM,  OF  SnFFFlELD. 

niOMOTION  OF   CANAL   TRAFFIC. 

pai.y,  l,i,„i«.,l.    Tlie  ol>iwt»   bi  w  i,      th  ^'"■'"l"™  tl»"al  Com. 

ii'c.rF.oration  of  nA2""   !'  v.  !'^!.'S.«   ""  ''^''^  of  Parliament  for  the 


-  -  ■•",,..,  x.„„io  wi  w.iier,  and  works  as  nv 

s;^:;^'iio!:;,;::;^t^s  ana  Lin^o];;;:[.i;.e 

andTinsIoy  (Janal,  tl.e  l)un  NaviSn^  t^^^^^^^  The  Sheffield 

Canal,  an.l  the  Dearne  and  Dove  olinaJ  ^^^^'''^^"^  ^^"^l  ^^eadby 

age  and  construct  Jarger  locks  tlmeoii  •  ^'^  "*'^I**  *''°  '^'''^^  f«>»'  «t«ai»  liaul- 

tho  HillH)  from  tl.o  oxist"in/nav  3iM  iVt  I.  V  t  ''  '•';^*^''  "'^  ^"  '"'^''f'  «*"  «"^«'-  «^er 
Sl..-Hiol,l,  whore  a  largo  dock  oi^^u  /Jit!  wh^."  "  "  "^'"'  ***  ^'''''""  •'**''^'«t  «<*«*. 
constructed ;  °  "*^**'"  ^ "  ""  ^^  "ai'veH,  cranes,  etc. )  is  proposed  to  bo 

caster,  tlio  Soutii  Yorksiiiro  coallield   tl  o  1    . n  V   i ,  ^^'"l"'  ''f,'"'  ^^'irnsley,  and  Don- 
•listricts.  coaiiiLKi,  tlio  Don  Valley,  aud  the  adjacent  industrial 

The  proposed  iinptovenient  and  enlaroemoni-  r.f  ^■^,^ 
wa,.  „,.e  »U«w„  upou  the  map  wl.LS'ac^S^'lSL^tulrrepS."^  "'"*' 

TRAFl'IC. 

tiiL!  pru{)ert\-  of  the  Manch«»>*t«ir  s^i.offi-j-i     --^/%-.—  •■'••w-  nic^  became 

co,„pa,„.  ..\ue  ,„,.  iS''X'.f.'r5r:t„tin:'-!:i'VL%'s 


ft' 

Sir' 


if  i. 


230 


CANALS    IN   THE    UNITED    KINGDOM. 


lif 


IM 


i; 


H1 


lK»iit8iin.l  Lar-tfoH  trading  betwoon  aiM-mol.l  and  flu-  rivtM'Tim.t  to  a  car 
iym«  cainu'it  v  ot  about  SO  Ions  each      Tiin  use  or  Kt^....  ..L  ..  n- 

povv^r  is  probibitcd,  an.l  tl.  le.lgti.  o^  tir^^   to^    rEw^lIi; 
fel..nickl  and  tHl«  water  averages  about  a  week     The  locks  are  sma 

n!.l  ".";r'**"^>  "'r'  ''':^'"  "'«''""^''  into  the  Trent  on     C  boa  liu  be 
passed  throuf,'!.  a   a  t  .ne,  giving  a  total  of  only  about  twenty  boats  at 

So  Im  ;;\''     ^"A'!'^    ""^l^''  unfavorable  condition,  howcv  J,,  ot  less  than 
6()(M)00  tons  of  through  tratlic  pass  the  lock  at  Keadby  iu^Le  course  of 

The  canals  beingintho  poss.s.iH  u  of  at  allway  company  which  reaches 
the  same  points  between  Sh.ftleld  and  the  coast,  ther   is  co  senmm  it 
noco,npet.ti(.u  in  rates  or  trafiic  between  the  twr  AT  he  m  Iw  tv 

amo!;.Tt's'?<>Tlor;?o  ^'V^" ''""!"^  ^^  ^^""  *"^«'"  «<"'th  Yo'tS 
tin  e  and  (SI  f:/^  T^^^  P^'  '^^"'  '"'  ''""^''«  <^'«^^  ^'^^^  charge.l  by 
I  .  /.  n-  •  '1 '  ^^•1"''^ '''''"'  ^"  *^^"'^1  distance  from  the  West  York- 
Hhire  (ollier.es  to  (  oole.  The  Aire  and  Oalder  (Jarml  is  L  dmibt  out 
ot  the  best  1  lustrations  in  England  of  successful  miaud  na  ^.  a  on  ad 
lias,  greatly  benefited  all  that  part  of  Yorkshire  which  ii  serves?  ' 

CANAL    VS.   RAILWAY    TlilFFlV. 

^^^Vf}T''"\^.  S®  ^•^^^ct  committee  of  the   House  of  Lords  on  the 
Sl.ef  .eld  Canal  bill,  its  advocate  (Mr.  I>e,nber,  Q.  C.),  aftei  u  ev.i,  o  to 

of'si^ni'l  f/'"S  f'^'^'T'  ''''''^'^^  ^-orksof  Messr;.  "am  nel  '&  fco 

iH-nvy  tnulo  of  SI.Hliel.l  at  raSs  wI.Ll V  re  *  o  ,  nos^i^ll:'^  T  '^^  ^/'iP  ««  of  the 
to  tliems<^l  vos,     li  is  ouite  Dossil.In  f  l,nt  f  h,  V  .  !'"**«' '>le  to  traders  and  sati.sfactory 

tnrers  also  know  nrcomliriZontVS.^^^^^^^ 

perfectly  well  that  they  must  have  rat  sS  render    L   •  'h   f    *.'"'?  "''"^  '"?*J^ 

and  to  jict  them  thev  ninst  Ip.v..  «•.,+„,  ♦;,'.     leulei  their  life  as  traders  possib  e, 

solve.     Hirn,in.han.  isals<.  sayintthe  sarne  thing       *  '  "''  ^^'^  '''"""  '"  ^^''  ''■ 

assol!i^;^^'^KSi^:^.l:;;r;^;;;S;-^--l/^^  '>y  Binnin,han.  and  I  hope  to  be 
the  Severn  a..,l  the  Thames  Mane  es  er  l  s  ^  Hv'""- 1 ''^^  '*'"/''  '^7^'"''  '^«*^^««'^ 
emphasis.  The  truth  is  no  ^an.  ma„  now  hinks  .^^es^tah  Is.li*.,  T^  ''"'^  **  '"''^  ''""« 
of  which  tlie  Drodnet  isanvthino- 1  La  n  L!  i     ;     1  T**;'^','   '*'"""  **  "®^'  "Janufactnre 

center  of  E  nj,lan        They  an     iT  lotkinibi?  ;<?,"'  '  ■^?'-'''''^''  *^^*^'^P  *^'"'"^"^ '°  *J^« 

years  to  in.prov  ■,  d%  l,pL7d  foster  th^?rw..tf^  *'''"  '"  "*'  ^''^''^  ""'"•'"  o"-  ^'"'^^^y 

do  when  they    r^left  aIonr>lh  It  is'       I*"  '.I""'*  ^  '^''f  •*  ^^f-''  '«  ^°  ^'^'^  ^^^^t  fl'«y 
a  railway  co^pany.'^f^!^^!!;^  !i^^^^i^e'^l^\S;^S:i^:Sr:^^^  "'*^ 

^on   .h.cl,^you  ---i^«^^n,  the  t.p  of  the  n.a;.^;X'^a\i^S>^Kf 

Calder  Navigation  C  rpan^^  £  50%^  /^^"o.M^  '''''^"^  ''f  *^«  ^'^«  '"'d 

lately  certaiS,  I  onght  t J  have  saTd  "no    iJ>re  ' S  "  SSXl  }^7^^  ^ ",  ^''  ''^''°; 
happen  to  know  that  there  are  certain  persons  vl?o  fi.T„i;  T  ^*      '•^•'"^!  ^'^"anse  I 

dJ^^sV"" ' ""' ""'"" '"  "^'"'  *'  •!■=  -"p.™^^^^^^^  high  jo'ss  spin's 


" 


i 


"ft 


CANALS   IN   THE   UNITED   KINODOM. 


231 


(»1>,7:U,000).  Their  uet  i'^u-Sl  t  ;"  l/  ;'  2^£^Si^  oio 'S\-n  ^'m  *""^  of  £2,000,000 
out  of  tins  income  to  Hpi-.u!  £[W  (HK  fSU^  g/r^  nnn.? f^.ifV  •'  "^  *"*'  '^ '"  '"f«n'l««l 
total  uiiioaKe  is  Home  8(»  in  1*^  Th,  ?,  t in!'  ^.  '".rV  •"■""I'.''°\«"'""frti"-    Their 

gan  was  3  foot  G  inch..;  it  is  now  i  f  «,  t .'  '  t;l'l  <  '^"P'"'»t  «»  ^vhon  thoy  be- 
where  (10  foet,  if  you  rmemher  stl..lh?if  '  "^  "''«^'"K  «'tl««.  10  feut  every- 
that  they  have  brouclit        fit  J  .J      '     "*   "  "''"'''. ''"  '"^«""»  *"  «»'"«•«"  oum),  so 

«!ifeot  wide.     We  propose  to  „Sf  L.m  J  ifM  ^  they  are  now215  feet  long  by 

21f.  feet.  '  °"'*  •*  ''"'"  ^""K*"".  D»'»«Iy,  a^O  feet  insteacl  of 

boutH.     Then.,  compun.ment  bo  it«     ro  «  ,   .^II,  .  ^     ^y  the  name  of  com,.ttr(     .,nt 

nients  InHl.ie  then,  whh  are  m.ovable'  .  d  m  1  f?r"'"  ""?'  ''"^"  I'l""'"  «»"'l."-'- 
I  am  told;  ea.h  of  tlumo  carry  irSn'-iV^  t'^'P'TMuents  thenmelves  Lat, 

wrought  iron  And  just  lo?  me  throw  U.lh  iVt  ft  "/  ''"'*,^'  ''"'*  ^^^  "'«  "'»'»«  "f 
will  see  from  ii,o  ime  tl.aV L  i.  adi  ot"?^, ,  .  i  V  i  '  *H"^  '"?''^"'  "«  ^'^'^  «««•".  »«  you 
yearn  npon  the  AiTand  CaUleSavigarion''''^  ^"""  ''""'  '"  "«^  ^°^  *'»'  '"«^  '"""'tLn 

Goole,  which  iH  their  port  .rZ    well  s.  ""''  .  "1«  ^''.^''•'  compartM.entsat 

make  my  own  for  the  m  r pose    I   1^,1  irmn  U^  ^   ^"'  ••*"»''  "'"^ 

by  Mr.  li,, ,  tholon.ow  i.th  Blue  Bool  of  In^ltif  ,  i  ^.i*'""  "•"'«•  ^^  ^''^^  described 
syB. .-m  of  CO,, veviince  si  1  n  etfec  Mr  IwV  . '^  '  ^^ *'"." """"'.""•'^ on c-inals.  This 
that  comn.ittoe/l  «  bcc  L  ph  ved  m.  m  t  Ai^"""'',';'',";"  «'^'"«  evidence  before 
years;  and  th...  he  sav     iS.vi'V'":;^!'?."''^^  »''''•'•  *'-'^'."^l  "^''ont  fourteen 


caKororraimn.  oals,  and  within  tlilHcn-o  tli.ne is  a crad  1,  ,.  vJl,'  .^T '  '"^^  "joinery 
IS  sccnred,  and  vhen  the  comn-irtnienf  r.«  i,,.,.n  '^  *!• '^'^'a'"  in  which  the  compartment 
of  the  Hhooo  n  turns  oTeiSSa^^^^^^^^^^ 

into  the  ship;  the  b  it  and,  aXaro  iluM  llZl.Tt^  *  '  '""i^  '""^^^  *'"^*  •"«*n8 
after  whi.h  the  ca«c  an  I  b.  i  Vre  lower: 7^^  »o  r,.umetlu.iroriginal  position, 
one  of  the  lifting  cynn.hrsisT.rcedbu.rin^^^^  ,'".  '•'^^^;,';  "K   *'"'  water  ia 

iiif.'   •ynndera,a.Hliuloweri.V   rwei:rb^flV«        ' '"•""''*'"^-     Tbere  are  two  lift. 

bah  .  he  wat  r  back  a«ai"  h\%' the^S^VccitiV^;:';"  ""^  ^'"'  "^^'^'^^^  ^--» 

ixow,  Tiicreloii    • 


ness;  that  .s^ho  w^;    ,  v  dc^  eVe^v  -v't.M     • .  "'    ^'W',"''  '"  ^''^  ''''y  ^°  '1«  ^usi- 
position  to  wliich  evlVy  w-  tP,\v    ;  t  r         ^^SV  ought  to  be  treated,  and  that  is  the 

Contrast  this  wf,  ?1h  ^  ^  U  .  ?  "  "n  lo  r:',"*?  '^'^^T'  ''"«''^  *"  ^«  '"""g'' 
Shcmeld  navi.ratioM  th.To  s  ,  o  ^  .o  „  t^;  „  .  '  '^  n"l way  action.  Upon  tl 
was  forn.erlv,S,ecause  I  (i  fd  i  /an  o Id  r  ■  f  't  ''*'  i/-"  '^"'•,**''1'1«"-  although  the, 
tradic  was  bVonght  to  a  cJ'i'lainVoln;^!  d  t  u^';^.:.     ^^.  a  description  of  how  tho 

taki  iVth  n  Vto ^;  Cr/r  do";;''  even  .nailer.  I  am  fold  tluVt  as-ccnVp^lreirwi'tyx 
go  from  si"  ftl   1    o  Mexbor  n.4   a  <!«;;  ;:.%'n°f  1^  '"  ^""^*''  '*  *''*'^"^-^  ^^  '>«"rs  to 

''^S:^ Si. '  ^:^^:;^^^^^^^^  ''' "^"" ^'^'''^^ 

Shefl^ld  ^o  tl..  H  .  b''Tt?aTcf  /  v'cVi 'rf  '"  '-''^'V^J'-'^t  for  a  boat  to  get  from 
Humber  is,  from  SI  ei  .  1  I  to  KeV,  1  v  a,  ??""'*'•  ?)'*"  *^'^^='"ce  fro.o  Shetll.,ld  to  the 
only  ati  mi  es      I  wil    t   ere   ,,X Iv'  \  '^''  ""'^  'l'""  ^^''"^^'y  ^'^  '''«  ^en  to  Hull 

to  ilkborough,  ihi  JhVs  t  u       net  o    of'the 'n^iT^       '  H  *'"i  '^^^'T*'  '«/■•""'       -"  " 

the  contrast?    You  have  M.^'.Kwth/r^ Humber.     Now  there yo     have 

mechanical  arranonnen^s    b^    „  S^^^^^ 

telephones  and  alT  tbe  nL' of"  "  f  v  f  1  ave^'l^^ist'Z/of  ".'l  '"•}  ^'"'^  ^^«  ^^»"'' 
from  7  10  !»  hours  a-a     st  a  ko.h.w    .t  i;,..,.  ..    r  ♦      "'8tai«V  of  .U  miles  performei    in 

over,  the  Shel/iel,    C-  mn  .nrrbo  ow,       "^  '^'"^^''''t''  ^''^'V^  ^  ''''^^  '"^  '»«r«-     More- 


n  by  steam  ;  but  that  has  now 
«diili:tion  against  the  use  of 
TUe  locks,  I  believe,  areonlv 

.1    f  ^^1^1     4-1. ..  i-    '  .  .    y 


s 


1 


)i 


232 


CANALS   IN   THE    UNITKD    KINGDOM. 


"--'^••- ---  ;-^— -SK  f^rnii^'i::' rn^ -^'^; 


tllO  COIIllldlition  of  no  IcS.S  tllllll    llv..  r.iil.i..., "■■"■'      l'"-"  "  i'^l    i;«^^lll.      Ill  niiiiu    Ol 

tee.  tl.e  LH...»shir,  »  V  "kn  i  1  e  NoiS''!'''"""/.*'"  ^H  ",T''''"°  '^'""«  ^'""""it- 
two  tbat  „mk«  up  tlu,  LMu  J.S  L  liel^nm,^^^^^^^^^  *''!'  *"^''""'.  '"">  ♦!'«  other 
Manchester.  Hh.tLui,  n  L  "..fu lire  S*":;^^  ^'T  ''''"n  ^"'^''^•'"  "»''  t^" 
betw,,eii  AI.mchoHter  and  Livern o«"l  All Vl.ii^^^^^  U'mnsolvc.,  who  are  all  trading 
n.nch  hian.o  the  railway  ownerT  ail  I  hL  1  "'''•!  f"'"  "',  """"'''•  ^  ''<»  "««-  «'» 
thiugH  which  arim,H  o/.t  oahrHtaSafinn' M, 'Z"^''  '^'""'/"  '!"^^»'  f'»'  "'''«*'"«  «tat«  of 
the  unnatural  ownershi,"           "^"K""*'""  that  comes  of  what  I  will  venture  to  call 

T  ^^'^®''  1'?'"'"^'.  tl»«  lepreseiitativo  of  tlie  Manchester  SheHiPl.l   nn.i 

mutPt]  nt   -ll^niit-    Aunii'-i'jr       Viri       V*^  '     ^"^   UlUlcrtilkl  llf    18    OBti- 


CANAL  TOLLS. 


Navigation. 


''!:n1iDSv";.;'i*!'Jj^.^^'L""""^«'^'^^^^'«'"'ffi«w 


Slitftield  aud  Keatlbv 

1^0 f. 

]>o 

Do ;  

Do 

Do :;;;;■; 

Do 

uo ;; 

Do ;.; 

KeiKlliy  and  Eotheriiani  . .'. 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do ""• 

Do ;; 

Delia  by  and  Koadb  v  .  

Kiliib'iist  and  Keailby        

lioiind wood  aud  Kcadby        

Aldwurk  Main   Tin«lo,v,  Manver'«  Main,"  ElsecaV 
AVprsboro  and  Barsloy,  and  Keadby  ^•»'"''«r, 

Cbesterfield,  botwciMi—  ■* 

Stockwith  and  Worksop 

Stock witli  and  Kiveton  Park ' 

block witb  and  Sfavoloy  

Stockwith  and  Ohesterflcld i 

Stockwith  and  Stay eley, and  Ciiesferiieid '.'. 

sh.ro^ovo  „.,.!  Stockwith... 


Description  of  traffic. 


Shireoaks  and  i 


Iron  (class  A) 

Iron  (class  H) 

I'iR  and  spiejial,  fbrt-i). 
limber  aud  deals... 

Giain 

China  clay   ',[[ 

White  HAnd ', 

Kiversand 

Manure  (stable)  and  ii 
Iron,  nndani;ig<'abKi 

Wheels  and  axles 

Grain 

White  sand ...... 

Ifivcrsand '.'. 

Timber  and  deals  ..... 

Coal 

..do 

...do "■■■ 

...do ■■"■ 


n  imported. 


iKlit-soil 


Treutsand 

...do 

...do 

do ;:;.;; 

Potatoes,  carrots,  turnips^  ninn'solds! 


Coal  . 


Kate 
per 
ion. 


Centa. 
73 
07 
07 
85 
86 
91 
42 

.'to 

2t 
7.) 
05 
77 
30 
2* 
77 
24 
27 
27 
27 


36 
36 
36 
30 
73 
24 


07 
07 
85 
86 
91 
42 

:io 

7;i 
or. 

77 

;io 

2i 
77 
24 
27 
27 
27 


36 
36 
36 
30 
73 
24 


i 


233 


CANALS    IN   THE    UNITED    KINOUOM. 

T»i,n.iKe  cov.,.v..,l  ovr,  1 1...  (;iu.Hl..rli.;i;i  Canul,  Htt.n.;  pV.'loa «^7.  ■.''■.4 

T,.... «-'."llJ 


ToUl  tuiiiiiiKu  . 


Hnited  Statkh  Consulate, 

tihcffiehl,  November  ({,  188!). 


080,270 

Hkn.iamin  Folnom, 

CohhhL 


IRELAND. 

JlEl'OItT  liT  CONSUL  KEID,  OF  DUULIN. 

INLAND  NAVIGATION  IN  IRELAND. 
i^::^:  '"'  '"'"'"^  ^--^mlon  enterprise,  in  Irehuul  .re  of  three 

partly  clonal  an<V  I  ."Jiv  !   '^r  "J:,'    i   I!;    '^tV^""  ^  p"'**^'  Navi<,ation, 
iniIe^<;oinf.l«.t(Hli,  1S(»0      iMVo.r  '  I'   ^''''•""  ''<'.>"<',  all  river,  (J 

canal  and  r  v  >•      5  .  i  .' s      l^f  "^    '    '7/''^'  "'■''^'  -''  '""^''^  ?  tl'«'  Newiy, 

Canal,  the  Koy  tlC  ,   a  Crmv^^^^^^^^^^  ^'r"'  ""l"r/'^'"^^N  tlie  GranU 

will  be  considtMed  s.     Ir?f  ilv^.^M^^  ^^"-"''»  Navi-atiou 

in  the  torn,8  of  loans  onmbri.m'M^^^^^^^ 

■special  taxes.  S.^e  ot  l/,^se  ou  i  mJV.^  ^"^^  ^'''V'^'  ^'''''''  ^'^'"'''''il  «•• 
The.e  is  no  co,,si,le  v.  ie  tnilH '  u  on^^^^^^^^^^  ^T^  ^""^  '^"'"^  ^•^'"'*"ed. 
derived  therefrom  are  small  '         ^^^  ''''"'''"  "«^^'  '"'^^  the  profits 

o«?rim;San;;;;dr'  "4t::^T^''  ^^^  ^'^^^  Oovemmentand  n.aintained 
Tl.  Low^  4ne  t.al'^  ^  rC"  I^^Em;^  '^o  lullowin,  ,i„^1 
wnkvs,  improved  in  1751-  flu.  vm..'/  ""it's ,  tlie  Mai^ue,  all  nver,  8 
Tyrone,  all  rim-,  4  m  es^  ^  Userc'.n'ir^  'T^'  ^^^  "'''«« 5  ^he 
ment  or  eonstruetion  of  hVse  eh  me  Is  '  "^^  '"'''''•  .  ^'''^^^  ""l>^ove. 

plished  by  .lirect  grants      tL  3  f^^^  T'^  "'"«'  ^''''  "''^'^  'ic<^0'»- 

local  assessment.     S  1  tc^rr<^orf^  n.^  ''''^'''^'^  '''•<^"' 

"mler  whose  n.anageme  are  th'ese  se^  rii'r '  ^  •''  i''*''  •'^>"""i««ioners, 
that  the  total  annual  rec^e  ts  iunonnrfo  £(  '/^^^^  yavioation,  show 
bui^ement  for  expenses  n.r  l^^i^^^  ^  1^^'^^  "^j  .^/J  "III'"''!  <li«- 
tliiit  the  receipts  ( CriviMl  imm  \;;,L  i,.n.  .'''■'-,  '■ '.""'"  "'H  l>e  seen 
tlMii  »elr.s„st  liniNir  O r  fl  li  ,  '  • '  "".■■'  "'"'"'  ""■'"  "  «"««  more 
and  the  Ulste,-  oSl  are  tt  n       inrZT''  Th  ''■'""""'"  N"viKati„u 

ierx„;ris;:,,ii;'  -•"-  "'■  -«-:-"^i;;;rtuet^,zr.i":f^V'f  ,•,!■t" 


I 


I 


254 


CANALS    IN   THE   UNITED   KINGDOM. 


to  Ism.  T he  ffS  as  i^^n  .' i^  "^ •''"',''' *''',V»^''^'<'  '^  1>''''"«1  iroru  1845 
taiuing.  With  tlu!exc(M  ion  o^t  li  t'  '''/'^  ''^  !"'"  '""^'^  ^^^"  ««'**«"«■ 
BI.o^vthat  the  total  mmnre^^^^^^  ''^^«f:  ^^^^^^ 

mei.ts  are  £2,553.  A sstatPd  SL^v/^^^^  '""*  ^'''^'  '"^'^'  disburse. 
tee«,  repreeentiug  th  rprope   V^^  ".ar.aocd  by  local  trus- 

several  lines.  I,,  case  of  Tdpfi  ,wt  fi  ^  «'''^  contiguous  to  the 
means  of  local  t  xa£     In  .■«.«  nf  5'  ^''?  ^'ft^^'-'ce  is  made  up  by 

-     by  that  anu)unt    ^T  esVstm  orma«aS«  "f '•  'I?  ^''''^  ^'^^'^^'*«"  ^«  '««« 
applies  to  public  higlnniys  «»auagen.ent  is  the  same  as  that  which 

THE  GRAND  OANAL. 

thence  westward  to  B  ,■  irn^wS.  \l  <''V^^"!""?"  ^^'^'*'''-.  '»"<!  from 
town,  I5h.ckwood    reservo  ;    Mo     S.,^ ;  !^  ^^""^^  ^^"^'^^<^«- 

Mountmellick,  K.len  lern    vnd  ^^^^^^^  -^'""'^^^    ^^'•^"'   ^tliy» 

above  sea  lev^i;  wh  h  \>o int  s  '  ^f S  *  ^^f  "^''^l^V^  ^^^^'•^''  *«  ^70  feet 
npon  this  canal'are  0  fie  len^  .  ^l'^'^  ''^-  /^,"^^^'"-  ^*^''«  ^^^^s 
lift.  Although  stea  is  use  son.  l,n^  i^'^ '"  '"*^^^''  'V''*  '''^^'«  ^'  ^^^^ 
the  power  for  moving  he  b^tJ  Th  tr  rnl/r//'^"^  principally  as 
to  (J00,000  tons  annually     Ti.o  i^r.!,    '  n  ^  ''"  *'"'''  *""'''^'  a'»ounts 

holders  £1  356^  H  Vh^^^^^^^^^^^^  ^".?'    "ow  earns  for  the  share- 

of  the  Grand  Ca  a     v. /J^m    mu  e^^  construction 

completed  in  about  180)!    T      I    o  we     oVih '.  S,"*  '^''  T''  "»^  ^''^« 
branches  were  opened  in  18 /(      tL!.^?L    tlic  blannou  Kiver  and  the 

£2,000,im.     A  coi  si  UM'iWelrti  n  oh  ''"'"''  "''^'"'^^'  *"'  ^"^^^^•»  ^^ 
pants  from  special  or  geieralTaxos^  ^^'^^'^  '"'^^'^  "P  by 

has  been  pai<i  to  M.e  Govern  me  t  a"^  ^  ^-^  r^'     •""^'  •'  ^'^^    "*'  "''''"'' 
ted.    The  piesent  canit ili/.r/nn  I.V  +         ^     *  ^^   '''""''  '"»^^  ^^eu  remit- 
«  iucscrn,  capiiaiuatiou  ot  the  company  is  £105  000. 

THE   ROYAL  OANAL. 

uel  bein^.  90  mile^  Its  summit  evd  J-l'U  L  ^  /^''^'  '^'"^^'^  «^"  «»»^»»- 
fed  from  Loufjh  Owel,  n^r  M,  M.ir  H  i  ''^'''•*'  "''''  ''^^'*^'-  ^^  ''^ 
jue  70  teet  in  length,  1^  fS  in  wl^^'i^tl/i  ft.eUr"S  ?W^f /"'1 
Company  was  organized  in  1784  T  .p  fiV  f  ir  .  •  A,  ,  ^'^'  ^'''^"''^ 
completed  in  1813.  The  rea'ainder  <  'Vh  .  l  ,  ^''"'  ^^  ^'''^  '''''""'^^  ^''^''^ 
It  received   large  assisLnc  Z  u  t  1  rl^'?  ^/^'^  *'"'"I>leted  in  1822. 

Union  after  that  was  es  ablisheT  it  toKl  cost  If  h""'  ''T^  ^^'"'"  ^"^ 
thing  over  £1  'J0(»  0(»0      Fn  i  ^i -i  h>  /      •     ,   ^^^  "^^  ^'"'  ^^'^^'^  "'-^s  some- 

the  charter  w,y^Seiteda^^^^ 


. 


1 


ai»4ilSikMi,^iliii>,fiiMsSiiAf^JI^ 


I 


1 


CANALS   m   THE   UNITED   KINGDOM. 
THE  BAIJllOW  NAVIGA'J'ION. 


235 


ti<l  il  m?  of  fi?I"''^'  "  »  "^^''y  ^,^'"*^"«^  «*■  *be  Grand  Canal  with  the 
c ontmEaHo"^^  iinnow  below  St.  Mullins,  and  aitords  wate? 

3  ri  •  ^"^  <-ailow,  I'tMghlm  Bridge,  Bagnal8town,Gore8brida-e 

and  W  S:r"at"ir"^«  ^^  tidalWtof  Barrow^o  S  SS 
is/i  TTo  K  :"  ,  ^^^^^"^  ^^^'^  commenced  in  1759  and  up  to  1790  oo^t 
£80,769,  about  one-half  of  which  was  derived  from  pubU^sources  Ifc 
al  SHhl7'T.''"'''  grants  after  the  Union,  but  the  S  amount ';  not 
ava  lable.    There  m  considerable  tralHc  upon  this  route  but  1  Ir  va  Hpa,. 

THE  LAGAN. 

earnings  to  the  shareholders  are  reasonably  liberal  ^  ''"'^  ^^^^  '^^ 

TOLLS. 

u^;p  --S = -ir-  -  rt2o'^-x^^:  -;- 

varies  from  7  »l,illi„Ks  to  12  shillinKs'per  o„  tor  1°?0  Xs  "j're^S 
«i  i/^Tl'""'  °  "'"""  '"  AiuLrioar,  monev  would  KconteS 
dissofftSr'  '"""''"'"^  the  ,„.rtio„lar  rite  is  deterratoedby'Se 

CANAL  VS.   RAILWAY  CHARGES. 

rat^pfnfTr  w  ""^'"i"'!-'^  iiavioation  in  Ireland  has  been  and  is  to  keen  tbe 
rates  of  transportation  at  a  minimum  ligure  at  all  points  tr  hi, nrvfo 
these  lines.    As  an  illustration  of  tl.is  point  I  h  vroX  to  snv    Ln 

rn'me'-'of ;'v'™h"'' ''"" """'™'' "'" i"t."'iurto,;„"Sw "r  ,  z 

Ce      me    revaK.:;;:;f  "  l""™'i»l/'"<l  per.nane„treB„  ,ai  g 


TRAFFIC. 


The  shipments  upon  the  inlnud  lines  of  navigation  in  Ireland  eon^i^f 

s'l^rt!;;:T;:ir;Sd^t' ''«™"'"'™' ''™''"«-.-"^^^^ 

ooS8ram,',l,.d''t,';r''''''  '!'''"'"',"'  •"»iR»«o"  fixnlities,  thore  is,  of 

Of  the  co™.r.  agric„!t„r!;,,,:\;;er;;  ;;ei;;ri»r,^irr,^S;^^^^^^^^ 


::i 


236 


CANALS    IN    TUK    UNITKI)    KI 


NODOM. 


tho  smportH.     A  furfl  .. 


UT 


«"iis(>ii  is  I  hilt,  ii„.,.„  \n  .,,  \.,,,.y  li,„i(,,,] 


IX  <l<>ii(>  III  tiut  interior  of  th 


.'IIIKMIIlf 

0  comiiry.  ii  rniiddl 


lilt  iiiConiicd  ||iii,t  ii,  |,],|, 


mwof.s|,i|„nrnLslH..i.o(|iu,s  Nviiiitin«-.     I 

o.-.tio.^.^  ,i..,t'  i'..!;.;r;;!;  u:;;r;;:;;';r;ii;:;';;;  i-;^;;:'^''''-' '"  '"^^ 


lUKIOATION   OANALS. 


COST   AND   KXT1;nT. 


.■n:^n::i";xr';;rt  ;;,:;*;;;'  ;:^„s''  ^^■'-  >^"-" '- •• 


miles.    Tlio  total  (^osf,  <»i 


tlic  ('onstMK-tioii  niui  iinprovtMiuMit  of  theses  ..|i>,.,m  i .  ,      • 

lows:  x:m,:UU  tmn,  ,.,   Mti(s      €•!  10  ''''"•    ""'*^*^   "'»  '^"^  ^<»'- 

Ii.- polo- the  lar.,:.",;;:^^;;.*;;;^;.:;::';;,!;^^ 
soi^SnlS.;';;;:;;:^,  i;!,.;;;: ;;;  s;;;;;;.  i^;;:;; -r  —  ji-^ 

r;;,;xr"^  '*"^'-^'"'  -'>  -•■■•*".« -;.nira"t^^^.3;'i;:f[|;;: 

mcnts  in  t^LrdnitcIl Sats!  ''  t"«<''tso.n  many sin.ilann.prove- 


Unitkd  Statks  Consui.atk, 

JhihUn,  Septvmlur  I'O,  ISS!). 


Alex.  J.  Khid, 

Consul. 


BELFAST. 

RKi'oiiT  ity  voysvL  iivnr. 


1.0M  to  the  woJt  I'oLt  ^Irolami:  ''  '^  ^-onfMnous  line  Iron.  luL 


THK   LAGAN   CANAL. 


com 


c^xpense  beino' detn    e    r^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^  nav.oatn.n  in  Irela,,,!,  ti.e 

by  au  act  of  IT^l-J.  *  ""  '•^'^"•' ^^'^S  '"'*l  «l»ints   ...posed 


1 


t 
t 

1 
4 


J 


■.;^a^"i^i.'4»i-!«"fc4cS^.' 


'«!  .'iMiomif 
>  ii  Iriiitriil 
it  ill  l<]iij>-. 
()  orMirct' 
IhmI  to  tlui 


nH(Ml  for 
I  liei'ci  lit) 
i<^  (^iiiiiiKs 
il  liir^cly 

soctioMs 
iiiiinil  by 
iM'-nM.soii. 


ivo  heoii 

I    <M)sf,   of 

l>y  H'ood 
1)  JIH  fol- 
•<>s;  jind 
d  Mt!it(vs 
>C(^  of  (ho 
I  of  pill). 

low  (Iki 
<liiiff  Mio 
t  Tor  tlu^ 

(ii'Oiisod 
111  prove- 

0  until . 


vo\\  by 
lai  tlwH 


a  wtno 
id,  tlio 
•iiosod 


\ 


CANAJ.S    \N   TIIK    UNITKn    KlNOi)OM. 

Ill  1771  proH(M',iilioriof  works  wiiH  luuuh'd  to  lo<5ai  ,-,u,i 
misod  money  on  the  m^iMirilics  of  (Jm,  tolls.     Af|,orwurd 
mnv  coiiMlif  iKrd  :,,  ro.npiiiiy  by  a(!t  of  I'm-liaiiuMif.     Tl 
ttoin  {{.'IfuMt  to  "lioiifrl.  NmKh,"  loiijrii,  'ja  ,„iie,s, , 
ol  piisHMiH-  Wk^iUh'h  02  lo«t  by  14  feot  <i  ii.chon  witb 


237 

<!omiiii.ssionort),  who 

M  tIn'Hc  creditors 

HI  canal  cxtcndH 

cs,  Willi  li({  locks  ciipabhi 

a  ma.vitniim  draft  of 


/>  f'cct  ()  inciu'H. 

The  tralllc  is  about  InO.OOO  tons  per  aniinin,  consistiiii; of  coal  Indi-m 
con.,   miber,  slates,  b.ieks,  elc,  and  retnrn  cargoes  .Von.  Lo  ^  Ne  « 
ol  sand  lor  biiildin^f  purposes.  ^    i^^ij.ij,!! 

The  company  is  nianaj-ed  by  a  I'.elfast  board  of  direcjtors,  with  sec 
rctary  and  inaiijiKCM-  of  works.  '''^oifi,  witn  sec- 

The  (!on.paiiy  are  not  (sirric^rH.     Tho  lifjhters  trading  an;  owned  bv 
liHeient  indivHlnals.     VVIie.«.ver  the  eanal  touches  railway  rs  am 
l)n)ii;4htdown  to  eanal  rates.     Kon^rhiy,  M,(,  ,.(re(!r,  in  ehe  in^^^^^^^ 
porlatum^onld  probably  be  aboii^  nin.  in  i.  2n  ;;r^:,7^:;{:::;, 

'i'llK   UI.STKR   (;ANAL. 

The  works  on  this  eanal  weiv,  (lonuneneed  by  the  Ulster  Oannl  Corn 
puny  n.nb.r  an  act  of  IS'j;;.     Loans  (o  the  extent  of  ^I^K  (»  w Z  ,nad" 
1».\  (he  eominiss.oners  of  pni.lie  works  in   Ireland.     In  lK(i5  th    ea  a 
was  traiisterred  to  (he  eon.inissioners  in  ,l.scliarf,^e  of  thedebt     M   re 
money  was  expende.l  on  the  canal,  bnt  under  the  comii  issi )  lers  it  S 
M'cn  kep    ,11  sn.rh  want  of  repair  and  want  of  water  that    lero  U Id 
he  no  tralhe.     |{^y  an  actof  Parliament,  passed  in  I.SSS,  it  w  s  tSlferre 
o?.   !;in  "I'J"  N'^^'f-'''"'"!'  !'«""Pn.ny  as  a  «ift,  with  .C;j,r>(H»  toSs  cm 
<>    icpan-s   tin.  con.paiiy  benij,'  Dbli^ed  (o  kee,,  it  in  order  for  the  pull  e 
ehar}.inK  <«'««  re^ulalcd  by  act  of  I'arliainent  '  ' 

It  IS   now  beiiij.-  pnt  in  order.     The  canal  extends  from   "  Loi.L^h 
Nea«li"  t.)  "Lou, I,  lOrne."     Len;;th,  44  miles,  wiM.    went- six     o4s 

;;?^'^;';tii:;M:;;;^.li;r'-^ '' '-'  '>' "  '"^-^  --^  withama^imLls 

THE  <!()AL   ISLAND  OANAf.   WORKS 

Co.nnien.-ed   in  17; W  by  the  (Commissioners  of  In,land,  and  navi.-itioi. 
...   I.elamI  eonlinne.l  in  their  chai-e.nntil  1787,  wh  mM  i    w  rks 'w^^^^^^^ 

J.i    -SOU  (he  navigation  can,,,  into  the  hands  of  the  (lirectors  genera  of 

l.clan.,an,l   between   ISOO  and  IH.Jl   a  sum  of  JCL';,L'40  was  SxZ    ed 

•PO"  t  H,  works.     In  IS.JI,  on  (he  absolntion  of  the  .  i rector^ SS  of 

Jrelan.l  mty.«ation,  (he  niana^M-ment  was  trai.st-,TnMl  toti  e'^Ssl^^^ 

o(  ,L.»,!  <7  has  been  expended  by  them 

Under  an  act  of  ]«.SS  if  has"b,.en  (ransferred  as  a  {jift  to  tho  LaL^'iu 
Nav.fjatmn  (Company,  wi(h  (.bli^^ation  (o  keep  it  in  order  fo    the  p^X 
.«.,   ehar^in,j^   to  Is  re-nlated  by  act  of  J>arliament.     The  canal     x 

owrir(;or^:"'r"r''7r'']\'^ 

..)wn  oi  i.oai  Ishind.  J;en«(h,  4A  miles,  w  dth  7  locks  cid-  bio  r.f 
passing-  l,«  Iters  (52  feet  by  14  feet"(J  inches,  wit  a  m  ximun  S^  nf 
4  leet !)  inches.    Trallic,  about  ir,,(M)(.  tons  p'er  annum. 

(!ANAL   V.S.    ({AILWAV    RATKS. 

ITn!S'^4t'  i^^  l-'^tes  are  hiffher  here  than  in  the 

«  JMf.M  ?5tateb.    l.anal  competition  is  more  eliectiial  in  reducing  rates 


!  m 

1 


238 


CANAJ.8    IN    TriK    UNITKI) 


KINODOM. 


mZhl  ^''"  '"''"""  ^'"'*^  ""visation  dom  not  dos,,  d.niufr  tho  winter 


Unitkd  Statkh  (^onsulatk, 

livl/hsf,  Auyiisf  I!),  1889. 


Samukl  G.  Jtunv, 


r  '   i 


ht  I 


fin 


SCOTLAND. 

MKfoh'T  nv  ooxsi'L  niinci:,  of  r.nini. 

TIIK   UNION  OANAL. 

Tho  only  syshMn  of  inlju.d  Miivi-udOn  witl.in  tlio  limifs  of  f1.i«  nm. 
The  construction  of  tl.o  Union  (Janal  was  undertaken  in  the  veur 

a  onj,^  peruMl  «euerally  calle.l  tlH>  KdinluTr^i   au.  \  las  1     / (V,  ,  ,'     ^''' 

^<^mS!?T!Z:i':r'r"'''''\.'"'-r"'' ""-in.  ii«ir.,",'.i.:; 

,,,";'     ""'"•"<'l.\.  HI    ISW,  till'    I.IJIOII  ();lliii     Wiis  ;imill"iininll'cl    Willi    n,, 

completinj;  escTOio,!  Ilmt  ,m„„„,(  by  «l  i,",Vo,„i  "'  ""''  "'  """>'"»•'  ■'"<' 


CANAL.S    IN    TIIK    UNITMI)    KIN(il)()^f. 


239 


tho  winter 

ITHV, 

Cons  III. 


r  fills  con- 
Kiiiitj  Iroiu 
i>l>'iiyh  to 
tJ  I  •  liirf,'o 
county  of 

tlie  year 
«:mit  fnil- 

and  ini\s- 
.—proved 
Iio  7  years 
I'Ntiniated 
I  was  not 
i>vifi;ati(m 
vn  banks, 
it  was  for 
iiial. 

piiit,  and 
I'ir  eiiter- 
ondition  ; 
t^'brnary 

an  inde- 
wo  cities. 

success, 
witli  the 
s  in  LSOo 
iiy.    Tlie 

is  quite 

riyinally 
iiuf,'  anil 

n  stocks 

>ut  G  per 

it  Edin- 
0,  is  .'iU 

yater  ;J7 
3f  water 


1  iKM-e  are  eleven  locks  VJT,  feet  wide.  Depth  of  water  on  sill  of  locks 
5  feet,  i)  in<!li('M.     Tolal  rise  oi  fall  of  hxiks  !(►  feet  '.i  incla^,:. 

Three  aqueducts,  n'Kpcctiveiy,  SIO  feet,  <iOO  feet,  400  feet.  Width  of 
nipu'ducts  12  feet  (>  inches.  II eij^ht  of  these,  respectively,  05  feet,  76 
feet,  and  SO  feet. 

One  tunnel  in  the  neifjhborhood  of  Falkirk  wiXhin  a  short  distance  of 
the  western  terminus  at  lock  10  is  0!»0  yurds  in  leiif-th,  15  feet  hiL'h 
above  water  level.     Width  of  water  line  l.'J  f.ct,  in  tunnel. 

The  reservoir  which  supplies  the  cinal  with  wau^-  has  a  (sapacitv  of 
about  l»0,('OO,0OO(!ubi(!  feet. 

The  boats  in  us(i  are  00  feet  from  stem  to  atern,  their  width  11  feet  S 
incihes,  all  <lri!wn  by  horses. 

The  total  tonnage  in  the  year  ISHH  wns  lti!>,411  tons.  Dnriiif;  snnie 
year  the  total  revenue  was  i:?(;,300  ami  total  expenditure  $1 1,,S10. 

The  tnidic  consists  entirely  in  conveyance  of  coals,  stone,  bricks,  and 
other  minerals,  and  nninure. 

Th(^  present  owners  are  merely  ioll-takers,  not  carriers.  Other  people 
put  on  the  bi(r{;(^sor  boats. 

The  niiiniif>('Mient  of  this  cianal  is  entirely  in  the  hands  of  the  North 
British  llailroad  (Jompiiiiy. 

TIIK  FORTH  AND   Of.VDK  OANAL. 

^  The  TTnion  Canal  at  its  western  extremity  terminates  in  the  Forth  and 
C'lyde  ('anal,  an  artilliMid  navigable  line  of  communi(!ation  between  tho 
Firth-of-Forfh  and  the  Firth-of-Olyde. 

From  the  I'\)rtli  at  the  port  of  (;ranf,'e?noutli  the  navij,'ation  into  the 
canal  runs  about  a  mile  up  the  river  (Jarron  from  low-water  mark  in 
the  Firth  to  liie  (irst  lock,  where  there  are  extensive  harbor  accommoda- 
tions. I'assinji  southwesterly  throii^di  (Jrahatnstown  and  the  (jarron 
Iron  Works  the  canal  proceeds  to(Jainelon  and  reaches  Lock  10,  where 
it  attains  an  eh'vaticm  o!' lUS  feet  al)ovetiie  lev«4  of  tide  mark  at  (Jraiif,".!- 
mouth.  At  liock  Hi  is  the  lar^^e  basin  called  Port  Downie,  from  which 
the  canal  sends  oil' on  its  east  side  the  Union  (Jana'l  navifj^ation  toEdin- 
l)ur},rh,  above  mentioned.  At  Windford  Lock,  near  Castleeary,  it  attain;? 
its  hifjhest  elevation,  and  continues  to  preserve  thesarne  onwards  past 
Port  Diindas  at  (ilasf>-ow,  on  the  one  hand,  to  the  Junction  of  tin;  Moidc- 
land  Canal  and  onward  on  the  other  till  near  tin;  a<pieduct  across  Kel- 
vin water.  Thence^  it  continues  to  tho  western  terminus  in  t\w  river 
Clyde  at  IJowliuH'  I*>ii.V,  "car  the  villaj,a>  of  Howlin,!,'  in  Dumbartonshire 
on  the  road  from  Dumbarton  to  Ghisj^ow. 

The  work  of  excavati<Mi  was  bej,'un  in  the  year  1708,  but,  on  account 
of  unforseen  dilliimlties,  by  reason  of  inexperisuicc!  of  its  projectors  in 
such  schemes,  the  canal  was  not  completed  till  17!)0. 

Up  to  the  month  of  January  succeeding  the  date  of  its  completion 
tho  total  cost  of  the  (!anal  was  Sl,Or>(),()<H). 

The  Forth  and  Clyde  Canal  was  incorporated  with  the  Monkland 
Canal  in  the  year  J840.    The  total  costof  the  two  canals  was  $."'),451,»()0. 

Tho  extent  m  t!-^  Forth  and  Clyde  Canal  in  all  its  parts  is  m'}  miles. 
The  navijjation  dnect  from  the  Forth  to  the  Clyde  is  35  miles;  the  side 
branch  to  Port  Dundas  2,f  nulesj  the  continuation  to  Monkland  Canal 
1  mile. 

The  number  of  locks  on  the  eastern  part  of  the  canal  is  20  and  on 
the  western  19,  the  ditterenee  being  occasioned  by  the  higher  level  of 
water  in  the*  Clyd.e  !i,t  Bowlin*'"  Ihiv  than  in  (Trimirebum  or  the  Carrou  a*" 


kw. 


^'^'mmmmn 


'I.- 


240 


L    I 


I 


CANALS    IN    THE    UNITKD    KINGDOM. 


c;™'r';ir;:;-,s  tf  ""■■"  ■» » '«■' "-« -o  ^"  f-t  ..„,.„,  ,„„.  „,„. 

June,  17.S7,  and  nnislu.        A    ^^^         Tll'^^f  ^  "'■^■^•*"'  ^^^^'""  i» 
arches.  Ks  83  feet  lii«l,,  spans  uvihv  4^^  s  n.ctnie  conNists  of  4 

to  Port  Du.Hlas,  .U  UhL  (J);}  oonf.,      Jv^,.   iV      •  ^l^'"'"  ^■'''i"«t^'"outh 
^  (48  cen(s).     Sul.s(.,,,u.  t  v    o    n'..,    i^  ^''»\''^  I'ort  JJnndas, 

"Iff  the  rate  not  „,ore   l.an  U J      v  f '   '  IV,  ^^*''^« '*;"{'>•  reduced,  niak- 
to  be  ren.uneiative  ^     (oi  3  cents)  per  mile,  but  they  continued 

paratively  ^reat  hc.i,ht  of'i;<  5,4  ;^^  ^^  .,^  '  ,f^;;';"V'««^'  t'>  <!.«  con,- 

'i;^;e '";;;' i';rf^=^"f  -'s'^,i^:.,!:;'[^i^-  ^  --  ^--  later 

Ca^ec^!;^a^;i^.ii:;.V^  :;„-,--;;;  1--<1  into  the  |;osses«ion  of  the 
the  entire  management  of'bo^'^'jl  XS;:;in.  ^t^^  ''-' 


THE  MONKLAND  TANAL. 


Tin's 


IS  an 


Glasgow  and  the  t  c  ^^o  ui-  m'  ?  ?  '^  /'''^"r"  ^''^  «'^^'  of 
nieneing  in  the  northern  subris  ,  1  VJ  J^^^^^^^  "/'m"^''  V^  f^^"""J-  Com- 
mas brought  into  junction  h  the  l.'^  ''<>it  Bnndas,  where  it 
Cl.v<le  Canal,  it  priUedL  iast  «on  hen^^^  [^^^^^^  ?f"  '^''  ^^^^'^^h  and 
Menkland  to  th,.  river  North  Cah  er  ¥he  •  n  s.mM  '  *  l^!.  '""j'^''  «*'  Oh\ 
one  about  a  mile  in  length  to  Calder  hm.  w  V  '  "'*  ^**"''  l>iancheH, 
parish  of  New  Monklaiul  Zo^  !  L  ?  i  '•''">  "*'"''  ^^'''''"^N  "'  the 
Iron  Works,  one  about  urn-  of  "'u"^^^^^^^^^  h"?'\  ^^  «"'-t«''«^rrie 
W.>rks,  an.l  one  also  ubo  ,  q,  ar  eV  f  V  ,  i  '^'^'i  ^"  ^  '"'^l-Wan  Iron 
Iron  Works,  all  in  the  ])arish  o^f  Old  Monk^;';,t  '"  '"'^''^  '"  ^^'"^^'^'-^^ 

inhii:iSronfSl?;vr<,c!nS:;;r'^,:i^"^  n>r«ecuri„gto  the 
corporation  of  the  city  ad<)pS  ]!>  l  ''  .'i''  T"'^"  •'  ^*"  "^'^'-  ^he 
celebrafHl  .lames  Watt  to  make  s  r  n  .  n  '  ti  '  '"''',"-  ^'"P'oye'l  the 
of  Parliament  for  carryinV  t  tlie  dS'.,?  H  ^''?""*''  '^I'tained  an  act 
shares  to  the  sto.-k.  ^  '  '''"^"'  ''^"^  subscribed  a  number  of 

The  nndertakino-  ^^s  begun  in  the  vp-h-  ivfti  i  ., 
continued  until  about  10  nril '  o  /Iw.I  ut.'l''^  the  operations  were 
of  those  miles,  extending  fronrthe  b'  i  L  ?  TT^'  '^^''^'  ^''^^  ^''^ 
are  upon  the  level  of  tlnT  u,  per  ^u  h  rtl  .  V  "^  n''^^*""  "'  '''"cklnU, 
the  other  ,S  mih-s,  e<)n..,HMicini  t  th.\  ^  ^''^^'  '""'  < ''.v'*^  <^"aiial 
iovel  of  JX;  tWt  high'  r  Ken  1  os  Tn-;  i  ";;'  ^•'"*''^''i''/are  upon  a 
at  that  primitive  period  ^^rLa^^l^yl^^/!:;:  S!:^^:;^^ 


,^-tmtijmB'VSi-^:  -W^  :# 


CANALS   IN   THE    UNITED   KINGDOM. 


Which  tho  coals  wore  lowered  down 


241 


i^i!>trXSi;^r':l?:!:\l---y 


iu  boxes  and  restarted  on  the  lower 


concern  in  t.,oj..arm/''''  ""'  ^""■•"  ""d  Ciydi  Oanal  beoamo  one 

wayOr;;aT,°ttnr„r„'iSrr''  "^  "■«  ^^-^'onian  «.„. 
that  company  in  tLe  year  1867     «°"  ''"""S  """"i  '"'o  i.o88e»mo„  of 

THE    CALEDONIAN  CANAL 

Li8uiore,dividinirthR..n„n/voVr  ..<^^0'»'^rtj,  onward  to  tl.p  rip!*.  „1- 
H.  Ex.  46-...16"" ""^^  of  Iuveruee«  and  the  Highlands" genmaliy^ 


242 


CANALS   IN   THE   UNITED    KINGDOM. 


m 


into  two  nearly  equal  parts,  while  it  connects  the  German  Ocean  and 
tbe  Atlantic  at  those  points. 

The  northeast  end  of  the  canal  is  occupied  by  about  23  miles  of  the 
narrow  or  upper  portion  of  the  Moray  Frith  ;  the  southeast  end  is  occu- 
pied to  the  extent  of  32  miles  by  the  sea-lochs  Loch  Eil  and  Loch 
Linnhe,  and  the  intermediate  portion  has  a  total  length  of  GU^  miles,  of 
which  37  J  consist  of  the  four  natural  sheets  of  water  named  Loch  Doch- 
lour,  Loch  Ness,  Loch  Oich,  and  Loch  Lochy.  This  intermediate  por- 
tion is  the  region  of  the  Caledonian  Canal,  which  comprises  works  at 
its  extremities  and  23  miles  of  dry  cutting. 

One  of  the  principal  objects  in  constructing  this  canal  was  to  prevent 
the  delay  of  vessels  going  through  the  Peutland  Firth  and  around  Cape 
Wrath  during  westerly  winds. 

The  necessity  for  constructing  the  Caledonian  Canal  was  brought 
under  notice  ot  the  British  Government  during  the  latter  part  of  last 
century,  and  a  sHrvey  of  the  line  was  made  by  the  celebrated  James 
Watt  about  the  year  1773,  but  from  many  causes  the  work  was  delayed, 
and  Mr.  Watt's  report  was  not  acted  on.  Subsequently,  however,  the 
project  of  forming  the  canal  was  again  pressed  on  the  attention  of  the 
government,  and  in  the  years  1803  and  1804  a  body  of  parliamentary 
commissioners  caused  a  resurvey  of  the  line  to  be  made.  The  sur- 
veyor in  hid  report  calculated  that  a  uniform  depth  of  20  feet  of  water 
would  be  required,  and  locks  measuring  170  feet  in  length  by  40  feet 
wide,  and  his  original  estimate  of  the  outlay  necessary  for  such  an  under- 
taking was  £350,000  ($1,703,275). 

The  work  of  excavation  was  not  begun  till  the  year  1805.  Many 
causes  operated  in  delaying  the  work  thereafter,  among  which  may  be 
mentioned  the  rapid  rise  in  wages  and  in  the  prices  ot  many  articles  dur- 
ing the  periud  onwards  to  the  years  1812  and  1813,  the  advance  in  many 
cases  being  as  much  as  50,  70,  and  even  100  per  cent.,  other  unforeseen 
difficulties  in  the  conveyance  of  materials  required  in  dredging  opera- 
tions, etc. 

Ultimately  the  commissioners  were  led  to  open  the  canal  in  the  year 
1822,  when  it  was^only  partially  finished.  Numerous  accidents  resulted 
from  this  premature  opening,  certain  portions  of  the  undertaking  being 
failures,  the  repairing  of  which  was  a  source  of  continual  expense  and 
frequently  caused  the  navigation  to  be  interrupted. 

Up  to  the  time  of  the  canal  bieiug  opene<l  its  total  cost  was  £905,258 
($4,525,438.05);  to  the  1st  of  May,  1827  £973,271  ($4,736,423.31),  and 
to  the  Ist  of  May,  1844,  £1,070,173  ($5,207,996.90). 

Notwithstanding  the  outlay,  it  was  found  necessary  to  supplement  the 
work  already  done  by  making  extensive  additions  and  repairs,  and,  after 
being  closed  for  a  time  the  canal  was  reopem^d  in  April,  1847. 

From  time  of  commencement  till  the  oth  of  May,  1849,  the  total  ex- 
penditure on  account  of  the  canal  was  £1,311,270  38.  2cL  ($6,381,296.22). 

From  the  published  reports  it  appears  that  there  are  very  great  diffi- 
culties and  that  there  has  been  much  expense  incurred  in  maintaining  the 
up- keep  and  effective  working  of  the  navigation  through  the  Great 
Glen,  while  che  receipts  have  not  been  increasing  in  same  ratio. 

The  reports  show  that  the  receipts  have  been  of  late  as  follows : 

For  year  ending  April  30 —                                                                £  s  d 

18S7 7,229  13  5=135,183.19 

1888 (i,748  0  4=32,gl9.22 

1889 7,236  6  3=  35, ^15. ."iX 


CANALS   IN   THE    UNITED    KINGDOM. 


They  show  the  expenditure  in  same  years,  thus- 


243 


*'*"■  [g^g^^r  ending  April  :jO- 

itt«y.. 


jC 

7,(i(l'J  14 

10,507  9 

10. 407  4 


8    rf 


«^-  <'>l,i:{4.6fi 
7=  iJ0,»J4B.77 


It  appears  that,  bv  reason  nf  h.I  a. ,"""."  '    ^"*  """^   ^    '=  *"**'  ♦^^•^-  ^7 

on  in  many  l>art8  oKhe  orlgina  strtS/''^^    ''"'•  ^^""  r«Pif»y  going 
and  otherwise  improved  ■  tf^Lt        '"^'^  '""^''  «*  it  ^'as  to  be  renewed 
ance  the  GoverZent  of  brea  BrSri'"'  '^  ''*"  '^l»P'i«^^tion  for  aS 
(«24,332.60)  as  acoutribiSowar?^^^^^^  the  sum  of  So 

by  the  commissioners  oYu^e  CalX  f-i^^L '^^^^^      t.^'  ^'.^«^^^'  >»««'^'e2 
Parliament  will  approve  of  fiirfhil  o.        ,  °'^''  ""^*  ^''^tit  is  hoped  thaf 

Account  of  vessels  mvigating  the  Caledonian  Canal  durino  Ik    . 

li«88-'89  '"^  ''*'  ""^  ^/''ars  1887-'88  and 


Sailing  vessels. 


N^uiiibtT  of  passages 
through  canai. 


Total  for  year  end  i 


18«9    ^*"''  "^    "=  -^P'"  30- 
1888  .'!'.'.■■■ 


Kast  to 
West  Sea, 


W.stto 
ilastSea. 


N'uniber 

of 

l)asHages 

oil  parts 

of  canal. 


Jfiinibor 
of 

Paw.-;'OB 

b.v 
steamers. 


To'al 

niiiiibor 

of 

passages. 


Amount 

of 

tonnage 
dues. 


THE   CBINAN   CANAL 

was  u'pwTrd's'S^^^^^^^  iSs!^    ^Th,f  f f.  ^^^f  *^«'^  "1>«"  ^he  work 

insufficient  for  carrvine-  mittuJ^  'i  .^  amount  proved  to  be  onifA 
of  the  intersectbn  of  tlie^f  *  t  J'''^  ^^^"O'npletion/mainly  by  reason 
this  eanal  being  deem  ^oHatfonal'S?^^^^^^  T'  P-tmls,Tnd 

subsequently  by  the  British  Government  ufd«"''^%f ''?°^  ^^^^  '"ade 
tu  the  extent  of  about  £75,000^$3Ks7  -  f '  ^"thonty  of  Parliament 
sum  the  canal  was  transferred  oSS"?:  ,/"  r^""'  *^  «««"'■«  this 
m  Scoth^nd,  Whose  functions  ^u,^S:^S!:^:Z^{^^Z 

-^^l^::^S!^'^:^t^:^:yr''''  •-^"•^  theactofPania. 
pended  under  the  control  am  s^tnl;  f  Pi'ovision  that  it  should  be  ex 

the  Caledonian  C-^mh^hT^^^^^^  ^'^^  commissioners  of 

the  Crinan  Canal  after  0x1^  n  ^^0.      -^''^"'^     *^^  management  of 
fore  remain«.i  «uer  o:,'  '  ,A";""t  "^;  of  said  advajice.  and  it  1,.^  thlZ 
ci  „u.ce  Under  meu-  mauagemeut.     '  ^' 


-  nij.  m"hf"n\fm^^'mm^'k  ";i^hw<pj»»hi^»p  '*'vm' 


244 


CANALS   IN   THE    UNITED    KINGDOM. 


The  Crinan  Canal  is  about  9  miles  louff  and  contains  15  looks,  13  of 
which  are  9G  feet  long,  24  feet  wide,  and  12  feet  deep,  and  2  locks  are 
108  feet  looff  and  27  feet  wide. 

•    Eight  of  the  looks  occur  in  the  extent  from  Lock  Gilp  or  Ardrishaig 
at  the  east  end,  and  7  in  descending  to  Crinan  at  the  west  end. 

The  canal  is  chietly  used  by  small  coasting  ai.d  tisiiing  vessels,  and 
by  the  steamboats  which  ply  h(»t\veeu  Inverness  and  the  Clyde. 

It  is  navigable  by  vessels  of  200  tons  burden.  The  small  passage 
steamers  do  the  distance  from  one  terminus  to  the  other,  including  the 
locks,  in  about  2  houi's. 

It  is  expected  that  the  Isthmus  of  Cantire  at  no  distant  date  will  be 
cut  off  from  the  mainland  by  the  formation  of  a  ship  canal  connecting 
East  and  West  Locks  Tarbert.  The  cost  of  such  an  undertaking  has 
been  estimated  at  i:UO,OUO  ($081,310). 

The  eighty-third  and  eighty-fourth  reports  of  the  commissioners  of 
the  Caledonian  Canal  controlling  and  managing  the  Crinan  Canal  show 
the  business  of  the  latter  done  during  past  3  years  to  be  as  follows: 

lieceipts  during  year  oiided  April  :{0 —                                          £  ,.  (j, 

1887. 4,854  t)  0=|2:{,<i4'^.  18 

1H88 4,814  10  :^=  !i:{,421).80 

18."'9 5,1'il)  7  r)=  24, 11(52.  08 

Expend  it  II  res  during  year  ending  April  30 — 

1*^87 7,343  16  5=  35,738.78 

1888. r 4,610  8  4=22,436.72 

1889 4,954  17  8=  24,112.93 

Although  the  Crinan  Canal  appears  to  be  in  a  better  condition  finan- 
cially than  the  Caledonian,  some  renewals  and  re])airshave  to  be  made~ 
which  must  involve  considerable  outlay,  and  it  seems  that  sometime 
in  the  fut;ire  the  commissioners  will  have  to  provide  for  the  expense  of 
lowering  the  summit  level  of  the  Crinan  Canal,  which  is  much  desired 
for  several  iraportaut  reasons. 

The  following  statement  sets  foi'th  the  amount  of  traffic  on  the  Cri- 
nan Canal  during  the  past  2  years,  and  the  increase  thereon  : 

Comparative  statement  of  the  number  of  bonis  and  amount  of  canal  dues  of  Crinan  Canal 

for  Hears  1807-38,  and  188:;-89. 


Tear  ending  April  30— 

18K9 

1888 

IncreoMo 


Num- 
ber of 
stcam- 
erd. 


2G2 
258 


I 


Num-  ;  Kiim- 

ber  of  i  ber  of 

vesaeU.    buats. 


Num- 
ber (if 
pas- 
sages. 


Dues  on 
HteaTiiei's. 


J,  ,135 
1,288 


350 
254 


47 


06 


1,947  $1,281.37 
],8U0  I  1,27.').  48 


147 


5.89 


Dues  on 

vessels 

aiul  boats. 


$12,  822. 51 
I?,  175.  73 


646.78 


Tr.nisit 
duty. 


$3.  383.  60 
2,  638.  73 


744.  87 


Total. 


$17,487.48 
10,  08y.fl4 


1,  397.  r.  I 


From  the  foregoing  description  of  the  various  lines  of  inland  navi- 
gation at  present  in  use  in  Scotland  it  will  be  noted  that  the  three  first 
mentionefl,  namely,  the  Union,  the  Forth  and  Clyde,  and  the  Monk- 
land,  are  all  connected  and  worked  as  one  system  of  water  carriage 
managed  and  controlled  entirely  by  railway  conij)anies. 

The  Caledonian  Canal  and  the  Crinan  are  each  quite  independent  of 
railways,  but  both  are  controlled  and  subsidized  by  the  Government  of 
Great  Britain. 

Therefore,  in  the  first  instance  there  is  no  competition  as  to  rate  of 
cargo  and  the  latter  independent  systems  have  no  competing  lines  of 
transit. 

X  will  further  add  that  there  are  no  irrigating  canals  in  Scotland, 


CANALS   IN    THE    UNITED   KINGDOM. 
PROPOSED  RIIIP  CANAL. 


245 


not  Of  the  „ea/ft,tu  I  I       li    ?    To'  t^S'Tr'"^  I'^obably 

•    rthtoM.eOlvd...    aCeJetuor,.^^^^     steamers  from  the  Firth  of 
'••^  i'  out  L.Mff,  joi.iinff  t  e  Fortli  L  rW      ?  ""e^om'n^"*'"'! :  One  in  volvimr 

niond  ami  Loch  Lonfc^,,^,8,u7I<in^^^^^^^  Forth  wil    Locl    .o- 

west  of  (Jlaego  ■ ,    Tl  -.  r.th       !{IZXS.  J^.  ^>^^"^'«  »*  ^'^^'^  ">"«« 

Jan.  r.te  .e.. ..  th.  ^^^^^^l^i^^lZ^^^^-^^ 

po^atio!?"  i:;.r^hi;;s^^r  J;r^;rL!:,fl"'  ?ri^  '^"^^  -«^  ^-- 

tlieriiore  uiated  to  the  sni  l«f  ^  f'^otluiid  to  the  other,  and  is 
that  n.„ch  of  the  l!,^;^' torn  norTn/Fn"""'  ^'  '"v^^'-  «'«^'»ed 
Antwerp,  etc.,  Mould  ihoofe  tS  route  to  ,'"'^^'!'  T^'^^'^  Hamburg, 
boisterous  English  Channel  and  the  VtUl  «fn  "">  '^'""  ^^'^^^'^g  the 
seasons  via  the  north  of  Scotiaml  7,®  J^ill  stormier  route  in  certain 
the  port  of  Leith,  a  dirr  sh  n  Irr ,  .,r"'' •  ^''?  *"'"'^'»  J^^<linbnrgh,  it 
without  reshipment  at        'gow     ^   »n.uunication  to  the  United  States 

v4:i  sirr^ro^Er^t^?  th  ^ ''''  ^h  -"-  -  «**"  a 

probability.  ^      "ocdinea  even  the  uncertain  recognition  of 


United  States  Consulate, 


Wallace  I3kucb, 

Consul. 


I^eith,  February  27,  1890. 


GLASGOW. 


'•'g  lakes,,  mi  „,i,™,  a„„  ^ev^riiriLt^orlTo^ref/e'lSL"^^    """'""■ 

THE   CRTNAN  CANAL. 

some  freightiig.     ^"^'^'^^^ely  used  by  passenger  boats  and  al^o  for 

THE   CALEDONIAN  CANAL. 

connects  Oben  Z'the  wLff  wi^Wn^l®  '"'*''*  ™Portant  canal  in  Scotland 
a  con(len««H  .I.e.,.,,:.  H  lye^t  with  Inverness  on  the  ea^t  ^^oof    ^,Vr^''*.  "» 
.  "■" *  --uiptiuu  from  <.ho  anthority  quoted'abovei"^'        ^''^ 


! 


M 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


<, 

^^i^.. 


1.0 


I.I 


1^ 


1^ 

«   mil  2.0 


l'-25  111111.4 


ill  1.6 


niuujgidpiuC 

Sciences 
Corpordtion 


33  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  873-4503 


m,^ 


\ 


iV 


'V^ 


"^ 


"^"^"^   "^^^ 


■0 


^ 


J   -■ 


246 


CANALS    IN  THE    UNITED   KINGDOM. 


The  Caledonian  Canal  was  constructed  in  order  to  shorten  the  passage 
from  the  east  coast  of  Scotland  to  the  west  coast  and  to  the  north  of 
Ireland,  and  also  to  enable  vessels  to  avoid  the  dangerous  navigation 
round  the  north  coast  of  Scotland.  It  runs  from  the  Moray  Firth,  east 
coast,  to  Loch  Eil,  an  arm  of  the  sea  on  the  west,  passing  through  Loch 
Ness,  Loch  Oich,  and  Loch  Lochy.  The  canal  proper  therefore  only 
occupies  about  22  miles,  but  to  this  may  be  added  over  4  miles  of  Loch 
Ness,  which  had  to  be  deepened  by  dredging.  It  has  27  locks  including 
the  tide  locks,  one  of  them  170  but  most  if  not  all  the  others  180  feet 
long,  and  all  40  feet  wide,  thus  opening  a  ship  navigation  through  the 
country,  rising  at  the  summit  level  94  feet  above  the  tidewater  of  the 
eastern  coast  and  96J  feet  above  that  of  the  western. 

At  Fort  Augustus,  where  it  leaves  Lock  Ness,  the  canal  is  cut  through 
the  glaces  of  the  fortification.  From  Lock  Ness,  passing  in  a  west- 
wardly  direction  of  the  canal  to  Loch  Oich,  If  miles,  the  land  is  20  feet 
above  the  water  line,  which,  with  the  depth  of  water  ?n  the  canal,  makes 
an  excavation  the  distance  of  40  feet  in  depth,  with  a  bottom  of  40  feet 
in  breadth.  To  save  rock-cutting  in  descending  in  the  westwardly  di- 
rection, as  before,  from  Loch  Oic^  to  Loch  Lochy,  the  natural  difference 
of  the  surfaces  of  the  two  lakes  being  22  feet,  the  whole  area  of  Loch 
Lochy,  which  is  10  miles  in  leuf'th  and  one  in  breadth, is  raised  12  feet. 
In  the  last  2  miles,  before  the  canal  in  its  westerly  direction  enters  Loch 
Eil,  there  is  a  descent  of  64  feet,  which  is  passed  by  eight  connected 
locks,  each  180  feet  lon^  by  40  in  breadth.  These  locks  are  founded  on 
inverted  arches,  exhibiting  a  solid  and  continuous  mass  of  masonry  500 
yards  in  length  and  20  yards  wide,  ^he  gates  are  of  cast  iron.  In  the 
distance  of  8  miles  from  Loch  Lochy  to  tide  water  in  Loch  Eil,  the  ca- 
nal in  passing  along  the  northwesterly  bank  of  the  river  liocby  crosses, 
,by  aqueduct  bridges,  three  large  streams  and  twenty-three  smaller 
ones.  The  canal  was  constructed  under  the  direction  of  Thomas  Telford, 
and  cost  about  $6,500,000.  It  has  not  been  a  profitable  speculation  at 
any  period  of  its  use. 

Vessels  of  500  to  600  tons  can  pass  through  it  with  a  full  load.  The 
act  for  its  construction  received  the  royal  assent  July  27,  1803,  and 
work  commenced  the  same  year,  but  not  completed  till  October  30, 
1822.  The  distance  between  western  ports  of  Great  Britain  and  also 
of  inland  to  the  North  and  Baltic  Seas  is  shortened  several  hundred 
miles.  Notwithstanding  these  facts,  the  canal  is  said  to  be  used  but 
little  for  the  transit  of  merchandise  and  has  no  perceptible  effect  as  to 
rates  upon  the  railways. 

The  canal  from  Fortli  to  Clyde  is  much  older,  ha'nng  been  commenced 
in  1768  and  completed  in  1790.  It,  too,  has  largely  gone  into  disuse 
to  a  very  great  extent,  except  for  v)leasure  boats  loaded  with  tourists. 
At  the  early  period  of  its  use  large  traiflc  is  said  to  have  been  carried 
upon  it. 

The  Crinan  having  been  referred  to  as  omitted  by  Auuandale  from 
the  list  of  important  canals,  was  commenced  in  1793  and  completed  in 
1801.  The  traffic  upon  this  canal  is  said  to  be,  comparatively  speaking, 
quite  extensive.  * 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

The  canals  of  Scotland  do  not  now  and  perhaps  never  did  pay  ex- 
cept in  convenience  to  the  people  before  railways  were  as  numerous  as 
now.  The  canals  are  ov/ned  by  the  government,  tolls  upon  the  vessels 
according  to  tonnage,  freight  carried  and  passengers,  being  collected 
for  their  use. 


" 


CANALS   fK  THE   ONITED   KIH8D0M.  247 

Tbere  aze  n.LigT,^^^  eSnX ^ricotUT'^  "'  tmL»port^ti„„,  ete. 

Levi  w.  Bbown, 
United  States  Consulate,  CowiuU 

Glasgow,  February  20,  1889. 


WALES. 

^^^OBliiT  CONSUL  JO^ES.  OP  OAHmFr. 
CANAL  OONSTETICTION. 

^^Thj.e  methods  Ua™  hitherto  been  Observed  in  the  cc.tructloo  of 

wi^srtr.^X'rthaTrhettTom'o/'rhe''"''^  T  '"-'-"oping  to- 
■■<''',«■•  than  the  to'p  of  the  canal  ""•  """"  «  "ery  much  nar- 

th^fi  ^IreL"^  ""«"■  "-■*  "ave  cou.,CZn.  built  „p  the  whole  of 

are7ri*fsvrtra°2?„\txi?3'sc'^       ^-y 

U  feet  wide  at  the  bottom,  with  iepenS»; ll'tf' ^J*"*  "''  "■«  '"rfaoe, 
and  inclined  sloiws  on  eithi" side  Thu  .l^f '"^  °!'"""  '  f™'  t"  «  ftet 
constant  silting,  inconvenience, aid  expeuYe  "Th"/r7'""°«''»'  <»'°««i 
nal  and  its  branches,  the  lareit  and  mlf  ■  ™» '^'""'•'•franshireCa- 
Wales,  were  bnilt  on  the  y„Un  pa?H '""T"""  ""'°"' »y«'»n'  in 
tamed  m  1790,  and  the  con straSn  wS^Tiif' ''  ""r™  ''»"  "b- 

oS^anW.'airg'i.^ittrBZf-F'^^^^^^^^^ 

wo*  and  ooa,  niines  o^f  trffl.;j';:S;rKlZto"n.^?^^ 
^  The  length  of  the  Glamorganshire  rannl  i«  9n±     •, 
aocommodate  boats  60  feet  lonff  bv  9  fp^ThL    ^*  ™'^^«-    ^t«  'ocks  can 
20  tons.    The  lower  U  milU  ^fVhJ        ®,^  ^®*"'  carrying  on  an  averaffA 

300.t<>nsbarden.^%itSaro  'tCS^^^^^^ 

during  1888  amounted  to  660  Sol  ton«^  ?L  ^'^  /^^  Aberdare  branch, 

sistmg  of  coal,  iron,  timber  corn  fnnr'n^®  merchandise  handled  con 

t.al..  to  the  bottom  of  the^cJn'atstS  Zri^f^iZ::  Aj:; 

P itSr  t^'tKtTtS^^^^^^^^  "-.0.  >— ' »'  tbe 

ot  the  silling  up  which  otherw.'se  occurs  ""^  "  P™™""'  ■"'«='' 

str^nS„^rtTirSipr'r?hrs'^„Vt^^     "-' «'-  -• 

the  wear  and  tear  of  the  canal  whileTt'.»„  >    "  "  *  ^reat  saving  in 
strain  haulage,  if  the  wallingTs'wdl  don\  ^™'"*'  fecilitiesV 


248 


CANAL3   IN   THE   UNITED    KINGDOM. 


CANAL  LOOKS. 

The  sizes  of  the  locks  regulate  the  (limenslons  of  the  barges  which 
can  navigate  a  water  way  ;  but  whereas  the  deepei.ing  of  a  navigation 
by  dredging  may  generally  be  effected  at  a  moderate  cost,  the  enlarge- 
ment of  locks,  necessitating  in  most  cases  their  reconstruction,  forms  a 
very  important  item  in  the  expenditure  on  the  improvement  of  a  water 
ay.  Ihe  enlargement  of  the  smaller  locks  for  securing  uniformitv  of 
gauge,  and  the  lowering  of  the  sills  of  the  wider  locks,  as  well  as 'the 
deepening  and  widening  of  the  water  way  to  a  uniform  section  through- 
out,  would  form  an  essential  portion  of  any  scheme  for  opening  ud 
through  canal  routes.  *^ 

EXTENT  AND  CAPACITY. 

Lengths — The  following  table  shows  the  lengths  of  the  canals  of 
Wales  not  under  the  control  of  railway  companies  and  under  the  con- 
trol of  railway  companies : 


Cauals. 


CiinRla  under  4  miles  in  length 

Brecun  nnd  Abergavenny 

GlamorguuBliiro  nnd  AlitTdaro 

Mounioiitli8hiro  KailwAy  und  Ciiuala. 

Neath  Canal .' 

SwauseaCaual ■."''" 


Total. 


ITot  under 
control  of 

railway 
companies. 


Miles. 
121 


32J 

"ii" 


5Hi 


Under 

control  of 

railway 

companies. 


Miles. 


83 
'26 


70 


By  the  following  table  it  will  be  seen  that  the  canal  mileage  of  En<'. 
land,  Scotland,  and  Wales  amounts  to  2,641  miles,  the  Welsh  canals 
measuring  128  miles: 


Canals. 


Canals  in  England 
Cannlsin  Scotland 
Cauals  i  n  ' Valca . . , 

Total 


Not  under 

control  of 

railway 

companies. 


Miles. 
],260i 
84i 
58i 


1,403 


TTndor 
control  of 

railway 
companies. 


Miles. 
1, 0621 
106 
70 


1. 


ADVANTAGES  OP  CANAL    CAKEIAaE. 

Canal  carriage  is  not  only  superior  in  the  item  of  cheapness,  but  it 
also  has  the  following  advantages : 

(1)  It  admits  of  any  class  of  goods  being  carried  in  the  manner  and 
at  the  speed  which  proves  to  be  most  economical  and  suitable  for  it, 
without  the  slightest  interference  with  any  other  class. 

(2)  The  landing  or  shipment  of  cargo  is  not  necessarily  confined  to 
certain  fixed  stations  as  is  the  case  on  railways ;  but  boats  can  stop  any- 
where on  their  journey  to  load  and  unload. 

(3)  The  boat  itself  often  serves  as  a  warehouse  in  which  an  owner 
may  keep  his  cargo  till  sold. 


y 


CANALS   IN   THE    UNITED    KINGDOM. 


MiU». 


33 
'20 

"xh 

70 


Milet. 

1,  062J 
106 
70 

l,238f 


249 

railway  truck  weighs  nearly -is  mn.ho   if  "/  I'^lway.    The  ordinary 

loO  feet  long  by  20  feefc  hrnari  j..  „  ^"^'^^,»*e  properly  des  gned.  A  \ook 
single  boat«  of  300  tons  burd^.  ?°^/  ''''"'  ^  ^'"^^^"^  «f  «  feet  wiU  pass 
;ictual  operation  which  Lnb^erat'ed  In T  ^'  ?^^*^°«^  and  aK 

Jour,  the  caj  ibility  of  k  siuirle  ]nXZw^  11  ,^  'o^kfuls  of  300  tons  per 
24^72,000  tons  p.-day  oTolr  25^  OOo/'"  ^^  **'«  ^''^^^^f  lOxloOx 
traflac  required  ti  be  ai^om^nocLtSliJwr^.  n''f  P«r«°""n>.  If  a  larger 
«P;,f, at  which  the  locks  werTworked  "'"^  ^^  increasing  the 

thlt'°eS;fTet^,*^^:he'rri:  n^oMSleT^  ^f^^'«'  ^^^  ^^ed  by 
STn^^K^  expensiye  appVraSs  or  es  abl!s£.5'".  'maintaining  an  enor^ 
would,  be  carried  on  by  senarate  ,tSn?  T."^'  ^«  »"  that  can,  and 
avoiding  a  'f  geexpeSi  ffifn  thfS'o^^^  capital, 'tluls 

nance  of  rolling  stock.  '^'^  ^^^*'  ^"^1  subsequent  mainte- 

m  order  to  reap  the  fullest  adv«nto,?  i»  canal  transportation.  But 
necessary,  just  as  it  is  n  an  undeSlnl '"•'**.""  ?"'^''^^^'  '^  ^^ill  be 
most  perfect  instrument  possiC/ i»,\  o  ^!' """^  """'^  to  construct  the 
carefully  ai.d  wisely  managed  afiSrwarS''  '"  '"'''  '^''  '^'^'  ''  ^«  '"««' 

CANAX  REQUIREMENTS 

Jhe  f„„„wi„,  are  among  tbe  points  re,„i.i„g  attention  i„  eana.  ™. 
1.  Improvement  in  construction. 

3   rm,^rT*'^"  of  administration. 
3.  Controlling  supervision. 

tioVto  sTel^^l^Ss'*"'"^^^^^^  ^*'  --'«  -°d  locks,  and  their  adapta- 

or  industrial  center.  A,lmin?stratioZS  ?n  T""^  i^^Portant  market 
and  cooperation  on  the  nart  of  tt^  ?  ^"*  *^  ^•^  exercised  by  concert 
tariffs,  dues,  etc.,  ought  to  be  rp^n?.  "?,^^'^'"^°*  °^"  «^"als.  The  toHs 
ard,  and  oug'ht  n^t  to^>e  flxe^lbyi^Stt^^^^  'T'  ?-^^"'^^  ^"^^  ^^  «tan^ 
the  particular  companies  and  tL  amon  ,    f,f '"''''r  ? "^  ^«  *^^«  influence  of 


.*"''•  . -^"'^  «*'sn«ig  canal  system  in  th,^  rj    1  J  t^"     '  "'^  P*''^sua(iec 
inasmuch  as  it  is  divided  into  so  manv  L^Tm  ^'^  Kingdom  is  faulty, 

S^SiSS^- -« --'  -^of^^i^^pSX^^ 

ai  r^S  S^r^^i:^^-  Sfc^^^^^^'  ^^  ^^^^^^-ic 
age  power,  with  a  uniformity  of  tolls  *  ^^^  ^°^^''  ^^^^  ^^aul- 

CANAL   vs.  RAILWAY   TRAFFIC, 

Canals  are  advantao-enne  .i7wi   ^4- 

wharf-to.wharf  traffic  C  raw  ml tSn:''"iT^  '''\'^'  ^''  ^''^''^^''^f? 
ance  of  goods  where  saving  of  SC  is,  ^^^f^^^^^^^^  «"'»  'or  the  conve^^ 
products  as  buildin-  stone    cSa!tt.!!^.S*'!.*V^«r«!""Portance.    Such 

'  i-uaik,  ...„„,,  ^.-icks,  urain  pipes,  timber, 


'  f'SSSSSSfSS 


-«milua«l|<B6a 


MB 


250 


CANALS   IN   THE   UNITED    KINGDOM. 


Kiain,  pig-iroii,  coal,  patent  fuel,  etc.,  arc  the  most  suitable  for  caual 
conveyance.  It  would  bean  advantage  to  railway  companies  if  tliev 
were  relieved  of  some  of  their  heavy  traffic,  such  as  raw  material,  which 
tlie  canals  could  carry  at  much  lower  rates.  Traders,  as  a  rule,  make 
little  use  ot  canals  because  of  the  delays  and  uncertainties  which  char- 
acterize the  canal  system. 

The  railways  are  the  great  carrying  power  of  the  country,  but  if  the 
canal  system  should  be  imi)roved  it  might  profitably  carry  a  much  larger 
amount  ot  traffic  than  at  present.  Railways  can  not  be  made  to  deal 
satisfactorily  with  all  the  mineral  and  other  heavy  traffic  as  well  as  an 
evergrowing  passenger  trade,  and  new  lines  of  canal  would  be  better 
adapted  for  the  cheap  conveyance  of  heavy  goods  not  in  a  hurry.  The 
main  causes  which  render  transport  by  canal  cheaper  than  transport  bv 
railway  r.re  the  following:  "^ 

(a)  In  canal  transport  there  is  no  item  of  cost  corresponding  to  the 
wear  and  tear  of  rails,  sleepers,  and  fittings,  or  to  the  replacement  and 
maintenance  of  permanent  way.  These  items  form  13  per  cent,  of  the 
working  expenditure  of  the  railways  of  the  United  Kingdom. 

(b)  A  corresponding  saving  is  made  in  respect  of  repairs  of  vehicles 
and  locomotives  of  railways,  due  to  the  damage  caused  by  the  reaction 
of  the  rigid  way. 

(c)  The  maintenance  of  the  works  on  a  cana!  is,  on  the  average,  much 
less  costly  than  the  corresponding  outlay  on  a  railway,  not  only  from 
the  absence  of  vibration  but  from  the  much  smaller  magnitude  of  the 
works  themselves.  '  The  average  cost  of  th'3  railways  of  England  and 
Wales  is  £46,000  a  mile ;  that  of  the  canals,  as  far  as  it  has  been  ascer- 
tained, 18  not  more  than  £3,500  per  mile.    The  average  cost  of  eighteen 
of  the  principal  English  canals  was  under  £10,000  a  mile :  that  of  the 
Birmingham  Canal,  of  which  in  1865  the  original  £1,000  shares  were 
each  worth  more  than  £30,000  in  the  market,  was  £15,000  a  mile.    The 
cost  of  the  Manchester,  Sheffield  and  Lincolnshire,  and  of  the  Lanca- 
shire and  Yorkshire  Kailways,  which  offer  the  best  parallel  to  the 
Birmingham  Canal,  averaged  £66,700  per  mile.    Thus  for  equal  vol- 
umes of  traffic,  the  cost  of  the  maintenance  of  works  on  a  canal  will  be 
less  than  one-fourth  of  that  on  a  railway.    The  cost  of  this  item  on  the 
railways  of  the  United  Kingdom  is  7  per  cent,  of  the  working  expen- 
diture. 

(d)  The  resistance  to  traction  on  a  leeti  railway  at  the  speed  of  30 
miles  an  hour,  is  exactly  ten  times  the  resistance  to  traction  on  a  canal 
at  a  speed  of  2^  miles  an  hour.  The  force  that  will  draw  a  ioad  si  a 
canal  at  4  miles  an  hour  is  just  half  that  required  to  draw  an  eqna.  load 
on  a  railway  at  35  miles  an  hour.  The  economy  of  tractive  force  is 
thus  in  inverse  proportion  to  the  speed  of  transport.  Traction,  on  the 
railways  of  the  United  Kingdom,  costs  16  per  cent,  of  the  expenditure. 
Traction  on  canals  costs  half  that  figure.  Out  of  £200  paid  for  equal 
distance  the  detailed  costs  are : 


f 


Items. 


Maiutennnce  of  way 

Maintennnceof  woi'kH  . 
KepniM  of  rolling  stock 

Traction 

Trattic  expenses 

General  chiir;;e8     

Interest  on  capital 

Total 


By  rail- 
way. 


I'er  cent. 

13 

7 

10 
16 
30 
IS 
100 


By  canal. 


Per  cent. 
0 
2.3 

e 

8 

6 

IS 

33. 


200 


70.6 


Per  cent. 
0 

2.3 
0 
8 
6 
IS 
33. 

70.6 


t 


CANALS    IN   THE    UNITED   KINGDOM. 


strong  competitor  in  the  iulZrca^?;i  J.'f*'  ^.on^omtiom  recog  £ed  « 

■But  the  period  of  indifl'prpiu..,  ;J  .      ^"'?^"ti  water  traffic."  ^ 

way  monopoly  over  the  wate^  wa^'^The  crtry.*'^  ^^"^^«  ''^^^■ 

Evan  B.  Jones, 


United  States  Consulate, 

Uardif,  September  17,  1889. 


7 

Consul, 


I 


■appananinai 


^'isl 


PART    IT. 


THRIGATION. 


2^3 


f.l 


[•■^■^■■•p 


I'l 


(t 


I         •(•  -ijaes4';' 


1 


l^■^ 


SH 


Scale,  jTooi 


000  000- 


0       £0     -fo       60      ao     100  JCilnrrt. 

I — I — I — 1— f— I — I — I-— (— I — I 


RRIGATION    IN   EGYPT, 


GENERAL    MAP    OF    EGYPT. 

Reproduced  in  Major  Miller's  translation,  published  by  the  U.  S.  Government. 

(From    Barois.) 


r 


Ji 


CONTINENT  OF  AFRICA. 

EGYPT. 

HEPOHTSr  COmULOEtfmAL  SOnUYLKn, 

practiced  in  Egypt  fcho  faoKin  Liof"^?^  ^^  ^^^  systema  of  irriffatiou 
Barois,  secretary-general  of  fl7«  plf  »/•       5^®  excelleut  work  of  Mr.  J 

aud  faller  booV  EgypLu  IrrSo^'bv'T^^'.r^  f'««  ^^  ^^«  ^ 
irrigatioQ  in  Egyot?  "^'gation,  by  W.  Willcocks,  iuspector  of 

of^:?^r^:^ J-^- S^^^^  by  the  Irrigation  Reports 
secretary  of  state  for  the  ministrroTpubH;  wWJl;^-'  ?'  ^•-  ^-  ^^«  »°«^er 
tiou  derived  from  officials  and  o'Ur  nersmw  r  h'  *""*  '*"^^^«  "'forma- 
engineering  and  other  technical  det^rw^^^ 

the  works  just  mentioned,  and  have  SAm^.fi  ^P^^'^^'^^^s  ca»  And  in 
«)uut  of  Egyptian  irrigatiorwhl^hlhforTn^^^^  simply  to  give  an  ac 
without  too  much  trouble.  The  mp«,nr««  .  ^'^  ""^^^^"^  «*»  understand 
quotations)  been  transpo^sedTntToL^Z^trn  tlTrSiSel;:  "^^ 

THE  NILE. 

tames,  no  records  exist  of  tbeinHonf.„,      '™"'  ""*  «»rliest  knowu 
»  fe<^  old  temples  and  tharonae  is  ejfr, '=''"'''?'  J'"  kilometers  in 

.tself  or  .,  t„e  ^^^^^^^^ZTS^^^^:-^^ 

teu.lmg  in  agenera' directio    north  nS  tjie^ile, properly  socalled,  ex 
tnde  240  north  to  30oTorTh!L7ro^^"^^^^^^^^  fromiaJ- 

Oairo-«,s  scarcely  wider  in  any  lE  fhfn  i  ri   *^,  ''^  t^^milos  north  of 
draws  close  to  the  liver  br.'         o  n  !  ^^,*  ™''®«'  and  once  or  twice 

Jauies.    This  is  ...iiJi  TT.L^'_'!.''ii      '^n  average  breadth  of  from  71 '!:  o.^ 
-'  -i^^'-  ^«>Pf,  and  contains  ^hoxxt  2,mm^  acrS 

255 


256 


IRRIGATIOIJ  IN   AFRICA — EGYPT. 


by  canals.    A  ti^.^gf of^^it  'able  S.H  iS,,?;?  "".'"I'  '^r»'""«' 
fectUi,,„l,e,ai,,y™ti,eI?.vrf„,-,,rJr  ?,'''•'  '"'"'  »'  Assouan  is  308 

ACCOrdincr    to    rhft    n^nana    rwf    1UQO    j-u-    i,     ,  , 


Arf.nrrlinrrT^  f     ^  '"^"^^  'ti'uve  me  mediterranean. 


Egypt 


mated  to  be%zxT:z:'e7fTe:::^  aunof  n^'  ^^^  f  ^«*'- 

Upper  Egypt  and '0.079  u'cU^rd^y  IT^f^'^Sl  Iht  P?^^^^^,?^^ 
inches  as  the  evaporation  for  1  veir  in  TlLit^  f '  this  giving  71.9 
the  evaporation  fir  1  yZ%  ij::^^?,^   ^'''''  ^"^*  ''  ^"^'^^^  ^« 

mountains  of  l^yssIS  Prom  tS  nn^n^  .*^?k''^.?T  «^  *^«  "^^thern 
tance  of  about  1,687  nifes  the  Nil  r!  ^  •  ^  ^'^  *^®  Mediterranean,  a  dis- 
The  bed  of  the  Ni  e  s  :  trlS  T^'T  "^  "^^^^^  *"^°^  ^^^''^r  sources, 
brought  dol  for  so  ma„v  years  Son'^.H  '  '''f  ^  "^  '""^  ^'^^^^  ^^  ^^^ 
quite  straight,  at  otherf  however  T?f'^  ^  '^^^ 

£Kiireai;;£^ 

shSv'cufb^t'raS'sh^arofs'd^'J^"  T^^^  it  runs  between 
into  Various  elm  nel^    Its  level  It^.^^^^^  •"";''  ^"^J«  ^^^^^  ^"^i^^^d 

32  feet  10  inches  below  the  surface  of  fh«r-/'  *'^'".^^  ^"'^  ^  "'«^««  *« 
16  feet  5  inches  to  IQW^  ^  IS  i  ,  ^,  *^®  ^^'^  "®*^  Assouan,  and  from 
After  inid  water  the  H^^^^^^  f-  Point  of 'the  Delta" 

from  a  third  of  a  lui  i  to  U  mile.  S  J  *^  '^^  bauks, varying  in  width 
by  islands  sonieti,rssevemlSs^  even  separated  into  branches 

where  its  width  is  re.lucecUo  a  Z^^^^        Iti«  narrowest  opposite  Cairo, 
during  a  pr,.n>  r.«e  :".!:!::,  i-_-',,'*^^  "'®^-    ^^^ high  water,  especiallv 
^     „-.„.  r...(,  .,  „„„,,.  ^^..^.j,  the  entile  valley  were  the  land  not 


\ 


-'?K)mu-:^m^!.;  r-jr^^irsj 


18  an 


^  IRRIGATION   IN  AFBICA— EGYPT.  257 

f^^"^^^^^^^  ban.«  Of  the  river, 

same  irregularities  as  the  main  stream  *'  ^^""^  ""^'^  «*««»»  the 

conSelZnc^eS^l^:^'^^^^^^  «*  ^^e  end  of  June  and 

ter  falls  rapidly  at  firsthand  therlwlfuSf^Voii^^'^^n^^^  *^«  ^^« 
phenomenon  is  reproduced  ever/vrr  w?th  Ima  ?"  •  "I^"^  J"»«-  This 
of  low  water  and  flood  and  in  tifn  h„  }  ^^^^  variation  n  the  levels 
%ypt  there  is  no  ?eSon  to  fear  JhoT^^^^^  minimum     la 

or  freshets,  which  cause  so  m'lcu^i'a'^^^^e^^^^^  unforeseen  flooJs 

The  regularity  of  this  annual  rise  Ts  due  fnfh??  !1?  America, 
fed  slowly  by  periodical  tropici  Ss  and  fLf  ff  •      "^t^^^  '» 

the  accidental  rains  which  occurin  nJhar  «^  ,■  '*  ^^n^^^  disturbed  by 
ml  hikes  begin  to  senHhe  Sow  Xp??1T''.  ^?^  ^'^^^  ^^^^^o. 
the  Bahr  el  Gebel  in  April?  Se  rain,  ?h-^^^^  *^  *^^  ^'"'^  through 
two  other  great  rivers,  Sobat  and  bZ  'l  rLi'n''  northward  and  flU 
"««  produced  by  the  Bahr  el  Gebel  ^^''^^^''  ^^^^''  '^^^P  "P  the 

aglin^^ar^the'^^d  ori^LTl^l^l'^^  >-ning  of  April  and 
the  river  until  SeptemC^" T^e  torCfn"  fn^'l""""^  ^"^  «"«t^'°« 
June,  about  40  days  after  the  rise  afpr?!?/  ^"^  ^m"^'^  ^^  Assouan  in 
the  Atbara,  which  brinrdoVn  ?he  mu^ST*  •  ^  ^'"'  ^"^  ^"^ 
only  reach  their  maximum  Tn Tug^sf  aXh,^«  Sl^-"*'^  f  f  ^^'«"^"i^' 
September.    The creat  swamn^pi^n^  ii.  "®  ^"^^^  at  Assouan  in 

the  valleys  and  rivines  beK  ihaftonm  ?.?  •  ^^  '^'  ^^*^«  ^"«  ^"^ 
and  prevent  a  sadden  influx  of^watfJ  a  «  ^f  *^  '  •  ^  Y-^-^^  ^«  regulators 
^ss  great  every  year  in  the  rise  of ?h«  Ifh^^'^;'  a  difference  more  or 

White  Nile,  there  are  vartt'ons  whic^^^^^^^^  \t  ^/rr  ""j^^'  ^"^  *^« 
flood  water  more  or  less  diffinnif      &t  a  render  the  utilization  of  the 

ginning  of  Egypt-the  ifmUri^'thit  wtShT--*^^*  ^'  ?«  '^^^  the  be 
occur  are  as  follows  •  ^^'^"^  *^^«^  ^^^"al  changes  can 

Oc^bt  f '  "^"'^""^^  ^^^^  '«  "«^rly  always  between  August  15  and 

Second.  During  the  10  years  from  1872  in  is«i  ^i.    i      , 
est  water  varied  between  276  feet  5  inches  ?o2lV?«\^T-^  ^f  ^^^  ^«^- 
the  Mediterranean,  eivinff  an  «vfra.«i       •  f-  ^^  /®®*  ^  '^ches  above 
feet  10  inches.        '  ^     ^  ^"^  *'''^'®'"®  variation  of  lowest  water  of  8 

aoJf^e?  UiSraVdlol^ret  U  ^-^^«  ^--^  between 

9  feet  one-half  inch.  *        ^'  showing  an  extreme  difference  of 

lomeTer^on^Kann^^^^^^^^  the  rise  by  the  ni- 

.^t  .own  by  ^^^^^^::^^^-^  ^£^^S 

inlll  '^T^^^l^TZZ::^!^^^^^^^^  Egypt 

trb^eSLroTrfl^o^od^^^^^^^^^^ 

to  Assouan,  it  was  Possible  to  &  « ^^5-?°^  *^  ^^  f^^"»  Khartoum 
readiness.  At  pTesentS  fir«f  n?^^.*^? '^'''^^  and  canals  in  perfect 
treme  southern Cntk"  ^  ''''^'°'*''  '«  ^^  ^^^^  ^^1^^,  on  the  ex- 

lisSifthetsrcenfur/of^hl  HetrTf  ^  ^^'^  ^^^-'  -«  -^ab- 
column  nh,n^^  ^p  „  u  "^"^  ^^..^^ne  Hogira,  and  consists  of  an  nn<.Qrr«»„v 

is  of  masonry     aI  th^^^U^^  '"'il^^'''  f  ^  ^«"'  ^^e  bottom  of  wliich 


258 


IRRIGATION   IN   AFRICA — EGYPT. 


was  carefully  studied  by  the  French  expedition,  and  on  several  occa- 
810U8  since  tbo  Nvel  has  been  pumped  dry  and  he  various  nmrks  for 
measurement  on  f  he  column  and  on  the  sides  of  the  well  have  been 
careiuUy  noted.  I'he  i^ero  of  the  scale  is  at  the  height  of  28  feet  GA 
inches  above  the  mean  altitude  of  the  surface  of  the  water  of  the  Med  * 

When  the  water  has  risen  to  the  sixteenth  ell  mark  (which  is  reallv 

the  seventeenth  because  the  first  ell  is  not  marked)  the  too/a  is  pro 

claimed,  tbat  is,  the  rise  necessary  to  irrigate  the  whole  country   Tv 

ar  old  custom,  which  has  been  observed  by  public  measures  from  father 

>  son  since  the  ninth  century  of  the  Hegint,  from  this  pofnt  uTitd  the 

,1  of  the  twenty-second  pic  the  old  measurement  is  not  used,  but  onlv 
(  'f  ot  It,  t.  c,  0.27  metre  (10.6,i8  inches);  from  the  beginning  of  the 
^^enty-third  pic  onward  the  old  pic  of  0.5i04  (21.29  inches)  fs  again 

The  niloraeter  at  Assouan  was  established  in  1870,  and  the  invari- 
abe  measurement  of  the  pic  of  0.54  metre  is  used.  Mahmoud  Pasha 
Falaki  carefully  measured  the  antique  nilometers  on  the  island  of  Ele 
puant.ne,  and  in  the  eastern  corridor  of  the  teu.ple  at  Edfou,  and  found 
the  pioor  ell  marked  on  them  both  to  be  exactly  0.53,  and  not  0  525  as 
had  been  previously  supposed.  With  the  assistance  of  Mr.  Brugsch  he 
also  carefully  measured  those  parts  of  the  Temple  of  Edfou  thrme-ir 
urements  of  which  were  given  in  the  old  textsVandlound^he  Sc  or 
^^^''^^^r^^ment  to  be  exactly  the  same,  0.53  metres.  ^ 

Mr.  WiUcocks  says : 

The  following  observations  abont  the  course  of  the  Nile  are  interesfina-      t  aVo 

«b.Mc6  of  rum,  and  the  chaunel  ooiiuwlioB  tlUs  UkewUhtie^"i,t^M,l.MS}j^i^ 
the  Bonth  of  it  wa.  not  navigable.     The  Wliite  Nile  I™,  I  .iS  5ii  „,^  K%J? 

impts'!SK'';r  ii  "  """  ''°""'"'  '»  •»"'»  '""»  •"•  "» '■'  .tean.e,rb:!f  atotSfe 

ti  S'5Mr-- tSa^"^rt'.^^ 

rr?;e/J:rat.^ur„ra'c7vrrSnt,tii;re^^^^^^^^^ 
o«:;ssKi;rs;",-;--s^i^£^3»Bx9^ 

The  catchment  basin  of  the  Sobat  is  about  57  915  nnnnro,  milAo     Tf=  ,     * 
WhTt«  n1?    wk\T^;''*  'l?^?  *'■''"'  Abyssinia  by  the  Blue  Nile.     The  waters  of  the 
Eb'our™  "'"  "^'  """  """  """  '"■""'if""?  «tor,Uk.e  tlios^ofthoBlaoNUeorth; 


1  rjKs-^awiJSiScr-EFW  iVairarfTaifrii??;^*      tt^    ^^  -v^ 


er.al  occiv 
marks  for 
have  been 
}8  feet  G^ 
the  Medi- 
oineter  is 

»  is  really 
'u  is  pro- 
utry.  By 
om  father 

until  the 
,  but  only 
Qg  of  the 

Is  agaia 

le  invari- 
ud  Pasha 
id  of  Ele- 
md  found 
;  0.525,  as 
rugsch  he 
the  meas- 
ihe  pic  or 


ug.  Lake 
than  Lake 
IbraUimia 
Murchisoa 
lar  to  that 
;he  stifling 
be  that  the 
a.  complete 
38  lying  to 
at3,187i 
to  which, 
absolutely 

3lle  River, 
egetation. 
a  natural 
e.,  during 
surred  the 
lough  the 
1.8  a  feeble 
i  from  the 
lal  to  that 
'ing  up  of 
8  at  Cairo 

raters  are 
ch  causes 
North  of 
and  sup- 
•ich  dark- 
irs  of  the 
I  junction 
d.  Fro;n 
perpetual 

ile  or  the 


IRRIGATION  IN   AFRICA — EGYPT. 


winter  and  sn.nmer  but  iVrin^  flood  i  /  (V  ^^'\l^'}^  i«  con.paratively  clear  dnrin^r 
it  is  of  a  deep  redd'^l.towV/c^olor" tavii y'Zr^^/w^^   ''^T  ^°  '^'  4''  "'"  O^t^ber: 

B^r.^:'^!^^^^^^^^^  «*■  *^«  ^»e  at  iSZ'd  at  the 


Locality. 


Channel. 


Cairo 

Do... 

Bo... 
Barrages . 

Bo  ... 


Main  Nile 
...do 


Season. 


Discharge  in  cubic  feet  per  24  hours. 


Maximum, 


Miniiiiuni, 


^V'""""- 2,180,840,000 

do  " w?  ? 36,450,240,000 

Rosetiibmnch-.:::  -ffi^' 19'^^^'Z'i'nT 

Da,nietubrauoh....!...X;::::::::l«;«^^%«to;?Sg 


883,  000,  000 

10,  42;t,  8«0,  000 

3, 1 78,  800,  000 

9,  rae,  4oo,  ooo 

5,  298,  000,  000 


Mean. 


1,  200,  880,  000 
24,017,600,000 

4. 591,  00(1,  000 
18,421,600,000 

8, 476, 800,  000 


been  estim-Wpfi    hi/  .li^v;      *  ^®  mean  annual  discharge  has 

3f8T4,5toW0O  c^ul^tr'  ^'^'^"^  '''^^^"  3,284,7GO,000:0(fo  and 

tha t'rtlsllEu^  to'^drfw^anv^'actr^i'^  "^T  -^^^"^^  ^  considerably 
analysis  made  in  Paris  in^ST^^  accurate  conclusion  from  them.    The 

niadrbv^hf  French  savants  aM'^^^^^^  ^  *^^' 

made  by  Dr.  Leth  by  ZuThf  ll^l^TlZ^  ^fr  -'^^T.''!'^-    ^l^at 
he  unfortunately  experimentPd  m.^v..      ^?'f-^^  '»  still  difierent,  but 

high  Nile,  whieh^  S  n?tTs  ric^as  usuT^  TKn'i'"^'!,  ^^  ^  ^^^^ 
Mr.  Willcocks  says,  on  whether--  analysis  depends,  as 

I'w^rotarrtLXS^^^^^  a  high  or 

river.    Nile  mud,  however  alwi  vs  rnn+fiJ^  I  "  ^^^^^  '«  °«ar  to  or  far  from  the 

and  magnesia,  oiides  Til-o'n'Tnd  cTrtn'di8"£STr"°\°'''«^'^«°«*««^^^^^^^ 
organic  matter,  and  a  considerable  amonr,f'»f  t^i     ^  ^?^  existence  of  decomposed 
plateau  of  Abyssinia,  where  Lake  lCnTea^toT?^t^^  thevoS? 

hke  an  ancient  crater,  that  Egypt  owe^th^mainn«^f'^^•?''■'?^*^^  ^'»«  Nile,  looks 
the  great  swamp  regions  of  the  WhiTe  Nile  it  s  h.debfP.ff^^r''^  '^^^'^^'^'  '''^'^^  *<> 
to  the  basm  of  the  Sobat  River,  probabirfor /ts  Hnf«     n  ?   '*''  Z^^'''''  °"»**er,  and  ■ 
uents  form  a  so.  difficult  to  su^pLs  by  ^'"^^l^^i^^^^S:^^:^ 

through  the  layers^f  all^imn  down  to^t^^^^^^^^^^  ^^'T  '^'^  ^»'^' 

ent  rely  different  from  that  Xh^Nne  nlull  ini  n^*!"""'  V^-^  ^^^^^  '» 
IS  shown  by  the  whitish  f  iflorLcen^p  .^ui  1.  ^^?^^«"y  brackish.  This 
salt,  which  render  cultivSon  ?m%1^ibl  ?  ««"'«^""««  ^^  real  deposits  of 

I^il^^l^^^dsarel^^^ 

anVfS£''^A"mS^NlloL''wtVtL"t^^^^ 

is  when  argillaceous  mattS 7s  pTomfnS.    "  ""''*'"^  '^'^  '''''''  °^«^"'' '  aTmaioNuS 


260 


IBKIGATION  IN  APBICA— EGYPT. 


e^ilsrc^n^^L'Vao^^^^^^^^^^  -o^pamed  by  salt 

needs  very  careful  drainaire  ami  ?rinl„fi^il;!^^^^^^^  m^excess,  and  the  land 


.     ^x^.v^n  <*  xu-iuuii  conionr  salt  is  ever 

needs  very  careful  drainage  and  frequent  washings 
has  practically  still  to  be  reclaimed.  *^««"'"g8- 


Ueiow  a  5-foot  contour  the  land 


Hence  the  Statement  of  Sir  Colin  Scott  MonfHftff  fbaf  «+»,^rk^i^ 
needs  rather  to  be  drained  than  to  be  krigated."  ^^  ^^*^* 

SYSTEMS  OP  IRRIGATION. 

f'rom  the  earliest  times  two  different  systems  of  imVafinn  ho.rr^  Kn«« 
practiced  in  Egypt;  the  basin  snbmersioTor  innSroXs^em  anS 

ttt  ^^^Tl?  ™''?°^  ""^  ^'^'S'^^^«"  by  ™ea'^«  of  canals  a/ddUches 
But  up  to  the  early  years  of  this  century  the  latter  was  the  excenHon* 
and  the  basin  system  was  the  usual  and  common  method  SeS 
Ah  began  to  suppress  the  basins  in  the  Delta  and  d"g  canals  so  a«  to 
let  on  the  fields  the  water  of  the  Nile  when  low,  "n  ordl  S  ra' se  sorin? 

Sjir^T  «^?P«'^°d  this  example  was  follUeriy  hVsTcceS 
chiefly  with  a  view  to  the  cultivation  of  cotton  THa Vbl-iltff  r  ^i' 
partly  introduced  the  ditch  systemTnto  Upper  eI^p'  ^otlt  STi 
prasent  time  nundation  basins  cover  less  ti  an  a  tS' of  the  cuUivat 
ble  land  in  the  country.  But,  as  the  ITile  at  low  wSer  has  little  In«* 
pended  fort, hzing  matter,  competent  hydraulic  eSueer«  claim  that 
ft  Kr"Y  *"*  t'^^«o"°try  demands  a  return  to  the  Sn  system  i^ 
the  Delta  under  restrictions  and  regulations.  system  m 

THE  BASIN  OR  FLOOD  SYSTEM. 

^  The  basin  system  of  submersion  could  not  be  applied  to  all  rivers  Tf 
IS  successful  on  the  Nile,  because  the  alluvium  brought  downTafwavs 
gradually  raising  its  bed,  and  causes  a  gradual  slope  from  th«LnLT 
the  desert  hills.    Its  essential  elements  here  are-  '  *"* 

I   ^IK     *"r  "^°"^  *^^  ^^^^  of  ^^^  Nile  high  enough  to  oroffiot  thA 
and  from  direct  inundation  during  the  flood.^  This  d?ke  sefvTslo  ra* se 
the  waters  m  the  basin  to  a  level  higher  than  that  of  the  riZ-  at  thA 

thfm.      '"""^^  ^^""^^  *^  ^"  ^^^  b^«^"«'  ^"d  ^"other  below  to  empty 

By^te7B''^ThJ'^nt/Zf'T.^^^^  ^"^*  «f<^«°  connect  with  other 

SnaM«;«  ihe  entrance  of  the  Nile  water  into  the  canal  and  from  the 

T^A  ilTn  hitj  ^f '?  ?f  roijulated  by  gates  protected  by  strong  masonry 
The  plan  hitherto  followed  has  been  to  let  the  water  into  thefirst  ha  Jn' 

tZ  n'lin  ''  ^^'  ^^i'*^'^  ^  ^"^^^^•^'^^  height,  to  opei  the  re^^^^^ 
the  next  basin,  and  so  on.    From  the  last  basin  the  water  is  returned  to 
the  river.    In  case  of  a  sudden  flush  it  is  sometimes  necmary  iu  add? 
^on  o  opening  the  gates,  to  make  temporary  breaches  in  the  Nile  dike 
which  have  to  be  repaired  before  the  next  rise  of  the  river  ' 

baVint  *^^^f  J''^"<^a8,«  of  this  way  of  working  the  basins  is,  that  the  upper 
basins  get  an  undue  share  of  the  fertilizing  mud  suspended  in  thA 
water.  There  was  a  striking  example  of  thil  S  ISsT  S  Lshi  o? 
Kosheisha,  in  the  province  of  Beni-Souef,  had  usually  received  its  water 
after  the  mud  had  been  well  exhausted  in  basins  above  it  and  the  cron« 

rtZC^t"^  T?^  '^  '^^'  ^^«  ^"«  dike  broke  whenCrverw^^^ 
at  Its  height,  and  the  red  tvater  (the  most  fertilizing  kind)  covered  the 


<M» 


fin  led  by  salt 
knd  the  land 
tour  the  land 

'  the  Delta 


have  been 
ostein,  and 
d  ditches, 
exception, 
Mehemet 
s,  80  as  to 
ilse  spring 
uccessors, 
ive  Ismail 
tat  at  the 
d  cultivat- 
little  8U8- 
laim  that 
system  in 


ivers.  It 
is  always 

>  banks  to 

otect  the 
JS  to  raise 
er  at  the 

>  prevent 

from  the 

to  empty 

ith  other 
from  the 
nasonry. 
st  basin, 
lators  of 
urned  to 
in  addi- 
lie  dike, 

le  upper 
1  in  the 
basin  of 
ts  water 
he  crops 
ver  was 
ired  the 


lURIGATlON   IN   AFRICA. — EGYPT. 


261 


dispatch  No.  30,  dated  December  4,  1889  '  ""^''^^'^ '"  ™^ 

remaia  on  the  iLi  for  sixty  or  Lve^tfda  ■  °fp„srtWe"  '""*'  """""^ 

proSerly  responsible  fo^it  ''°'  ^"^  *^^  Government  can  be 

a  ^e"rv  S S  ''tI^'  ^^'f  '^'^""^ '«  ^^^^  it  prevents  damage  from 


"ftm 


262 


IRRIGATION  IN   AFRICA — EGYPT. 
CANAL  IRRIGATION. 


The  canal  irrigation  system,  although  it  exists  to  some  extent  In 
Upper  Egypt,  especially  through  the  Ibrahimieh  Caual  ami  the  I^^^^^^ 
Yussef,  18  chierty  confined  to  the  Delta.  Even  the  I>elta  u.  fn  th« 
ea^  y  part  of  this  century  had  the  basin  system  also,  bi^tilthemetAi 
see  ng  the  great  advantages  which  would  accruefrom  the  cultivrion  of 
cotton  and  other  crops  during  summer,  dug  what  ar^cX  summer 
lo^.t"t  '%^r^  "i"^  '^r'  ^'^  ^"'^  ^y  ^"^  ^^'«'"  «f  the  Nile  even  at  its 
limS  m^chinTry"  ''  ''""^^  ""^'  '^  ^^'«^^  ''  *^«  "«'^>«  ^^  I>«"'P«  ^^d 

The  basins  existing  up  to  that  time  had  been  filled  not  oulv  bv  the 
two  branches  of  the  Nile  and  some  secondary  arms,  but  brbroad  cSmIs 
These  were  utilized  and  made  deeper  in  order  to  bring  the  low  water" 
being  m  some  cases  27  feet  10.9  inches  below  the  surfa^  of  thelTl  but 

Iwrr/l'"?  1^^  '^'"  ^f'V'  ^«'->' P"^^""?,  Uecauseras  iH  pper' 
EgjVpt,  the  land  slopes  gradually  from  the  river  to  the  desert:  so  in  the 
Del  a  It  slopes  both  from  the  banks  of  rivers  and  from  the  banks  if  the 
canals  towards  the  interior  of  the  country  or  what  might  be  called  H.a 
rhttscdbeT:  "'  '  """'"  ''  independent  syVten^s^hich'may  lie 
(I)  A  feeding  canal,  coming  from  the  Nile,  divided  into  several  mill 

^^^::;j::^!i^:^^  *^^^-^  ofWchief  bran:s:^ih'^;L^ 

to^bi  'ereveSurg  l^rwill'^^"  ''^  ^'"'^^"^^«  «"«^«^^^^^^  ^-P 

Jfl^%Z!!'''''''^r^-''^'^^^^  "''*,  ^"^  ^*«P'  ^'"«h  receive  only  the  flood 
Snals.  beginning  to  disappear  and  to  be  replaced  by  deep 

Flood  panals  are  now  made  parallel  to  the  main  summer  ones   the 
latter  not  being  tilled  in  flood,  to  avoid  silt.  »"'"rat'r  ones,  tue 

(4)  A  draining  canal,  which  is  proi)erly  the  lower  termination  of  the 
feeding  canal,  ending  in  the  lakes  and  swamps  in  the  north  of  the  Delta 
Generally  It  recc  ves  the  overflow  of  the  feeding  canal,  for  the  drainage 
of  the,  lands  has  been  greatly  neglected  and  must  be    mproved  befo?e 
such  lands  can  produce  to  their  full  value.    These  canals  have  gener 
ally  slopes  of  from  0.21  to  0.26  inch  per  mile.  ^ 

WATEIi  LIFTING. 

r„.^.V^?°^'^  fv.*''xT-r®  9^  flood  that  it  is  possible  to  irrigate  land  di- 
rectly  from  the  Nile  without  resorting  to  water-lifting  appliances. 
These  are  tor  the  most  part  rude  and  simple,  especially  in  Upper  Egvpt. 

When  the  lift  is  less  than  40  inches  and 'where,  owing  to  the  fluctu- 
ating supply,  flush  flood  is  frequent,  the  usual  apparatuses  the  "nattal  " 
This  IS  a  closely  wo ve.i  palm- leaf  basket  with  two  ropes  at  each  sid^, 
nun  nf.f?'^  '"''"  Standing  on  the  water's  edge  or  sometimes  half  seated 
o  a  platform  on  the  lower  bank.  They  swing  this  in  s.ich  a  way  as  to 
fill  It  w  th  water  and  throw  it  into  the  mouth  of  a  small  ditch,  which 
carries  It  over  the  fields.  By  this  process  two  men  can  raise  tVom  140 
to  17o  cubic  feet  of  water  per  hour.  This  has  the  advantage  of  beins 
easy,  inexpensive,  and  applicable  anywhere  in  proper  condiMons. 

When  It  IS  necessary  to  raise  the  water  more  than  40  inches  this 
becomes  fatiguing,  and  the  "shadoof"  is  resorted  to.  This  is  per! 
haps  one  ot  the  oldest  methods  of  raising  water,  being  found  not  only 
iu  ixrmiii  and  mrougnout  Asia,  but  even  in  America,  where  it  is  called 


IRRIGATION   IN   AFRICA — EaVPT. 


263 


the  old  well-sweep  of  New  England.  The  bucket,  or  In  this  case  the 
oasket,  18  attached  to  a  pole,  the  lower  or  farther  end  of  which  is 
heavily  weighted  by  clay. 

The  machinery  rests  on  a  mud  platform  built  in  the  bank,  for  the 

i't  dries  very  solidly^""  ''  '"^  ^^"'"'  ^''^'^  '^  *"''"'  ^"'^  ^■^™'  "'*«  ^'''^l* 
The  water  is  taken  not  only  from  the  Nile  itself,  but  from  a  small  well 
or  basin  dug  into  the  bank  into  which  the  Nile  water  flows.  It  is  often 
necessary  to  have  two  three,  and  even  feni'  stories  of  »  sliadoofs,"  one 
above  the  other,  though  not  directly  so,  for  the  water  thrown  up  bv  the 
first  empties  into  a  little  ditch  which  leads  to  the  second  basin.  From 
i«r^;  \S2^^''l?  into  a  third  and  then  into  the  canal,  irrigating  the 
fields.  While  the  apparatus  is  very  cheap  the  work  is  slow.  A  man 
averages  only  about  10  baskets  or  22  gallons  a  minnte,  that  is  211  90 
cubic  feet  per  hour.  The  relays  of  men  are  changed  every  2  hours.  It 
18  estimated  that  when  the  bank  is  su fticiently  low  to  allow  of  «  shadoofs  » 
two  men  will  water  an  acre  and  a  quarter  per  day.  Numerous  inter- 
esting  observations  were  made  as  regards  "shadoofs"  by  the  French 
expedition  under  Bonaparte,  and  it  was  estimated  that  the  work  done 
by  one  man  with  the  "shadoof"  was  on  an  average  330  kilogram! 
metres  a  minute,  while  the  dynamic  action  of  a  man  of  ordinary  force 
working  with  a  cord  and  pulley,  by  which  he  raises  a  bucket  full  and 
lets  It  down  emptied  is  only  213  kilogram  metres. 

th«  u?l!lf  f ''"^if '^.^  °^  ^'f^*^^]^  *'Z  V-'^'^'^'"^  ^'^ter  the  most  common  is 
the  "sakieh"or  Persian  wheel.  This  consists  simply  of  a  vertical 
whee,  carrying  an  endless  chain  of  small  earthen  pots  placed  at  about 
a  foot  from  each  other,  which  descends  into  a  rude  well  on  the  bank  of 
the  Nile,  thus  bringmg  up  the  water  and  pouring  it  out  into  a  trouffh 
^fl'hLr'^  a  canal.  This  vertical  wheel  isturned  by  another  hS 
tal  wheel  applied  to  It  by  a  rude  system  of  uneven  cogs,  itself  turned 
by  a  cow  or  a  buffalo  harnessed  to  the  end  of  a  long  liver.  The  "sa- 
^^^f  f^ffv.'- '"^*?°?''  "'"^'^i"  '"^"'  "^  ^^'^  ™i^'"«  of  fields,  where  such  ex- 
ist,  and  their  existence  is  known  at  a  long  distance  by  the  ffroaninsr 

15^3  luC^rs .  Lr '"' »-"'  ™"""^"» '' '« ---"to  - 

fi.^ u*'*'''?-"f»u*!v®''''-f'"''"^°*^^^*^®  French  expedition,  each  jar  of 
the  "sakieh"  holding  1.41  quarts  and  weighing  2.2046  pounds  the 
amount  of  water  delivered  by  the  "  sakieh  "  would  varyS  925  to 
1,200  gallons  of  water  an  hour,  according  to  the  height  of  deliverv 
sometimes  as  much  as  36  feet;  but  its  delivery  is  verv  uncertain  both 
on  account  of  the  coarseness  of  the  mechanisnf  and  thl  he  ght  at  S 
the  water  18  delivered.  A  good  horseworking  a  "  sakieh  "  at  a  Lei-ht 
of  10  metres  (32f  feet)  produced  only  718  kilSgrammetres  per  minute 

7^1^teSSTA^ai^l''''''''l''  ''orseharness'edtothe  ma^chin™  i°  es! 
timated  at  2,430  kilogram  metres  per  minute.  Therefore,  although  the 
wn?pr'n  ^'  ''"7  ^"e^pensive  it  is  uneconomical  as  a  means  of  r^Mng 
water,  and  can  be  used  only  on  account  of  cheapness  of  labor.  In  thf 
districts  of  the  Delta  between  the  branches  of  Damietta  and  Eosetta  the 
land  IS  estimated  at  1,236,500  acres,  and  there  are  12,^^'^  ehs  « 
which  would  give  about  28,«»00  for  the  whole  of  the  Delta  '""''^^^' 
In  the  northern  part  of  the  Delta,  where  the  water  is  "to  be  raised 
more  than  10  feet,  wheels  called  "  taboots,"  are  used,  which  are  deep 

let  it  out  thro^gli'sYde^openings;^"^       '"^  ^^"  "^  '^^  ^^^^^  ^^'^^^'^^^ 


u 


'tr 


264 


IRRIGATION   IN   APUICA — EGYPT. 


In  the  Fayoum,  where  some  of  the  canals  have  considerable  slope, 
thus  making  a  fall,  it  has  been  found  possible  to  use  somethiuff  in  the 
nature  of  an  ordinary  undershot  water-wheel  carrying  earthen  iars 
attached  to  its  periphery. 

It  is  curious  that  althongh  either  the  north  or  the  south  wind  blows 
almost  constantly  in  Egypt  windmills  are  not  used  as  a  means  of  pump- 
ing  water,  it  being  thought  that  the  velocity  is  insufficient.  On  the 
contrary,  steam  pumps  have  been  introduced  in  various  places. 

The  engines  are  generally  portable  and  the  pumps  are  centrifugal, 
owing  to  their  great  convenience  and  power  to  resist  wear  and  tear. 
Xhey  are  generally  S-horse  power  engines  and  their  fuel  is  ordinarily 
coal,  which  has  to  be  imported,  though  cotton  stalks  are  sometimes 
used,  while  in  Upper  Egypt,  where  coal  is  too  dear,  wheat  straw  and 
bean  straw  are  used  as  fuel.  A  discharge  of  16,953  cubic  feet  per  nomi- 
nal horse  power  per  12  hours  is  the  mean  in  Egypt.  This  is  very 
small,  but  many  of  the  engines  are  completely  buried  under  water  dur- 
ing every  flood,  while  the  pumps  are  very  badly  treated  and  scarcely 
ever  repaired,  except  when  almost  too  late.  It  Is  a  wonder  that  thev 
have  not  long  ago  yielded  to  the  competition  of  the  cheaper  "sakieh  » 
The  number  of  such  portable  engines  and  pumps  throughout  the  coun- 
try  18  estimated  by  Mr.  Willcocks  at  2,200,  without  counting  abofit  400 
fixed  pumps  tolerably  well  looked  after  and  in  good  order. 

The  regulations  for  the  installation  of  pumps  worked  by  steam  or 
waterfalls  are  very  rigid,  as  also  are  the  rules  for  cutting  dikes  for 
letting  water  into  one's  fields.  But  these  regulations  have  apparently 
been  made  to  be  disobeyed,  and  very  few  of  the  steam  pumps  of  the 
country  have  been  put  up  with  the  proper  authorization  of  the  Gov- 
ernment. O  V.UV 

EXISTING  IRRIGATION  WORKS. 

{1)  The  Nile  dt*;e«— The  Nile  throughout  its  whole  course  is  kept  in 
by  dikes  high  enough  to  stand  the  greatest  floods.  These  have  been 
made  out  ot  the  alluvium,  and  therefore  have  f»  ditch  or  canal  running 
alongside  of  them  from  which  the  earth  was  taken.  Their  distance 
from  the  river  is  variable,  and  therefore  there  sometimes  are  very  large 
tracts  of  cultivable  land  between  them  and  the  river.  It  is  difficult  now 
to  understand  the  local  reasons  which  may  have  caused  the  dikes  to  be 
built  m  this  way,  but  we  must  believe  that  they  followed  what  was  the 
greater  bed  oi  the  Nile  many  centuries  back. 

The  type  of  the  dike  is  neariy  always  the  same.  The  crest  is  about 
Id  feet  wide  at  the  top,  the  height  about  3J  feet  above  the  highest  flood, 
and  the  profile  1  foot  high  and  3  feet  wide.  Permissions  are  given  to 
make  cuttings  in  the  dikes  for  watering  certain  lands,  and  although 
this  might  be  considered  hazardous  it  is  seldom  that  any  real  danger 
arises  from  it,  as  the  attention  of  the  population  is  always  called  to  these 
points.  The  danger  of  the  dikes  generally  comes  from  the  current 
which  strikes  them  at  an  angle,  or  from  whiripools  and  backwater. 

It  was  formerly  the  custom  to  strengthen  tho  dikes  during  theinun- 
dation  at  the  threatened  points  by  throwing  in  heaps  of  stones;  but  in 
this  way  much  material  was  wasted  without  great  result.  At  present 
small  spurs  or  jetties  of  stone  are  built  out  above  the  menaced  points 
and  the  portion  below  is  filled  in  to  some  extent  with  branches  and  logs 
and  other  matter,  so  as  to  provoke  the  deposit  of  alluvium,  and  thus  a 
greater  fixedness  has  been  given  to  the  bed. 

It  is  estimated  that  about  3,532,000  cubic  feet  of  stone  are  used  an- 
nually for  protecting  the  bed  of  the  Nile. 


^^.^r. 


IWII»iiM>.«.taMiw».«.^  .i.'ife.^. 


ble  slope, 
iug  in  the 
then  jars 

ind  blows 
of  pump- 
On  the 
J. 

atrifugal, 
and  tear. 
>rdinarily 
ometinies 
traw  and 
per  nomi- 
»  is  very 
ater  dur- 
scarcely 
hat  they 
'  sakieh." 
the  coun- 
bboot  400 


steam  or 
iikes  for 
patently 
)8  of  the 
the  Gov- 


i  kept  in 
ave  been 
running 
distance 
3ry  large 
cult  now 
sea  to  be 
was  the 

is  about 
ist  flood, 
given  to 
tl  though 

danger 
1  to these 

current 
iter. 

heinun- 
;  but  in 
present 
i  points 
irud  logs 
1  thus  a 


w 


iSed  an- 


RRIGATION    IN   EGYf 


REFERENCE. 
—  Cninih,   Waiir  ninirm's. 


BASIN   SYSTEM    OF    UPPE 
SOHAO    TO    SIOUT. 
(From    Barols. ) 


/tikis. 

<*  Ili'nirritirH. 


^RIGATION    IN   EGYPT. 


^STEM    OF    UPPER    EGYPT. 
SOHAG    TO    SIOUT. 


(From    Barols.) 


DESERT, 


%tiw;'//i;ffejp,i;. .j^i" 


'""'\. 


otnDtuh: 


)^Pra^ 


v£em  Sn 


« 


j4ho 


uHgV} 


'% 


r«?^i^ 


m 


\U!li 


^^■>  .■   .^*.  i"i     11,,/, 


R  -4 


^    I 


0  F 


Scct.7e 


T^'nu'jTi 


J 


=1= 


'O  Kilotttetres. 


^^< 


*fr 


T 


REFERENCE. 
~~  < 'mulls,   Wdti-r  f'liiirKi's. 

'^  lii'srrriiirs. 


^ 


■-    111"! 


'.  \'"ii/i. 


■^r- 


>>'" 


J) 


r- 


i 


"^S?! 


IRRIGATION   IN   AFRICA — EGYPT. 


265 


foSf^"*-'**  ""^  ^Pl^^  f!9ypt.-0i  these  ther*-  are  about  twentvoue  clif- 
coX  says'f ' '"''"  ^^  ""^^"^  ^^'  ^'  "^^"y  ^'  twenty-oue  basins   Vr?w!ll 

of'??74  090*^*"^^*^'/''^  ''^f'"^  "°  *^^«  l«f^  l^antin  Upper  Egypt,  covering  an  area 

A  fair  example  of  these  systems  is  the  Sohagieh  system  on  the  canal 
thi«  nf  r°T^'  ""5*"^  ^^«  twenty-one  basin!,  covLSeUG?  acres 
three  of  them  being  from  38,000  to  48,000  acres  each.    The  canaHs  93 

?;'ifi'nT.^*^'\°^r.y^^«^'^'^^*n^  J^ea^l  with  twentVS open 
ings,  10  feet  wide  each,  bu  t  in  1873.    As  far  as  tho  RAni  ^li.nia  k?!- 

Is  sufflH^n?r'.t^*'5^>  ^"^'  ^"^  ^^«  infiltrlt^oVwltfrTn  th  Turn S 
8  sufficient  for  the  hft  irrigation  of  the  sugar-cane  fields ;  beyon  "t^ls 
It  simply  runs  through  its  basins  without  any  bank.    Neai  the  head 
the  bed  width  of  the  canal  is  230  feet,  the  level  of  the  bed  158A  fepf 

1  'l2  sSo'ootSc'Tt''"'^'^^^  V'  "^^^  ^  rnaximum  discbSifof 

1  059  eoo'ooo  onhiof^T  ^n"^  ^^^  ^?^  ^°  ^'^^'^^^^  ™«'^"  discharge  of 
i,uoj,ouu,uuo  cubic  feet.    This  canal  never  silts.    The  whole  sv*»fAm  ,<. 

discharged  into  the  Nile  by  the  cut  in  the  longitudinal  bankof  the 
bank  n^tL  T^"^  u  ^^^^^^^  ^nd  by  two  escapes  in  the  longltudinat 
ban k  of  the  Zenaar  basin  south  of  Assiout.    The  villages  aro  ^pnpri m 
constructed  within  the  basin,  and  in  order  to  avoidSlSfs  S 
on  mounds  connecting  with  the  bank  by  a  narrow  dike. 

ihese  three  provinces  of  Upper  Egypt,  Esneh,  Keueh  and  ftircrAi. 
m  7?«*^  '^^^S^ion  is  chiefly  the  hJul  system,  have  a  sur^acfol' 
785,778  acres  cultivated.  The  amount  of  earth  moved,  up  to  the  recent 
changes  made  by  theEnglish  engineers,  was  annually 'l25,386  000  cub^ 
SooSn  Lr^^''^''  all  289,614,000  c'ubic  feet,  whih  cost'anCny 
Jo69,000,  being  an  annual  movement  of  over  30,422  cubic  fee'.  r^lTorl 
at  an  expense  of  72  cents  per  acre.  ^     ^^^^' 

(3)  Ibrahimieh  Canal  and  its  branches.— This  canal,  of  which  th«  main 

rst^rXVo'ftt'^^f  ^'.':r'^^  "^^««^«"^  and  !wfgat"t'hfren? 
western  Dank  ot  the  Nile  and  the  provinces  of  Minieh  Benisonpf  nnH 

Fayoum,  in  all  1,062,530  acres.    Of  this  amount  aCt  693  OoTacre^^^^^^ 
inundation  basins  on  the  branch  called  the  Bahr  IwS    in  order 
to  favor  the  better  siMated  lands  where  sugar-caneTs  grown  no  sum 
mer  irrigation  is  allowed  there.    It  was  comoleted    ,,  1S7?  '  JV  .  ? 
ifmnfv  r  *b«/i!f -ithout  any  regu™  woTk^ the  mud  banks  Sni 
simply  incased  with  masonry  for  about  two-thirds  of  a  mile  ^ 

The  original  bed  width  of  115  feet  being  quite  insufficTent  for  a  denfh 
a  TZiJf  ^fV'i^^  1"°^'  ^"^  '^^'^  being  no  lerula^n^^ 
fl!«  hVnT  *^  ?-^^  ^^  ""l^^^'  ^^^  «®^«^«  8«o«r  has  yearly  brought  down 
the  banks  and  increased  the  bed  width  to  197  feet.    The  matfrial  thT,« 

coT??lbou7il2?oorP  the  bed  which  has  tote  clSi^^Sb?,  at  a 
rnn?n/aSf tfe'  S'nri  '^  'l^  ''^  necessary  to  protect  the  rii'lway 
™^°f  J'??,?  A^? J'.^'^'^  fro""  ^emg  eaten  away  by  the  water.  Th« 
........,„.^  „i  J3..^^  ,^„  ^J^^  j^mjg  ciearea  away  averages  over  24  7^»0  I9n  o„uin 

oraucaes-tlie  SaheUea  Canal,  runniug  for  about  23  miles  between  the 


11 


266  IRRIGATION   IN   AFRICA — EGYPT. 

Jbabiinieh  Canal  and  the  Nile,  irrigating  the  liighlands;  the  Beirut 
canal,  about  73^  niiles  long,  wbich  irrigates  the  western  side,  and  the 
Bahr  Yuset,  which  wdl  be  spoken  of  presently.  This  canal  discharges 
at  Deirut  as  follows :  * 

Ibraliimioh  above  Deinit :  Cubic  feet  per 

Siiininnr  second. 

iuTZod 183.604,000 

Whiter        3,108,160,000 

Ibrahiiniehb^iowDeYruV: 529,800,000 

Suuiraer iir  r-r  nnn 

Flood                                        11"'  •^'^^'  ^^^ 

Winter 388,520,000 

Bahr  Yusef  Canal: " 1<8,3'14,000 

Summer jr;  oifl  nnn 

Maximum  possible  in  flood .".-.":::;:::;::::::: 1 130  240  ooS 

Oj^hnary  maximum  in  flood :::":":'' iSlt^^S 

^'"'^'^ 105,960;000 

per  second  hi  fl^^T^  discharges  as  a  i  aiximum  1,200,880,000  cubic  feet 
Besides  JJeirut  there  are  three  other  escapes. 
Mr.  WiUcocks  says  with  regard  to  the  effect  of  the  Ibrahimieh  Canal : 

In  the  Miiiieh  and  Beni-Souef  provinces  the  Ibrahimieh  Canal  irricrates  not  nnlv 

on  JlS  uaf  ba.?k  *w%?*^?'  ^"*  '^^i'^  '''P  ''  ^^"^  tak Jn  from"tt  ball ''  The"^'^ 
longitudinal  bank,  with  its  deep  pits  and  stagnant  water,  is  a  runniuL'  sore  thiono-h 
the  length  of  the  tract,  doing  inlinite  harm,  "it  will  be  noticed  tl^at  the  water  s£ 
face  m  snnimer  is  nearly  as  high  as  in  flood  at  the  regulators  LlowDerrut-  this  fs 
tnl^^  ''•*^  l'''^"*  *  ^'^^  ^^^  l*"*!  traversed  by  the  canal  is Lgrelt  part  light  a,^^^ 
tS^'k'nd"ls"n!v*eV*.:aTer "  '^^'^^  *'^  ^'^•^'  ''''  *'^'^*  ^'^'^^  *«  *^«  '^'^'  aCenSo'frl^^ J 

bv^t^he  canaT*"  Sl'lSfflnri''^*'"  *^^™  '^'^^  combining  to  destroy  the  conntry  irrigated 
overrnnnS^ll  i!f?^r"^^^^  very  greatly  on  the  increase;  coarse  grasses  are 
overrnnnuig  the  ground  in  many  places;  beginning  at  the  P^nl-Souef  Drovinre 
sugarcane  is  being  abandoned  for  cotton, 'which  is  not  ruined  by  salt"  toTe  same 
extent  as  sugar-cane  is ;  the  winter  crop  does  not  yield  half  what  it  did  some  15  vTrs 
ago;  while  some  10,000  acres  of  the  best  land  in  Egvpt  have  been  thrownut  of  cnl 

T.tl7377^T"nVil',fV'%f  "??*  plain  a^Jpartly  into  a  nTrsh" "  AI  th 
since  137^5,  I.e.,  in  15  years.  The  liberties  which  are  taken  with  nature  in  Lower 
Egypt,  and  which  bring  their  punishment  slowly,  briu-  spLt'vretributTon  in  T Inner 
Egypt,  whore  the  summer  heat  is  excessive,  a'  eyste^uiTf  eftens  ve  SnhiS 
washing  in  winter  may  do  something,  but  the  only  real  remedy  is  riowerTngo^f  the 
TrXZlntH^^il  ^""^"^  one-fourth  of  the  iand  every  fo'urth  yeaMn"fo?It?o'u 

rJJ\l  fhX^^''^^J^^''^  originally  a  natural  water  course  which  took  its 
rise  in  the  Nile  at  Deirut,  where  its  old  bed  is  crossed  now  by  the  Ibra- 
SnHntnSt"  T.  •  ^  ''  ^'^m^^d  to  take  the  name  from  the  Joseph  of  the 
Scriptures.    It  is  very  tortuous  in  its  course,  but  according  to  its  gen- 

SL  r-""*'?"  \\  ''■  '''^?'*^  ^^'^  '^'^'"^  ^«"^"i  as  the  lorahimieh  Canal 
below  Deirut.    During  low  water  it  discharges  about  600  cubic  feet  a 

«?ZJ  ^0  n£»  n^?i?-  '7^"""  ^^^  ^""^T  ^'^  ^^"'^  emptied,  it  discharges 
at  least  30,022  cubic  feet  per  second.    At  that  time  it  is  used  for  filling 

thl  -^n"!,  tT  ''^"'^-  ^'^  T.  Its  course,  the  last  of  which  discharges  into 
the  Nile.  These  series  of  basins  are  too  long,  so  that  the  lower  ones 
receive  water  without  much  fertilizing  mud,  and  it  is  necessary  to  ma^e 
some  improvements  The  last  dike  binding  the  lower  basin  dS 
from  all  others  m  Egypt,  not  being  constructed  simplv  of  mud,  but  . 
being  faced  on  both  sides  very  solidly  with  masonry.     '  ' 

After  a  course  of  197  miles  the  Bahr  Yusef  leaves  the  bed  of  the 
Nile  and  goes  through  a  depression  in  the  Libyan  Hills  at  Lahoun, 
about  3^  mi  es  wide,  through  a  very  ancient  bank  of  irreat  height  nS 

S' o'.  J'^'f  .r'''T'''''''"^'i  ^''^^'  masonry  in  1885.  This  bank  separates 
the  Oasis  of  the  Fayoum  from  the  Nile  Valley.    A  course  of  13^  mi  es 


1 


^^^^u^ji 


'wmmt"^- 


els ;  the  Beirut 
n  side,  and  the 
iiial  discharges 

Cubic  feet  per 
second. 
...       183,604,000 
...  3,108,160,000 
...       5^9,800,000 

...  116,550,000 
- . .  388, 520, 000 
...   1*8, 344, 000 

45,916,000 
...  1,130,240,000 
...  053,640,000 
...   105,960,000 

,000  cubic  feet 


iimieh  Canal : 

rrigates  not  only 
)a8iu8.  Tho  new 
ing  sore  tbiough 
It  the  water  sur- 
V  Beirut ;  this  is 
it  part  light  and 
il  absence  of  rain 

oiintry  irrigated 
arse  grasses  are 
Souef  province, 
lalts  to  the  same 
lid  some  15  years 
rown  out  of  cnl- 
niarsh.  All  this 
lature,  in  Lower 
bution  in  Upper 
ve  draining  and 
lowering  of  the 
year  in  rotation 

rhich  took  its 
r  by  the  Ibra- 
Joseph  of  the 
ng  to  its  gen- 
[lirnieh  Canal 
0  cubic  feet  a 
it  discharges 
sed  for  filling 
soharges  into 
le  lower  ones 
sary  to  make 
basin  differs 
of  mud,  but 

J  bed  of  the 

at  Lahoun, 

b  height  and 

nk  separates 

of  13^  miles 


'iTu'''^/lUt  If,, 


-^  N 


IRRIGATION   IN   EC 


REGION    OF   THE    IBRAHl 

(From    Barols.) 


rf     JJ    E 


j^   J  B  Y  A   N 


'A\\V 


REFERENCE, 

—  (JiDKiU  (iinl  Wafer  foumfB. 

—  nikcu. 


*  yA  l{<;n<'l'riiirx. 


Settle,  iddiddO. 


10       S        0 

I  uu  I  nil  I 


10 


£0 

—4— 


30 

-\ — 


40 


IRRIGATION    IN   EGYPT. 


DF   THE    IBRAHIMIEH    CANAL. 

(From    Barois.) 


^^m^ 


ScaZc,  iddiddo. 


10 


£0  30  40  Kiloytv. 

I  I  1 


1 


^ 


i: 


IRRIGATION   IN  AFRICA—EGYPT.  267 

brings  tliis  canal  to  the  town  of  Medinpf-  p1  Fov«„.»   n  •     . 

me,  where  it  is  divided  into  fomfp!    ?.?«?       ^  "  "'^'?  «"cielit  Arsi- 

Whitehouse,  wouhl  allow  i^oXTl  ^'''^'^  ^^'*  ^^  M^'  ^>e 

butagreat  ncreaseTcuU  hue  Lfd^  t/  T'^V'K''!  ^^*«^  ^^^^-^ge 
much  below  that  of  tl  e  Nilo'tM  't  is  nns^ihilT'-''*^^''f  ^^^'^""^  "«  «« 
means  of  undershot  wattM-  whee  s  oarr^'lf',^^.^^/,"'«"/e  the  fields  by 

^n^  and  fifty  fiour  n.il.s  ^JS'S'SSlliiTS/^I^-^-  ^ 

the  surplus  of  water  as  to  svv.rr.         u^^'  J'V  '"  «o"8f Queuce  of 

Through  theetrorttofthe^SLSreLlhe  ■:  r'?T'']'^  ^*"^- 
been  greatly  reduced.  ^^"^I'sn  engineers  the  level  ot  the  lake  has 

4.  The  iHmaiiieh  or  Siveet  Water  dnnnl      t«  t  ^^     t^        .  , 
or  Sweet  Water  Canal  (feserveTsSiT/o  ,V^^^ 

recent  times  all  at  once  and  it  is  Ew.  ^^  h^i^Am^  it  wa.  .ug  in 
of  the  others.    It  wariVJm^^^^^^^  "^^''^  regular  tlj^n  fuiy 

and  Ismailieh,  and  parti  for  thJnurfns«  T^'«f  .^^'^^t  water  to  Suez 
On  accordance  with^an  ign^rnen^Tdewm  V^^^^^Wo  canal 

Suez  Canal  Con)panv)  to  Lake  T  m«?h  .vi^^^^-/  ^^  ^^»^^V^  and  the 
It  is  100  miles  long  the  bnitch  to  w  "''  'i^.^'^^^  *^«  «"^'^  ^«"al. 
lows  in  general  te  lines  of  the  iJZ.f  ^'^"'f  ^^«  °^*'^«  "^^^e,  and  fol- 
w.th  the  I^ile.  It  starN  from  Cn^r^^  canals  connecting  the  Ked  Sea 
the  bridge,  a^tho,  <'h  il  S^dp??«  n.^'^'^V  ^^'"f'  ^''^  ^^^"^  the  Nile  at 
lock  at  «houbraZ^i^%e'Tutrbs  of  Cai^o""''  ''^"'  ^^^'"  ^^  ^  ^^^^ 

uJi"7rt^^:a;!;:irsSe7i^i?sx       i;^^^  -  -^^^o. 

ToL.nilat  its  inflltrat  ons  h^vi  nr-w  ,ii\1     f  ?  ^'^?"^^  *«  ^he  Wady 
land  in  that  vallA.     Since  tbfE  S^^  the  cultivable 

have  taken  place  ^4ich  W  re  ulei'^  '  be  Is3l'iT'r'''f "  '""r'^'^ 
irrigation,  and  by  locks  at  Z,,r'r,-^  11  ^^^mailieh  Canal  usefu  for 
ca,.al  system  of  he  earte^n !tTtf  ^  niT""  ""T^^^'  ^^^^  ^^^  regular 
of  the  Ismailieh  Can!u  dmU  f^ood  fnd  ft'.'^'*'"-  ^"'^  '^""^°^  ^^'^^^^^ 
newly  constructed  Menu  ivar  Cnnn'i  h  ^^fi'^'".^  '*  "*'^^''  ^•^^^eis  by  the 
aucedfroml2,3o5oooto^^^^^^^  clearances  have  been  re- 

of  about  $40,000.'  Dui^ng  S^^^^^^^  ^^'"^'-^  saving 

Ismailieh  Canal,  with  its  Lav^clrS  's  reversed  and  the 

and  probably  doubles  the  irri Atinl  nn^.rf'n'^T'  ^'^'^'  '"''^"^  others, 
In  this  way  silt  clearances  havfhpSn^«T  7^^  ^^'''^  ^^'^  ""^  the  country 
nals.    The  Suez  br  nTlv^  ^V'f  'T''^  "^  the  smaller  ca- 

about  17,000,000  S  c  feet  of  waterTrl  ""''^  ^  !'"'  ^"  ""''^^^  ^o  utilize 

Belta  east  of  the  JDan  etta  b  inch  of  w"*^ -^^  ^^^  '""^'^'^«"  ^^  tl^« 
from  the  Nile  between  Ciiro  am  tL  1  ^  ^'^^\  ^""^^  ^*'  ^^'^se  start 
points  on  the  Damietta  taifc  ^^^'f'^^^^^  the  others  at  various 
been  assisted  by  temped;  uy  stone'  d'ui  ,^  ^  /?''  }^'^^  ^^^tter  have 
in  April  or  May  and  lartlv  ^nJf^:!^1^J^%  ^''^'^  "?0"ths,  built 

other  reasons  there  is  nt'J::''^-^  1:,^^^^^^^^ 


268 


IRKIGATION   IN   AFRICA— EGYPT 


munication  through  it  frZ Tairn  i.  n„  ^?. ""'"  ,^®  ^'^^ct  water  com- 
torn  width  is  about  85  feet  at  ?h«  h.^^  ?^^^^  ^.?^  ^""'^  ^^'^'    Thebot. 

20  feet.    The  calcuIaterdiscbarL  'f .Ct  S(lo ^  ^'  ''''  *« 

day  in  low  Kilo  aud  about  60oS  000  PnfSn  ^^^'",^0' '«»  «ublc  feet  per 

the  caual  has  only  just  beeu  Sed  nn^^         ?""°^  ^'^^'  ^"«-    -^« 
its  actual  working.  ^^"^'^  ""*  ^^P<^^<=  ^'as  yet  been  made  on 

is  M24:3t'r;r'nrac^^^^^^^^^^^  ^-^  ?f  «»«  P-^  -^  ^he  Delta 

tiou  of  about  4.35lmjC  J^er  Lin  H^''®'"T^^^^  *«  a»ow  irnga- 
discharge  of  4,4^5  cubic  feefa  second  W  ^  '^'"J^*  ^'^^  ^  ««°«""^1 
counts  in  the  year  1880,  there  were  o°iv  fJS'i'T- "^Z"^.*^  ^^^^^^  a«- 
ing  low  water.    In  ISsi,  onlv  2  8fil  InFJtl  ^'^^jc/eet  furnished  dur- 

the  Arabi  iii8urrectio„ron?y'2f33f  cubic^  ^  Xi^' ^'^  '^  ^^^^  ^^ 
an  irrigation  system  goes  to  the  Mrl  nnifoo  ?f  5'     "^'"^  ^'^^^^  ^^^  easily 

.  I  may  say  here  in  prnfhesfs  that  itthe  vear  ^^^^^^  '^P*  "P* 

visit  the  province  of  Kuldia  nrnnAri  J  ni  •    ^^^^^^P  I^ad  occasion  to 

porarily  occupied  by  EussatnSSu^«,?«n?f^^^^  ^"^  then  tern- 

new  retroceded  to  China  It  w«\Tfr  f  ^I'^^^f "'»' troubles,  although 
had  been  oncefertile  owi.g  toirrfp-.H. 7"'  ^^  ""^.'V^  ^^^  ^^^^  which 
steppe  through  the  faZe?f  watef  In  ifil.^"''"^^''r "  «^^"'  ^  ^are 
water  course  one  could  eaX  trice  the  tr«nrr"^J^^^"'^^^  ^^^^^^^^ 
to  desert.  One  may  now  spa  tZllt  *^^?«'t?"n  f'om  cultivated  land 
about  Ismailieh  T/sueJ  where  unfir/hrT°  '^f-  TJi'^^'^^^  vegetation 
the  desert  had  for  cSies  been  witerL^^^^^  ^"«  ?"'«''«d 

cultivated  land  of  the  Delta  m«vn«.Ii,\,t  ^'^'^^  ^^Pe  that  the 
under  the  Plmraohs  andtru^SVS:^^^^^^  '^"^^  "^^^^  ''  ^^^ 
Of 'e"ar\\TartneT:4^^^^^^^^^^^  ?11'«20,000  cubic  feet 

peracre.  This  has  been  dimSp^TJ  ""V'^'  ^^^"<^  ^^^'^^  «"bic  feet 
the  annual  cost  S  keej^^ng  ud  ?Sfclna^  ^*  *^^  «^™«  «°^« 

thf LfriSsTftSTl^^^^^^^^^  I----  Of  the  Delta- 

branches,  that  of  MfnSufie??vW  tTuTJtl^^T^^^  ^"^  ^«««"a 
340,000  acres,  every  one  of  w£  i^cnfftr.J''^^^?'-.^^^  ^°  '^^^^^  of 
nearly  1.9  to  the  acre  irent  rdv  en^alpd  5  7n!f ^'  ^u^  '*'  Population  of 
are  small  and  the  cultivSn  ever/on^  ?^  JS^^^^^^^ 

way  from  Alexandria  to  Cairo  msL«n  S"  »  t?  ^®  superb.  The  rail- 
ince  and  all  the  traveled  are  struor^^^  the  center  of  this  prov- 

is  utilized.  ^t™^''  ^'*'^  *^^  way  lu  which  the  ground 

<^^t^^^Zuyo!,&^^^^^^^  acres  under 

water.  The  main  irrigating  call  t  ?h!  mJ*'''^ \^'  """^  ^^^'^^O  under 
the  point  of  the  Delta  between  ?hpVwn  f  enoufieh,  which  starts  from 
miles  it  is  divided  into  thlBah?  S?fh,-  ^  l^arrages.  After  running  23 
west  of  Damie  ta  Lnd  the  Bahr  lai  ,r  hT^h  °^  ?°*^  ^^^  Mediterrafean 
Two  large  canals'are  fed  with  wafeKvhpT?^'?^;,"^^  t^'^^  ^^"'o«- 
Barilos,  and  eleven  by  th^BahT  ShibhT  l^f  of  it-'i?^"'^  ^^  ^^^  ^^'^r 
.egnUitors  and  many^ot  tLmwitl'esSp'ei  '^  ""''  ^'^  ^"PP"«^  ^^^^ 
The  chiei  work  done  by  the  English'  engineers  in  these  provinces 


*.. 


IRRIGATION   IN   AFRICA — EGYPT. 


269 


since  1884  has  been  the  reduction  of  silt  clearances,  chiefly  by  means 
of  subsidiary  canals  running  in  flood  only  and  creating  a  current,  one 
regulator  being  closed  while  another  is  used.  The  saving  has  been 
very  great.  The  Sahii  and  Nagar  canals,  for  instance,  formerly  cost 
the  one  *76,(»()()  annually  for  corvee  labor,  giving  a  summer  discharge  of 
2«  ^3^°*'*^"^  ^"^^^  feet  for  the  twenty-four  hours,  while  the  latter  cost 
f  90,000  and  discharged  only  3,532,000  cubic  feet.  "  Pumping  engines  » 
Mr.  Willcocks  says,  "  placed  at  13  feet  IJ  inches  higher  level  would 
have  delivered  88,300,000  cubic  feet  for  the  twenty-four  hours  for  the 
same  sum  of  money." 

On  these  two  systems  of  canals  the  corv6e  cleared  in  1883  46,244  920 
cubic  feet,  costing  $257,000,  while  in  1887  the  necessary  clearance  was 
reduced  to  only  V71,9«0  cubic  feet,  costing  $10,600.'  Among  other 
advantages  of  the  reduction  of  silt  clearance  are  that  the  rich  Nile  mud 
IS  carried  out  to  the  fiolds  at  a  proper  time,  instead  of  being  deposited 
in  the  canal ;  that  all  the  canal  beds  are  sufficiently  low  to  take  in  water 
for  irrigation  during  winter  before  the  annual  clearance,  which  takes 
place  between  February  and  April ;  and  that  these  canals  are  open  to 
navigation  during  winter  at  the  time  when  the  regulators  mav  all  be 
open.  '' 

(7)  The  Behera  systems.—The  province  of  Behera,  which  lies  to  the 
west  of  the  Rosetta  branch  and  is  very  difficult  to  irrigate,  contains 
900,000  acres  of  land,  of  which  less  than  half,  390,000,  are  cultivated : 
260,000  more  might  be  reclaimed  and  the  remainder  is  under  water. 

This  province  is  irrigated  by  three  main  canals,  all  connected,  the 
Behera,  which  starts  above  the  Rosetta  Barrage;  the  Khatatbeh,  which 
starts  28  miles  lower  down  and  joins  the  Behera;  and  the  Mahmoudieh 
Canal,  which  starts  from  the  Rosetta  branch  near  Atfeh,  flows  into  the 
harbor  of  Alexandria,  and  supplies  that  city  with  drinking  water.  Be- 
tween the  barrage  and  Khatatbeh  the  desert  comes  so  near  the  Nile 
that  the  Behera  Canal  has  to  pass  through  over  14  miles  of  pure  sand. 
Here  it  is  very  difficult  to  keep  up  the  canal,  not  owing  to  any  consid- 
erable amount  of  sand  blown  from  the  desert,  but  owing  to  the  changes 
of  the  bottom  consequent  on  the  change  of  the  water  level.  The  Egyp- 
tian engineers  met  this  difficulty  by  keeping  Behera  as  a  summer  canal, 
shutting  us  head  by  an  earthen  dam  in  flood,  while  they  used  the 
Khatatbeh  as  a  flood  canal;  but,  although  the  water-level  was  constant 
the  level  above  the  barrage  was  so  low  that  the  discharge  was  consid- 
ered insufHcient,  and  the  insufficiency  led  to  the  erection  of  a  pumping 
station  at  Khatatbeh  to  lift  water  in  summer. 
Mr.  Willcocks  says: 

The  Mahmoudieh  Canal  was  dug  by  Mehemet  Ali  in  1819-'20,  with  the  ohieot  of 
opening  a  direct  water  way  between  Cairo  and  Alexandria,  Hupnlying  the  latter  town 
with  waterand  providing  for  auinraer  irrigation.  This  canal  was  fed  in  a  novel  way. 
An  area  of  60,000  acres  to  the  south  of  Atfeh  was  surrounded  by  a  dike  lillod  with 
water  in  flood,  and  turned  into  a  reservoir  for  supplying  summer  water  to  the  Mah- 
moudieh. In  1849  It  was  considered  cheaper  to  lift  the  water  from  the  Nile  and  cul- 
tivate the  basin  ;  consequently  pumps  were  erected  at  Atfeh.     *     *     *    At  Khatatbeh 

A^^  ^xu®"^  '^  ^'^'.^^^  ^^  ^^®  ^"Se  centrifugal  pumps  with  vertical  shafts,  while  at 
Atteh  there  are  six  scoop-wheels. 

The  discharge  at  Khatatbeh  is  83,300,000  cubic  feet  per  twenty-four  hours  and  at 
Atfeh  about  70,640,000,  the  lift  in  the  former  case  being  about  8  feet  8i  inches  as  a 
maximum  and  6Keet  as  a  mean ;  the  lift  at  Atfeh  isfij  feet  as  a  maximum  and  4  feet 
as  a  mean.  The  pumps  at  Khatatbeh  are  well  constructed  and  excellently  managed 
and  yet  they  are  showing  signs  of  deterioration,  owino-  to  fanltv  de«!"nin"-  A]!  ti)» 
rubbiug  s'lrfaces  or  these  enormously  heavy  nuichines'  are  vertical,  which"  makes  "it 
exceedingly  difficult  to  keep  them  oiled,  and  this  means  wear  and  tear. 

It  renewals  are  ever  necessary  they  will  be  very  costly  indeed.    Their  one  chance 
ot  lile  lies  m  the  splendid  management  and  unceasing  supervision.    Machines  like 


270 


IRRIGATION  IN  AFRICA — EGYPT. 


I 


t:^ 


] 
} 

J 

i 
c 


tbern  will  never  again  bo  orected  in  Kgypt.  A  niinibor  of  easily,  nianaKeable  48-inoh 
aud  r>t-iiicb  (Jwyiiiio  pmii[m,  with  a  HopiiriitH  chiiimel  for  oiicli  Rroui)  of  tlir«e  or  four, 
would  have  beuii  hotter.  If  the  origiiml  wnuvs  at  Klnittttlmli  had  had  diameters  of 
7  foot  instead  of  10  feet,  and  lieou  conitrnctud  on  the  Haine  principios  m  tlie  screws  at 
Sherhin,  they  would  have  been  working  today.* 

The  Irrigation  company  have  a  contract  with  the  (Jovernmont  which  lasts  till  t'J2l, 
to  lift  aunuiilly  iu  snnnuer  up  to  88,:«)0,00()  cubic  feet  per  tweuty-fonr  hours  at  Khat- 
Atbeh,  and  88,30(),()0()  cubic  feet  per  twenty-four  hours  at  Atfeli,  for  an  annual  indem- 
nity of  $l-i8,07H,  and  #2(»l.:»7  [>or  :Vi,\]20,0{)0  cubic  feet  per  twenty-four  hours  at  Khat- 
atl)eh,  rtntl  paG.y.'i  per  :».'j,:ttO,()()J  cubic  feet  pisr  twenty-four  hours  at  Atfeh.  In  18«6 
the  company  received  $J49,;W<J,  and  pumped  150,110,000  cubic  feet  per  twenty. four 
u(«urs  throughout  the  summer. 

As  there  has  been  a  chronic  deflcieiicy  of  water  in  thf»  Behera  prov- 
lace  during  suiumor  arul  winter,  the  Government  in  18h  and  1886  was 
tempted  to  use  the  Behera  Oanal  in  tiood.  But  as  the  groynes  with 
which  it  had  been  provided  wore  insutTlciei  the  canal  silted  up  com- 
pletely aud  had  to  be  dug  out  again.  In  spite  of  large  sums  paid  for 
pumping— from  $200,(100  to  $250,000— annually,  dredging  these  three 
canals  is  always  necessary  on  account  of  navigation,  water  supply  in 
winter,  and  tne  fear  of  allowing  silt  to  accumulate.  The  expense  of 
this  system  and  the  fear  of  being  obliged  to  multiply  Khatatbeh  pumps 
throughout  Lower  Egypt  led  Sir  Colin  8cotfrMoncrieff  to  take  to  work- 
ing the  barrages,  and  so  far  this  has  been  a  great  saving.  A  very 
complete  project  for  remodeling  the  three  canals  just  mentioned  has 
■  been  made  and  has  already  begun  work.  The  Govehimeut  in  connec- 
tion with  a  private  company  has  also  dug  a  nt  w  canal  called  the  Nu- 
barieh  in  order  to  reclaim  some  of  the  desert  land  west  of  the  Nile ;  and 
another  company  is  endeavoring  to  reclaim  the  Aboukir  Lake  which 
has  evaporated  only  since  1882. 

(8)  The  barrages  of  the  Nile.— ThesG  constitutethe  most  imposing  irri- 
gation work  iu  Egypt  and  may  prove  to  be  one  of  the  most  important. 
At  the  beginning  of  the  century  Napoleon,  who  saw  everything  and 
who  from  his  life  on  the  Rhone  must  have  understood  something  about 
irrigation,  spoke  of  the  necessity  of  damming  the  Nile  at  the  apex  of 
the  Delta,  so  as  to  send  the  whole  supply  first  down  one  branch  and 
then  down  the  other,  and  thus  double  the  irrigating  power. 

In  1833  Mehemet  Ali,  findingit  exceedingly  difficult  to  clear  the  summer 
canals  to  a  sufficient  depth  to  receive  the  low-water  supply,  began  clos- 
ing the  Eosetta  branch  with  a  huge  stone  dam,  so  as  to  send  all  the 
water  down  the  Damietta  branch,  from  which  the  chief  canals  were  to 
be  fed.  Monsieur  Lioant,  afterwards  Linant  Pasha,  persuaded  Mehemet 
Ali  to  stop  this,  and  proposed  the  building  of  two  dams,  one  on  each 
branch,  about  8  miles  below  the  bifurcation.  He  intended  to  build  them 
on  the  dry  land,  then  turn  the  Nile  through  them,  and  stop  up  the  old 
beds  with  earthen  dams.  This  plan  was  approved,  and  Mehemet  Ali 
even  ordered  the  Pyramids  to  be  taken  down  and  the  stones  to  be  trans- 
ported to  the  spot.  But  when  the  methods  of  demolition  and  transport 
came  to  be  considered,  Linant  Pasha  dissuaded  Mehemet  Ali  from  this 
idea  by  explaining  to  him  that,  as  the  Pyramids  were  built  from  tha 
bottom  to  the  top  it  would  be  necessary  to  begin  to  demolish  them  from 
the  top,  and  that  this  proceeding  will  be  more  costly  than  quarrying 
fresh  stone.  The  work  had  been  well  begun,  the  foundations  were  being 
excavated,  material  had  been  collected  and  workshops  built,  when  the 
viceroy  suddenly  changed  his  mind,  stopped  the  work,  dug  the  summer 
canals  deeper  by  the  aid  of  the  corvee,  and  nothing  more  was  heard  of 


4-Ur.    1 


17    


*  Very  large  machines  seem  not  to  answer  in  localities  where  repairs  are  difficult 
and  costly,  and  generally  postponed  till  it  is  too  late. 


lAKoable  48-inoh 
of  tlir«e  or  four, 
iiad  dimiietors  of 
»n  the  acrews  at 

;li  liiHtstiin'J2l, 
L-  lioiirn  at  Khat- 
ti  nununl  Jiideiii- 
y  hours  nt  Khat- 
Atfch.  In  18«6 
[)er  twenty,  four 


Behera  prov- 
aud  1886  was 
groynes  with 
ilkul  up  com- 
iums  paid  for 
g  these  three 
tor  supply  in 
le  expense  of 
atbeh  pumps 
take  to  work- 
ing. A  very 
lentioned  has 
nt  in  connec- 
alled  the  Nu- 
bhe  Nile ;  and 
:  Lake  which 

imposing  irri- 
st  important, 
erything  and 
lething  about 
;  the  apex  of 
3  branch  and 
r. 

sr  the  summer 
Y,  began  clos- 
send  all  the 
anals  were  to 
ded  Mehemet 
one  on  each 
to  build  them 
»p  up  the  old 
Mehemet  Ali 
!S  to  be  trans- 
md  transport 
Ali  from  this 
uilt  from  tha 
sh  them  from 
m  quarrying 
js  were  being 
ilt,  when  the 
» the  summer 
was  heard  of 


lira  are  difficult 


ti 


BLOCJv   PLAN 


THE     BARRAGES. 


^°^J«=    50.000-. 


i 


REFERENCES. 

^>  li,  (\,  n,  E,  F,  Protective  Spurs. 

J,  K,  P,  Training  Spurs. 

^.  H,  I.  I;  M,  .y,  0,  Traininrj  Permease* 

Tniiniiig  Works  bc(/un  in  188t.  By  188 
Sand  Ikink  formed  opposite  Spurs  F,  E,  I 
and  tlw  Sand  Shoal  X  eaten  away.  V; 
Chamtcl  Y  increased  in  size  sixfold. 


MAXIMUM  FLOOD  DISCHARGE 

Main  Nile,  -  -  .  1,032,000,000  c'metr, 
Kosetta  Branch,        nft:^,000.Q00       " 
Damietta  Branch,     405,000,000       " 


Btcb  width/ 

.."O.Vihcjt 


B*d/w%dttv 
'JoMcirti 


BLOCJC   PLAJS' 
or 

THE     BARRAGES. 


Scale : 


1 

50,000. 


REFERENCES. 

A,  I),  C,  D,  E,  F,  Protective  Spurs. 

J,  A'j  P,  Troining  Spurs. 

0,  ir,  I,  I.,  M,  N,  0,  Training  Permeable  Spurs 

Tmbiuuj  Wurksheym  in  1884.  By  1887 
Sand  Bank  funned  opposite  Spurs  F,  E,  D, 
and  the  Sand  Shoal  X  eaten  away,  i,.,,- 
Channel  Y  increased  in  .size  sixfold. 


MAXIMUM  FLOOD  DISCHARGES. 

Main  Nile, 1,032,000,000  c'tnetres per  day. 

Tiosetla  Brunch,        562,000,000        "         •'     " 
Damietta  Branch,     40S, 000,000       "       "    " 


Roratain 


> 

33 
> 

o 

m 


I 
m 


'^"-  "■      ~.    '^^a^fl-  '  *^-  ■  [jj 


'   '""    " ■" umimmmmmmam'mm 


m 


I'  ■■^. 


■MMMawMxtiBiii 


.'^iaia'^:y!'8SSfife#^*rt^8*^8^ iT  :.y.^M 


:t 


o 
< 

g: 

< 

CO 

I 
o 


CO 

< 

LU 
O 

cc 


a: 
< 

z 
< 


LEFTLO 


ChJ-;--(      ^j:.-     ■ 


BIGHT  liOCK 


DEi'P  CHAHNEL 

or 

RIVER, 


■«*#-*!s»8 


'^^M!^SSS^mSS::u. ., 


i 


IRRIGATION   IN   AFRICA — EGYPT. 


271 


. 


In  1842  Mougel  Bey  came  to  Egypt  and  recommended  the  establish- 
ment of  the  dams  on  the  present  system  together  with  a  series  of  fortitt- 
catious  that  conld  defend  Cairo.  The  idea  of  fortiflcations  pleased 
Mehemet  Ali,  who  took  the  idea  of  making  the  site  of  the  Barrages  the 
military  cai)ital  of  Egypt.  The  works  were  immediately  begun,  but 
Meheuict  Ali  died  in  184S,  and  In  185;},  after  10  years,  the"  works  of  the 
Barrages  were  not  sutticiently  advanced  to  please  Abbas  Pasha,  so  that 
Mougel  Bey  was  dismissed  and  a  new  man  ordercu  to  finish  the  work 
on  his  plans.  The  works  were  finished  in  1801,  tl)«  cost,  exclusive  of 
the  oorvi^e,  being  $9,400,000.  Counting  the  eorv4e,  the  canal  heads,  the 
fortifications,  and  everything,  the  barrages  are  estimated  to  have  cost 
over  $20,000,000.  The  barrage  of  the  Kosetta  branch  was  closed  for 
the  first  time  in  18G3,  and  had  to  be  reopened  immediately,  owing  to 
the  settling  of  part  of  the  work.  Some  repairs  were  made  and  the 
iiosetta  barrage  was  used  to  some  extent  up  to  18G7,  when  the  bulging 
of  part  of  the  bridgeway  caused  fears  for  the  safety  of  the  work,  and  it 
was  entirely  abandoned  until  1884,  when  it  was  taken  charge  of  by 
English  engineers. 

The  object  of  this  work  is  to  form  a  reservoir  for  low  water  and  to 
give  a  sufficient  head  of  water  to  increase  the  flow  through  the  irriga- 
tion canals  in  tiie  Delta.  It  consists  practicaby  of  an  open  dam  over 
each  arm  of  the  river,  that  over  the  Eosetta  branch  being  about  1,527 
feet  long,  and  that  over  the  Damietta  1,740  feet  long,  built  upon  stone 
and  concrete  platforms  flush  with  the  river  bed  and  therefore  about  29 
feet  above  mean  sea  level,  connected  by  a  revetment  wall  about  3,283 
feet  in  length.  Just  above  the  Damietta  barrage  there  has  been 
opened  the  new  Tewflkieh  Canal  already  spoken  of,  which  will  feed 
nearly  all  the  canals  on  the  east  of  the  Damietta  branch ;  midway 
between  the  two  barrages  is  the  Menoufieh  Canal,  which  will  now  feed 
all  the  canals  of  the  central  provinces  between  the  two  branches;  and 
to  the  left  or  westward  of  the  Kosetta  barrage  is  the  opening  of  the 
Behera  Canal,  which  is  now  being  remodeled  in  the  hope  that  it  will 
prove  of  greater  service  than  hitherto. 

In  the  barrage  on  the  Rosetta  branch  there  are  sixty-one  arched 
openings,  which  daring  the  low  Nile  are  closed  by  curved  iron  gates 
let  down  by  means  of  crabs  traveling  upon  rails  upon  the  bridge.  The 
barrage  on  the  Damietta  branch  has  ten  openings  more,  or  seventy-one 
in  all,  which  are  closed  in  the  same  way.  The  barrages  having  been 
pronounced  valueless  except  to  regulate  the  flow  of  water  in  the  two 
branches  ot  the  Nile,  it  had  been  resolved  to  adopt  an  extensive  system, 
of  pumping  to  supply  the  water  to  the  cotton  crops  of  the  Delta. '  This 
pumping  was  to  have  cost  $1,440,000  a  year. 

Not  satisfied  with  this  conclusion.  Sir  Colin  Scott  Moncrieff  resolved 
to  see  what  he  could  do  with  the  barrages.  Everything  was  in  a  bad 
state,  especij  lly  the  timber  and  machinery.  The  barrage  on  the  Dam- 
ietta branch  had  never  been  closed,  and  the  openings  had  no  gates. 
Attempts  were  made  to  remedy  these  defects,  and  the  arches,  first  of 
one  and  then  of  the  other  of  the  barrages  were  closed,  so  that  ulti- 
mately, in  June,  1884,  7  feet  2  inches  of  water  were  held  up  on  the  Ro- 
setta barrage,  and  3  feet  1  inch  on  the  Damietta  barrage.  Even  this 
small  amount  conveyed  a  much  larger  quantity  of  water  through  the 
Central  Menoufieh  Canal  and  delivered  it  at  a  higher  level,  so  that 
many  pumps  stood  idle  that  year.  All  tins  was  done  at  a  cost  of  about 
$128,055.  In  1885  the  barrage  bore  a  head  of  9  feet  10  inches,  and  tlie 
canals  starting  above  it  had  4  inches  greater  depth  of  water  than  in 
1884, 


:w<lffri«»,».iMMIf,. 


272 


IRRIGATION   IN  AFRICA— EGYPT. 


n.^Wr^^^  ca.e  the 

vrhile  keepiug  the  barrage  of  the  Eosetta  Iw^Im^  ?"'''''/A""^^*  ^^'^^^ 
instead  of  completii.g  the  Da.niettrbarJage  to  /n  J?^  be  cheaper, 
few  miles  north  of  Beuha  THa  «iL  1  ^  '  ^^.'V^i^e  a  second  we  r  a 
tailed  estimates  vvere  S^red  but  ?  ;^«^•n.f '/?  'I'l^^^*^^'^^!  «n<l  *!« 
cost  at  least  $1,420,00?,  ^rthat  it  wis  "fveL  up  ^ '  A  stt,  ^''^J^^^  ^'^"^^ 
for  a  new  weir  across  the  Rosetta  branch  o  Fhn.f'vT^''^  suggestion 
old  barrage  found  favor  bnt  thT  11^  i'  ^^^^^^  distance  below  the 
Therepair^s  of  tSe  barrage  "ver^^^^^^^^^^^  ll,620^00o! 

"  coupled,"  as  Colonel  wf stern  the  Kn^lilh  !  ^«^''"''^ted  at  $1,000  000, 
doubts  as  to  the  possibility  orexecut^on^"^    °^'"''''  remarked,  '^ith 

^^'nllZll^ot^^^^^^^  Will  probably 

neersin  the  result  of  their  work  has  bee.f  int-  *^°^'V^H''^  ^*"  ^^^  «"g^- 

omitted  the  technicaldetai^  aL  willremfrk  onlfthot^'^^'  ?l\^P°^^^-^ 
culties  encountered  has  been  thp  n  nl!ln        V  ^'^'^^  ^"®  of  the  diffi- 

floor  of  the  barrage  and  tSgh  tK?mn '.^.''^P"^  ''^^h  In  the 
These  have  been  generallv  cufed  bv  fh.^  ^^".^^^"cted  in  front  of  it. 
sprinp  have  eithef  been  "LSedL'h'ave^^^^^^^^^^^^^  '^^"^  *^« 

harmless.  The  springs  of  the  Nile  wnf^r  II  fi  ^"^  ^^"^^^  ^"^  »»  *<>  be 
been  a  curious  appearance  during  Z  l^^.^'f  T'"*'  ^"'^  ^^'^^^  bas 
springs  of  8ulphu?water  of  anmienflv  tSL"^  ,"'^  P^^««°<=  ^^ar  of 
the  sulphur  bS:th8  ot  HelouarXu" I'i'miirno^h"^^^^^^        ^'"^^^^  ^^ 

thing  else  attempL  by^t'EnS%'4'ii^^^^^^^ 

the  whole  their  most  successful  achieA^ueT  ^      ^  bas  been  on 

bunJ  ^'^^^C^t^Z^'StS^lJ'^  r-^es  had  been 
they  were  therefore  unwilling  that EiS^^  condemned  by  them; 

even  attempt  to  make  it  sucSnl^iiJ^f^-^^E"'^^  *^^«  ^<=  "P  '-^"f 
tunately  found  Mougef  Bey  sSl  al  vi' and  waf  n^bi?^  ^^"'"^^^  f^^' 
go  to  the  barrages,  and  to  exDliin  hf«  .TS  ^'®i^  Persuade  him  to 
construction,  and  the  defects  so  for  nl  hl^'°^^  \t^''  ^'^  "^^^bod  of 
therefore  accused  Sir  CmnicZ  Zrlr^^S' ^^"^  ^^^^'^'^  The  French 
brains  to  his  own  advantage  But  owinifL  •  ^'"'^'"^  ^^"^^^^^  ^ey's 
been  a  rivalry  betweer£gel  Ly  an^i^Lnan^p'^?"'"' *^^^«  ^^^ 
latter  had  got  the  advantage  and  Mn^,LT^^;*''*''*  '"^  ^^^ch  the 
friendless.  ^In  all  the  tS^rthX  sm're^^^^^^  ^.''"««t 

had  done  nothing  for  him.  SirCoin  wIm*^  the  French  engineers 
information  he  received^y  procurii^  ?nr  Mn!''"?"^  ^''^'^  ^^"  ^^^  tbe 
pension.  ^  procuring  for  Mougel  Bey  a  well-deserved 

WORK  OF  ENGLISH  ENGINEERS. 

On  this  subject  Mr.  Willcocks  says: 
y^^StX^r^^:^^^:  ?-e  attempted  to  carry  out  during  their  five 
wit^Ji;;erS;^TZ^rr^^  -  to  msure  a  constant  high- 

ami  contract"  work  for  "the  cSS?'  '"  "  '"^'^«S«''»We  amount,  to  substitute  dredging 


t 


•^,'rm'rT 


■pilBBpiMH 


!iP''*98IBffil^l§^IJiJ!!l^^^.^  'V'*i»^^'-rfi««tw^ 


IRRIGATION   IN   AFRICA — EGYPT. 


273 


rJ  'Th^rl'l'"'!-"*^  ofilood  Hupplios  an  early  as  possible  into  the  floo.l  oanals 

In  all  tins  they  have  been  emiuently  successful,  though  it  is  true  that 
tht;'  wo'L!""'  '"'"'''  ^'"'^  "'  '^^^'  ''^  ^-^"^^  ^^'-^^  '^  ^-^  ^^rd  to  make 

DRAINAGE  AND  RECLAMATION. 

Drainap  is  in  the  upper  part  of  the  delta  natural,  and  owinff  to  the 
slope  of  the  ground  is  disposed  of  by  subsoil  flovr,  but  in  the  b/er  Jrt 
where  the  canals  are  at  a  high  level  during  most'of  the  year  and  the 
valleys  not  much  above  sea  level,  the  .ubsoil  springs  Lm  [ho  Unne? 

^.1  In?  T ,^"  ^^''  '"'^'^''  ^"^^  ^^""'^^^l  artlttcial  dra^iage  uts  These 
cuts  would  be  necessary  even  if  there  were  only  drv  crops  -with  iS 
tracts  under  rice  and  basin  irrigation,  the  necessity  fir  (Linage  S 
IS  imperative.  Canals  running^north  and  south  do  Se  Cm  to  the 
drainage,  as  they  follow  the  natural  slope  of  the  co  iitrv  but  ?hose 
running  eiist  and  west,  especially  those  following  thSe7of  ra  Iwavs 

tul  ThX7'^JlluTv7'  ^^i^'T^' allowing  it  to  stagilte  and  K 
ing  tiie  land  tor  some  distance  on  both  sides. 

Ihe  natural  di;ainage  lines  are  well  marked  in  Egypt  and  are  gener- 
ally provided  with  some  kind  of  cut  in  the  deepest  part  which  are 
cleared  annually  and  are  becoming  fair  drainage  SJl^irdeLw 
a  neglected  drainage  line  it  is  better  to  complete  he  lower  reache! 
before  the  upper  part  is  touched,  even  at  an  expense  of  Ce!  dred'iug 
well  mto  the  lakes;  and  in  making  clearances  it  is  better  to  throw  iH 
the  earth  on  one  bank  for  a  certain  length  and  then  on  the  other  bin k 

"m^' ^iSsX^^^f  "'""  '''''  ''''''^''''  ''''''''  ''  a7a^^a^'"^'' 

waterings  of  about  Sicholtn  '"nth  U.o?  "  l'''^'l,«»'iy  receive  as  many  as  twenty 
per  a„nn.n  wbich'is  tuowc;;?  to  l^i  'or'th;  soi?  Sfabo't  mo  St'?  '"'^''f 
the  soil,  and  then  be  evaporated  Sinrc  Hie  NilVi  vtnfa^  i  ■  ^,  ■  *"  ^°  ^'^^''^^  i"*" 
in  excess,  these  salts  accm     1  te  a    «.«  SI  ^  an^^^ 

crops  soon  appear  as  a  white  e  lloreHo..  p.,      w h?!,,  ?i  °'  *"^,*''"  ^9"^'^  ^^  suitable 

attraction  can  not  brinr«P  the  sflt"  s  "ri,  J  wLe«r  f  T'"°  ^""^^  '^^"^  capillary 
spring  level  is  high  the^sa  water  comes  to  th«  J.rf^i^-  T^'"''"''  '*"*  ^^^'^  *^« 
tends  to  further  destroy  tho  soil  ^  "^^''®'  '^  ^^^''*'  evaporated,  and 

thoro^hiy  wiSitfr  L^r^itrL!;;"  ^zz:^^z  "rv",  "-"-f  ^°'^'  --^-^  --  *^"« 

and  capable  of  dissolving  the  saltsT^otrrsryVbeir  tt  ZTel  1^  S^.^Lt^ 
It  18  possible  to  reclaim  lands  which  are  grown  bad  either  bv  the  onl 

In'XZninZTV'''  ''  ^^  ^f  ^"  ^^^'^''^«^»  5  but  summer  rie  needs 
irrigation  in  May,  Juno,  and  July,  and  there  is  not  enou-h  water  in 

^!"'5"^J,*.VM'>'''"p^^*'  ^'''  '^"'^^  '^  ^^•^  "^^^thern  part  of' tirnJli'^ 
V\^  kiioyv  tuai,  lu  rtolermiic  and  Roman  times  the  whole  of  the  "lauds 
were  cultivated ;  but  what  was  then  the  "choice  land "  is  Lw  w  fder 
ness,  a  mere   barren  plain  with  vestiges  of  canals   aiVrkes  and 
±1.  hx.  45 18  ' 


274 


IBUIOATION   IN   AFRICA — EGYPT. 


mouuda  strewn  with  bricks  Jind  pottery.  The  lakes  must  have  beea 
kept  at  a  higher  level  and  must  have  hud  more  frequent  connectionB 
with  the  sea  than  they  have  now. 

As  baain  irrigation  «iec,reased  the  discharge  passing  through  the  lakes 
decreased  and  the  openings  gradually  disiippeared.  Only  one  is  now 
left  to  eacli  lake.  Therefore  during  the  inundation  the  levels  of  tiio 
lakes  rise  and  the  brackish  water  blights  all  the  land  it  covers.  An 
example  of  this  is  the  Borillos  Lakeand  the  Bahr  8aTdi,  which  duringthe 
flood  discharges  about  700,332,000  cubic  feet  per  day  into  tlie  lake. 
Had  this  natural  branch  of  the  Kosetta  Nile  always  existed  it  wouhl 
have  kept  the  sea  opening  to  the  lake  from  silting  up,  but  it  has  been 
gradually  increasing  and  cutting  a  deep  channel  during  the  whole  of 
this  century  until  stopped  in  1880,  when  the  lake  in  flood  rose  only  20 
instead  of  40  inches.  Even  this  could  be  stopped  hy  clearing  the  silted 
opeying  of  the  lake  before  flood. 

There  is  among  scientittc  agriculturists,  as  well  as  among  the  Eng- 
lish engineers,  in  view  of  the  gradual  deterioration  of  the  land,  a  strong 
opinion  in  favor  of  at  least  a  partial  return  to  the  old  system  of  basin 
irrigation  in  the  Delta.  This  was  practiced  40  years  ago  and  may  be 
thus  briefly  described :  The  lauds  were  divided  into  basins  of  about 
1,000  acres  each,  provided  with  canals  for  tilling,  basins  for  retaining 
water,  and  drains  for  discharging  it.  If  the  drainage  cut  was  near  the 
canal  the  basins  were  easily  drained  into  it.  If  the  drainage  cutting 
was  too  ftir  olf,  one  system  of  basins,  those  next  to  the  canal,  would 
drain  back  into  it  while  a  second  system  was  fed  by  a  series  of  small 
cross  canals  and  drained  into  the  drainage  cut.    Mr.  Willcocks  says  : 

The  introduction  of  cotton  cultivation  into  the  Blrrftja  on  wholesale  principles 
caused  the  basin  system  to  be  abandoned,  while  the  cottou  crop  and  the  basins  in 
rotation  might  have  continued  together,  both  to  the  advantage  of  the  cotton  and  to 
the  preservation  of  the  land.  This,  however,  was  not  done.  All  the  fields  wore 
planted  with  cotton,  and  produced  fairly  well ;  gradually  the  lower  fields  fell  out  of 
cultivation  owing  to  salt  efflorescence  and  lack  of  drainage.  As  the  higher  field.; 
were  now  called  on  to  produce  a  double  share  of  an  exhaustive  crop,  while  they  re- 
ceived no  manure  or  Nile  deposit,  they  had  to  be  planted  with  cotton  and  rice  alter- 
nately, to  prevent  their  complete  deterioration.  The  drainage  water  of  the  rice 
fields  was  run  onto  the  lower  lauds  and  completed  their  ruin.  New  canals  dug  with- 
out levels  or  alignment,  and  the  conversion  of  all  the  drainage  cut-^  into  irrigation 
canals,  was  all  that  was  needed  to  destroy  the  higher  lands.    This  soon  followed. 

In  many  places  now  the  tops  of  the  old  banks  and  the  bods  of  the  old  canals  are  the 
only  places  which  yield  a  crop  at  all.  The  only  remedy  for  all  this  is  a  return  to  the 
basin  system.  The  State  Domains  administration  clearly  sees  this  and  is  trying  to 
reintroduce  basin  irrigation  on  a  large  scale.  It  seems  ridiculous  that  during  the 
summer  months,  when  the  water  has  no  fertiiizingproperty,  and  tliero  is  very  little  of 
it,  it  should  be  utilized  in  irrigating  a  few  fields  here  and  there,  scattered  over  all  the 
basins,  and  that  owing  to  the  presence  of  these  crops  the  whole  series  of  basins  should 
be  deprived  of  the  rich  muddy  fertilizing  water  of  the  flood.  If  the  summer  crops 
were  conflued  to  a  few  basins  in  rotation  the  rest  might  be  flooded  with  the  muddy 
water  and  rendered  .as  fertile  as  they  were  when  the  ruined  mounds  which  fill  the 
horizon  were  populated  towns  and  villages. 

WATER  STORAGE. 

In  order  to  guard  against  the  consequences  of  an  insufficient  Nile 
flood,  as  well  as  for  summer  irrigation  and  even  for  reclaiming  land, 
various  plans  have  been  proposed  for  water  storage,  the  most  import- 
ant of  which  are  the  following : 

(1)  The  Wady  Rayan  project.-— The  Wady  Bayan  is  a  depression  in 
the  Libyan  desert  shaped  like  a  clover  leaf,  discovered  by  Mr.  Cope 
Whitehouse  in  1880,  at  the  southwest  of  the  Fayoum  and  separated 
from  the  cultivable  land  by  a  range  of  low  hills  about  3f  miles  wide  and 


fck  "^    .^- 


^— ?»■*■    h:''^J¥*^~*^^ 


3t  bavo  boon 
connections 

igh  the  hikes 
y  one  is  now 
levels  of  tlio 
covers.  An 
ih  (luriii}i:tbe 
to  the  lake. 
;ed  it  wonhl 
it  has  been 
he  whole  of 
rose  only  20 
iig  the  silted 

ng  the  Eng- 
nd,  a  strong 
)in  of  basin 
and  may  be 
ns  of  about 
)r  retaining 
ras  near  the 
age  cutting 
saual,  would 
ies  of  small 
cocks  says : 

lale  principles 
the  basin H  ia 
cotton  and  to 
le  Holds  wore 
jkls  foil  ont  of 
I  higher  field;; 
fvhiTe  they  re- 
xnd  rice  alter- 
ir  of  the  rice 
lals  dug  witli- 
uto  irrigation 
ri  followed, 
canals  are  tho 
I  return  to  tho 
d  is  trying  to 
at  during  the 
8  very  little  of 
3d  over  all  the 
basins  should 
Bumnier  crops 
h  the  muddy 
which  fill  the 


SBcient  Nile 
imiug  land, 
lost  import- 

jpression  in 
y  Mr.  Cope 
I  separated 
es  wide  and 


I 

t 


IRRIGATION   IN   AFRICA — EGYPT  275 

..in^/'oY!"'*'^'''"'®  ""''^  ^^'^^"  many  facilities  by  the  Government  offl 

During  the  time  when  the  reservoir  was  in  use  it  r-onhi  o-f  «  «    i- 

The  estimated  cost  of  the  work  is  iS7  01^;  aim  if  ^        i.i  •      • 
tUorougbly.    The  canal  wonl,uSko 3  «.;Tttr,A,f,r  „%'''"'*?  "  """^ 
l.«lj-  employed,  au.l  the  reservoir  w„?,!d  take  3  ^i.moflT'""""'--^  '" 

Prime  cost 

Interest  at  5  per  coiVt'for'e  years' |7,!).15,000 

5i,H8:J,r300 

Total  cost,  including  interest  

wouh,  .e  <;apah,e  of  irJ^L^/yi^^atrrsHu-^L  ^^^^Ft 
refund,  being  nuwiUifg  to  ai!ow\t  ^e"     Kig J«o'n*'3r 'K 


^•n-MnnmimMl 


27G 


IKRIOATION    IN    AFUICA — EOVPT. 


i^:' 


teifoml  with  l.y  pnvato  (Mimpanies.     It  will  ho  seen  later  what  «  com- 
l.amtiv<,lyK,„all   H,„o..„t  of  n.„.,ev,  consi,lori„«  the  w,„k        I ,  ,  m  " 
cm.  be  ex,K,i.,icMl  l.y  tl.o  im-ati..n  depa.t.nei.t,  hanMH-ml  as   t  is  bv  S 
li....latioi..s  of  the  laws  an.l  the  jealousies  ..f  foroi-n/nolvi;!,    '^  "*  ^^  ^''" 

With  regard  to  this  [iroject  Mr.  VVillcocks  says: 

Tho  iiiulort,.ikin«  Inho  viwt,  and  tlio  <linic.ilt.v„ni.sinin«  u  nitiirn  no  »riv,a    tl„it  no 

oenuMi   l.oNvovor  tho  co,»,,loti„u  of  this  r.,s.<rvoir  would  permit  ('..mw^     -ov  hi" 

wiwto  land   which  woul<    i,,   tlio  .,.,.1   l.avo  a  nurUo,    olloct,  on  thn  rov        "Mof   tm 

400  000  aerosol  land  n.  tl.o  IJirri.va  wonld  n.ud  acapilal  ot^«l:^^>o    00  .     iTu," nn     r 

taking' worn  Huom-Hslnl  a  not,  protlf,  of  15  p.ir  c.nil   nih'hl   !>!<  ,  l.t   ,   .,  i     i!..*  .i 

pany  wonld  ahvayn  he  at  tin,  morcy  of  th'  ILC.'rmnent.  "'"•"»"''•    *"'*  t''"  •="•"- 

(2)  TkfiKom  0>iibi}HHi'he>ne.—  S.ynM\\iiv  project  of  a  similar  sort  is  that 

STr\^'''  "^T't  '^^^'*''"  '■'"•  """^'""  «  reservoir  in  the  plane  of 
Jvoin  Ombos  For  Ins,  however,  it  wonl.l  be  necessary  to  bail  I  a  ,lam 
across  the  Nile  at  Gebel  «ilsileh,  .W  mil.s  below  A«sonan.  C  lond 
Ross  assisted  by  several  oHier  enj-ineers,  has  studied  this  project  di  r 
ing  the  last  winter  au.l  finds  it  entirely  impracticable.  Apa.t'^^^o^^^^^^^^^^^ 
enormous  cost,  and  the  fact  that  the  depression  at  Kom  Ombos  is  mn  h 
H^i?"  1''h  r'"  .^"l'l><>f' 1.  it  wonld  be  extremely  dangerous  to  dam 
the  Nde  at  that  point.  One  extreme  Hood  would  carry  away  the  dm 
and  practically  destroy  the  whole  of  10-ypt. 

LAND   TENTFRE. 

In  Egypt  irrigation  is  intimately  connected  with  the  question  of  land 
tenure     Private  i.roperty  in  laud  existed  in   tlu,  earliest  tinaJ     The 

Z'fi^.'lin.r''''"'' "'r  "''  "'•  '1^''=«""^  ^''^l^'  ^'"t  if  we  may  judge 
Jiom  the  Bible  we  must  suppose  that  there  was  individual  iiropertv  in 
and,  and  trom  u  pulitieal  point  of  view  we  must  admire  the  skillful 
way  in  which  Josei.h,  during  tlu'time  of  the  famines,  got  possession  of 
the  land  of  the  who  e  of  Egypt  for  the  (lovernment  (henesis,  clmr*! 
verses  53  to  57;  and  chap.  47,  verses  13  to  20).  TheWgimee'st  she 
b3' Joseph  by  which  the  whole  land  became  the  actnalpropeitvof  the 

exSgallda^pl^^ri;^^"^^^^^  '^^  ^^"'^^^  ^^«^'  ^"-^  this  system 
According  to  Arab  law  at  that  time,  land  was  divided  into  two 
classes :  (1)  llshtin  or  hfhe  lands,  which  paid  as  tax  a  tenth  part  of  the 
harvest,  which  were  lands  fertilized  and  irrigated  by  a  river  o/ahiS 
which  included  a  great  partof  Mesopotamia)  or  lands  .  atere.l  by  rain, 
that  being  a  gift  of  God  anu  therefore  Arabian;  (2)  Mamdji  ovMbu. 
tary  lands,  wh  ch  were  watered  neither  by  rain  nor  by  an  Irabian 
nver,  and  on  which  a  tax  could  be  imi)osed  at  the  will  of  the  concnieror 
When  Egypt  was  concpiered  the  question  arose  whether  (1)  to  divide 
the  lauds  among  the  conquerors,  (2)  to  leave  them  to  the  inhabitants 
as  tributary  lands,  or  (3)  to  dispossess  all  the  inhabitants  and  coloS 

^uuZll^'l'-^  Mussulmans,  although  in  this  case  the  laud  would 
still  be  kharadji  or  tribntarv. 

The  Arabs  being  moved  "^ partly  by  military  and  i)artly  by  fiscal  rea- 
sons decnled  to  accept  the  second  solution,  and  made  the  greater  part 
of  the  lamls  kharadji,  leaving  the  taxes  as  they  had  been  fixed  by  the 
preyiouf^x^yzantine  rulers.  Only  the  few  lands  which  were  then  contis- 
cated  as  belonging  to  special  owners,  those  reclaimed  from  the  desert, 


.  ^  j.ajL-u„,  .^•^^^^x—mMSsai^ut.  . 


IRRrOATION   IN   AFRICA — EOYPT 


277 


Sills''"  HuT'iil'llirr  «"!>««*l"«"V^'/'""«-^<''^to,I,  boou.no  ...slM.ri  cr  Mthe 
luiK  s.     Hiif,  in  all  cuhoh  it  was  uduntted  that  th«  r«al  nronrietor  <.f  .iP 

iVw     t^        "  ^'*'""-  .  ^^''^  P<>««t'HHio.i  (,(•  nuilk,  that  in,  freel  ohl  lands 

as  heon  «t  very  recent  .late,  nearly  all  in  the  present  century     A  ^rd! 

K  to  MuHHtdnum  law  tithe  landH  could  never  he,  made   r  bu  arv  U  mis 

but  the  reverse  may  happen  at  the  wdl  of  the  ruler.      '"""^'"^  '*""'"' 
J  he  result  naturally  came  about,  that  if  lands  were  left  for  a  certain 

number  ot  years  uncultivated,  either  through  tluMr  abin  m,  uent  Iv 

RtlV''T''''ZY'  ^'"■""*^"'  ^^"'"^«  "*■  i'-rig^ition,  the>  .  vS  to  the 
State  ami  coidd  be  Rranted  out  ajfain.  'ivmui  to  luo 

^i."  ^'*l-f  ^^  ^^'^^  unknowable  anti(iuity  of  irrigation  of  Ecvnt  tli^re 
were  untd  very  recent  time  no  laws  with  regard  t<  its  man  Sm.  o? 
to  the  reparti  ion  of  water  among  the  lands.  As  the  St  o f  t Im 
laud  really  belongs  to  the  state  and  the  managen.ent  <       1  e  inigat 

d  ess'fi'1?  hoipV'r'''",;'"^^^^'  "'""'^  "-»  only  the  n!;?r^ 
from  tm^^^^  T.  1  .^  "^'  con  d  not  be  cultivated  they  were  exempt 
lands  SuL  fhn  ^  *""'■'"'''  ^"  '"'"''•^  naturally  on  the  ushuri  or  tithe 
aZitCd     f  H  n  Li"  ""'V'T'-y  ''  '"""^^'^^  **^'^'  *""1  '^  ^^'^«  gradually 

According  to  the  existing  laws  remission  of  revenue  is  granted  on 

^rrieiirr    '''•'"'  'T\  r'*''  ""'  winter  crops  although  fliri  c  ops 
n  J:  •.    ^      \  ''?  ^'^I'rf  ted  to  pay  the  full  taxes,  but  no  provision  is 

h.  ui ;  e^'^T  .o'/'"^'*^  ^''  «««^^'V^"ri"ff  the  inundations,  or  by  dm  gl  J 
in  summer.     There  is  great  need  of  a  deftnite  law  on  the  sil.i.wf  h« 

smnf  ?ir  fxn?o!r  '"'' ''''''  '^^^«  '« ^'^«"*^  of  wat;Tw7iei?rhrX^^  aS 
Ni  o  off  V  «.  S  •  '  '!"'■"  ^''  ^""'"''^^^  '^"^^  ««  the  summer  supply  of  the 
„n  1  ?  ^  Ju^''''''  **''■  *'^«"t  one-third  of  the  area  in  lower  Eov ot  in  M-x, 

now  deehled'bv 'T  ''''.■  ""^"  '"*^"^^«  «*"  ^'^^^««t.  All  sS  a  "sT^^ 
of  c'emi  artkisb/VI  r  ''^"/'^  ^"*V'\"  '"'^^^^^  *"^^""^'«  ""  the  basis 
WiSX  s^^s .  ''^  ^''  ^"^  ""''''  ^"'^  ^^'"^  insuflicient.    Mr. 

strong  oC.S  to  &KvrNnf^^^^^^^  Cbri.tiaus,  while  the  ntatc  ^wa« 

ble  ttThelp  tiie  poor  """  tribunals  dominate  the  state,  and  are  uua- 

EXPENDITURE. 

wnrbT''wr-,"\F^^P*  .^^  ""^^'^  the  Charge  of  the  ministry  of  public 
works.   While  the  minister  is  an  Egyptiaif,  the  under  secretary  as  well 

ZSS"U'"C^j  ^V.17„^.?,^.«",»^«  the  English  occupation  have  been 
r«,ii^ '*u  "'  .•-•'*^"''\'^''»ii'^-i'f3,    Uiusc  of  whom  have  seen  serviee  in 


mnii 


■  i 


■I  I 


,  I 


278 


IRRIGATION   TN  AFRICA — EGYPT. 


The  estimates  of  tbe  budget  for  1890  give  for  tlie  expenses  of  tlm 
Sosi  ^"''""»«t»'^tioa  $J.6(),1>70,  aud  of  the  techuicar  adm'nfstrltSn 
$84,986.    By  no  means  all  of  this  is  properly  to  be  set  down  to  irrSat  on 

The  first  circle  of  irrigation  includes  the  provinces  of  GaloubiAl, 
Sharkieh  and  Dakahlieb.    The  salaries  and  general  expenses  a?ennf 

£?r?in^  ^'t'-^^^J  "^^  ^^^^•^«'  ""^^O'^SOj  keeping  up  and Tn  repafrs 
$51,340;  making  a  total  of  $21(),830.  i     fe     i    ""u  in  repairs, 

Aii«  *«^,^*'^'*i'i  ^'V^^®  o^  irrigation,  which  includes  the  provinces  of 

at  ^?o  no?  ^°^  ^^'^'?^^  I!^*^  «^^^^'««  ^"d  g^"e^^^l  expenses  are  pit  down 
at  $50,00o;  new  works,  $20,850;  keeping  up  and  in  repairs  $107  ?S 
making  a  total  of  $178,380.  i     s     i*  ""«  i"  le^Mirs,  fiu/,aj5; 

In  the  third  circle  of  irrigation,  including  the  provinces  of  Rphor^ 

n^w  works '$73  So  "l'e?°'  ^^-^^-P-sef  are^^tTw?af$6''o  6^^^^^ 
"nJwater  $*w2    .'^^t^'"^  "P  f"^  in  repairs,  $65,500;  for  furnish! 

T    *K   ^'  ^•^^"j^OO ;  making  a  total  of  $449,680, 

in  the  fourth  circle  of  irrigation,  including  the  proviucesof  Benisonpf 
Minieh,  Assiout,  and  Girgbeh,  the  salaries  and  generalexmfnsr^^^^^ 
put  down  at  $09,240;  new  woks,  $10^,125;  keepfnrup  and  L  repa^^^^^ 
$75,125 ;  making  a  total  of  $253,490.  i     «    p  ctuu  m  repairs, 

the  frm,Hpf  ^1??^'?  °-  >"'^  -,"'''^'  including  the  provinces  of  Ko,neh  and 

tne  trontier,  the  salaries  a. id  general  expenses  are  put  down  at  $28  rSi>  • 

keeping  up  and  in  repairs,  $15,000;  making  a  totaVof  SsO       '       ' 

fh J  wn  f '^"''!/''',^^^  ^^y^'^"^  ^^«  P»*  do^n  at  $37,100,  and  those  for 

^1  oris  ""''  *^.  ^^"".^^  ^*  ^^^'285.    This  would  make  a  total  of 

$1,234,445  apart  from  the  central  and  technical  administrations  not 

all  of  which  strictly  belong  to  the  irrigation  service  '      * 

Ihe  work  of  dredging  the  canals,  as  well  as  of  maintaiuinff  the  dikes 

on  the  banks  of  the  canals,  was  folmerly  done  by  the  syS  of  forced 

labor;  the  whole  male  population  being  uominallyliable  to  this  service 

Owing  to  the  efforts  of  Sir  Colin  Scott  Moncrieff,  the  corv4e  s^tem 

was  gradually  suppressed  and  finally  put  an  end  to  by  the  Khedi  IS 

decree  dated  December  19, 1889.  ^  ^^  v^  uie  ii^neuiviai 

Nevertheless,  while  the  corvde  has  been  abolished  in  the  ordinirv 
sense  ot  tnat  term,  the  forced  labor  of  the  population  stiH  continues 'fS 
«.e  general  supervision  of  the  bank  of  th^e  Nile  during  rhiZflood 
This  however  is  a  question  of  supervision  rather  thai  ?f  forml  labor 
forall  the  rural  population  feels  that  the  maintenance  of  tCdikes  dur' 
ng  higli  floods  is  not  a  question  of  property  on  the  par^  of  nrmStnrr 
but  one  of  life  and  death  for  themsel  vei  and  their  fiSie.  P'^^"*^*'^^^' 
A  grant  of  $1,250,000  yearly  was  made  for  the  partial  suppression  of 

as  th^stm'  o?V75  000  "v^  heinclaaea  in  the  irrig'ation  buTg^et!  aTwel 
as  ine  sum  of  f  75,000  a  year  to  be  raised  by  taxation  for  the  total  sun 
pression  of  the  corvee.  The  total  ordinary-^expenses  of  the  rriiat?on 
$"2,!f^,S00.''"'^  ''''''''''  '^P-^'  down  fir  th^e  present  year  atTbou? 

alltwed%Too<.7nn7n'h^^'^  extraordinary  expenses.    In  1885  a  decree 
worL     0%Kw«h!^'Pi^°*^^'  ^'l^  "nprovement  of  the  irrigation    . 
ZlTo'i'inrrr     riu        ^?,?,ljeen  spent  on  December  31, 1888,  the  sum 

fLftff?f^J^\J^^^^  ^'11^''  ''^"""^•^  ^^«'"  a  new  loan  now  being  neg^ 
tiated  the  further  sum  of  $4,550,000  for  the  same  purpose.  ^ 

Eugene  Schuyler, 
TTT(rrTT?Tk  "^ . ... —  .^ ,       _  Consul- General. 

UKIIED  ojii\.ii!;H  OuwSULATE-liENEKAL, 

Cairo,  Juno  11, 1890. 


ises  of  tbe 
linistratiou 
3  irrigation 
lepartment 

Galoubieh, 
ses  are  pat 
in  repairs, 

ovinces  of 

3  put  down 

$107,525; 

of  Beliera 

it  $60,680 ; 
)r  furnisb- 

Beuisouef, 
jenses  are 
in  repairs, 

L«)neh  and 

t  $28,680: 
0. 

those  for 
1  total  of 
tious,  not 

tbe  dikes 
of  forced 
s  service, 
ie  system 
ibedivial 

ordinary 
;iuues  for 
gb  flood, 
ed  labor, 
ikes  dur- 
)prietors, 

ession  of 
;,  as  well 
otal  sup- 
rrigation 
at  about 

1  decree 
ligation    , 
tbe  sum 
ig  nego- 

B, 

metal. 


f 


IRRIGATION   IN   AFRICA — EGYPT.  279 


EEGULATING  THE  NILE  FLOOD. 

BEFORT  BT  CONSVL-QSNEBAL  SOH  UTLEB,  OF  OA  £B0, 

The  rise  of  the  Nile  during  tbe  present  year  has  been  what  is  called 
very  good,  measuring  at  Assouan  17^  pics,  and  thus  supplying  a  sufifi- 
cient  quantity  of  water  for  irrigating  the  whole  country.  About  a  foo'u 
more  would  have  overflowed  the  dikes  and  would  have  probably  ear- 
ned away  many  of  them,  producing  great  damage  and  devastation. 
As  It  was,  measures  were  so  promptly  taken  that  very  little  loss  has 
.occurred  through  the  destruction  of  dikes  and  walls;  what  breaches 
were  made  were  promptly  repaired. 

The  consequences  to  this  year's  agriculture  of  the  low  Nile  of  1888 
were  not  so  disastrous  as  were  at  first  anticipated. 

After  the  low  Nile  of  1877  an  acre  of  947,471  area  remained  unculti- 
vated, causing  a  loss  of  revenue  of  $5,559,400.  About  300,000  acres  of 
land  were  not  covered  by  ^he  water  of  1888,  making  the  loss  of  revenue 
about  $1,730,000. 

This  called  tbe  attention  of  the  Government  to  seek  some  remedy  for 
the  future.  Lieutenant-Colonel  Boss,  inspector-general  of  irrigation, 
has  prepared  a  scheme,  which,  when  properly  carried  out,  will  prevent 
in  Upper  Egypt  the  disastrous  effects  of  alow  Nile,  and  will  keep  many 
thousand  acres  in  good  cultivation. 

To  keep  up  tbe  fertility  of  the  lands  in  Upper  Egypt,  two  things  are 
necessary:  (1)  tbe  overflow  of  the  red,  muddy  water  on  the  laud  ;  (2) 
the  retention  there  of  tbe  water  for  a  certain  length  of  time. 

On  the  lands  under  basin  or  submersion  irrigation  in  this  country  no 
account  need  be  taken  of  manure,  plowing,  etc.  But  as  tbe  millet 
crop  {Holcus  sorghum),  or  sorgho,  gives  from  66  to  82^  bushels  of  grain 
per  acre,  and  as  one  man  can  water  a  quar  ter  of  an  acre  from  a  roughly 
niade  well,  and  thus  after  tbe  labor  of  four  months  have  1,000  pounds 
ot  grain  on  hand,  the  temptation  to  raise  sorgho  is  very  great.  The 
sorgho  crop  very  rapidly  exhausts  the  land  unless  the  red  water  remains 
on  It  for  at  least  twenty  days  in  the  year.  The  red  water  is  best  dnr- 
ing  August;  owing  to  tbe  sorgho  crop,  it  is  seldom  laid  on  the  land  be- 
fore the  middle  of  August. 

There  are  three  distinct  pulsations  in  the  rise  of  the  Nile,  called 
flushes,  the  first  of  which  occurs  in  the  last  week  of  August,  and  with 
this  the  best  red  water  is  furnished.  It  is,  therefore,  desirable  that  tbe 
lands  be  covered  with  water  during  this  period.  The  flush  marked  at 
Assouan  on  August  24,  1888,  was  rco,orded  at  Cairo  on  August  30. 
showing  that  the  velocity  was  97|  miles  per  day. 

The  second  flush  is  during  tbe  first  twelve  days  of  September,  and 
then  the  regulators  are  generally  closed  in  order  to  force  the  water  on 
the  high  lands;  tbe  water,  however,  is  not  so  good  as  that  of  August : 
It  is  to  the  eye  distinctly  less  chocolate  colored  and  is  said  to  contain 
only  6b  per  cent,  of  the  organic  and  alluvial  matter  in  suspension 
brought  down  in  August. 

The  last  flush  is  in  the  last  ten  days  of  September  after  the  river  has 
waned,  and  its  level  is  considerably  less  than  that  of  the  other  two, 
which  are  about  the  same.  ' 

SYSTEM  OF  IRRIGATION. 

The  system  ofirrigation  pursued  in  Upper  Egypt  is  that  known  as  the 
Dasm  or  submersion  system,  by  which  water  can  be  allowed  to  stand, 


Xfl 


IRRIGATION   IN  AFRICA — EGYPT. 


and,  in  fact,  must  stand,  on  the  land  for  a  determined  period  of  time,  as 
distingaished  from  the  canal  system,  where  the  water  is  brought  upon 
the  land  by  ditches  at  the  will  of  the  cultivator.  Two  factors  govern 
the  formation  of  the  basins : 

(1)  The  slope  of  the  Nile  Valley  as  well  as  of  the  Nile  bed. 

(2)  The  gradual  slope  from  the  Nile  banks  to  the  desert,  for,  owing 
to  the  alluvium  brought  down,  the  Nile  bed  gradually  rises. 

WATER  DISTRIBUTION. 

The  present  system  of  distribution  consists  of  directly  irrigating 
canals  distributing  small  quantities  of  water  throughout  their  course  at 
a  very  low  level,  combined  with  canals  running  in  the  hillside  hollow 
which  have  in  some  cases  been  passed  on  to  the  next  system,  but  which 
in  many  cases  flow  into  the  end  basin  and  cause  it  to  rise  slowly.  Their 
middle  and  upper  reaches  are  not  irrigated  till  September  and  then  only 
by  the  damming  of  regulators. 

The  first  basin  is  therefore  generally  full  before  the  water  begins  to 
run  into  the  second,  and  so  on,  and  there  is  always  a  temptation  on  the 
part  of  cultivators  to  dam  the  water  in  the  canals  and  use  it  for  irri- 
gating purposes  before  the  basins  are  full,  and  the  result  is  large  silt 
deposits. 

The  new  system,  suggested  by  Lieutenant-Colonel  Ross  and  adopted 
by  the  Government,  is  not  to  allow  the  water  to  traverse  the  basins 
longitudinally  except  where  there  is  a  special  canal  for  the  low  lands. 
It  is  proposed  to  institute  a  series  of  high  level  canals  which  will  not 
begin  to  distribute  water  into  the  basins  until  the  Nile  hfis  reached  a 
certain  altitude,  and  will  thus  be  able  to  irrigate  the  whole  country 
even  at  times  of  low  Nile.  By  this  system  the  necessity  of  silt  clear- 
ance will  be  much  reduced.  But  besides  digging  canals  it  is  necessary 
to  regulate  the  exit  of  water  so  as  to  prevent  damage  during  high  Nile, 
and  for  this  purpose  much  masonry  work  will  be  required. 

It  was  estimated  last  year  that  in  order  to  carry  out  this  system 
within  5  years  it  would  be  necessary  to  spend  $4,250,000.  The  financial 
administration,  being  hard  pressed  for  money,  has  found  this  sum  too 
great,  forgetting  that  it  is  only  an  investment,  which  in  the  course  of  a 
few  years  will  be  repaid  by  the  increase  of  land  tax  collected  and  the 
ease  with  which  it  can  be  done.  The  sum  actually  spent  during  this 
year  has  been  about  $135,000.  There  will  be  allowed  for  1890  about 
$625,000,  a  sum  which  is  considered  too  small  by  the  department  of 
public  works,  which  demands  at  least  $1,250,000  for  the  works  of  the 
coming  winter. 

Eugene  Schuyler, 

Consul-  General. 

United  States  Consulate  General, 

CairOf  December  4, 1889. 


period  of  time,  as 
r  is  brought  upon 
ro  factors  govern 

ile  bed. 

desert,  for,  owing 

J  rises. 


irectly  irrigating 
ut  their  course  at 
he  hillside  hollow 
system,  but  which 
ise  slowly.  Their 
ber  and  then  only 

e  water  begins  to 
temptation  on  the 
d  use  it  for  irri- 
jsult  is  large  silt 

Ross  and  adopted 
iverse  the  basiijs 
or  the  low  lands. 
Is  which  will  not 
le  hfis  reached  a 
le  whole  country 
sity  of  silt  clear- 
ills  it  is  necessary 
during  high  Nile, 
ired. 

out  this  system 
}0.  The  financial 
und  this  sum  too 
in  the  course  of  a 
iollected  and  the 
spent  during  this 
Bd  for  1890  about 
le  department  of 
the  works  of  the 

lOHUYLER, 

Consul-  Oeneral. 


r 


«0 


fi 


Q 
•<*. 


AEQVPTIACUM 


CUmai  OOOAEMI 
P«dioputu  -s*^* 


SAaPIHENA^ 

^^  1^1  SEPTIMUS-PABALELLUg 


a  PAHALELLU8  PER  ALEXANDRUM 

OlFFERT-tB-EOUINOCT 

i  HABENS-MAXIUUM'DIEI 

30|  CLIMA-TERTIUM  1 


OIFFERr-»B-E0UINOOTIALI-M0H18-» 
HABENS-MAxiMUM-OIEM-MOR*nuM-l» 


OlFFERr-»B-EOUINOCIIALI-MORA    1    (^   f^ 
HABENS  HAXiyuM  OIEU  HORARV.   U  },  !t 


Ttl  >  PARALELLUS-PERjYENEM 
DIFFERT-AB-  EQUINOCTtAUMIORiru 
MA8ENS  MAXIMUM  DiEM  MORARuM 
'i'i 
CLIMA  SECUNDUM 


1 


ANCIENT  EGYP.T 
Drawn  from  the  map  in  the  Ptolemy  of  1508. 


S^'i.MSSjUHWi'™ 


IRRIGATION   IN   AFRICA— EGYPT. 


281 


f 


ALEXANDRIAM 

lALI-MOHtS-J 

r-MORAflUM-l* 


ELLU8 

CTtALI-HORA    1    ^   J^ 
lEU  NORARV.    13   h   H 


l2PER;SYENEM 
IINOCTlALl-HORA  « 
M  DiEM  HORARUH   ' 


i 


EGFl'TIAN  SUPPLEMENT. 

THIS  ItAIYAN  MOEBIS* 

BY   COPE   WHITKHOUSK. 

ancient  hi8^o^iau8  is  complete  The  soleSlln.^  integrity  and  intelli|ence  of  the 
dazzle  the  eye  and  stimulate  the  imLiStimi  of  «^nr"''®  works  of  remote  antiqnity 
the  .nd  phuns  of  the  Western  ^^^^'o.'SZ^'VtZZZ'Cot^^^^^^ 

^i^^V^^o^^^^^^  be  saw  during  his  Visit  to 

down  m  length  from  the  city  40  miles  Its  n.lr.fi^L"'*^  ^""^  ''"*  ^O""  »  ^^Ite,  brought 
and  the  magnitude  of  the  work  i^cJedible  Tuf^^ ^'''%T.''''^^'^  "^  ^'^  admiration 
miles  and  in  many  places  it  is  300  feet  in  denth  Whn*i  "J  *^V''*^  '«  ^^^^^  *«  ^e  450 
'that  considers  the  greatness  of  ths  undertaking  S^5  .ln«  '  *^/«f«Fe'"  he  exclaims, 
How  many  thousands  of  workmen  werremnlovLanr  "'**  ^^^'  impelled  to  ask 
in  completing  it  ? '  Yet,  considering  the  beneflTi  «,w^T  "^J^^  ^^""'^  ^«™  spent 
this  great  work,  none  ever  could  sufflcientlv  e^tnl  J^  advantage  brought  to  Egypt  by 
the  hmg  deserves.  For  inasmuch  as  he  NHe  neve  K'^'°^  *''  7^^*  ^^^^  t^"th  of 
height  in  Its  inundation,  and  the  fruitfuhiess  of  Z  n  f ^ V""  a  ''®''^'^*°  ^^^^  constant 
iorm  and  regular  supply  this  lake  was  Smprt+ni  ^jnu try  depended  upon  its  uni- 
ous.  that  it  might  neither  immSerSyoTerLrtheTnr"^  *«  wassuperflu- 

stagnant  ponds,  nor,  by  flowiug  too  Utfle  nr«h,H.Va  h^°'''  '^"^  ^"^  <=*'i««  marshes  and 
cord.ngiy  the  king  dug  a  canaTfrom  the  NiK  t  rhlln 'iT  %'  ^^"^  °^  ^^''^^-  Ac- 
feet  ui  breadth.  Into  this  the  water  was  alio wl!lL^'  l^mxli,^  in  length,  and  300 
other  t""e8  it  was  diverted  and  turnecTover  the  o,^?fv.^^^^^^       at  stated  times,  and  at 

*ThVTh1e?Sfg^t%^^^^^^^^^  '''''''-'  *"  ""^ «-" 

confirmed  by  StraL  andWnv.'''5rwt  th^s^hafthePS^  1^^  ^^^•"^"^"^  ^°d  ^e'-e 
Herodotus  m  reality  involved  the  whX  Sent  worWP^  i"^""  *''^  credibility  of 
books  must  be  hold  responsible  for  thA  r?a.l!.  ^  ,  ■  ,  headers  and  purchasers  of 
and  Cicero,  as  well  as  Plato  and  AStoti!  JT1a\  ^'^'^^  "''«''*«'«  the  sufply.  cTsar 
'°TS,S\°r  ^tI^^  nl'Pt'-r^^'l^X  *'^  -"'^--ti«n,^althTuS: 
^'^'T..^^^^^^  supposed  that  the  ob- 

everywhere  stated  that  the  posi?fon  of  the  ffie  hi  bInM*r^^^'^r°"'"-     ^^  ^«« 
m  this  sensn,  by  M.  Linant  de  BeJIefonds     The  7nnn  ZZ  «'^t'«'^»«t»rily  determined, 

M.\ta'it"ro'ntSd"aa?it"ti^o?w€J;P"^^^r  *^«*  t'^e  --•-  of 

eon  identified  with  widespread  geoLS^^^^^        knowtt''''.,  '''''"1^°''  of  Rawlinf 
with  Herodotus,  and  the  currentfeiaXes  record,^^  fe  *  t'^^'^PUKh  acquaintance 

SSl.;^^--*  *«  «^o-  t^at  -su^Sn^oSof  o'/Sa^rl>,SrSS  e'^ 

Bnf;,d^r5l^prero;^^at?*r^^^^^^^^  which  have  re. 

series  of  experts.    Carto^r«X  T>^"!t-  hi  /-        "f^***?  observations  made  hv  n. 
^yei^hrank^^^^  are  repr        t^^ 


ff 


282 


IRRIGATION   IN  AFRICA — EGYPT. 


Map  of  the 


Fayoum,  HhowinK  the  Ei-J^et-el-Keroun  a^d  the  artificial  Lalce  M»Hh  (from  Kawliuson'8 


3H 


-fS^if.,«.-fe^^iiiSAfo£3S6,i,  ™>      fi^-OHJ!^^  -.       ASUfcbr*^  B--****     ».1»i!t .  -StJKt 


lERIGATION   IN  AFRICA — EGYPT. 


283 


(rty"2i/?» 


Ivuwljuson's 


Britain,  docnments  have  been  issnod  sliowing  that  the  snggestions,  embodieil  in  little 
iiiore  than  a  pregnant  phrase,  are  deemed  to  have  a  bearing  upon  the  welfare  of  Egypt, 
the  tuture  of  Africa,  and  the  imperial  interests  of  more  than  one  great  power.  "Beside 
Lake  Moeris,"  said  Herodotup,  '<  lies  the  Labyrinth.  I  visited  this  place  and  found  it 
to  surpass  description."  Beside  the  Fayoum  and  Raiyan  basins  in  their  physical  con- 
ditions  as  developed  by  the  engineer  lies  an  edifice  which  has  some  of  the  romantic 
elements  of  the  palace  of  Aladdin.  The  lamp  which  traces  its  walls  reflects  a  thou- 
sand hgures  weird,  and  yet  with  many  a  familiar  feature.  In  its  twelve  halls  are 
throned  twelve  patriarchs.  The  history  of  one,  at  least,  who  dwelt  on  the  banks  of 
the  Nile,  18  a  household  tale  on  the  slopes  of  the  Himalayas  and  the  prairies  of  the 
nru®*  o  ,^"'®  V'**?®  8inno«8  passages  and  recondite  researches  we  may  not  now  enter. 
The  Rabbi  Benjamin,  of  Tudela,  points  to  this  "laud  of  the  West"  (Pi-Tum),  and 
says:  Here  is  Pithora.  Hero  are  the  remains  of  the  buildings  erected  by  our  fore- 
fathers. Jablonski  could  write,  but  dared  not  publish  that  the  Fayaum  was  the  land 
ot  Goshen  vainly  sought  by  the  modern  scholar  in  the  pestilential  marshes  of  Men- 
zaleh,  or  the  scant  strip  traversed  by  the  Ismailich  Canal.  The  only  questions  we  are 
authorized  to  discuss  are  those  purely  geographical  points  which  were  outlined  by 
the  president  of  this  society  in  the  remarks  in  which  he  summarized  the  issues  raised 
m  tbe  former  paper  on  Lake  Moeris.  He  assumed  that  the  geographical  features  set 
lortu  with  such  detail  and  minuteness  were  accurate  and  trustworthy.  Further  evi- 
dence on  this  point  will  be  duly  marshaled  and  original  authorities  cited.  An  exami- 
nation had  been  made  of  all  the  cartographical  evidence  from  the  time  of  Claudius 
rtolemy.  The  facsimile  of  the  map  of  Egypt  from  the  edition  printed  in  Rome  in 
15Ua,  and  similar  to  several  of  those  manuscripts  which  abound  in  the  Vatican  and 
otner  iiuropean  libraries,  can  now  be  compared  with  an  official  map,  stamped  with 
the  approval  of  the  International  Jury  at  the  Paris  Exposition. 

Ibe  undoubted  existence  of  comprehensive  and  stupendous  works,  still  used  for 
their  original  purpose  after  the  lapse  of  4,000  years,  shows  what  estimate  should  be 
formed  of  the  capacity  of  the  rulers  of  Egypt  to  design  and  its  inhabitants  to  accom- 
plish. It  has  an  important  bearing  upon  current  philosophy  and  the  strangely  rash 
and  incoherent  assertions  of  rate  of  progress  and  development. 

The  wish  of  your  president  has  been  fulfilled.  The  condition  of  things  in  Egypt 
has  brought  about  a  survey  of  this  neglected  region,  not  merely  with  a  view  to  gratify 
curiosity  in  respect  of  its  past  condition,  but  to  point  out  the  means  of  guarding 
against  calamitous  results  from  the  action  of  the  Nile.  These  investigations  art 
apparently  on  the  eve  of  being  turned  to  practical  account,  and  a  part  of  the  surplus 
of  the  in\mdation  diverted  into  the  Wadi  Raiyan.  The  lesson  has  already  been  taken 
to  heart  in  the  New  World.  The  Mississippi  and  the  Rio  Grande  will  yet  be  treated 
as  the  Nile.  The  engineers  who  trace  back  their  technical  education  in  geometry  to 
the  engineering  schools  m  the  University  of  Memphis  are  scanning  with  interest  the 
tradition  that  makes  the  patriarch  Joseph  the  founder  of  their  profession,  and  study- 
ing with  profit  the  mighty  works  that  were  done  of  old  and  still  endure. 

Curiosity  has,  nnfortunately,  also  been  directed  to  the  archreological  treasures  of 
this  region.  Savage  attacks  have  been  made  upon  its  monuments,  and  thousands  of 
tombs  rifled  with  hideous  disregard  of  decency.  It  tempts  one  to  deplore  that  so 
much  had  to  be  said,  and  to  guard  with  jealousy  the  secrets  still  undisclosed.  It  is 
lor  the  members  of  this  society  to  use  their  moral  influence  to  secure  to  E"vpt  the 
undisturbed  possession  of  the  treasures  accumulated  in  the  past,  as  well  as  to  aid 
Its  industrious  peasants  to  obtain  such  further  benefits  from  the  Nile  as  will  put  the 
Government  once  more  in  a  position  to  devote  its  surplus  earnings  to  the  advance- 
Central  Afri^ca   ^*''®'^*'^^^*^i°  ^*8  borders,  and  extend  humanizing  influences  through 

The  accompanying  map-reduced  from  the  large  map  l:50,000-prepared  in  the 
department  of  public  works  in  Cairo,  succeeds  and  replaces  several  smaller  maiis, 
S&airiK'''"^''  """^^  by  me  or  by  engineers  put  at  my  disposal  by  the 

Colonel  Ardagh,  c.  B.,  B.  e.,  then  chief  of  staff  to  the  British  army  of  occupation, 
but  now  holding  the  high  and  responsible  position  of  secretary  to  the  viceroy  of  India 
was  the  farst  English  ofecer  to  visit  the  Wadi  Raiyan.  At  the  meeting  of  the  British 
Association  in  1887  before  the  London  Chamber  Qf  Commerce  in  1^8,  and  in  the 
proceedings  of  the  Royal  Geographical  Society  in  1889,  he  has  enforced  the  impor- 
tance of  the  Raiyan  depression.  It  was  largely  due  to  his  support  that  the  irrigation 
department  consented  to  further  an  official  examination  of  this  area.  The  scientific 
r."^iK°T^iH""  *'"?  addition  to  the  large  debt  which  it  acknowledges  for  his  topo- 
graphical labors  elsewhere,  and  his  map  of  the  neighborhood  of  Tel  el  Kebir. 
Captain  Snrtees,  for  several  years  on  the  staff  of  the  Egyptian  army,  whose  mili- 
tary services  had  been  fully  appreciated,  after  his  return  from  the  mission  to  Cen- 
tral Arabia,  on  which  1  accompanied  him,  w.-is  detailed  in  1887  to  exafflitie  the 
l-ayoum  in  the  strategic  aspect  which  had  been  outlined  to  Gen.  Sir  Evelyn  Wood, 
and  to  join  me  in  an  expedition  to  settle  the  western  limits  of  the  two  depressions! 


mm 


IRKIOATION   IN   AFRICA— EGYPT. 


^ 


IRRIGATION   IN   AFRICA— EGYPT. 


285 


various  countiiea  of  the  world  fhntth«„«t.r„  v  f^V*>rtH,  who  represented  the 

The  remainder  was  fmin^u  a  co"nTrv  hm  iTn^  "^  ^^'"'«)- 

announced  in  a  volume  offered  hvVvnfnS  England,  and  the  fact 

of  Orientalists  in  VennTCpwf?f  I  >1*'  '"  P'- Leen.aus.    At  the  Congress 
Raiyan  basin  in  Lrrappi,bfiHheToA  the  S  '*'"  ^''^  to  en.body"  the 

tico  a  papyrus  in  the  Dossession  of  Hr    !??«;        i       r.       *^»rope,  brought  to  my  no- 
fragmont  stolen  fnfm  tCrZnifaMir.Hn^  J  was  readily  identified  as  the 

whSse  probable  des™uctio""had  long  boeamented""'  '''''''''  ^"  cartography,  and 

wJuYrh^reTeiraiSSrir  tl'e^v!;r£  ^- «-"-^r.^"^'^^- '-« -1-  «>- 
-f  ^s^iri-e  sS  ss^SSSSS-^  -'^ 

contessedy— intended  to  niiniim^A  tii«  ^i!,uo+-  7-  •^°."'^"'''  utliciel  a  year  since,  wore 
actual  execution  of  the  prSt     T^^^^^^  ^rF'^f^"^  ""^  *^«  ^"''^>' '"  the 

mated  cost,  but  must  beSwered  as^the  wnrV  n  '  h  ^""f  ".*  "^  ^^  P""  ''^"*-  °"  *^'«  ^'^ti" 
He  treated'the  death  rate  of  cS-as  7  p^l  000  n"?  .1^'"^^  not  of  the  engineer. 

Sncn?^!i-^£if^-^~ 

obtained  from  the  execution  of  the  scheme   ''^''^"^''^  >°  *^°  estimate  of  profit  to  be 

knowledge  of  consructtn  Lve*teu  pS^  f  *"'*^  ^"f  I'-^T' "«^ 

many  minor  works.  If  his  e8tin.nT««  V.f  ^.w  '  "^"^'^^'y  **'^  t^^e  barrage,  but  also  in 
area  of  3,000,000  of  acres  to  be  SetUo  F^iTr"/  ^''^Se,.>iud  even  the  enorn.ous 
voir  capable  of  increase  his  InvalulblereSai^^^^^^^^  *H«  ^^^^^  «««''•- 

examination  of  the  region  and  further  f  .nts  l,«ll        to.ue  criticised.     His  personal 

Ml^tlT^lfntl'l^eZC^^^^  has,  like  Sir  C.  C.  Scott- 

opinion.     Hismapof'theFaTonramf^^  P"-'*'°°  "' *'^<'  expression,  of 

items  of  great  interest  especriv  tn  Ihof  f  n^.^  P'*'"""!''  \'  constantly  receiving  new 
vable  land  was  fo3bv  mrand  brom^  f  toV/,'™  T"*  V\T  J^  ^"'^^  '"«^  «f  c.ilti- 
Governments  at  a  time  ^hcKe tf^^^^^^^^ 

^riK'tTyetrwhiJh^r^t;„ieiE^^^^ 

countle.  s.  gges'ti^r^^^  -^.bit  in  Paris;  as  well  as 

striking  in  its  contrasts  that  it  Sunletelv^S  •"'f,'"^  ^  Photographs,  was  so 
it,  the  fatal  error,  so  univSly  entK^rt'"^^^^^^^  ""1"'"°*  all  who  studied 

is  a  sandy  plain.  The  ditftreuce  of  «^>  ,i«l.  tl'  ^*  *\?  '^''^''''^'  t^versed  by  the  Nile 
deceptiveSlian  thoL  map  7u  flaV4l  ^f 'l^TcrsSli^^^^^^^^  and .  therefore  far  less 
a  natural  appearance  to  the  mountains'and  valleys  "'«^Pe"enccd  eye  to  give 

of  VhV  Nirtl,;;;'.',!  SiVta   tTtl   tto''™r!^X,°n  S«<>S':«l'5i«al  expert,  al»rs»  ,.a,, 


I  -  ' 


I    I 


i 


286 


JEBIOATION  IN  AFBICA— EOYPT. 


Otttor'8  u.a,ranTth;  Cfr'^V  ^^*''  '^«««/,  aL 


iniiiiediiite 


e  associates  in  the  goveTnS  of  ^P^^i^'^^'S''^^^^.  th«  Khedive    ,„d 
'"Pply  of  ««eA»  or  "  W  Nn«"  £^«yP*'  *!»«  necessity  of  proy Ul^n' l',? 


aSafdLTt'feTlsii;T'7L';;°^  ^»«"  ^«~*«5^rhin78eirp7erfed  w^tr^^'"^."^"  «''- 
a  We  stream  is  ™k„own  "^  W'l^*  •'"'^''^^"e  «»  «toragrreKirbv  aC'*  '"'' 

ao  in  Jepth,  and  18  in  h«i„i.f      J,^  »8 » octangular  buildin/ab;„;  7nf    '^•^'*,^^  '^"'^ 
antiquity,  etroa  B.  C  2000      t*^''^  *^®  structure,  in  all  nrol.ni.nT+;;     ;  ^^'l»'ez. 


'j^i'^i^^^i^-^'i^j.mii^uL^. 


IRRIGATION   IN   AFRICA — EGYPT. 


ortht  EftHtorn 

■aversed  by  the 
eriooked  t'lmso 
mod  when  the 
puHl  thin  work 
hisiftctif  The 
•»•  de  Lion— 
the  island  aud 
oniied  on  Mer- 
photo<jra,)h8, 
id  the  lecture 
followed  this 
to  show  that 
9  from  a  large 
tiaditiou,  au- 

n.  The  pho- 
'  so  often  en- 
om  the  gov- 
iplished  and 

live,  iind  his 
iding  an  ad- 
*  project  for 
I  dftni  across 
B  some  sup- 

Je  la  Motte. 
that  it  Lad 
serious  dan- 
.  Mubarekh 
isticsound- 
eral  of  the 
es,  and  tliis 
tion  of  this 
Father,  jiro- 
guisduties 
zeal  which 

".  Schwein- 
n,  and  Fa- 
leraon  and 
hat  it  was 
>  existence 

was  indi- 

engiueer, 
lent  to  re- 
ling  with- 
. visit  and 
isited  and 
in  length, 
.  Chipiez, 
f  extreme 
lituated  5 
hun,  and 
lust  have 
e  been  a 
1  lakes or 

eep  sides 
u  island, 
a  tomb, 
letached 
nburned 
d-escape 
sist  auy 
ef  He- 
hepyra- 
iburued 


287 


brick.  .  The  island  pyramids  may  have  been  of  the  same  material.  In  any  event  the 
stones  at  Uiahinu  ought  never  again  to  appear  in  any  argument  as  in  any  way  iden- 
tilied  with  these  pyraiiiidH  or  with  the  statntH  as  in  situ.  It  is  an  elementary  rule  of 
evidence,  which  is  constantly  ignored  by  untrained  minds,  that  vou  can  not  disoredlt 
your  own  witneHH.  I  he  only  knowledge  of  these  structures  is  derived  from  the  writ- 
ten statements  of  Herodotus,  Diodorus,  aud  Plinv.  The  whole  story  may  be  rejected, 
but  It  is  puerile  to  admit  their  existence  and  then  to  identify  pyramicfs  and  statuei 
with  extant  remains  on  the  upper  terrace  of  the  cultivated  land,  when  the  only  im- 
portant  fact  was  the  indication  which  the  island  furnished  of  the  great  depth  of  the 
♦'  excavated  "  or  "eroded "  depression. 

The  contours  ol-^ the  Kayouni  have  not  yet  been  completed.  It  was  urgently  im- 
pressed upon  Sir  C.  C.  Scott-Moncrieft;  in  1886,  that  hues  should  be  run  wlfich  would 
determine  the  entire  area  of  the  alluvial  deposit  of  the  Nile,  from  Assuau  to  the  Med- 
iterranean.  It  might  have  been  done  without  appreciable  cost  to  the  Egyptian  Gov- 
ornmeut  had  mv  oflers  been  accepted.  Unless,  liowever,  an  engineer  had  been  lent 
to  me  who  would  be  responsible  to  the  Government  for  any  error,  neglect,  or  dis- 
oliedieuce  of  orders,  the  public  works  department  would  not  have  accepted  the  work 
as  final.    Some  such  survey  wi' ,    it  is  believed,  be  undertaken  at  no  distant  date. 

The  contour  of  hiKh  Nile,  quitting  the  Nile  Valley  at  el-Labun,  passes  to  the  south 
of  Gharag,  enters  the  Wadi  Uafyan,  encircles  the  Wadis  Lulu  and  Safir,  reenters  the 
Wadi  Rahran,  crosses  the  entrances  of  the  Oases  of  Muellah  and  Khoreif,  aud  returns 
into  the  Fayouin  after  girdling  an  area  of  250  square  miles.  This  same  contour,  of 
K.  L.  -fdO,  would  continue  round  the  west  of  Gharaq  towards  the  north  and  east,  and 
then  passing  westward  to  the  south  of  Qasr  Qertin,  turn  to  the  north,  and,  sweeping  out 
into  the  desert  behind  Dimeh  to  the  ancient  temple,  curve  towards  the  east,  an^  re- 

J  ™iilf*T"i    fl^  H'/7Hl^/  "f  ^^'^  ^'^®  *'°"«  *^"  foot  of  the  hiils  which  overlook 
tiio  ancient  bed  of  the  Bahr  Wardan. 

It  may  be  said  Uiat  tliis  line  when  it  had  reached  el-Lahun  and  the  cultivated  land 
!,'2rlf'>i*?ri!f  «^,l^«"'f«ef  would  especially  if  the  minor  sinuosities  were  meas- 
ured, attain  a  length  of  450  miles.  The  entire  basin,  thus  encircled,  would  apparently 
cover  over  1  30f  square  miles,  a-  1  a  large  part  of  it  would  be  much  below  the  level 
ot  the  Mediterranean. 

This  was  the  immense  natural  hack-water  of  the  Nile,  which,  according  to  Semitic 
tradition  was  divided  between  the  fertile  province  to  the  north,  when  el-Hun  or 
i^hiom  (the  Sea)  became  el-iayoum  (All-iom,  the  land  of  a  thousand  days),  and  the 
Kaiyau  Moens,  or  reservoir  to  the  south. 

If  the  Arab  tradition  is  correct.  King  Raiyan  invested  Joseph  with  the  insignia  of 
prime  minister  as  a  reward  for  about  400,000  acres  of  land,  perennially  irrigated. 
Manetho  says  th^t  this  region  was  abandoned  in  the  religious  wars  which  broke  out 
at  the  time  elsewhere  fixed  as  the  birth  of  Moses.  The  Birket  el-Qerun  rose,  if  uot 
then,  subsequently  The  Lake  of  the  Horns  submerged  once  more  the  district  of 
VJenin  (Heroon-poiis)  to  the  upper  plateau,  where  repeated  use  of  the  word  Sen  points 
to  Ha  Sen  (Gesen  Goshen),  Asenath,  the  wife  of  Joseph,  and  Arsinoe,  its  Ptolemaic 
name.     Ihose  united  depressions  formed  the  Moeris  of  Herodotus. 

rheregion  mightwellbedescribed.  In  the  fifth  century  l)eforeour era,  asa  vast  reser- 
voir and  back-water  from  the  Nile,  with  a  maximum  level  above  low  Nile  at  Mem- 
phis, 50  miles  southwest  of  th  it  city,  about  50  fathoms  deep,  longer  than  its  width 
extending  from  north  to  south,  surrounded  by  the  Libvan  desert,  with  an  indented 
coast  as  long  as  the  smootli  sand  banks  which  form  the  Mediterranean  i,hore  of  Egypt 
blue,  full  ot  hsh  of  twenty-two  species,  with  Hood  gates  at  the  double  mouth  of' the 
canal,  whose  embankments  and  clearance  from  silt  annually  cost  $50,000  (£10  OOO") 
I'^i"^* '",  .1*^''  engineers  relieved  Egypt  from  a  dangerous  flood,  or  stored  up  and  disl 
tnbuted  the  water  which  entered  or  issued  from  the  canal.     A  multitude  of  fishermen 
on  Its  borders  were  engaged  in  catching  and  curing  the  fish  which  bred  and  multi- 
pned  in  the  lake,  while  th((  royalty  on  the  fisheries  averaged  $250,000  (£50.000).    Its 
waters  escaped  along  the  hill  above  Memphis.     About  the  middle  of  the  deepest  part 
was  an  island.     On  it  were  two  pyramids  aud  a  tomb.     Against  the  structures  were 
depth^oTthe  hike    "^'''°  *^rones.    The  height  of  the  pyramids  equaled  the  maximum 

The  Laom  Meridia  of  the  Ptolemaic  maps— the  Raiyau  Moeris— is  confined  to  the 
Kaiyan  depression,  with  an  extension  into  the  narrow  valley  of  Muellah.  The  term 
Kaiyan  retains  the  name  of  the  monarch  honored  by  Islam,  associated  locally  with 
the  spring  in  the  southernmost  bay  of  the  depression,  aud  closely  connected  L  •  deri- 
Ir?h'«\'l;,'<^fi  y^^,"^^^  of  irrigation.  Moeris,  of  course,  is,  like  the  Latin  word mar«, 
or  the  English  "  mere,"  the  exact  equivalent  of  lake. 

THE  aAlYAN  PROJECT. 

+i,Bf  ^^^^^  subject  of  Egyptian   irrigation   hus  been  treated  with  conspicuous 
thoroughness  and  ability  by  Mr.  W.  WiUcocks,  of  the  Indian  public  works  depart- 


i 


288 


!  1 


1 


I 


IRRIOATION    IN   APRICA-EOYPT. 


inent,  and  one  of  tliM  t 

»i .i.v,,l"  °.i'r.'"'"::".'  i"  w,„i,';„r  '"r"ev,'"">;"i  i-r  ii. 


The 


fo 


fori..  I.y  a  practical  oi  Jin,''!'',  ""<«-"»rche8  io.l„,;,„i   o'    .     '  i"!  "^ftWiiitiou.    ti,«v 

ms  however,  exnlai„e  1  f   af  h      ''/'  '""  '  '«'  *»  the  loiur  S    '.     ''  ^'"'^'  '"'■^''•'  'rriiu^ 
by  those  poriodiculZn  !•      *  '.'«"l>Joct8  to  pereiHii,;!  ,,  if      •  '  "'*"'"  Productive      W» 

tected  l.y  Uriti8h  bayonets  foj«/"^'''  ''^  *^«  ^^'^ter  il  r'ach'^  ''''f'^o  mouths  of  the 
railways,  or  delay  it  forS'hnf,?  ^'.^"T'^^'Mou  out  of  ,t8  u  .1  .V  ./''u  ^^'^''t^i^rs,  nr«! 

tollH  whose  chnrLterKeen  Htated*wf;;'«°'  <'"•  *''«  "  '>re  ^"1^,'!^"'^°*"  *''« 
ot  Sir  H.  Drniuniond  Wolff  n,,!}  ?.*"*««  with  entire  ft  uiknoss  in  fh  «  '*.  '^""ect  on  of 
Ji'clnde  improved  inter, ml  wafer  •^-  ^^^^w^^ou.  The  beSiti  of  /,'"'?]'*.'  """rauces 
^  CoOnel  If 088  ,rivo8  an  r,?. I     •'^'""."'""'cation.  """elits  of  the  liaiyun  schoino 

deve  oped  project  of  the  VV^tfe-P^th^  "f'^Pter  wh.Vi.  . 


-  ■••■  iiiipiuveu  internal  wnfm.     n^riavu.     m©  benetifa  /.p  +i    "T."'.'  "^.'".■"uces 

^  CoOnel  If 088  lmvo8  an  nT,?.!-'^'""."' ""'nation.  """elits  of  the  Ifaiyun  scheme 

costs 


furnish  thr^ater1n^ex..f.a?  "*^'^''''  ^'therbrrorrow  ""'"''''';  -PPlV-    Tte  pi 

toitionate  demands  Kumvr/-^  *?  "',"  fantastic,  and    „  ml  /^?  '"formation   J   had 

in  months  spent  in  t;rde8eft%h\'h^''''  ^"'^  P^'^atLSo^Se" Ir., ''''  'T'  '""»«' 
form  in  which  it  would  ,,,<•  **''*''' euffiueers,  or  in  Zttf         'lo'"f?  their  work 

smooth  their  nath  \  !!v   '","»ence  the  scientific   nfi;/-  P'^'nff  my  kuowled-re  i ,,    ' 
exec„tionoftSf^;,4"  ;;[';^  to  efface  m^seKnliP; 'j  ^^'^ :  »"d  ^-'uncial  woPid  and 

coS  'rT^'^'^^^^^'^V^^^^  °^  *''"  n?e  •ffc.*'^'"  uutrammeled  in  the 

ti^C!^s::.d:^^  ^^  wasto  ho 

^.th  picturesque  aceideuts'^^e  most?  r^-  ^^"  ''^P^rience  a  rl  'fm  .'  ^f""'' /"'•'«  ^< 

'^^c:;i2^il:';y-j^SeJIi!r^^  ""^^ 

a    the  g,ft  to  Egypt  ,,^,  incon.piete  unless  the 


i'^j  '^mifctfii-.i«M 


IRRIOATION   IN   AFRICA — EOYPT. 


"'•  «ir  IJ.  c.  H,.ott. 
"*iit-ColonH  Hon- 
'uk,  aii.l  FienoU  i- 
'^nnati,,,,  ,olI«,,,e,i 
Hi«  works  curriod 
K'">L.niI,  in  sii.tfu. 
""y  library,  fho 
loiitwl  by  tl.ow  to 
po'^kH  provi.|„H  (I 

"l»'Ilt    MIICOOMH    for 

'With  a<lvinUa-'o 
I  warder.  " 

'book,  iH devoted 
Hon  niul  will  be 
'iiimtioii  8(!lic,„„, 
«  ""ill  this  book 
Koiatioi).     They 
«"  "11(1  o(.licreut 
"'t  b.)  iiitniNtod 
ir"   the  inter.^Ht 
A'r.  WilicockH 
>«i  basin  irriua. 
To'luctive.     He 

'inacooiiipanied 
""0  (loposit  tho 
'K«table  matter 
'orial  Africa, 
fy  of  <lraiiiinir 
:''  •  «'•,  in  oMier 
^bo  N/le  Hood 
""»to  solution 
<"iai  Las  been 
(•"ntiiiraisiii.r 
'"'Ps;  tbeirri'l 

<lor  tlie  direc- 
navigation  of 
months  of  the 
Uiiriciers,  pro- 
uols  onto  tho 
uoJlection  of 
"■l  nttorancos 
aiyun  scheme 

♦he  recently 
ister  depres- 
Tne  princi- 
. company  to 
it  now  costs 
us)  of  water 
niillion  and 
fij'y  (capac- 
,n00)  a  year 
v  'be  neces- 
t  Ijy  bini  an 


ion  I  had 
uel  and  ex- 
'x'ir  work, 
'•'<l^'e  in  a 
world  and 
led  in  tiie 

was  to  ho 
le  forte  ei 

to  invest 
lau  lot  or 


289 


canfti  itself  wan  fliilahnd  without  risk  or  cost  to  the  bondholders  or  the  taxpayers,  and 
a  net  Hiirnlus  paid  into  the  Knyptlan  treasury,  it  Ht>«mod  agaiu  that  this  was  no  funo- 
tiou  of  mine,  orueoessary  part  of  my  work.  Thescieutifio  uxauiinatioa  of  tho  Moeris 
problem  required  but  a  siuKle  visit  to  ^he  untroddeu  summit  of  the  Ilaram  Medhfiret 
H-Berhl,  wliilo  any  engineer  could  be  invited  and  paid  to  spend  30  days  in  rnnolng 
lines  of  level  through  the  Haret  el-Gehenna,  whoHo  name  is  well  deserved.  8o  also 
the  great  powers  have  furnished  their  ward  with  a  tinancial  statf.  whoso  experience 
ranges  from  St.  Petersburg  to  Calcutta.  It  was  no  business  of  mine  to  obtain  the 
opinion  of  Lord  Uothsohild,  the  council  of  foreign  bondholders,  the  Imperial  Otto- 
man Hank,  or  Sir  J.  Lul)bock. 

Two  offers  were  nevertheless  submitted.  Tho  first  left  to  that  bureau  in  the  de- 
partment of  works  specially  created  and  charged  with  the  expomliture  of  a  million 
of  pounds,  guarantied  by  tho  great  powers,  all  the  engineering  work.  My  confidenoe 
and  that  of  the  Egyptian  Government  in  the  skill  and  energy  of  Colonel  Western  and 
his  staff  was  so  complete  that  there  was  little  dilUculty  in  obtaining  authority  from 
capitalists  to  provide  the  Government  with  funds  as  tho  work  advanced,  secured  npon 
the  works  themselves  with  such  participation  in  the  bonolltsas  might  be  determined. 
A  scale  was  suggested. 

The  second  otter  simply  accepted  tho  estimates  of  tho  Egyptian  Government  and 
contracted  to  complete  the  work  on  their  terms.  We  would  agree  to  deliver  tho 
Rfti.yan  Canal  and  tlood  gates,  according  to  specitioations,  for  an  annual  payment  not 
exceeding  £50,000  ($-250,000),  purclmsable  for  a  lump  sum  of  £1,000,000  ($5,000,000). 
Tho  annual  rent  was  in  no  case  to  exceed  70  per  cent,  of  tho  net  profits  obtained  by 
the  Government.  These  otters  have  not  so  much  been  rejected  as  their  final  consid- 
eration postponed.  They  have  been  repeated  and  defined  in  the  "  Note  on  tho  Raiyan 
Project,"  submitted  to  the  <lepartment  of  public  works  in  April,  IHW.  There  is  very 
little  doubt,  however,  that  tho  Egyptian  Government,  having  expeuded  another  year 
In  striving  to  find  some  other  way  of  accomplishing  tho  result,  will  borrow  the  money, 
guaranty  tho  interest,  and  itself  do  the  work. 

Considering  its  importance  and  the  acknowledged  benefits  which  will  bo  immedi- 
ately  conferred  unon  Egypt,  and  through  the  valley  of  the  Nile  on  the  equatorial 
provinces,  which  have  been  transferred  to  tho  Mahdists,  since  the  British  occupation, 
as  the  result  of  the  military  and  civil  operations  conducted  by  Hicks,  Gordon,  Wolso- 
ley,  and  Stanley,  advised  by  Sir  E,  Baring,  no  personal  interest  should  be  allowed  to 
intervene.  What,  in  comparison  with  such  results,  is  the  naked  assertion  of  tho  ab- 
stract right  to  bring  to  maturity  a  project,  although  the  inception  is  admittedly  the 
ottspring  of  one's  brain  and  heart,  whose  infancy  required  sedulous  care,  and  the  in- 
fant, destined  to  be  Hercules,  was  cradled  in  a  shield  and  defended  by  tho  sword  f 

There  are  four  possible  channels  by  which  tho  Kaiyan  Basin  can  be  put  in  com- 
munication with  the  river.  Two  only  are  considered  by  Mr.  Willcocks.  The  Abu- 
Hamed  route  involves  a  contoured  canal  in  the  desert  along  tho  southern  edge  of  tho 
Fayoum.  It  was  regarded  by  Colonel  Western  as  in  all  respects  feasible  at  a  mod- 
erate cost.  Whether  a  shorter  lino  throuj^h  the  limestone  hill  would,  on  tho  whole, 
be  preferable  is  not  for  tho  moment  essential.  Tho  former  lino  fixes  a  maximum  cost 
which  can  bo  used  in  working  out  tho  other  elements  of  the  project. 

The  only  alternative  scheme  for  tho  impouuding  of  tho  surplus  flood  is  that  asso- 
ciated with  tho  name  of  M.  de  la  Motte.  He  proposes  to  build  a  dam  across  the  Nile 
at  Gebol  Silsileh,  H5  kilometers  (50  miles)  below  Assfiau  (the  first  cataract)  and  make 
a  reservoir  in  the  desert  plain  of  Koin  Umbos.  "  This  scheme  is  in  a  very  embryo 
stage  and  needs  very  much  more  working  up  to  bring  it  to  tho  complete  and  perfect 
state  of  the  Wady  Raiyan  project,  but  it  is  roughly  calculated  to  cost  £4,000,000 
($20,090,000) "  (p.  322).  Its  great  weakness  lies  in  the  dam  60  feet  high,  founded  on 
a  not  very  homogeneous  sandstone.  Other  objections  include  the  detention  and  de- 
posit of  silt,  with  the  cousequent  raising  of  the  bed  of  the  reservoir  and  annual 
diminution  of  its  capacity. 

The  summary  of  the  Raiyan  project,  as  given  by  Mr.  Willcocks,  is  substantially  in 
tho  following  words ;  the  parentheses  are  mine  : 

The  cultivated  area  of  Egypt  is  4,955,000  acres,  and  the  land  capable  of  reclama- 
tion in  Lower  Egypt  (exclusive  of  over  1,000,000  acres  contained  in  the  areas  now 
abandoned  to  the  Mediterranean  and  forming  the  brackish  lakes  bordering  upon  it 
together  with  at  least  500,000  acres  elsewhere)  is  1,260,000.  If  one-third  of  tho  cul' 
tivated  land  and  the  whole  of  tho  land  to  bo  reclaimed  were  to  be  irrigated  in  sum- 
mer, there  would  be  required  a  summer  supply  of 


/4955000 


V 


a 


1   \ 

-X  26J-f.(  12C0000  X40)=93, 000,000 


niess  the 


cubic  metres  per  day,    of  which  the  lands  to  be  reclaimed  would  alone  require 
00,000,000  cubic  metres  per  day.     The  mean  summer  discnarge  of  the  N  ile  is  42,000,000 
onbic  metres  per  day  (10,800  cubic  feet  per  second)  at  Assuan,  while  there  are  years 
H.  Ex.  45 19 


290 


!;  -I 


!^  f 


IRRIGATION   IN  AFRICA— EGYPT. 


the  8TtionVf*fi°caS'f«*!f„P,T'°'^  *  *'®'^^*'"  quantity  of  water  into  tl,„  i     • 

mg  appreciably  ?he  waler  level  of  the  Nile ^^dfJ^'  '^'"^^  ^'"  «l«o  K'oruse  hTrld. '' 
t_. ...,.  _  ^i,,  ,^  ,^„^  ^^^^^^^^^^  and-'thrSs  co"ve?elTy%hTS?atto"u': 


IRRIGATION   IN   AFRICA — EGYPT. 


291 


tonre  have  been  measured  by  a  plaaimeter.    The  followiug  table  (abridged)  contains 


this  information 


in  respect  to  the 


he  water  may  be 


Area  and  ciibio  contents  of  the  liaiijan  reservoir. 


Beduced  level  of  contour. 


30    ,,  .. 
25  ...... 

20  ...... 

10 

Sen  level 

10 

20 

30 

40 


Area  in 
square  metres. 


686, 600, 000 
018, 300, 000 
65(),  000,  000 
307, 904, 000 
301, 100,  000 
231,800,000 
103,  075, 000 
55, 562,  500 
22,037,500 


Area  in 

£K.YPtian 

acres. 


163, 476 

147, 214 

130, 952 

94,739 

71,690 

55,190 

38, 127 

13,  229 

6,  247 


Contents  of  res- 
ervoir in  cubic 
metroa,  below 
the  contour. 


20,559, 

17, 297, 

14, 376, 

0,637, 

6, 142, 

3,477, 

1,503, 

410, 

22, 


640,000 
390,000 
640,000 
120, 000 
100,000 
600,  000 
225, 000 
037,500 
037, 500 


The  maximum  flood  level  of  the  Nile  at  the  (proposed)  take-off  of  the  reservoir 
caual  IS  reduced  level  +31.8  meters  (about  100  feet  above  the  Mediterranean),  the 
ordinary  high  Hood  level  is  reduced  level  +3C.3,  the  low  flood  level  is  29.0  metres, 
and  the  summer  level  is  about  22.0  metres  above  mean  sea.  The  levels  are  referred 
to  the  Barrnge  zero,  or  mean  Red  Sef^,  .60  metre  above  mean  Mediterranean  Sea. 

Colonel  Western  thus  describes  the  VVadi  Raiyan  :  "  This  valley,  a  denresdon  in 
the  Libyan  Desert,  discovered  by  Mr.  Cope  Whitehonse  in  1886  (this  date  being  taken 
as  tne  ftrst  offlcial  conmiunication  to  the  department  of  works  of  a  survey  verified  bv 
lines  of  levels,  as  distinguished  from  aneroid  observati  is),  lies  immediately  to  the 
southwest  of  the  iayouni  province,  but  separated  from  it  by  a  range  of  low  hills 
?',^^'"*einff  some  6  kih)metres  (3i  miles)  in  width,  and  with  heights  of  about  60  metres 
( 196  feet)  above  sea  level.  Two  passes,  however,  leading  from  the  Garak  (the  Rharaq 
ot  bchweinfiirth,  the  Gharaq  of  the  anther's  maps)  basin  of  the  Fayonm,  with  levels 
ot  about  +26  metres,  have  been  found  in  this  dividing  range,  and',  except  for  these 
two  passes  or  entrances,  the  Wady  is  everywhere  bounded  by  hills  of  at  least  +36 
metres  above  mean  sea.  ^ 

"  The  soil  of  the  Wady  is  for  the  most  part  composed  of  desert  sand  and  pebbles 
overlying  m  places  a  yellow  clay,  bnt  this  desert  sand  is  for  about  one-sixth  of  the 
area  hidden  by  drifted  sand-hills,  or  ridges  rising  some  5  to  10  metres  above  the  een- 
eral  plain,  lo wards  iae  north  of  the  Wady  there  are  two  fresb-water  springs  (but 
no  inhabitants)  and  near  there  a  few  date  trees  and  some  brushwood  grow?  The 
deepest  level  of  the  Wady  Raiyan  reaches  40  metres  below  sea-level  (about  220  feet 
below  high  Nile).  To  the  south  of  the  Wady  and  connected  with  it  at  a  level  of  +55 
nietres  is  the  Wady  Muellah,  a  valley  about  1^  kilometres  width  and  7  length  Its 
lowest  depression  is  +25  metres  (about  35  feet  below  mean  high  Nile  near  Behnesa 
opposite  Its  southern  extremity).  In  the  Wady  Muellah  there  arc  ruins  of  ancient 
buildings  (with  fragments  of  a  Grjeco-Roman  period,  further  identifying  the  spot  as 
the  Dionysias  of  the  Ptolemaic  text  and  map).  There  is  a  fair  amount  of  coarse  veee- 
tation  near  them.  * 

"Two  other  small  depressions  have  been  found  connected  with  the  Wady  Raiyan 
at  Its  northeastern  extremity  at  a  contour  lower  than  the  level  of  the  flood  Nile 
Ihey  he  to  the  south  of  the  Gharaq  basin  of  the  Fayoum  province  and  are  separated 
from  It  by  a  ridge  with  a  level  of  +35  metres,  I  kilometre  in  width.  The  easterly 
depression  (the  Wadi  Lulu,  or  Valley  of  the  Pearl,  a  modem  name  given  t-  c  bv 
the  author  of  this  paper)  is  abont  10  kilometres  in  length  by  4  kilometres  mean 
width  and  has  a  bottom  at  about  +15  metres." 

(^y  J^fTfff^'oir  canal.—"  Reierrmg  to  the  plan,"  says  Mr.  Willcocks,  "it  will  be 
?co"i  •,  *  ^'^^  '?  *^®  P*''"^'  chosen  for  the  takeoff  of  the  caual  from  the  Nile.  It  is 
163  kilometres  above  the  Barrage  along  the  deep  channel  of  the  Nile  (85  miles  south 
or  Cairo  by  rail).  Of  course,  any  other  point  near  it  may  be  chosen,  bnt  considerine 
the  he  of  the  basins  and  their  feeders  it  will  be  difficult  to  choose  a  better  place.  On 
tne  plan  there  are  two  lines  given  for  th^  canal ;  one  is  called  the  '  Proposed  Reservoir 
canal  and  has  been  (repeatedly)  leveled  and  -surveyed  (examined  by  Colonel  West- 
ern m  person,  and  pits  sunk  to  test  the  character  of  the  material  to  be  excavated). 
Ihe  other  IS  cr.lled  the  'Alternative  line.'  All  calculations  have  been  made  on  the 
aV^IV  J\the  surveyors  can  find  a  fairly  good  line  along  the  latter,  it  will  be  decid- 
edly tne  better  line,  as  it  makes  straight  for  the  reservoir  and  avoids  the  hankiu"  un 
m  tne  I'ayotim  Valley  necessary  on  the  former  line."  °    ^ 

Neither  line  presents  the  smallest  engineering  difticulty,  or  would  be  above  the  ca- 
jpacity  ot  a  native  provincial  chief  engineer.  The  direct  line  involves  a  tunnel  about 
o  miles  in  length  through  horizontal  limestone.    With  a  bod  width  of  80  motroa  and 


i  ^ 


"  $, 


(. 


292 


IBBIGATION   IN   AFRICA — EGYPT. 


^ 


If 


'^''Hf^^'^ 


PROPOSED   WADI    RYAN  ^•SfKI 

RESERVOIR.  '"^^  ^^^^* 

r«>o,  EByptwo  iTHgihon. by  W.  WiUcockj.  .889. 


IRRIGATION   IN   AFRICA — EGYPT. 


293 


a  height  of  10  metres,  it  would  be  more  convenient  to  drift  a  scries  of  opcningH.  Un- 
doubtedly thiH  would  bethechannel  selected  iC  the  irrigation  department  was  directed 
as  in  the  dayfl  of  Raiyfin  ibn  cl-Walid,  t!ie  Hykoos  monarch,  who,  according  to  Semitic 
tradition,  proposed  to  Jusuf  ibu-Jacoub  the  problem  of  regulating  the  Nile,  or  when 
Ipsambtil  and  the  Sphinx  wore  carved  in  the  living  rock,  and  the  hills  opposite  Mem- 
phis emptied  of  incalculable  masses  of  stone. 

The  splendid  effect  of  the  facade  with  the  stream,  250  feet  in  width,  gushing  olear 
and  blue  from  the  white  portal,  between  colossi  carved  with  the  least  expenditure 
of  labor,  but  the  most  ingenious  adaptation  of  natural  conditions  in  the  stratified 
rock,  would  not  now  have  the  slightest  weight  with  the  department  of  public  works 
and  their  financial  masters.  The  passage  itself,  its  forest  of  columns,  the  cathedral- 
mosque  of  Cordova  extending  miles  in  length,  the  vast  air-shafts,  200  feet  in  height, 
corbelled  out  in  moldings  decorated  with  sentences  from  the  Quriin,  telling  in  words 
that  history  of  Jusuf  written  in  water,  fruits,  flowers,  fields  and  houses,  temples  and 
mosqnes  along  the  river  of  Joseph  and  in  "  the  land  of  a  thousand  days  "  will  not  be 
attempted.  Such  considerations  are  absolutely  alien  to  the  actual  administration  as 
controlled  by  foreign  influences. 

It  would  be  otherwise  if  the  viceroy,  whose  devotion  to  art  and  science  has  been 
tangibly  exhibited,  were  free  to  apply  the  surplus  of  enlarged  revenues  according  to 
his  better  judgment. 

"  The  (total)  length  of  the  proposed  canal  is  46  kilometres  (27  miles)  from  Biba  to 
the  point  A  in  the  reservoir.  The  length  of  the  alternative  line  is  about  30  kilome- 
tres (18  miles).  The  slope  of  the  canal  will  be  one  twenty-thousandth  the  ordinary 
canal  slope  in  Egypt.  This  slope,  with  a  hydraulic  mean  depth  of  between  6  and  7 
metres  (20  feet)  will  give  a  mean  velocity  of  about  1  metre  per  second  (2^  miles  an 
hour),  a  velocity  which  allows  neither  silt  deposit  nor  scour  in  the  Nile  Valloy." 

(3)  Flood  and  summer  levels  of  the  Nile  at  Biha.— As  a  rule  there  is  such  a  heavy 
demand  for  water  during  the  mouth  of  August,  that  in  any  bu:;  a  very  exceptional 
year  no  water  (in  Mr.  Willcocks'  opinion)  can  be  taken  from  the  river,  and  this  month 
must  be  left  out  of  the  calculations. 


Discharge  of  the  Kile  at  Cairo. 


Month. 

^Tean  dis- 

cliaige  in  cubic 

metres  per 

24  honrs. 

Feet  per 
second. 

Month. 

Mean  dis- 
charge in  cubic 
metres  per 
21  honrs. 

Feet  per 
second. 

January 

151,  OflO,  000 
110,000,000 
70,  000,  000 
45, 000, 000 
34, 000,  000 
84, 000, 000 

60, 400 
44, 000 
28,  000 
18, 000 
13, 600 
13,  000 

July 

August - 

70, 000, 000 
52B,  000,  000 
676, 000,  000 
676, 000,  000 
400, 000,  UOO 
260, 000, 000 

28,  000 
210  (inn 

Febniary 

March 

SeDteni  tier 

270,  000 
270, 000 
180, 000 
104,  000 

April 

Ootohnr 

May    

Juno M 

December 

The  maximum  flood  of  1874  discharged  1,032  million  cubic  metres  in  a  single  day ; 
the  minimum  flood  of  1877  discharged  465  million  cuoic  metres,  or  less  than  one-half 
that  amount. 

Mr.  Willcocks  put  the  entire  discharge  of  the  Nile  during  the  year  at  93,000,000,000 
cubic  metres.  If  3,000,000,000  cubic  metres  are  required  for  the  basins  of  Upper 
Kgypt  and  50,000,000  cubic  metres  were  furnished  for  daily  consumption,  there  could 
never  be  a  year  in  which  50,000,000,000  cubic  metres,  or  double  the  contents  of  the 
Eaiyan  Reservoir,  would  not  pass  into  tlie  Mediterranean  without  contributing  in  the 
least  degree  to  the  fertility  of  Egypt.  The  regulation  of  the  Nile  at  the  Barrage  in 
July  and  part  of  August  would  put  a  certain  volume  of  water  at  the  disposal  of  the 
government  for  the  Raiyan  basin.  The  summer,  or  low  Nile,  level  at  Biba  may  be 
taken  as 22  metres. 

(4)  Levels  at  which  the  Nile  vmst  be  maintained  for  flood  irngation.— In  September  a 
gauge  of  16.3  metres  should  be  generally  maintained  at  the  Biirrage,  though  alternate 
week  gauges  of  16.3  metres  and  15. H  metres  (above  z^ro)  would  sufflcefor  the  irrigation 
until  the  10th  October.  From  the  10th  to  the  20th  October  a  gauge  of  17  metres  is 
needed  at  the  Barrage  to  allow  all  the  highlands  to  be  irrigated  for  the  winter  crop. 
After  the  20th  October  the  canal  might  take  as  much  as  it  liked  from  the  Nile,  or 
from  the  basins  above  if,  except  in  extraordinarily  low  years  like  1888, 

In  an  average  year,  from  the  Ist  of  September  there  is  available  a  discharge  of 
57,500,000  cubic  juetres  per  day,  increasing  to  over  100,000,000  on  the  15th  September. 

Betwfini  tli«  lOt.Vi  nnH  QOth  OptnV.uf  ri"  onnt^ltT  to  a^T,>;iolo<>    no  n,^  Ar;!^  i.««„,„  i,„,.«  *_ 

^     ;    , -    ~'i"ri — r —" —  ^' -1-.  ...tj..^.i^  ...... .*...^.....^  ...^ jt ....  1...,  ,,,^  ttt^Y^  ^Q 

be  irrigated,  while  after  the  20th  October  the  canal  can  take  as  much  as  it  can  carry. 
It  is  better  (in  Mr.  Willcocks's  opinion)  to  depend  on  an  alternate  week  supply  in  low 


!  ,    J 


■ !     I 


294 


IRRIGATION   IN  AFRICA— EGYPT, 


years  than  on  anv  rf!miin<ion  of  fi>„  t» 


uiier  nicctN  Uio  rcniiiremontH  of  1  nn.V,  l'  ""  """  ""  luoseof  l^owor 


Jhi'.*""^*"A(''''*°""  *^«  «al«"^at  on(of  thrs  ze  of  ??«  "^  l»i«b-liood  relief  an  the  molt 
the  bed  of  the  canal  at  82  metrea  at  the  t!L  off  tl  ^  proposed  canal)  and  the  lev7l  of 
cubic  metres  per  day  with  a  denH,  nftl*  M®^''"*^''''"''!^!  rtischarire  100  000  f)nn 
of  80  metres  fco  feltrand  «& lo^^^^^^^^  ,  A  canal  witK  bed  Sh 

The  followxog  is  a  rough  longitrafslctlo'^  ortTe^l^.^iS  IZlt 


"wi  Qao 


Btd,lertl 

szeo       > 


u 


ZZKiZa:. 


-1 


*..#Ait-i!r....  «iriio».4..ajEto*X: 

:                                         6            b                C            i 
;  46  Ktljometrea       

ROUGH    SECTION   OF  CA»»AL. 

LONGITUDINAL  SECTION  OK   CANAL. 

cnbic  metre".   ' 'll^f^i^Soil^l^Z'X^^^^  ^■'r'"'"'-   ^''"^''"ts,  ]2,370  000 

E  to  D.-Length,  4,000  metres  •  mein  dnnnf-^     T'°«  ^^"^  ^^^"^  J'"'«»f  in  piaces 
8tonecntting(to  the  ciepthof  abont  a  metre^reMin!;''*'^'-    "^'^'^  ««"«""  ^^  «  soft  Time- 
nated  with  salt,  and  dissolving  with  Sr^motS^^"?  Y*''^  ''°"*P««*  "'^y.  i^P^g- 
C^^^'^T^  !'"''*'■««• '^«'«^«''"n"ndeXS  •'^'Kl).and  here  the  bed 

becomes  1.S.3  metres.     The  bed  widf  h  hpra^,.;      i       Western,  and  the  depth  of  water 
Kivesnch  .i  slight  afflux  that  it^villnorh«fi^*'-^t^"*'"*l  t"  40  metres"  whiclTwm 

ba«iuo?•tIe^^;^^?JAi^XTlS^ 

ean  follow  any  contour  decided  nmn(m,\thl  I  ^^  ^°  +  ^^  "'«*''*'«)  «nd  the  canal 
by  a  deeper  excavation  or  a  h  S  ,inlc  om  th  r'"""'^  ■'I"'"""  thus  obtained  efther 
as  may  l)e  considered  exped  ent  an  1  .1  ^®  ^?.'^^''  sule-the  only  one  renuired!! 
chosen  (and  the  bank  given  top  wli^fo^/r'"^  {^'  ^  ««"t«"r  of +  ^4  me  res  il 
bankment  of  200  square  metres  wUcovrfll^nr*'"'^  ^-  '^'^*'«»''^'  ^^'^^  for  the  L. 

2    ^•.^'^  "litres,  or  over  a  mile)  will  m^k«  »3  reaching  in  some  places  a  width 

The^tn^aSlo^t  TwoVtrs :'  ''^*''  ' ""'''''' '  ^'^^O^OO  c«bic  metres. 


Section  D   oC-  t'm'ooo  ^  lb.'"  '""^"''  •"**  •'"  0^"«- 

Section  C  to  B-  2  S onn  .  i^'"  ""'*'■''«'  ^''^  -"4  C-^Oc.) 

Section  B  to  A-  1  500  22S  cn£  "'^*'■'''•  ''*  "l"   •'^0«- 

A      i,  .ju»,  uuo  cubic  n.  'tres,  at  .04  (20c.) 


..  £494,800=(|i2,474,000) 
-  • .  448,  400=(  2, 242, 000) 
..  88,000=(  440  000) 
..  235,200=(  1,176,000) 
60,000=(       300  000) 


•M 


*  IRRIGATION   IN  AFRICA — EGYYT. 


295 


meets  the  require- 
er  Egypt,  while  the 
if  s'lpply  in  the  Nile 
m  high  years  this 

years,  when  it  is 
hjch  this  system  of 

irrying  100,000,000 
use.  A  difference 
between  18  and  19 
I  relief  as  the  most 
al)  and  the  level  of 
jchargo  100,000,000 
with  a  bed  width 
iult. 
aal. 


itonts,  ]2,370,000 
isiif  in  places, 
in  is  a  soft  lime- 
act  clay,  impreg- 
mrt  here  the  bed 
3  depth  of  water 
tres,  which  will 
es  of  the  head. 

I  of  the  Gharaq 
and  the  canal 
obtained  either 
one  required— 
+  ^4  metres  is 
ea  for  the  §m- 
adth  of  section 
places  a  width 
material  to  be 

0  metres,  since 
ttd,  and  clay) ; 

ires. 


=(|i2, 47 1,000) 
=(  2,242,000) 
=(  44y.  000) 
=(  1,176,000) 
=(       300, 000) 

=(  6,632,000) 


Fifth  and  sixth.  Masonry  works. — The  masonry  works  are  needed  fo  regnlation  Ani. 
for  the  accommodation  of  existing  works. 

1.  The  Bahr  Jusuf  Crossing  and  Reservoir  Regulator.  Thi?  can  be  built  on  the  lime- 
atone  rook  with  a  40-metre- wide  platform  and  a  2.5  metre  depth  of  masonry;  the 
levels  of  the  canals  will  allow  of  a  level  crossing. 

40  openings,  at  £1,500 £60, 000=|300, 000 

Wing-walls 10,000=    50,000 

2, 000  square  metres  regulating  gates,  at  £9 18, 000=    90, 000 

Total 88,000=  440,000 

2.  The  Sugar  Railway  will  be  diverted  to  the  government  railway  bridge,  at  a  cost 
of  £20,000  ($100,000). 

3.  The  Ibrahimia  Canal  will  be  siphoned  under  the  reservoir  canal.  The  discharge 
to  be  passed  is  3,000,000  cubic  metres  per  day,  and  allowing  a  head  and  velocity  of  2 
metres  per  second,  8  pipes  of  1.5  metres  diameter  will  take  the  water  across. 

Estimate  8  pipes  at  £3,000=£24,000  ($120,000),  300  tons  +  masonry. 

4.  The  government  railway,  4  feet  8i-iuch  gauge,  80  metres  wide  canal.  Tons  of 
iron,  1,500,  at  £25 ;  £37,000  ($185,000).  With  the  work  can  be  combined  the  regulat- 
ing head  of  the  reservoir  canal,  eighteen  openings  of  5  metres  at  £2,500  ($12,500)= 
£45,000  ($225,000). 

Railway  bridge £37, 500=$187, 000 

Regulator 45,000=.  225,000 

Total 82,500=  412,500 

The  masonry  works  therefore  will  amount  to — 

Bahr  Jusuf  crossing  and  regulator £88,000=  (M40,000 

Sugar  railway  diversion 20,000=:  100,000 

Ibrahimieh  Canal  syphon 24,000=  120,000 

Head  regulator  and  railway  bridge 82,500=  412,500 

Total ; 214,500=  1,072,590 

The  whole  of  the  earthwork  and  masonry  works  will  therefore  (according  to  Mr. 
Willcocks)  amount  to — 

Earthwork £1,326,500=$6,632,500 

Masonry 214,500=  1,072,500 

Land,  l,600acre8,  at  £30  ($150) 48,000=      240,000 

Total 1.589,000=  7,945,000 

It  will  be  a  matter  of  interest  to  all  those  concerned  in  irrigation  works  to  study 
these  estimates,  but  no  American  engineer  would,  for  a  m-^ment,  admit  that  they 
furnish  a  basis  upon  which  contracts  could  be  let  to  the  a  vantage  of  the  Govern- 
ment. The  difference  between  the  method  of  constrncting  American  and  Indian  rail- 
ways is  exhibited  in  the  excessive  allowances  for  work  which  could  never  be  required. 

Mr.  Willcocks  is  not  only  an  engineer  of  great  ability  and  indefatigable  energy, 
but  deservedly  enjoys  the  reputation  of  a  readiness  to  adapt  his  plans  to  circum- 
stances, in  a  manner  characteristic  rather  of  the  United  States  than  of  Great  Britain. 
His  field  work  would  be  very  different  from  his  plans  on  paper.  Availing  himself  of 
the  tremendous  velocity  obtainable  through  the  Lulu  and  Safir  basins  and  the  rapid 
slope  of  over  1.50  feet  into  the  Raiyan  depression  much  of  the  excavation  would  be 
accomplished  by  natural  forces. 

The  Raiyan  works  proper  commence  at  the  Bahr  Jusnf  and  the  western  (desert) 
edge  of  the  Nile  Valley.  Former  estimates  of  £500,000  ($2,500,000)  would  not  be  ex- 
ceeded. The  great  canal  across  the  Nile  Valley  from  Biba  would  in  reality  be  a  broad 
shallow  basin  cultivable  once  ayear  throughout  its  entire  area.  The  masonry  works 
may  be  taken  as  reasonable,  but  a  part  of  the  money  would  be  otherwise  expended. 
The  total  cost,  therefore,  of  the  Raiyan  project  should  be  estimated  thus: 

Raiyan  Canal  of  escape  and  supply $2,500,000 

Works  in  the  Nile  Valley 1,500,000 

Total (£800,000)      4,000,000 

(7)  QuanHty  of  water  capable  of  being  utilised  (wilhotit  pumping).  Time  of  filling  reser- 
voir.— It  appears  (from  Mr.  Willcocks's  tables)  that  for  40  days  each  flood  a  depth  of 
water  of  8  metres  (25  feet)  may  be  taken  into  t,li(!  o-inul,  for  20  dnvH  tlin  bjisinsahovft 
the  canal  may  be  discharged  into  the  canal  through  the  Ba.hr  .Jusuf,  for  the  30  days  of 
November  a  depth  of  6  metres  of  water  may  be  counted  on,  for  December  a  mean  depth 


•Jl 


i'J 


91 
*\ 


( 

1 

i 

I 

1  ■      r 

' 

!        :               1  I 

■ 

r  '       u 

'     ;           i  i- 
.  !  ■ 

i     '           i 

^i 

1 

! 
1        ' 

:  -  1 

■:    ! 

it 

i    ■ 

;  C 

'  1 

i 

i1 


2^^  IRRIGATION   IN   AFRICA— EGYPT      - 

8  metres  depth  r.  i . 

6  metres  dejth C"blo  metres. 

4.5  metres  depth 67,000,000 

3  metres  deptJ,.: .' t^'^^^^*-' 

2  metres  depth  : ?^'^>0<>0 

T,.       ,     ^     13,000,000 

Therefore  the  s„pp,y  obtained  per  annum  would  be" ''  """'"^ 

Septenilw  and  October..  ^  ,. 

November 60x07  OflO  onn  —  A  />'!,.,>'"*"■♦'■• 

fS^. ••■•"•"••"■""•":::::::::::::::::•■■■  i!;B5r=':»:~;!S 

V«K>.;„    •'•^X-in,  000, 000  =      75')  nnrt  nnrt 

rebruarv ;tf)vn  nrw»  nnn  /•J'.WW.OOO 

March,  fUBkhVjasuf :::::;:::: •  •  ixI'SZ^  SSZ 

Perannum V"   ''^  ^.O00.«00=JKo^ 

«3^*"''"?  *"  ^^^  *al>'e  of  contents  oVthl  »"•' '-" ^'  ^^*''  ^00, 000 

A.'.'hiis3:fjSsji^!r'- : ' --l?^  •>*»"'•- 

Atth.,.d„w!;.%'gxs" ■••-"•"^■•"■•■+i7=ilS!r'r 

and  coul(f  W  filled  to  l9«*'^  /""'"''^  ^^^'^  the  lake  woald  £  iTn  ^*  ,'=°«'«'  g've 
April  1  to  July  31 7*? +!  '^^^^^''-  Allowing  1  nieS  as  In  J  k  ^""  forking  order 
(without  pumiinVdtheA^'fin  •*'"•"**«>'  *l»«^«trin  thepese'ofr^^^^  ^''^'n 

of  water  of  1,263  920  000  r  ■  "^^'"Pty).  to  the  depth  of  2  m?fir"^'^  ^^  "*'''^ed 
day  (about  3,000  million  „'' m'  "l'"*'^  «"■  »  discharge  of  I'/fiSn''  *J  ?-»  stratum 

A  .Lallow  late  wMid  C  K^F^t''  °il,""'  '»PS  "f  Ss  imk  andi^JS"'  5"  '.'"'  ^'i'^ 
It  contains  all  the  salt  whi^tf"''-  ^^  Bi'ket  el^JetQ„Xt  iil  ?  «"l.«l  its  (iell,. 
ptehistorio  DeVS  a„L^  .'',''?'  P""""!  'oto  the  PivonnTf™         !? ''°"»  brackish. 

tiils  lake  ha« 
evidenced  by 


4; 


y  of  2  metres.    With 

Cubic  metres. 

67,000,000 

• 4ii,  000,000 

25,000,000 

13,000,000 

6,000,000 


,000  =  4,020,000,000 
.000  =  1,260, 000,  000 
'  000  =  75-1. 000, 000 
390, 000, 000 
180,000.000 
150,000,000 


,000  = 
000  = 
000  = 


6.750,000,000 

I  allowing  for  evap. 
icl  rise  to— 

Metres      Contents 
Jovesea.  cnbio  metres. 

;^=  6,750,000,000 

7=  12, 8y8, 100,  000 
"=1«,  566, 760,  000 
res  (above  sea),  or 
ear  It  could  give 
tull  working  order 

evaporation  from 
r  could  be  utilized 
■es,  t.  0.,  a  stratum 

w  cubic  metres  per 
ilfl  flow  back  into 
ere  are  years  when 
e  river  level  -j-28 

ailable  porlion  of 
;lo  more  than  one- 
literranoau  ou  its 
B  level  of  the  sea 
niids,  connecting 
res  without  arti- 

of  the  NUe.~Ur 
?ivial  Geograph-' 
ully  discussed, 
iquired  whether 
aur,  engiueer-in- 
t  was  definitely 
and  solid  strata 
iittle  below  the 
tke  might  lose  a 
said  that  as  the 
5  uo  inttitration 
possibility. 
I  interstices  and 

lesired  to  know 
tehouse  replied 
»ou8  conclusion 
ihief  engineers, 
^liJ  the  Baiyau 
ofU'f  its  fields, 
juite  brackish. 
is  ages,  from  a 
»to  a  compara- 

this  lake  haa 

evidenced  by 


IRRiaATION   IN   AFRICA — EGYPT.  297 

the  remains  of  Hhell-fish.  Even  now  the  upper  stratum  can  be  used  to  drink  ;  ho  ha.l 
often  so  uKed  it  for  several  days  at  a  time.  The  bed  of  the  Raivilii  basin  contains  iu 
certain  places  small  saline  deposits.  The  pools  formed  in  tlio  lowest  parts  would  lie 
^T^th  f  "  ^^  "of/  ^"t^  attainfi'l  »  certain  depth.  When  the  lake  ha(i  been  filled  to 
a  Of  Pth  of,  say.  20  metres,  the  water  would  be  quite  fresh.  The  large  quantity  added 
««rZ?''*^''''ru**'?yTr"'*^"'«"  *«"*»  to  change  the  whole  volume,  while  any 
LTofj^i  f  "If"'*  "^■"'^^f'l  won  d  be  inliuitoHimal.  aud  of  no  possible  importance  in 
relation  to  either  agriculture  or  its  uho  in  drinking.  i     •-»  i.o 

Dr.  Schweinfnrth  was  inclined  to  think  that  the  Raiyan  depression  could  be  morn 
advantageous  y  treated  like  the  Fayoum.  and  used  as  L  addFtional  cSatefl  a  ea! 
He  repeated  the  fear  that  the  water  might  become  salt. 

Mr.  Cope  Whitehouse  said,  in  reply,  that  the  difference  between  80,000  (EKVDtiau) 
?Snn  i'I"/n  i^^T  ^  ^*"'''  *V*  Ir*  '°"«  *'V'")  2.300,000  acres  of  «e>  (8u\n...O  c u  - 
Jf  f«,  «  .!«  T  ^^^^^  '•'Tm  why  the  reservoir  scheme  must  be  consi.tered  preferable, 
if  feasible.     In  any  eveut  there  is  no  risk  incurred.     Long  before  any  part  of  the 

ZT^Z^lt  '"^.  "'*°  P''\";^/'  '"*•'  *V  K'^'y'^"  »''«*°  «°"''l  »5«  discharged  again  into 
^rnJ!^  I,!«^.  P/"'''*'"  Tf  "''^  '"^r  '*'^^.'7'"*  ■»  practical  and  final  solution  If  the  water 
proved  unfit  for  use,  the  canal  would  nevertheless  have  paid  for  itself  as  a  flood 
escape  and  as  an  irrigation  canal  for  the  Raiyan  district.     He  might  also  say  that  if 

nf  Qte„°„^r°  ^'^  '**•  ^^^^  **•?«"«  ""^  *''«  Ptolemaic  maps,  we  have  the  experience 
of  2,000  years  to  put  against  a  conjectured  possibility.  He  would,  however,  ask  the 
inspector-general  of  irrigation  for  his  opinion,  '    ""'*"""''  "^"^  ^"® 

+w*^''iT"'."-®"!f""°*'*"''"?^^^  Ross-who  was  received  with  warm  applause-said 

plated  Kars'arieS^!'^"^""''  '°  ""'^"'^  '"^  '''  P""*^  «^  «'«  -' *«-  -^  -" 

He  wished  to  add,  in  respect  to  the  amount  of  land  which  could  be  cultivated  bv 
on%>n*nnn'°'^*^"*  ^''-  ^"^^  Whitehouse  had  confined  himself  to  the  Delta  If 
20,000,000  cubic  metres  of  war  t  per  diem  could  be  added  to  the  summer  supply,  it 
would  enable  the  department  of  public  works  to  increase  the  amount  now  allotted  to 
the  cultivation  of  jjpper  Egypt.  There  is  also  a  large  area  in  the  plain  near  Kom 
Ombos,  which,  by  the  scheme  recommended  by  Mr.  de  la  Motte,  would  bo  converted 
into  a  storage  reservoir.  It  is  excellent  land,  and  can  be  easily  irrigated.  Sefi,  culti- 
yation  might  be  largely  extended  in  the  provinces  of  Minieh  and  Beni-Suef.  Cultiva- 
tion  in  the  1-  ayoum  could  also  bo  increased.  The  Government  would  not  be  obliired 
to  economize  its  water  supply  in  Upper  Egynt,  because  the  D-jlta  would  obtain  a 
?n  ySin  nn^  ""l"™*'  *!  ^"""i"*.  '^•'I  additional  Kupply  from  the  Raiyan  reservoir.  Another 
10.000,000  cubic  metres  of  daily  supply  woufcfalso  go  far  to  put  a  stop  to  corruption 
in  the  Delta.  The  stram  upon  the  honesty  of  the  local  ofBcials,  when  oflered  a  bribe 
lor  a  few  hours'  more  water,  is  very  great  and  sometimes  irresistible. 

Mr.  Lienrnur  confirmed  what  had  been  said  by  Major  Ross  in  regard  to  salt     In 
accordance  with  his  instructions  he  had  sunk  exp'erimental  wells  all  over  the  basin 
and  had  not  found  salt  except  in  insignificant  quantity.    The  bottom  of  the  basin  is 
rock  covered  with  clay  and  drifted  sand-hills. 

On  this  point  it  may  be  added  that  it  is  much  to  be  regretted  that  Dr.  Schweinfnrth 
should  have  given  oxi)re8sion  to  a  doubt  on  this  subject.  The  question  was  subse- 
quently examined  by  Osrnan  Bey  Ghalib  aud  Dr.  Seckenberger.  and  they  agree  wiTh 
Colonel  Ross  and  all  otlier  experts.  No  project  has  probably  ever  met  with  such 
universal  fav3r  as  this  Kaiyau  scheme.  Thousandsof  engineers,  American,  EEVPtian 
English,  I<rench,  and  German,  have  had  an  opportunity  of  studying  it.  Tbe  most 
eminent  men  have  urged  its  immediate  executfon.  Objections  of  a  somewhat  similar 
character,  transmitted  through  Sir  E.  Baring,  British  agent  aud  consul-general  to 
the  foreign  office,  have  contributed  materially  to  delay  the  actual  completion  of  the 
work.  "The  purpose  ot  the  Government,"  says  Herodotus,  "in  constructinc  this 
reservoir  was  to  supply  (good)  Nile  water  to  the  inhabitants  of  the  towns  not  Ivin^ 
upon  the  mam  branches  of  the  river;  for  previously  they  had  been  obliged  after 
the  subsidence  of  the  flood  (as  at  present)  to  drink  a  brackish  water  which  thev 
obtained  from  the  wells."  ' 

(10)  Passage  of  the  Rah/cln  water  through  the  canals  of  Lower  Egi/pt— The  canals  takinir 
oft  from  above  the  Barrage  will  be  capable  of  utilizing  the  following  discharges  at 
river  level  14  metres  on  the  Barrage,  which  is  the  maximum  gauge  to  which  water 
IS  to  be  held  up  in  summer:  vn  naioi 

Tj  t-A       /         J      X  Cubic  metres. 

Beh6ra,  (per  day) »  nnn  nnn 

MenoufiehandGhrtrbieh(perday) innnn'nno 

Dakalia,  Sharkia,  and  Kalubia IVM\\'."""V^'.[[\\  2M00  WO 

'^°*'^^ .,=  =  =  =  =. 44,000,000 

Since  the  mean  summer  discharge  of  the  Nile  at  Cairo  is  34,000,000  cubic  metres  per 


i!  i-[.yti 


im 


IBBIGATION   IN  AFRICA— EGYPT. 

^f liteKtSnffi-  ''-'  '^'^''^^  P-  '^'^y  in  s.„„.„er,  the  exlst.n, 
drllii    Ault^LftZ'T^^^^  -'»  "-e  to  be  provided  with  cnnals  and 

Prime'cost 

Interest  at  5  per"c'e"nt."forVii"yearV: £1,^89, 000  =  «7. 045, 000 

rp  .   ,       ^   .     ,    ,.  476, 000  =  ia, 383, 000 

.    Total  cost,  including  interest  — 

2,065,000  =  10,328,000 

t^rorlZfetT^^^^^^^  cost  for  the  three  years  in  which 

wh^c^^SrSP;,^^^^^^^^^  -te  of  excavation  and  earthwork 

single  year.  It  would  immediatelv  Si  .^"""^^y  ,*?  open  the  canal  of  escane  Tn  » 
Deration  for  this  part  of  itni„ty^Tirf'l*°,fY"  **'«/r«r""*  ««^««d  upon  as  remn* 
also  available  for  storage,  and  a^crop^rown  L  ?h"'  *  '"  ^"'"^  Reservoir,  would  be 

Th:!rory7*?jit%tt€^^^^^^^^^^  ''-  ^'"^^"«  "^ *^«  ^^'^'^^  *- 

canal  had  bee'n  rJr%7eTalf  ^^ Z'Zt']^^''  "l?  ^^ird  year  after  the  escape 
after  the  escape  had  been  worked  oZial  ««f  ^.P*''^'*'"^  to  undertake  them  unUl 
opposite  calculations  to  those  which  hS!  ®?*'"^a*««  ^«  influenced  by  preciselv  the 
tigures  of  an  ordinary  prSctThrirffV^^V''P'**''«*  *"««•'»  ^0  per  S^ 
Egyptian  debt,  without  guaranteeing  «Uh'^  Government  desires  to  increase  th« 
posed  to  use  the  Raiyan  proiect  to  in^  *''^'"  P^nc'Pal  or  interest.  It  has  been  r  r„ 
row  a  large  sum  wo.fld  bKnvenient^"  mhe  w  T"'  P''"'^^^-  The'hbert/^o  C" 
"^mT  *w-[f  ^?"'^  ^'  «°  "^"ol^  ^o'e  to  the  crUfc  o/tr"-"  -^^"^^'^  ^«^  ^alf  the  esti 

Mr.  Willcocks  concedes  that,  by   Sunt  i?    J?*" '"',?"*'°"  department, 
econom.zmg  in  the  hill  slopes,  the  totaSt   of  ti'*'°S  the  site  of  the  canal  and 
duced  to  £1,800,000  ($9,000,000)     The  nnn.i?  •  ^^  """'Pleted  works)  might  be  m 
per  cent    £90,000  per  annukNothtirsaSaWr^^^^  ^^fS"  would  then  be!  at  5 

SumleTak^'  *'''"  *°°  insigniSr'^*'^""'^  n^amtenanee  charges,  pro'bably 
aoSelSK  a^^^^^  the  dimculty  of  insuring  a  return 

could  easily  pay  ten  shilling.  (SvJ.Sofper  acre   ^"^jl^'r*'''", '°  «"n.mer  assu  "uand 

sympathizer  in  my  efforts,  the  project  S  relVplnt?     "'*"  ^^^tes,  himself  a  warm 

^N?c^^L^fst%TS*sT^di^^^^^^ 

WillcocL.    The  monerr[.qTS  for   L^h  Z77  '•"  '"^^  ^"^^  contemplated  by  Mr 

fromlocalenterprise.  V,ln.arantv  w'".?^ 

un_a.iog  .0  allow  water  to  flow  in  and  oiort^ant  ^^e^TaTsi^^^^^^^^ 


!  -i: 


IRRIGATION   IN   AFRICA — EGYPT. 


299 


nraer,  the  existing 

d  with  canals  and 
reclaimed  niunt  be 
10  water  supply  in 
so  in  some  of  the 

mates  the  cost  at 
ill,  he  thinks,  take 
eservoir  will  take 


>,  000  =  87. 045, 000 
.000  =  12,383,000 

,000  =  10,328,000 

Be  years  In  which 
>£10,000,'andthe 
atect  material  re- 

1  and  earthwork 
1  of  escape  in  a 
d  upon  as  remn- 
Jrvoir,  would  be 

>  Raiyan  depres- 

after  the  escape 
take  them  until 
by  precisely  the 
ler  cent,  to  the 
to  increase  the 
tt  has  been  pro- 

>  liberty  to  bor- 
or  half  the  esti- 
partment. 

the  canal  and 
8)  might  be  re- 
i  then  be,  at  5 
arges,  probably 

nring  a  return 
aertakeit.  "As 

this  reservoir 
t,  and  give  an 
have  a  marked 
er  ass  u"j(l  land 
etresin  width 
juaranteed  for 

per  annum  is 
=ond).  Twelve 
■  400,000  acres 
e  necessary  to 
'mpany,  there- 
')  acres  of  laud 

($13,000,000). 
obtained,  but 

»f  the  Kaiyan 
g  that  ho  cou- 
Jen  of  marked 
the  opinion  of 
iiself  a  warm 
'e  expectation 

'lated  by  Mr. 
d  be  obtained 
Qipent  except 
tain  stages  of 


the  river,  and  to  pay,  at  fixed  rate  per  million  oabic  metres,  for  the  benoRts  thus  con* 
ferrod. 

Sir  C.  C.  Scott-Moncrioff  is  in  this  dilemma :  If  he  advises  the  Egyptian  Oiovern- 
mont  to  sdrlicit  from  the  great  powers  the  right  to  increase  the  indebtedness  of  Egypt, 
he  pledges  his  position  and  reputation  to  the  absolute  certainty  ot  the  enterprise. 
He  knows  that  every  penny  wrung  from  the  peasant  is  a  hardship,  and  that  the  power 
of  Egypt  to  borrow  at  between  4  and  5  per  cent,  would  be  seriously  strained  by  the 
nnprutitable  use  of  any  such  sum  of  money  as  £2,000,900.  Taking  only  the  absurdly 
small  estimate  of  £0,000,000  ($:50,000,000)  as  the  total  cash  value  of  the  Raiyan  res- 
ervoir, Mr,  Willcocks  estimates  my  gift  to  Egypt  at  £4,000,000  ($20,000,000) ;  the 
actual  value,  of  course,  with  skillful  management,  would  approach  £100,000,000 
($500,000,000). 

If,  on  the  other  hand,  there  is  any  risk,  what  is  itt  What  is  its  value  in  terms  of 
enhanced  interest  or  prospective  profits  oU'ered  to  the  capitalists  f  Let  Sir  C.  C. 
Scott-Moncricff  draw  up  the  terms  of  a  concession,  or  modify  those  already  submitted. 
They  embraced  the  alternative  of  lending  the  Government  the  necessary  funds,  with- 
out a  guaranty,  on  participation  in  net  earnings,  or  of  completing  the  works  in  one- 
half  the  time,  and  at  one-half  the  cost,  on  which  Mr.  Willcocks  would  earn  15  per 
cent.,  and  Sir  C.  C.  Scott-Moncrieff  concedes  10  per  cent.  It  may  be  observed  that 
no  allowance  is  ever  made  for  any  remuneration  to  the  discoverer,  inventor,  or  advo- 
cate of  the  Kaiyan  project. 

Vastness  is  no  attribute  of  the  engineering  works  detailed  by  Mr.  Willcocks.  The 
original  scheme,  including  the  conversion  of  the  Fayonm  into  a  fertile  province, 
with  its  borders  and  approaches  crowned  with  pyramids  and  a  pyramid  hill  where  it 
was  deepest,  a  canal — a  river,  not  a  stagnant  ditch — from  Assiilt  to  Alexandria,  fit 
channel  for  Indo-Meditorraneau  commerce,  passing  at  the  foot  of  Memphis,  a  throne 
of  empire,  was  vast  in  every  sense  of  the  term.  Some  elements  of  the  sublime  might 
be  thought  to  attach  to  the  pursuit  of  the  true,  the  beautiful,  and  the  good — the  de- 
fense of  the  dead  from  aspersion,  and  of  the  living  from  pestilence  and  famine.  The 
removal  of  some  millions  of  baskets  of  earth  is  literally  child's  work. 

"  In  spite  of  much  ridicule  and  some  opposition,"  writes  Mr.  Moberly  Boll,  "  Mr. 
Cope  Whitehouse  has  held  to  his  project  with  all  the  tenacity  of  an  euthusiast,  and 
has  now  the  well-earned  reward  of  seeing  his  scheme  regarded  as  practicable  aud 
profitable  by  men  whose  judgments  can  not  lie  under  the  suspicion  of  being  influ- 
enced by  the  poetical  enthusiasm  of  the  student  who  originated  them.  It  is  proba- 
ble that  if  he  bad  appeared  in  Egypt  as  the  mercenary  would-be  promoter  of  a  sim- 
ple commercial  enterprise  his  views  would  from  the  first  have  receivod  more  serious 
consideration.  It  is,  however,  at  least  equally  probable  that  they  would  not  have 
achieved  the  same  success.  He  may  now  be  fairly  congratulated  on  having  proved 
the  practicability  of  a  scheme  which  was  by  many  regarded  as  the  dream  of  the  vis- 
ionary enthusiast." 

Sir  Edgar  Vincent,  as  financial  adviser  to  the  Khedive,  in  his  memorandum  on  the 
subject  (1888)  said:  "If,  after  the  Barrage  h.as  been  working  for  3  or  4  years,  it  is 
found  that  an  increased  8up]»ly  of  water  is  required  and  can  be  dealt  with,  the  scheme 
of  Mr.  Cope  Whitehouse  will  become  a  valuable  instrument  for  the  agricultural  de- 
velopment of  Egypt.  If  it  were  possible  to  mn  se  the  scheme  entirely  self-supporting 
by  granting  Mr.  Cope  Whitehouse,  for  a  term  cf  years,  certain  barren  lands  which  his 
reservoir  would  render  cultivable,  such  a  proposal  would  have  ray  hearty  support." 
He  added  with  generous  courtesy:  "I  can  not  conclude  this  memorandum  without 
expressing  my  high  sense  of  the  intelligence  and  perseverance  with  which  Mr.  Cope 
Whitehouse  has  pursued  the  realization  of  his  object." 

Sir  Julian  Pauncefort,  as  permanent  under  secretary  of  state  for  foreign  affairs,  on 
January  12,  1889,  wrote:  "With  reference  to  my  letter  of  the  13th  of  August  last, 
and  to  previous  correspondence  respecting  your  scheme  for  the  creation  of  a  largo  res- 
ervoir in  the  Raiyan  basin  for  the  storage  of  Nile  water  for  irrigation  purposes,  I  am 
directed  by  the  Marquis  of  Salisbury  to  inform  you  that  Her  Majesty's  agent  and  con- 
sul-general at  Cairo  (Sir  Evelyn  Baring)  has  received  a  note  from  the  Egyptian  min- 
ister for  foreign  aflfairs  (Zulfikar  Pasha)  statiug  that  the  project  has  beoh  carefully 
examined  by  the  Egyptian  Government,  but  that  after  full  consideration  they  have 
come  to  the  conclusion  that  they  can  not  adopt  your  proposals,  while  the  benefits 
which  might  accrue  from  their  adoption  are  fully  acknowledged.  I  am  to  add  that 
Her  Majesty's  agent  and  consul-general,  while  regretting  that  Egypt  is  not  able  to 
profit  by  the  execution  of  the  project  which  you  have  prepared  with  so  much  care 
and  skill,  states  that  he  has  satisfied  himself  that  the  project  has  been  considered 
with  the  greatest  care  and  attention  by  Sir  C.  C.  ScottMoncriefF  and  Colonel  Ross, 
who,  as  you  are  aware,  are  the  responsible  advisers  of  the  Khedivial  Government  in 
such  matters." 

The  Khedive,  as  befits  the  ruler  of  Egypt,  ilisplays  thfit  disposition  to  further  its 
execution  which  his  judgment,  tact,  and  practical  acquaintance  with  the  needs  of 
his  people  approve.    The  native  officials  and  the  inhabitants  cooperate.    The  British 


ii 


'.  *J 


ill 


300 


!      .Mill 


IBRIOATION   IN   AVRIOA       w. 

AFRICA— -MADAGASCAR. 

irma  nil  Ai. - 


rSnn!^XuZT':il'  J'"  -''i"»->'imv  for  the  de.n      , 

^^is^  r^r-ii'ir :: :  ::r  '='•-'■ — ■»  - 


»8  tending  to 

erations.  .^g^pc  vvitlioufc  reirard  t,i'« "  '"rmer  tho  profeol 

mMmmmmm 

MADAGASCAR 

Tbere  is  „„  ,!T'"  ""'^  ""™^^^'  — — 

The  sources  of  w«f  -Mauritius, 

they  conduct itln  the mif;^^?*^'  ^or  the  flooSmfof  fl*'^  ^^""^'•:^' 

constructed  from  grasran/""^ ^^^  °^^»'«er  thrS  shalM    "^^^^^^ 

at  hand.  ^"^^^^  ^"^^  mud,  or  any  other  materi«i  1  '''''.''^^""els 

Water  is  used  w.^hn  f  material  they  find  dose 

IJNITF,D  StATP^j  r^xrc,,  -^^-Jii-JiELL, 

— cw/arflte^  acptember  9,  ia89. 


4-i^i.,-:.., 


SCAB. 


";k  the  attitnde  on  the 
I  i''^>^  mihoThM  ire  to 

>>'<iiy  as  Heems  to  me  de- 
;'"'ther  from  recondite 

««  for  Bome  time  been 

thrice  sought  occasion 
'«deH  of  the  House  of 
e  been  giv„n  that  this 

8t,  expressed  in  terms 

ll^^urther  the  project 
•rely  political  consld- 

ober,  1889,  ev.y  river 
,""o»ry,..tb,  /ohen* 
the  great  r   ,ervoir 
Lower  Egypt,  would 
'■ch  had  bridled  th! 

vice  of  mankind."  A 
of  Africa  It  wonld 
those  who  thought 
^„f*««ttheBpleu^or 
»ns  hand  of  nature 
lleyoftheNile 

'^"SofthTii^^^ 


ignlarorpracti- 
xportation,  aud 

"tlia  rubber  aud 

The  chief  ex- 

a  to  Maaritius, 

and  streams, 
the  country, 
the  ricefields 
[low  channels 
ney  find  close 

use  as  much 
•    The  water 

ns  is  temper- 
ter. 

commenced 
po  expenses 
he  rice  crop. 

BELL, 

Consul 


IfiBIQATION   IN   AFRICA— MADEIBA.  301 


MADEIRA. 

RMPOBT  BY  C0N8VL  JONES,  OF  i  UJiOBAL. 
AREA  IBUIGATED. 

The  area  of  Madeira  is  about  240  square  miles.  About  one-half  of  the 
island  ,8  in  cultivation  The  whole  of  the  seaboard  is  more  or  less  cult^ 
yated  by  irrigation.    Where  water  is  plen  iful,  such  crops  as  sweet  pota- 

f  Sf  d®*."  V^^^^^''  ^^H-'  *'"^  ^'^^^^^  ««  ^'e^  «« ''^^^^^''  ft'et  elevation  above 
the  sea,  but  maiz.^  is  seldom  grown  above  800  to  1,000  feet,  owing  to  the 
short  summer  seaHoa  on  the  hills.  The  area  which  is  under  cu m vat  on 
by  irrigation  with  «ugar  cane,  potatoes,  onions,  mai/e,  etc.,  and  almost 
at  all  seasons,  and  where  therefore  the  population  is  co,  centrate  ,  vSs 
between  500  aud  1,500  fee,  .ibove  sea  level,  and  ma  be  estimated  a? 
«*  ^i".'®  "2F®  ^*'**"  one-third  of  the  whole  area  of  the  island. 

It  18  difficult  to  estimate  the  quantity  of  the  crops  grown  as  the  ex 
CiJt^n  f  f '^  w«U  limited  tosngar,  wiiie, onions, poVoesrand bananas 
Sweet  potatoes,  which  is  probably  the  largest  crop  growL,  beans,  cab 
bages,  etc.,  are  consumed  in  the  home  market.  ' 

Almost  all  the  cereals  and  food  plants  are  growu  in  Mmleira. 

The  wheat  18  otflM,  bearded  kind,  with  a  hard  semi-transpaivnt  grain 
and  commands  a  h.   ter  price  than  the  imported.    A  large  part  ^the 
vegetable  subsistence  is  derived  from  the  pumpkin  tribe 

thA  SLIw  m  '^  ?f  '"  "'®  ^""^^  P*y'"^  ^''■^P^-    ^t  in  confined  below 
the  600  leet  hue.    Oranges  grow  at  an  elevation    f  1,500  feet. 

WATER  SUPPLY. 

The  water  supply  is  derived  from  perennial  springs,  and  from  the 
many  gorges,  which  carry  off  the  water  from  the  hills  to  the  sea  during 
^^ITl  ''''""\  t^^""'  ^^•^'  *^«««  ««^^«  «t'-«a«'«  are  quite  drylong 
SSnt  levadas        '  ''^'  ''"'"  "^"'"^  ^^"'"^  ^««"  ^^^^"  ^^  ^y  thf 

The  north  sidy  of  the  island,  being  more  precipitous  and  well  wooded 
supplies  Its  different  levadas.  as  well  as  several  of  those  on  thTsouth  • 

There  are  ho  reservoirs  or  catchment  basins.  Chey  would  be  ex- 
pensive to  make,  owing  to  the  precipitous  nature  <  thl  hills,  and  it  fs 
doubtful  whether  the  broken  and  rock  hillsides  w.  Jd  hold  the  wat^? 
unless  the  whole  bottom  were  concreted, 

IRRIGATION   WORKS. 

The  character  o  th  w.  rks  used  for  distribution  of  irrigation  water 
are  levad^.s  or  open  cu)  .rts.  Th.se  are  constructe<i  of  maT  7v  or 
cut  in  solid  rock  at  high  levels.  They  pass  i  lirough  tunnels  ovei 
bridges,  and  along  the  sides  of  precipitois  m  untains,  carSff  the 
water  to  the  cultivated  lands  below.  '  carrying  the 

andTmL^fong.*'''^'^'''  *'^  *  ^^"'  ""^'  '°  ^^°^^^'  ""^'^^  ^^^^^«  ^^^  ^0 

^yj^f..  .^y«*?™  <*.*!  ^?^^  distribution  is  governed  bv  custom,  and  thA 
^u^v  IS  xacea  oy  rue  iiour.  Some  levadas  deliver  their  wholo,  contents 
^"K^  ^OHr,T  r'  "  ^'"  I'-'^P-^tors  of  the  water  may  be  en  'S 
to  have  It.    Others  deliver,  say,  one  quartei    '^  their  contents  at  a  time. 


,|| 


"^Sjl^^K; 


302 


"'"■OAnoN    ,N   AF«CA_MADE,RA. 


pvietov  of  omf f.    ^  '"'»«i'tai)ce.     ft  no  vt  ail   ""'"*'"  ^'"^'n  th«  orin^ 

fell  SO  l-or  <«    in  .1,,,  ^,"''  7""  <"*'"«  tbe     ric«  of  „„  , 

to  Its  li„ur»  or  ,„o  of  th,*'"""  ""*  'tistiicr;  of  «  civ™  1.  ^..Ti    ■ 

WHtei-  is  turned  ON  ,J,,    '"™""-    For  8  or  0  ,m„,  ,h      i"'?  '"  ""titled 

til"  (liv  season  ™'i°,"l''  I'^i'-iotors  a,  tZvmZlu"-  "'■""'  •™'"-  the 

oeon,.ii.l  i" ZC'  h'e'"LT"';';r  >""*'  it'l  "  K^.  ^"r,'^';.  ■  ;.  "-t  «l.en 

Ironi  15  to  60  dava  ,.„„     f-  '"^  "*  "le  wliole  disfrinr'^k'  ?''"™  "'  time 

WATER   DISTRIBUTION. 

One  of  the  princiDal  dim    ,.■  '"""«er  than  for  any. 

SKr  'f  -£  f ^»^"'  --"'»n:^c^^^^^^^^^^  o'  toe 

from  the  8am«  ™m      "'  •'etneen  two  levad»«  T^?*  '^'''es  of  their 

thau  4«Voars!  ™""^  "«'"«»■>«'  -  '»»^»?wh"^h'S:'i'a^st'i','':f„,r.??'y 


!--:itf; 


■ud^ 


:iRA. 
at  a  time  which  will 

?  .'^O"™  of  wafer,  to 
re  Hwo  from  tho  oriff. 
'  '>'i.V«  for  each  prS- 
'  receives  it  iustead 

(liiH  a  rifrht  of  water 
""i"'a{,'eineiit  for  the 
i  If  vailu,  for  repairs, 

[  an  hour  of  water 
i«  to  $3.  ' 

»  levmla  is  eiititJed 
OS  ot  the  .vear  the 
esiroit;  but  when 
.or  space  of  time 
which  gyre  varies 
strict. 

e(l  official,  paid  by 
'  «5  cents  per  hour 
B  on  rented  water. 

i  undertaken  the 
^n«  paid  back  in 

fe  constructed  by 

in  their  velocity 
priceofanhoui^s 
iide  of  the  island 

Jtructed  levadas 
p8  on  the  north 
le.  These  waters 
il  cost. 

eaves  the  hands 
2aJ,  It  gradually 

have  to  be  sub- 
me  is  generally 


,  there  is  more 
sland.  It  is  a 
38.  More  peo- 
thau  for  any- 

rement  of  the 
odies  of  their 
their  supply 
ted  noMT  ...„__ 


IRRIGATION   IN   AFRICA— MADKIUA.    • 


303 


Within  the  hiHt  few  years  a  law  lias  been  passwl  onablintr  th«  rnm 
nuttees  to  incorporate  themselves,  with  power  to  a<.    i?o  Ziu  rtv  Zi 
otherwise  protect  and  improve  their  levadas.    Tla'v  can      Sa«e  Ihe 
Srer'''''''''"''»"'"^"^''"^^«^^  '""^  *«^««t  *^-»  the'ireeralon^ 

clrcUsere"^  "^^"^«'  '''''' '''  -^  '^^  --  -  ^ht  tS  oWsugar-- 

Under  any  system  it  is  hard  for  the  poor.    Their  supply  is  scant  and 

they  must  receive  it  when  their  time  iomes,  seasonab  e  or  uuseaso^  a^ 

Si-iKt"^'''  '"^  "•'''"'  '^"'^^  "^^^  «^^"  "«*  car^or'orTrore^ 

CLIMATE  AND   SOIL. 

The  annual  rainfall  in  Funchal  is  about  28  iuches,  butthehilkwhinh 
supply  the  springs  are  almost  always  covered  with  clouds  and  w*J 
mist  the  water  contents  of  which  can  not  be  estimlted. 

ara^/aZiL^L^o^rnir^"^^^ 

ww",?,""  *"•*''  adapted  to  the  vine  is  a  decomposed  red  tufa,  esneciallv 
stiff  elayeysoir"""'""™  "'»""'«  """  ""    l'""  ""1  regtonsTave  I 

ANTIQUITY  OV  lEEIGATION. 

There  are  levadas  here  probably  300  years  old,  but  several  nf  fh«Bo 
mg  the  interregnum  between  the  Spanish  and  Portuguese  occupation. 

NEW  GOVERNMENT  lEEIGATION  WOEKS. 

fhJ=!  ^""^^^  of  this  new  levada  is  at  the  height  of  4,700  feet  abovA 

«rfa,TtSE ?"r'"»  piuto,>at:?ta»s„'SSe,:t  to" Sg^kve  ac.s o, 
fhat  as 'required.    "  """  "'"''  '"''  '"">»  ">=""'»»■  ""d  be  used  from 


Hi 


f  A 


304 


IBEIGATION  IN   APfilCA-MADERIA. 


act!  v'orkinir  of  th^ll\^^    ^^  ^^^^  more  to  do  wifh  f ho  «      .      P^° 

_  Thomas.  O.  Jones 

United  States  Consulate,  oUeul. 

Jfunchal,  Septmber  3, 1889. 


!      I 


fruclosuie  in  Consul  Jones',  report.] 
BEQULATI0N8  FOB    THw  rwir.^  * 

PAUTl.-neZemrfa*. 

the  superintendeSof  f »?^"/  *''**  government  levadas  in  tJ,-.  ,i-  ^  ■  . 

and  the  regulations  WtheShlfrV-^^'^''^/  Published  on  the  lOf h  at/ *H*™»«"'-«'' 
January,  Ig^n.  „i„,,  "„       ^"""uistration  of  the  nnh'iV  r,vt'  .'^  November,  184Q 


'"''""™  ""•"••  for  «».l.I.v.,la„,„ 
-^«^«<^«  rfo  icabafal. 

^ruSSK*'  *  ^^'^^^  «^  ''  P-  cent,  on  the  revenues  of  the  .       , 
TwolevadeirosrorwA;. C ''''*'°"^«  "^  the  levada,  cal- 

T.oc.r..«a'?«J4tSK;„"'S,r'" •■■"•"•••■.■;::;;:;;:::; 


Total , 


Zevada  Fajaa  dos  Vinhaticos. 


Tof,al..  

••-• 


1156.67 
48.00 
175. 20 

379r87 


84;j.  00 
32.00 
4a.  80 

118.80 


8IA. 

goveniuieut  of  the 
a  It  attached  to  this 

Jtainable. 

ild  our  government 
».  ®'«-f  are  kept  there 
ions  that  I  can  find. 
""^,aud  water  pro- 
tn  the  construction 
more  of  an  expert, 
m  tor  this  report. 
3.  C.  Jones, 

Consul. 


IN    THB  DISTRICT  OF 
R  REVENUES. 


trictof  Funchaland 
^ance  of  the  treasurer 
utii  November,  1849, 

ubli8hedonthe28tll 
ptember,  i860. 
1  district  are  the  fol- 
os.  Jn  the  parish  of 

GO, 

two  brancbfs,  one 
seres  and  Fajau  da 

ided  into  two  parts, 
branches,  one  that 
lastaffofraen,  io 
»r  each  levada  wiJl 


«^ada,  cal- 

$156.67 

48.00 

175.20 

379787 


*a «4;j.OO 

32.00 

4a.80 

118.80 


IRRIGATION   IN   AFRICA— MADEIRA.     -  305 

Levada  luncal  and  Furado. 

?wVll;;Sor*aVsr6':r'''  ^"  ''^"*-  ''"  "'«  — «  «^^«-«^» m.  16 

One  caretaker,  at  12  cents  per  diiv     ^2.00 

•^ - 43.80 

Total — 

119.96 

thfpTo;.Ssa!  SlSt^ptrS^^cSi^^'"^'^  ""'  *'«  dflegateoVtLSs'r/i'nder 
proSal  oVlh^%'re:Su'vV.'?r:rr^^      '^  *'^  '•'^^«"*«  ^'  *^«  *-«--^  -der  the 

to\he"a;i;.Sator  S^a^^rraSltlo'^hT/^^ar  ^V^r*^'  «*^-  ^*  ^'^^  -^« 
may  appeal  to  the  departmLToTrovtnme?.t*works '''''    ''  *'^''''  "'^  '''"'««««  he 

our-rh"eXt' or's'^J/rhe'iSf  aS  a!.:;^^^^^^       £  -- *«^-,-•e  .properly  carried 
*'^l--"-r'^/^*^"'ie«r«\rrrr^^^^^^^  '         keep.ng.and  also  of 

botruo^e'ilve'trcht'^^^^^  Theyare 

I  iTiVodote^Ke  t^a^r^'^^'""  ""  P""""^"*'  *»'l  -«  ^  ^«"«-  = 
pa||n;SSt:;^~^^i-r^*^  in  proper  re- 

iJ,'--f»  ';«»I'  «';  't*  "ups  of  tL«  l.vBd.  o|»„  who"  It  rluis 

Vm -t"o Tnim!  nn\f„°'*  ^""P'^S  of  the  trees  close  to  the  levada. 
bonnd  to  watch  the  bre/t  aL  bnshes  of  hTs  di^tnl.'  '''*^  *?  •^°'''*  '^^''P^''^'  '^"'^   a^« 

when  visitors  stay  hefe  on  tLiJ  wavTo  si  fh^t^l\  '^"'^  V,  '^'''^P/^^  ^«"«««  «1«*^ 
the  good  keepin/of  the  fnn  it,  re  of  whfnl,  h«  t.  *  "'  ?"'*^  ''*' '"  '''*'"  '*«'  '  '^''^'^le  ^r 
administrator,  of  which  t  ere  s  a  conv  «1^  II  T  n"  '"^^ntory  given  l,im  by  the 
district,  and  one  given  to  KrrotaKnhL^  'lepartn.ent  o\  the 

to  live  in  conditionallv  that  he  Icpmm  +ii  V if,  1  ,'  ■  tl'rector  can  have  a  house 
those  of  the  publi"  works  ^  *'"'^"  belonging  to  the  levada  and  also 

Part  II.— To  lease  the  tvaters. 

clay")%rihlt  eSi  t^elSn'r  tlL'Tr^LTirn*  iZV  2',?"  (*^^*  .?  "*  ^«**"«"  ^^ 
water  he  bargained  for  or  bonght         '"'S**'°"  ««»«»"  shall  receive  the  quantity  of 

4B:;:K;;i;^^iS;*LSr  ^.S'tii^i^f  ::/^tey^  ^t^^<^  -ery  le 

flays  or  ;{84  hours  in  <-ich  hini.^  v  ..  A  ^"^'^''-J^o'/a.lfia  dos  Vinhaticos  every  16 
L-afes  Santa  CrnV  1  o  ''g  ri"  'i'di  oi  ;i;)0  [.o^^  °  ^^"^^1  """'^  Z'"'""^'"  *^"^*  '"'- 
that  irrigates  Porto  da  Cruz  t',;  '^  L"  „  T-^'V^r--  -Vh  *J'^''""''  "*"  "•'"'"'  ^^^'^''^ 


^^1 


306 


I  mi 


U 


IRRIGATION  IN  AFBICA->MADEIRA. 


.  ""*•  A",  ror  tne  said 

ansb.a„d  at  the  cLutVrVS,^?,"^^^ 

^rds  shall  h«  «„n*  *.  .V.     .  *^  ^°    "^  *^®  ^«- 


Abt.  sa.  The  „„t,„  „„,  ,.i,  „  -  ''°'"  *"■  "y  of  111"  prewding 

isr '» -  --r -^ae  ca  faiSS '^-.!  ate 

Art.  25.  The  original  of  th«  .h        ^  auionnts  of  money  written  on 

Art.  ai.  Ths  ,Uj  „„  ^^  '°«  *'"'  """""to  lave  been  made 


^^^-^ni.-To  collect  the  renfB. 


:»ffiHE^  '"•*'  *-«p>-  '"A„g„.. 

ShicrK^'ets'S^'-'-'-^s^^^^ 

The  list  must  be  made  onf  «»      v  instructions  pub- 

AKT.  di.  The  sums  rerpivp/if^„  •''"*'' *ccoramg to  prac- 


Pakt  IV.-2)i^„.^^  dispositions. 


xLJi.T    TO     Tim         1  *  -  —  ■■«• 

he  has" towards"  otW  IS- ^''"i^^^  *^«  «ame  duties  to  f„lf5n 

tbe •;»»»?y:iLa^X'Sr *f .-if  °^  *«  P»".iT„7i SertJ-S"  <■"."■•  '«  »f  the 


■Ml 


)EIRA. 

arly  in  the  month  of  March 

otthe  notary  of  thecVowu, 

'  h'ra  are  to  be  present  to 

S^«!f«d,^y  the  admin, 
atmg  the  "giro"  of  the  le- 


lERIGATION   IN  AFRICA— SOUTH   AFRICA. 


307 


>  only  be  altered  by  the 
n.  and  the  delegate  of  the 
'd  by  Government  accord- 

'alL*A^^™**^«*^"'nber 
a  Just  and  equitable  die- 
hose  that  in  former  yeara 
I'e  quantity  demanded  is 

for  any  of  the  preceding 

bay  water,  the  quantity 

11  signing  a  document  in 
18  demanded. 

„7*5«  Nevada,  and  two 
nts  of  money  written  on 

the  archives  of  the  Gov- 
nounts  have  been  made 


takes  place  in  August 

paid  the  tax  collector 
«t  eight  days  before  if 
e  to  be  collected:  r2^ 
"oney;  (3)th3dayon 

Jas  to  pay  3  per  cent, 
^mount  comes  to  $14. 

of  instructions  pub- 

otioned,  and  must  be 
kr,  according  to  prac- 

Jked as  "revenues  of 
he  levadas." 


ards  the  levadas,  as 
the  services  of  the 

It* 

1  for  the  aid  of  the 
rm  the  delegate  of 
oave  the  necessary 

'^y  by  the  adminis- 

•ifling '.  xpenses  st- 
are m^de, 


thfllV^'a  ™pffi,*annSTav1h 'e's7r?t^o'hf  "f  ^  *V  '''f '''''''  ''«""  ^^t^eudin. 

by'thfadmirtJat^f"  '^  ^''''''  "'"«*  ^«  -companied  by  the  directo'Xuchers signed 
e^S.  £nh^Id:=!^i"|«:^*'^  ^T^^*^!," -*^l.-l^n  the  "giro"  can  not 


o— '    ■...  meie-      ■  bfialt<»pprf   hnr+irro^    ••.«-"'''""  ^**^'^  "  not  all  sold,  the ''ffiro" 


t^«»^^K"S";ffl{FEE!S 


delegate  of 
^    -ne  to  fulfill 

''t^^]^{t^?^^^^^^^^^^^^^^y^  ""''^  bytheadminis- 

«ou^sii',*s^nt^ir  dis;t^X^:^Tn  i;^i^;;iS;?.''r;r  r"  •t'^'^*  -^  p- 

acquaint  the  delegate  of  the  treLury^Tthe  person  he  proposes  ""  *""'  ^^  "'""' 

ART.  TRANSITORY. 

SattTo^rt  •.*«  branchT.;,tn1snn  r=tai"eh;^6^0  ct^t^fin^l^e^ 

wator ^oTfrrStioS^o;?xlmplr^thUl^'-^^      "^^^  ""*  ^t  «"«"'«"*  quantity  of 
be  united  by  the  mUual  Snt  of  both  I~  the  two  branches  are  to 

hourofwater,  that  the  lessee  receives  '«' sees,  the  pnce  then  will  he  $1.40  each 

wSr^^f.X^rafcrrhrptfirdoSle^'^""*'"'^^^"""^  -^-  *^«-  -  <i-rthof 
thSa'surT''"'"*  "'  *''  '"^"'^'  ''^  '^"'^^^'^''  2^*^  ^^-«^'  1862-    The  delegato  of 

Francisco  Xavier  de  Soitsa. 
firfell?/  ^'''^'  department  of  the  district  of  Funchal.  7th  April,  1884.    The 

Francisco  Joaquin  Pkstana. 


SOUTH  AFRICA. 

nEPORT  BY  CONSUL  nOLLIS,  OF  OAPE  TOWN. 

year,  while  daring  the  vain/sern'bi  K;  ha  .rK^ 

ter  a,,d  the  traveler  must  perforce  halt  at  theXer  baTks  m<1  wT?„. 


308 


IRRIGATION   IN  AFRICA— SOUTH  AFRICA. 


I    J 


!.   I 


tice,  and  a  report  is  sent  to  the  irovZvunrJ.!^  If       ^'  .^^^r  due  uo- 

gation  purposes  ^^        *^  conservatiou  of  water  for  irri- 

within  theareawhich  is  irrl-/ft?nr    o     T^^.R^''.  ^^^^  "^  »"  'and 
vided  thatuolaorSl  betSfh«H«  n^^^^^  irrigated,  pro- 

by  means  coote?upSd  by  the  ict'  ""'"'''  '™^^''^  "^  ""P^«^«^ 

Jn  z;i:  ,tred^!;Tfrf;;^e^Tu^r^Hf  ^^"^^  ^-^  p^^^'«  ^-^-  or 

may  loan  to  the  extenfof  ouSf  of  thi  voi^  latler  case  the  governor 

mates,  and  specifloations  of  prXsS^  wrS  fn  h    !^"<^«' P'f°«i  esti- 

Provision  is  .nade  fw  Sntion  ^L  L!  J'"'  '.""^  ''Sf'"™"'  of  deeds. 
«o„s,  a.a  penaities  >^^^^SS:;^:i:^^^rt^^^t^:; 


•|1 II     I      Ihlll 


i..A»-. -,.. — ..  ,i,nmj 


/_tfiwjj^,,»A^^*a**efc.  Ajfcjtww 


lEBIGATlON   in' AFRICA— SOimi   AFRICA.  309 

c£e3!'"""'""«  "'  '""""""«  "«'  «'"'  0'  -"to'  ''ithiu  the  area  pro- 

lor  repayment  of  the  loan  according  to  the  following  schedulesV 

Schedule  A. 
"l°r^e'St"(pt1"n?„LTSar  ''■'--'>'"»"«  or  „„„  ,ea„,  .he  rent 


S'"  year 106    0 

Iwoyears 54  11 

Three  years 37    g 

Four  years " '  «J8  17 

Five  years [['/  23  15 

Sixyears 20    7 

Seven  yaars 17  19 

Eightyears .'"  jg    2 

Nine  years 14  14 

^'?n  years ;:  13  12 

Jbilevon  years 12  14 

Twelve  years n  19 


Thirteen  years n 

Fourteen  years. 
Fifteen  veara... 


£    8. 


fteen  years jo 

Sixteen  years 9 

Seventeen  years 9 

Eighteen  years ."  9 

Nineteen  years .".  8 

Twenty  years g 

Twenty-one  years g 

Twenty-two  years 8 

Twenty-three  years g 


10  15 

6 

18 

11 

5 

19 

14 

10 

6 

3 


d. 

0 
6 
0 
0 
0 
0 
6 
6 
6 
6 
0 


Schedule  B. 


The  present  valuo  of  every  £1  per  annum  rent-charge  shall  Le- 


£,.  £   8,  d. 

Sixyears 4  ig  4 

Seven  years 5  11  8 

Eightyears ".  6    4  3 

Nineyears 6  16  1 

Ten  years 7    7  3 

Eleveuyears ."""  7  17  9 

Twelve  years \\  8    7  9 

Thirteen  years \  g  17  i 

Fourteen  years ,,'.  9    511 


Fifteen  years 9 

Sixteen  years 10 

Seventeen  years 10 

Eighteen  years ..'.  10 

Nineteen  years \i 

Twenty  years '.'.'.'..  11 

Twenty-one  years '.  n 

Twenty-two  years 12 

Twenty-three  years ! ."  12 


a. 

d. 

14 

3 

£ 

2 

9 

7 

16 

7 

3 

2 

9 

5 

15 

4 

0  10 

6 

1 

ma 


tLT'^l  ^^peceraber,  1881,  no  less  than  sixty  applications  had  been 
hvH^i?  *^'  ^listricts  desiring  to  avail  themselves  of  the  terms  offered 

i^cal  tef  omf  ;n  ^7^°^  'S  '}^  r«""^^  ^^^^^•'^^r  of  the  topograph  , 
icai  teature^  of  the  country  and  the  fact  that  most  of  the  rivers  of  Sonrt. 
Africa  are  dry  in  the  summer  and  flooded  during  the VainvseTson  J  v«^f 

necessary  to  make  th-  ^oru^.tionof  water  boards  comnnlsorv  so  fh«f  f  h«aA 

antying  the  stock  ra.ser  against  loss  by  drought.    From  the  lament^bS 

lumiau  mio  wmcei,  isiiuuid  judge 


sirun.  VI 


310 


IRRIGATION   IN   AFRICA — SOUTH   AFRICA. 


!i       .  ! 


a  great  impetus  will  be  given  to  this  ciuestion.  Many  farmers  have  re- 
ported a  loss  of  from  10  to  50  per  cent,  of  their  stock,  which  would  not 
have  occurred  had  the  districts  been  secured  against  drought  by  storage 
basins.  Some  idea  of  the  enhanced  value  of  irrigated  land  may  be  seen 
m  the  report  made  by  one  owner  who  stated  that  his  increased  rentals 
would  repay  the  loan  in  4  years. 

The  most  complete  storage  work  completed  in  this  colony,  and  the 
most  important,  is  that  at  Van  Wycks  Vley.    The  rainfall  in  this  sec- 
tion IS  very  irregular,  the  average  for  11  years  having  been  10  inches 
and  m  some  years  falling  to  3  and  4  inches.    The  reservoir  has  depended 
on  the  catchment  area  of,  say,  240  square  miles.    This  has  been  found 
to  be  insufficient  for  a  full  supply  and  a  furrow  is  now  nearly  completed 
through  which  the  water  of  a  neighboring  river  will  be  brought  in,  by 
which  It  18  estimated  that  the  water  covered  area  will  be  increased  to 
19  square  miles  with  a  depth  of  27  leet.    The  land  under  irrigation  is 
hew  by  the  Government  and  is  leased  at  a  miQimura  price  of  10  shill- 
ings per  acre.    The  bailiff  in  charge  has  the  sole  control  of  the  flow  of 
water  and  uses  his  discretion  in  its  supply,  some  land  within  the  area 
requiring  more  water  than  other  portions.    Owing  to  many  causes,  the 
chiet  of  which  was  ignorance  of  the  character  of  the  land,  fostered  by  the 
report  6t  interested  persons  who  declared  that  the  water  would  prove  to 
be  too  salt  for  agricultural  purposes,  and  who  desired  the  work  should 
tan  and  be  abandoned,  rrjving  them  a  chance  to  acquire  it,  the  poorest 
tenants,  mostly  assisted  by  the  Government  supplying  seeds,  were  alone 
secured.    Their  success  has,  however,  been  so  marvelous  that  the  lands 
will  soon  be  eagerly  soughi  after.    It  is  estimated  that  last  year  1,300 
acres  were  irrigated  at  an  expenditure  of  an  inch  of  water  per  month 
from  the  surface.    The  rainfall  over  the  whole  colony  is  so  irregular 
that  1  have  taken  the  subdivisions  of  the  colony  for  the  purpose  of 
comparison  and  have  summarized  the  reports  from  an  average  of  six 
stations  m  each  di-^rict.    The  rainfall  for  these  districts  for  the  year 
isoa  was  as  follows,  in  inches : 

No 


1.     Cape  Peninsula 53, 84 

No.  2.— South  west 3'/  95 

No.  3.— West  Coast 15.18 

No.  4.— South  Coast 33. 60 

No.  5.— Southern  Karroo 17. 59 

No.  6.— West  Central  Karroo 14. 12 


No.  7.— East  Central  Karroo 16. 15 

No.  8.— Northern  Karroo 11. 43 

No.  9.— Northern  Border 8. 84 

No.  10.— Southeast 28. 17 

No.  11.— Northeast 20.39 

No.  12.— Transkei 25.00 


The  topographical  features  of  South  Africa  are  so  peculiar  that  the 
system  answering  for  one  district  is  not  applicable  to  others,  while  the 
ram  tail  varies  greatly  as  one  leaves  the  coast  and  ascends  to  the  various 
table-  ands.  In  general  it  may  be  said  that  the  land  being  almost 
entirely  denuded  of  trees  and  bush,  the  rain  is  not  drank  up  by  the  soil, 
but  runs  rapidly  over  the.  surface,  seeking  its  natural  outlet  to  the  sea 
wmie  the  evaporation  is  very  great,  estimated  at  6  feet  at  Van  Wycks 
Vley,  necessitating  deep  storage  basins. 

Streams  which  are  alive  the  whole  year  are  very  few. 

Boring  for  water  has  not  been  attempted  on  a  large  scale,  but  the 
experiments  made  in  certain  sections  have  given  very  encouraging 


United  States  Consulate, 

Cape  Town,  JSeptember  20,  1889. 


Geo.  F.  Hollis, 

Consul. 


« I 


I'      ■  "to 


CONTINENT  OF  AMERICA. 


% 


ARGENTINE  REPUBLIC. 

XEPOBT  BT  aONSXJL  BAKER,  OF  BVENOS  A  YRE8. 
ANTIQUITY  OF  IRRIGATION  IN    SOUTH  AMEBIOA. 

In  regard  to  antiquity,  I  have  to  say  that  the  artificial  watering  of 
the  earth  to  increase  its  fraitfulness  is  of  so  remote  an  origin  in  South 
America  that  its  history  is  quite  unknown.  It  has  been  generally  as- 
sumed that  the  practice  had  its  beginning  in  the  Orient,  and  we  know 
that  in  the  days  of  the  patriarchs  various  contrivances  for  flooding  the 
fields  and  meadows  were  in  general  use.  It  was  nof,,  however,  until 
the  end  of  the  seventeenth  century  that  water  meadows  were  con- 
structed in  Europe  upon  anything  like  a  scientific  system,  and  only 
towards  the  end  of  the  eighteenth  century  that  any  great  improvements 
took  place  in  this  bianch  of  agriculture. 

In  South  America,  on  the  contrary,  it  is  evident  that  a  scientific  sys- 
tem of  flooding,  which  consisted  in  spreading  a  sheet  of  water  over 
cultivated  fields  in  such  i  manner  thao  it  could  be  readily  withdrawn, 
was  not  only  practiced  by  the  aborigines  of  the  country  from  the  most 
remote  period,  but  that  it  was  done  with  an  amount  of  precision  and 
knowledge  which  even  to  this  day  are  matters  of  wonder  to  those  who 
inspect  the  reo^ains  of  tneir  works.  It  seems  hardly  possible  that  the 
natives  of  Peru  and  Bolivia  and  of  the  eastern  slopes  of  the  Andes, 
which  now  constitute  a  part  of  the  Argentine  Republic,  could  have 
acquired  their  skill  from  the  nations  of  auti  ^nity  beyood  the  Atla,ntic ; 
and  hence  we  are  at  a  loss  to  understand  how  such  a  people,  without  a 
long  previous  civili/,ation,  far  in  advance  of  their  condition  when  their 
Spanish  conquerors  arrived,  could  not  merely  have  solved  the  problem 
of  the  artificial  watering  of  the  land  to  increase  its  productiveness,  but 
constructed  aqueducts  and  reservoirs  to  that  end,  on  such  an  immense 
scale  and  in  such  an  enduring  manner  that  they  have  defied  the  changes 
and  vicissitudes  of  unnumbered  centuries.  When  they  were  built  we 
do  not  know ;  but  their  .-emains  abundantly  prove  that  the  inhabitants, 
from  an  unknown  date,  were  well  versed  in  many  of  the  ways  and  means 
of  civilized  life ;  that  \  hey  pursued  husbandry  and  practiced  agricul- 
ture on  scientific  principles,  and  that,  in  defiance  of  the  general  absence 
of  rain,  they  rjucceeded  in  producing  bountiful  harvests  even  on  the 
precipitous  sides  of  the  s^terile  Sierras.  The  historian  of  the  conquest 
of  th3  country  refers  to  the  knowledge  of  agriculture  possessed  by  the 
primitive  inhabitants  and  the  v/onderful  works  of  irrigation  constructed 
by  them  in  such  a  manner  as  to  prompt  me  to  make  a  quotation  from 
his    ~  ^^' 


•y 

1 


i^r.gco.     nu  Huyis: 


311 


312 


l! 


If 


IRRIGATION   IN   AMERICA— THE   ARGENTINE   REPUBLIC. 

ANCIKNT  WORK8  OK   TIIK  AZTECS. 


.i^^^  "  tbo  coi  ntry  anrtered  lor  want,  of  water,  U8  littlo  or  no  rain  fell  and  the  few 
fltreamB.n  their  short  ana  hurried  conrse  from  the  n.ountaiuH  oxertSoJv  a  ve.^ 
limited  influence  on  the  wide  extent  of  territorv.    The  soil  it  is  tn.n  wl  <•  l^i  I 

parteandy  and  sterile;  but.many  places  weTe'cJpableofliyrVclKr^^^^ 
needed  only  to  be  properly  irrigated  to  be  susceptible  of  oxLordinary  prod  c lion 
To  these  spots  water  was  conveyed  by  means  of  canals  and  HubterraueoL^anSnctH' 
executed  on  a  noble  scale.     They  consisted  of  largo  slabs  of  freJtornicTlv  fitted 
together  without  cement,  and  discharged  a  volume  of  water  sufficient,  by  means  of 

il«»H  '^"«*'  "^  'h'^*''  *°  ™°j'^"  ^^^  ^'^"•^«  ^°  tl'^i--  J«^^«r  level,  through  which  thev 
passed  Some  of  these  aqueducts  were  of  great  length.  Ou^  that  traversed  the 
t^Jff  Condesuyos  measured  between  400  and  r.OO  n.Tles.  They  were  K-ht  from 
vX  i^^?K°'  '}**""^  reservoir  n  the  heart  of  the  mountains,  and  wore  fed  at  inte" 
2lll^f  "*'"'''  basins  which  lay  in  their  route  along  the  slopt^sof  the  Sierra  In  tlefr 
descent  a  passage  was  sometimes  opened  through  rocks,  and  this  without  the  aid  of 
iron  tools;  impracticable  mountains  were  to  be  turned,  rivers  and  marshes  to  be 
thermi'gh"y  roai*.'''  '""'  ''''""''''  '"'''  '"^  bo  encountered  as  in  the^rsTrtVon  of 
Most  of  these  beneficent  works  of  the  Incas  were  suffered  to  go  to  decav  bv  their 
Spanish  conquerors.  In  some  spots  the  waters  are  still  left  to  Sow  in  their  silent 
subterraneous  channels,  whose  windings  and  whose  sources  have  been  aUke  unex 
plored.  Others,  though  partially  dilapidated  and  closed  up  with  n^bbisl  and  th^ 
rank  vegetation  of  the  soil,  still  betray  their  course  by  occasiLIl  patches  of  Cilitv 
Such  are  the  remains  in  the  valley  of  Nasca,  a  fruitful  spot  iKSbetweerio/; 

Zt&^oLV^Zi'itZ'^Z'  °'  '^^'^  ^'"'"^^  "^  —"^^-l  inasoifr^are  c^ 
The  greatest  care  was  taken  that  every  occupant  of  the  land  through  which  these 

fach  TarZscrltd  bv'S"/  ?n  AT^*  "V^^""    '^^^  1"'^^"*^'  "'  SteraUotted  to 
!^^  =ri  +r?^.  y  luT',,^"*^  *^®  ^°y^^  overseers  superintended  the  distribution 

Conq^tfelToh^r/;  f3^e?  *°  *'*^  irrigation^f  the  ground.-rpSt% 

Patches  of  these  prehistoric  works  are  also  still  to  be  found  in  the 
proviiKjes  of  Mendoza  San  Juan,  and  the  upper  Andine  provinces  of  ihe 
Argentine  Republic,  though  the  ravages  of  time  and  the  reckless  indiffer 


,. 


IRRIGATION  AFTER  THE  CONQUEST. 

If,  however,  the  early  Spanish  colonists  werp  more  intent  in  their 
search  for  gold  that  in  that  for  the  riches  which  agriculture  produces 
Ji7..  rr*^*"?^  m  those  far  Andine  prx>viuces  slowly  awakened  to  the 
fact  that  the  only  return  they  would  ^ver  be  able  to  get  for  their  labor 
would  be  from  the  cultivation  of  the  soil.  While  throughout  the  pam- 
pas, consisting  of  the  provinces  of  Buenos  Ayres,  Santo  Fe,  and  Eutre 
Eios,  the  people  loUowed  the  lazy  but  lucrative  employment  of  breed 
ing  cattle,  to  the  entire  neglect  or  abandonment  of  agriculture,  which 
exacted  more  hard  labor  and  patience  than  they  were  inclined  to  give 
vaiZ  tho  '"^^"'''  provinces,  where,  owing  to  the  lack  of  seasonlble 
rains,  there  was  a  general  absence  of  pasturage  and  cattle  were  unable  to 
leed  themselves,  the  colonists  were  compelled  from  necessity  to  direct 
themselves  to  agriculture;  but  they  did  it  in  such  a  way  that,  com- 
pared with  the  science  displayed  by  the  aborigines,  the  cultivation  of 
the  801  actually  retrograded.  Mr.  Nap,  in  hi/work  on  the  Argentine 
xsepublic,  says :  h     •/  uo 

While  the  country  was  a  Spanish  colony  agriculture  wm  neglented  to  the  sreatest 

Indeed,  the  conquiatadoren  of  the  Argentine  Republic  found  there  an  indicenons  nonn 
lation.  more  numerous  than  themselves,  which  if  it  was  not  .^iTtrso/Sr^.XaaTn 


iIC. 


and  the  few 
)iily  a  very 
for  the  most 
ind,  indeed, 
production, 
nquedncts, 
icely  fitted 
•y  means  of 
which  they 
.versed  the 
onght  from 
id  at  inter- 
i.  In  their 
t  tlie  aid  of 
rslies  to  be 
itruction  of 

!vy  by  their 
;heir  silent 
dike  unex- 
sh  and  the 
3f  fertility, 
ween  long 
4  or  5  feet 
y,  are  con- 

hich  these 
allotted  to 
stribntion, 
[Prescott's 


(1  in  the 
esof  the 
I  indiffer- 
instance 


in  their 
reduces, 
jd  to  the 
}ir  labor 
he  pani- 
d  Eutre 
f  breed - 
J,  which 
to  give 
sonable 
liable  to 
o  direct 
»t,  com- 
ation  of 
■gentine 


>  greatest 
cupatioQ 

ms  popn- 
anced  in 


i» 


IRRIGATION   IN   AMERICA—THE   ARGENTINE    REPUBLIC.     313 

agriculture  as  tho  ancient  inhabitants  of  Pern,  ha<l  ad(.j)tcd  many  of  their  ways  and 
hSl  "  Thf  ^^  *'!  "•"«'*!'«'.'  '"Vl  :Y'":«  oHpecialiy  expelience.l  in  tJu,  cnltivXn  of 
.!«*«  fl«.  .1  **••""?!'"'«'. '»"''"«  "'  tlicirsearch  for  gold,  were  compelled  to  accommo- 
date themselves  to  tlie  circumstances  which  surrounded  them,  'fhus  theradonted 
the  customs  and  habits  of  life  of  the  natives  and  partially  undertook  Sic. Sre  ■ 
Th  ?s°S«n  th^V'"''  ^ig^ronsly  exploited,  yet  it  became  of  a  certain  import  ice  ' 
T.rn5/in' J  ^®  *°''-'J''  increased  and  a  proater  consumption  was  recinired,  the  pamna 
E'„  ft  ^^i-^  .I^v.ded  with  cereals  from  the  provinces  of  the  interior.  I-W  ex* 
tott-AHl^fln"^''*?*  province  of  San  Juan,  as  late  as  the  year  im,  stil  sent  flour 
to  the  Atlantic  coast,  and  notwithstanding  the  high  cost  of  the  transportation  by  land 

But  owing  to  droughts  and  the  constant  want  of  timely  rains  it  was  absolTitX 

na  d  to     h^^rnn^l'^^  H'^  "'''V'"^  i»  Home  of  those  provinces  so  little  Mention  was 
111  *^  *^1  P'^^P^'^  systems  of  irrigation  that  these  means  for  watering  the  fields 

•   tZ  conquest^  ''°"'  ^^"'"^  *'''"'°^''"  *''""  ^^^^  ^"''^  ^«*"«'«  the  period  of 

Since  the  organization  of  the  Argentine  Eepublic  an  an  independent 
government,  ^vhlle  agriculture  was  scarcely  thought  of  in  the  pampa 
provinces  until  recent  years,  the  cultivation  of  the  soil  has  continued 
to  be  the  principal  occupation  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  interior  prov- 
inces.  And  it  is  only  in  those  of  Mendoza,  San  Juan,  Oatam area,  San- 
tiago  del  Estero,  Tucuman,  Salta,  and  Jnjuy  that  any  attention  is  at 
all  paid  to  the  subject  of  irrigation.  Indeed,  but  for  such  artificial 
means,  owing  to  the  lack  of  rains,  it  would  be  impossible  to  raise  crops 
at  all  m  any  of  them.  ^ 

CLIMATE  AND  RAINFALL  OF  THE  INTERIOR. 

In  regard  to  the  character  of  the  climate,  it  will  be  borne  in  mind 
that  the  Argentine  Itepublic  extends  from  56©  to  20o  south  latitude,  and 
consequently,  in  such  a  wide  zone,  is  subject  to  a  verv  great  variety  of 
climatic  conditions.  While  the  tar  northern  provinces  have  quite  a 
tropical  temperature,  and  the  Cuyo  provinces  have  a  temperate  climate, 
those  portions  ot  the  country  which  extend  towards  the  Straits  of  Ma- 
gellan have  about  six  months  of  quite  severe  winter.  I  may  also  add 
that  the  mountain  ranges,  gradually  rising  on  the  west  to  the  regions  of 
perpetual  snow,  have  great  effects  upon  the  temperature,  even  in  regions 
ot  the  same  latitude.  On  this  account,  in  compliance  with  the  instruc- 
tions df  your  circular,  I  shall  have  to  give  the  character  of  the  climate 
and  the  quantity  of  rainfall  for  the  different  interior  provinces  sena- 
rately,  beginning  with  Mendoza.  ' 

Province  of  Atendoza.—This  province  is  bounded  on  the  west  by  the 
,««®^lT^'°^  ^^'l^  ^^^^^  ^^^  Argentine  Republic,  and  contains  about 
155,745  square  kilometres.  A  large  portion  of  it  is  without  population. 
Ihe  cultivated  portions  are  mostly  in  the  neighborhood  of  Mendoza,  its 
^  only  city,  which  is  in  latitude  32°  55'  and  longitude  08°  49',  and  stands 
at  an  altitude  of  799  metres  above  the  sea.  It  is  situated  in  the  foot- 
hills or  the  Andes.  The.  meteorological  office  reports  for  the  year  1886 
the  mean  monthly  temperature  (centigrade  thermometer)  as  follows  • 


_                                                                    Degrees. 
January 23.21 

February 22.88 

March 20  02 

April ■■.■."  15.18 

May 10.5.5 

June 7.63 


-   ,  Degrees. 

J'Jly 7.85 

August 9.79 

September 12.87 

October 17. 04 

November ; 20.99 

December '.  23.65 


The  mean  temperature  was  150.99.    The  lowest  temperature  was  7°  5 

?olu^l^^'  ^^^^^  ^^^'  of  August,  and  the  highest  4Io.5  above,  on  the 
Ai/tji  Oi  i/ceehiOCr,  a  Variation  of  49^, 


!( 


I 


314     IRHIOATION   IN   AMERICA— THE   ARGENTINE   REPUBLIC. 

1«J!I  'Zr/Ul  ^''«/iV"'"''"  ''^  '"'^**  '^*"^"«  «^*  ^^^  y*^«r«  ^«77,  1878, 
io7y,  and  I. *j80,  a.s  follows:  '  ' 


Months. 


January  . . 
Fobruarj- . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

AoKuat ... 
September 
October... 
November 
I)ec«mber. 


1877. 


Mm. 

19.0 

6.0 

0.4 

18.0 


0.3 

"o.'i 

"67."  o' 


1878.        1870. 


Mm, 


11.0 
7.0 
2.0 

ao 

'i8.'(V 

U.0 
15.0 

3.0 
10.0 


Mm. 

0.S 

3.8 

07.0 

6.0 

"l4.'6 

"io.'o 

2.0 

6S.5 

ao 

7.6 


1880. 


Mm. 
0.0 
0.0 

2a  2 


7.5 
0.0 

'i7."6 

21.0 

0,4 

41.0 


The  director  of  the  meteorological  office  says : 

From  these  fignres  will  be  »nder«tood  the  extreme  aritlitv  of  the  climate  contiir. 
U0U8  to  the  toothilsof  the  AudeH,  and  that  the  eutire  agricutural  richness  o°^^^^^^ 
Andine  provinces  dependH  directly  iipon  the  meltin-  of  the  Tows  on  the  elevated 

Trfn^the  w^te  w'  "''""•'•  'l  T^l'^'  !J^''"'  «""^  '«  accuVom..  t^faU  frequently 
(luring  the  winter,  but  to  no  great  depth.  And  yet,  owine  to  the  extensive  svstem  of 
irrigation,  the  greatest  part  of  the  lauds  in  the  Lighborhooil  of  tl^e  r^vrrrhas  b^en 
mafelK  vfuT'  '""*-'  '''"*"'  principally  to\ho  oultivati.,„  oV Sa' whe'a't^ 

Province  of  San  Juan.-The  province  of  San  Juan  lies  to  the  north 
ot  that  of  Mendoza,  and  its  western  boundary  separates  it  also  from 
uniii.  Its  mountainous  features,  however,  are  more  pronounced  than 
those  of  Mendoza,  the  sierras  there  rising  one  behind  the  other  in  longi- 
tudinai  chains  which  form  the  system  of  the  Andes.  The  city  of  San 
Juan  lies  in  latitude  31o  32'  and  longitude  68o  35',  and  it  is  652  metres 

t^^I\l^  ^^""^^  ^^  i¥  ^^•''-    '^^^^^^^  y«''r«  <>f  observations  complete 
gives  the  mean  monthly  temperature  of  the  city  as  follows: 

Degrees. 

January 26.43 

February 25,40 

March  i3  41 

^Pril 17.74 

May 13.43 

Jflne .^ 9  6g 


Degrees. 

•J»Jy 10.17 

^»KU8t. 13.30 

isci.teniber 16.25 

October '.""..".'."!.'  20.00 

November 23,  64 

December \\\  26.12 


The  mean  temperature  is  I80.8O.  The  place  is  subject  to  very  sudden 
change  of  temperature,  the  variation  in  the  summer  months  beinff 
sometimee  as  great  as  25°  in  a  few  hours.  ^ 

l^/Zl  ^«*"i''?f  complete  of  the  rainfall  for-the  years  1881,  1882, 1883, 
ana  I800,  as  follows :  7         7         » 


Months. 

1881. 

1882. 

1883. 

1888. 

January 

Mm. 
36.0 
55.0 

■""i.'o 

15.5 

"'eao' 

14.0 

Mm. 

3.0 

12.0 

'"  '6."6 
4.0 

""•r'.o 

Mm, 
39.0 
12.0 
1.0 

"i.o" 
"■"i.'o 

'"'a'o 

""'23.'6' 

Mm. 

February 

40.6 

March 

April 

May 

Jnne 

Jni.y 

Angust 

September 

October 

KToTember 

December 

16.0 

ao 

6."2 

ao 

2.0 

ie.o 

mtmm 


_i'_i;,«u,  ,^ —  ^-^^  -,.jf™*vv-i'  i-fTT^n'SSe^ 


0. 

1880. 

n. 

Mm. 

.3 

0.6 

.8 

0.0 

.0 

28.2 

.0 

.0 

7.8 

9.0 

.0 

.0 

i7.6 

.5 

21.0 

.0 

0.4 

5 

41.0 

Degrees. 
..  10.17 
.  13.  JO 
.  16.25 
.  20.00 
.  23.64 
.  26.12 


1888. 


Mm. 
40.5 
10.0 
8.0 


0.2 


8.0 

2.0 

16.0 


i 


IKRIGATK        IN   AMERICA— THK   ARGENTINE   REPUBLIC.     315 

It  will  be seeu       lu  the.     Ugn  ea  that  the  «^.liuiuto  is  e.v  ts.sively  dry 
Ihecl  arness    fi      atmosphcn    liowever,i8  phono        U;     hI  ul though 
in  butuiiier  tbo  undday  ht.tt     ,  very  severoly  felt,    lie  i.iL'hts  ;.r«  re- 
frenhed  bv     '-ool  bree/o  »rom  the  south.    The  ''  Zoiidu,"  as  the  nort     wt 
1,  is  the  b  .occo  of  South  Atnerica,  and  prevails  during 

a  ,,  ,  .  ^  .  -A-agust,  and  September,  generally  begiuning  about 
»oclA«k  m  the  mornmg  and  continuing  until  sundown,  duit.ig  v  i,k?h 
tune    »«  beat  is  almost    iffoca;     -  and  the  air  is  a  cloud  of  dust.    T  le 

"Zoii      "  ' '-    '  .... 

cause 

pheric  equilibrium 

In  referen«;e  to  the  climat 
says 


wind  iw 
the  mom 


of  Jul 


,"  however,  is  always  followed  by  a  south  wind,  which  at  ou<'e 
vsrdden  fall  of    lie  t  Mii>eri'     -^^and  reestablishes  the  atraoa- 


le  ua' 


.ector  of  the  meteorological  ofiftce 


nff  an  T,i*y  •     ^  '^•".''•'  ^"^'i^  '*  entirely  inadeqnuto  to  the  requirements  of 

li^'n  /  1  -.r  ouislung  thiit  great  tracts  of  country  (t  raveHiaa)  are  found 
Blmost  entire  y  with..  .getation.  unless  the  roq.iirod  .noistnre  is  supplied  hy  irrl- 
§f.;n«"«  1 ;  JT  ";  "'IV'^'^  irrigation,  however,  these  <leserts  are  transJormed  into 
?r«w  iSv  fr^»nH"^'.^^h*'''  contrast  seem,  as  it  were,  like  islands  of  paradise,  where 
f^^Z  l''^"rlantly  all  the  products  of  a  temperate  zone.  The  few  rainstorms  which 
occur  are  accompanied  by  violent  winds  and  great  electrical  discharges,  and  hail  fre- 
Su^^tlTe  crops      "^  of  October  and  November,  causing  at  times  great  destruc- 

Province  of  Gatamarca.—Th(  ovince  ol  Catamarca  is  bounded  on 
the  west  by  Chili  and  on  the  orth  by  Bolivia  and  the  province  of 
Satta.  Its  superficial  extent  is  placed  at  242.3^^  square  kilometres 
Its  great  industry  is  mining,  though  consideni  hie  attention  is  also  given 
to  agriculture  and  the  dairy.  The  city  of  Catai.  .area  is  in  latitude  28°  28' 
and  longitudeG5o55',and  its  altitude  is  545  metres  above  the  sea  level! 
It  is  situated  in  a  small  valley  which  on  the  south  opens  into  a  level' 
and  plain.  The  climate  is  very  similar  to  that  of  San  Juan,  very  hot  in 
summer  and  temperate  in  winter.  The  "  Zoiida  "  here  is  very  frequent 
and  sometimes  blows  for  48  hours,  in  its  progress  frequently  parching 
and  blasting  all  vegetation.  Indeed,  the  climate  is  so  dry  that  the 
droughts  sometimes  continue  for  8  or  9  months  of  the  year  Only  on 
such  spots  as  are  moistered  by  irrigation  is  any  abundant  vegetation  to 
be  tound.    The  mean  temperature  for  each  month  is  given  as  follows  • 


Degrees. 

Janrary 28.27 

February 26.  (iO 

March 25. 18 

April 18.77 

May is.ho 

Juue 10.72 


Deerees. 

J"^y 11.78 

August 16.03 

September 19,53 

October 23.70 

November 25.76 

December 27. 64 


The  temperature  frequently  rises  above  40°  and  scarcely  ever  known 
to  fall  to  freezing  point. 

I  am  not  able  to  give  the  rainfall,  but  it  is  much  less  than  that  of 
San  Juan. 

Province  of  Tucuman.— The  province  of  Tucuman  is  to  the  southeast 
ot  Catamarca,  but  m  climate  presents  a  very  notable  contrast  to  it,  on 
account  of  its  great  humidity  and  consequently  the  tropical  character 
ot  the  vegetation.  Indeed,  owing  to  its  innumerable  farms  and  rich 
vegetation  it  is  called  the  "garden"  of  the  Republic.  Its  superficial 
arta  is  about  70,000  square  kilometres,  a  large  portion  of  which  is  rela- 
o7^  .^«.^?"  cultivated.  The  capital  city  of  the  same  name  is  in  latitude 
26°  50',  longitude  65°  12',  and  its  altitude  is  4G4  metres  above  the  sea. 
1  have  the  mean  monthly  temperature  of  Tucuman  for  16  years,  and 
there  is  but  little  variation  in  the  readings.    I  give  that  for  188.5. 


I 

,1 

■f  VH 


A. 


'iu 


*5^ 


.16*^. 


A 


% 


V^^.o. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


/> 


fe 


<r. 


if, 


"^^Z     V^'^* 

*'      *.^ 


y  c^x 


/. 


1.0 


I.I 


m  ill 


1^ 

If  1^    112.0 


\h25  ill  1.4 


1.6 


7] 


w 


:'>  > 


/^ 


% 


PhninrmQT^nin 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


^\^ 


V 


"q 


r\> 


N> 


% 


"l^"',.^'/^ 


Mi 


"'b^ 


y^Tx' 


.% 


i^jf' 


i/. 


^ 


316      IRRIGATION   IN  AMERICA— THE   ARGENTINE   REPUBLIC. 


DeKfees. 

January 5?5. 0 

February ^>^.  1 

March - ai.O 

April 17.4 

May l«.f) 

Jane 11.9 


Degteea. 

July 11.3 

August 15.1 

September 19.  iJ 

October .  20.1 

November 24. 5 

December 24. 5 


The  highest  temperature  recorded  was  December  25, 1862,  when  it 
went  to  40*3,  and  on  three  occasions  it  went  down  to  0o.9. 
The  rainfall  for  the  years  1886, 1887,  and  1888  was  as  follows : 


Month. 


iTanaary  ... 
Febtoery    , 

March  . 

April 

May 

Jnne 

July 

AoKiiBt  .... 
September . 
October.... 
Kovember  . 
December  . 


IPSO. 

1887. 

Mm. 

Mm. 

307. « 

328,0 

241.2 

06.1 

201.1 

119.0 

26.6 

30.3 

8.0 

5.  .5 

21.1 

4.9 

0.0 

31.8 

2.3 

2.0 

6.6 

14.2 

40.5 

100.4 

93.1 

97.8 

115.2 

106.0 

1888. 


Mm. 

85.9 

48.7 

211.0 

44.4 

12.1 

29.2 

4.6 

1.5 

65.5 

83.0 

168.3 

221.4 


The  mean  monthly  rainfall  by  seasons  for  the  last  15  years  was  as 
follows:  Spring,  205.3 ;  summer,  488.2;  autumn,  233.C ;  winter, 31.1. 

Province  of  Cordoba. — The  province  of  Cordoba  is  partly  pampa  and 
partly  mountainous,  and  exhibiting  tjreat  diversity  in  the  quality  of 
the  soil,  is  admirably  adapted  for  agricultural  pursuits  and  grazing, 
.  ^  the  only  drawback  being  a  tendency  to  droughts  during  the  summer 
months.  The  city  of  Cordoba  is  situated  on  the  banks  of  the  Rio  Pri- 
mero,  just  on  the  edge  of  the  giaat  plain  which  extends  to  the  Atlantic 
Ocean,  the  Sierras  rising  on  the  west  to  a  height  of  2,500  feet.  I  have 
the  mean  monthly  temperature  for  the  last  15  years,  and  there  is  a  re- 
markable uniformity  in  the  figures.  I  give  the  following  for  the  year 
1887:  •      • 

Degrees.  Degrees. 

January 23.4  July 10.5 

.  Febrnnry 22.4  A'Jgust 16.0 

March  21.  September 15.5 

April 16.3  October 17.7 

May 12.7  November 19,7 

June 12.7  December 21.6 

The  rainfall  likewise  shows  a  remarkable  uniformity.  I  have  the 
returns  for  the  last  15  years,  and  the  largest  amount  in  any  one  year 
was  988.7  millimetres  in  1878,  and  the  smallest  amount  was  528.7  in 
1887.    For  the  years  18d7  and  1888  it  was  as  follows: 


Month. 


January . . . 
February . . 

March 

Anril 

May  

June 

July  

Auf^ust  .. 
Septnmber. 

October 

November . , 
December  . 


1887.   1888. 


Mm. 
01.4 
47.8 
30.4 
68.4 
10.5 


7.0 


3.0 

49.0 

136.3 

84.9 


Mm, 
16.3 
66.5 
130.1 


67.0 
2.3 


9.5 

31.6 

119.5 

161.9 


'*  .4^^^^g|#ffi|«^f 


LTC. 

Degteea. 

11.3 

15.1 

19.3 

20.1 

24.5 

24.5 

2,  when  it 
ws: 


1887. 

1888. 

Mm. 

Mm. 

328.0 

85.9 

95.1 

48.7 

119.0 

211.0 

30.3 

44.4 

5.  .5 

12.1 

4.9 

29.2 

31.8 

4.6 

2.0 

1.6 

14.2 

65.6 

100.4 

83.  e 

97.8 

16S.3 

106.0 

221.4 

a>rs  was  as 
:er,  31.1. 
ainpa  aud 
quality  of 
d  grazing, 
le  sumtner 
le  Rio  Pri- 
e  Atlantic 
t.  I  have 
te  is  a  re- 
r  the  year 

Degrees. 

10.5 

, 16.0 

15.5 

17.7 

19.7 

21,6 

;  have  the 
r  one  year 
18  528.7  in 


1887. 

1888. 

Mm. 
Ut.4 
47.8 
30.4 
68.4 
10.5 

Mm. 
16.3 
66.5 
130.1 

'"  67."6 
2.3 

3.0 

49.0 

136.3 

84.9 

9.5 

31.6 

119.5 

161.9 

IRRIGATION   IN  AMERICA — THE   ARGENTINE   REPUBLIC.     317 

The  mean  monthly  rainfall  by  seasons  for  the  last  8  years  was  as  fol- 
lows i  Spring,  194.3;  summer,  310.6;  autumn,  144.3;  winter,  16.1. 

I  might  extend  these  meteorological  returns,  but  they  are  quite  snflQ- 
cient  to  show  the  character  of  the  climate  in  the  irrigated  regions  and 
the  annual  amounts  of  rainfall.  From  an  examinatioii  of  them  it  will 
readily  be  understood  that  without  some  artificial  means  of  watering  the 
.sou  there  would  not  be  moisture  sufficient  for  the  production  of  crops 
with  any  certainty,  unless,  perhaps,  in  Tucuman  and  Cordoba. 

SOURCES  OF  THE  WATER  SUPPLY. 

The  water  supply  in  all  these  provinces  for  the  purposes  of  irrigation. 
IS  almost  exclusively  from  rivers,  streams,  springs,  and  small  water 
courses  coming  down  from  the  mountains.  The  great  trouble,  however 
with  those  rivers  which  have  their  sources  in  the  Cordilleras  of  the  Andes 
18  their  unequal  volume  of  water.  With  the  melting  of  the  snows,  or 
during  the  rainy  season,  they  are  generally  full  to  overflowing,  but  they 
soon  run  out,  and  at  the  very  times  when  their  waters  are  most  needed. 
Indeed,  with  the  exception  of  the  system  of  rivers  which  flow  to  the 
Rio  de  la  Plata,  and  which  includes  the  Uruguay,  the  Parana,  the 
Paraguay,  the  Pilcomayo,  the  Vermijo,  and  the  Salado,  theie  is  not  a 
single  river  in  the  entire  republic,  until  we  come  to  the  rivers  south  of 
the  province  of  Buenos  Ayres,  which  has  any  outlet.  Those  of  the 
central  system,  most  of  which  cross  the  province  of  Cordoba,  after  a 
dreary  course  to  the  eastward,  are  swallowed  up  in  the  sands  before 
they  reach  the  Parana.  Those  which  compose  the  system  of  the  Cor- 
dilleras are  all  lost  in  quagmires  and  marshy  lagunes  before  they  reach 
the  ocean.  With  their  shallow  beds  running  down  very  slight  inclines, 
and  their  great  evaporation  from  the  high  temperature  of  summer, 
many  of  them  quite  dry  up  during  4  or  5  months  of  the  year,  and  these 
streams  are  all  in  those  belts  of  country  which  have  the  greatest  need 
of  moisture. 

CHARACTER  OP  THE  IRRIGATION  WORKS. 

In  regard  to  the  character  of  the  works  used  for  the  storage  and  dis- 
tribution of  the  water,  as  a  general  thing,  it  may  be  said  that  they  ire 
of  the  most  primitive  kind.  In  most  cases  they  consist  merely  in  hold- 
ing the  waters  by  means  of  dams  built  at  intervals  along  the  courses  of 
the  streams,  and  from  the  higher  levels  thus  obtained  making  canals  or 
aqueducts  through  which  the  water  is  allowed  to  pass  by  a  gradual  de- 
scent as  it  is  needed  to  the  lands  which  are  to  be  irrigated.  From  these 
canals  the  water  is  distributed  by  means  of  sluices  and  gateways  along 
a  system  of  drains,  trenches,  or  conduits  to  the  fields  and  meadows  which 
compose  the  irrigation  district.  Where  the  surtace  is  level  or  flat  it  is 
frequently  necessary  to  form  artificial  slopes  for  the  water  to  pass  over. 
The  whole  of  the  ground  is  then  laid  in  broad  undulating  beds  the 
upper  part  of  which  is  quite  level  from  end  to  end  where  the  supply 
channel  is  cut.  All  the  supply  furro>7S  are  fed  by  a  main  channel  at 
right  angles  to  the  beds  and  somewhat  above  them.  When  the  flood 
gates  are  opened  the  water  flows  into  all  the  upper  channels  very  regu- 
larly and  evenly  till  it  fills  them  to  overflowing  in  their  entire  length.  In 
the  case  of  those  streams  which  come  down  from  the  heights  of  the  Andes, 
aud  course  through  the  valleys  or  canons  of  the  Sierras,  there  is  no  diffi- 
culty in  holding  the  water  at  a  higher  level  than  the  lands  to  beirrigated, 
but  where  the  sluggish  rivers  meander  across  an  almost  level  plain  there 


/ 


318 


IBRIGATION   ™   A„BB,CA-T,.B   AKOKNriNK   BEPUBLIO. 


river,  from  which  level  it  is  alii wp.^  fill  ^i^'""  ^^'''''  ^^«  •''^"ks  of  the 
terveniu«  district  in  Vein "^art' <// X'rn^^"^'^  "'"^ "''''^^^^ ^^'^ i^' 
wh:ch  serve  as  reservoirs  for  retaining  t  f «  .^^  Provinces  the  works 
.  and  large  sums  of  money  have  beei\itnr/*'^Ti  ''•'^  ^*  ««"*^  '"^sonry 
oM.er  provinces  the  works  are  meXwoSVh..^-^'"  ««"«tr"«tion.  iJ 
incuts,  which  sometimes  in  sudden  frlS!  "^""'^  ^'^^^^'^^  embank- 
damage,  thus  leaving,  the  pt'o^  le  of  tlflulf  •  f  «^'«i>t  «^ay  ".vith  great 
without  the  means  of  irr'gSl  tt  ^hnd«  t  ""^"  \^'7  ^'^  ^«P*^»«'^ 
sources  of  the  water  supply    ^  '^''''^-    ^  ^'^^  l>elow  the  various 

which  making  a  semiiircle  through  tt.n?,Mi^^^  ''''?/'  ^''*"  J^^aacisco 
ties  into  the  Eio  Vermeio  Whi Ip  i7  ,!  n  ^^*'""'«"»  ^«"eys  finally  emp- 
the  province,  theie  arefiarge  number  of L7^  LT'V^'^-^''^^.^^  «^»'^^'"  >» 
which  channels  also  have  befn  dSg  ami  wCcS  IT";? ^^'^  ?"*''"'^*^^  *^*>"i 
sities  of  agriculture.  ^         ^^^"'"  greatly  assist  the  neces- 

f^^^^!:^&  z  ^:  t::  t^?''  r  ^"^^"^^  -^^^  -ter 

mento  the  San  Francisco,  LTtirVermelo^^.T^'  T^''^  *'^«  J"^^- 
SS  p.f;S  ^^'^^^^  -  ^'^-^^rffir^'n^^^SedTr^^^^^^^ 

loSSi^^?^S-ii:^:^|,J-^^^^^^  Which  run 

ikewise  is  quite  well  supplied  w.t  wSr  ?nr  13"^"""^"  ^^'^  P'<>^i"ce 
the  south  the  streams  f?im  thT  hei^h  s  (>f  H^F^'^"  purposes.  On 
the  river  San  Francisco,  and  on  the  eai  tif Hva.t^''"'^^'"  ^*"S«  ^^"^^ 
the  Dulce.  These  two  ri  vers  toe^ethpr  w^fl  ^-  ^^^''  ^^^erwards  called 
mountain  rivulets,  furnish  a„S"fW«n/"  ^""T^^^^'«  number  of 
poses,  and  nearly  all  thelH.mi  3"^^««e  of  water  for  irrigation  pur- 

.:iSZSa;e:S^;;,J^SSr ' '^""^^«  '^'  ^«^-«  ^^^^  pnn.      > 
afterwards  called  Solado/ whffitw^?S*i^      ^^  ^^t^^'  Juramento, 
Wders.   AsfarasSepultu^astKvfi^iiwSn^^"°J*^^"^  ^'^fl  eastern 
covered  A.ith  fine  fams  a^d  su^^r  nifn  iJL^^^^^^^ 
which  they  receive  from  the  strS  p.  odm  n.J  ^^^  '^^^''''^  ^^t«"°& 
lands  which  otherwise  would  be  per fectlvbar^^^  ^^arvelous  fertility  in 
however,  ^t  spreads  out  into  marshes  nr  .til       ^^^eyoud  that  point, 
the  province)  over  a  couutry  wSh  is  nn?/fr  ^u-^ 
considerable  water  course  is  the  r  vJ  -    >n  I       ^   cultivation.    Another 
man,  flows  diagonallv  through  tl.o  i     ■'^'  '''^'''^'''  ^^^^^  ^^^viug  Tacu- 
Santiago.    In  tLt  vidnrtyTis  weS  C"f '  ^f,'^*^^  ^^  ^^^  city  of 
of  canals  furnishes  an  abundance  of  w? K  S  ^^'"'^•"^  ^^  ^  «*^^'«« 
farms  on  each  side     AffPrnror.7io  ^       •        ^^  ^he  estaucias  and  su^ar 

the  Salinas  or  Great  ialTZeri  wZe'U  wt^T^'^^^^'  ''  ^^^s 
yond  this  its  several  channejT  .tni^I  o     •       ^^gotatiou  can  exist.    Be- 

Saladillo.    Along  ihis  s'ream  are  ?o  be"Jbund  ^"'"1  ^^"'  *«  «^"«<^  «'« 
desert,"  which  have  been  redeemed  bv  moin^  if  *?  ""^  >'^^^  ^"  "'e       . 
thence  coursing  over  a  birrp,,  ,;i.j,    *T-^   "^"^  ^^  irrigating  canals  • 


;epublic. 

evols.    lu  some 
iut  than  that  to 
at  of  the  bed  of 
lie  banks  of  the 
li  irrigate  the  in. 
noes  the  works 
f  solid  masonry 
nstruction.    In 
oarth  ern bank- 
way  with  great 
>y  are  repaired, 
ovv  the  various 

ers  on  Bolivia, 
San  Fraacisco, 
78  finally  emp. 
able  stream  in 
I  rivulets  from 
sist  the  neces- 

ed  with  water 
ers,  the  Jura- 
rge  number  of 
lized  for  agri- 
ins  which  run 
this  province 
urj)08e8.    On 
a  range  form 
rwards  called 
>le  number  of 
rigation  pur- 
'hus  supplied 

tero  the  prin- 
I' Juramento, 
and  eastern 
loth  sides  are 
!ial  watering 
IS  fertility  in 
I  that  point, 
the  name  of 
D.    Another 
aviug  Tacu- 
the  city  of 
s  of  a  series 
8  and  sugar 
)  it  reaches 
exist.    Be- 
8  called  the 
)ase8  in  the 
ng  canals; 
itself  in  an 

8  no  large 
h  of  which 


IRRIQATION  IN   AMERICA — THE   ARGENTINE   REPUBLIC.     319 

the  principal  are  the  Santa  Maria,  the  Piolen,  and  the  Piedra  Blanca 
the  two  last  named  forming  the  Rio  del  Valle,  on  which  the  dtv  of 
Catemarca  is  located.    These  streams  and  their  affluents  and  indLd 

tam  torrent,  are  utilized  ere  they  are  swallowed  up  in  the  sands  for  the 
purposes  of  irrigation.    But  even  then  the  water  supply  ^so  fna  e 
quate  that  there  are  throughout  the  province  immense  UstrctrwUhoufc 

tTa^rsSK^^^^^^    '""'  ^'^'^^  "^"^^  continrrrm"ti?s 

K.wJfjf  t  Kioja—Thj,  only  riverof  any  importance  in  the  province  of 
liioja  18  the  Vermejo,  and  this  waters  only  a  very  small  portion  of  its  sur- 
face.   This  river,  .oming  down  from  the  eternal  snows  KZit  Bonetf 

TorTomth^'vli^  H '"•^^"''"^h'?'  ^«  l»--sedby  the  ttrelwSh 
come  trom  the  Valle-Hermoao,  and  turning  its  course  to  the  south  to  re- 
ceive  the  surplus  waters  of  the  valley  of  Jacal,  flnally  in  latitude  32o 
loses  Itself  in  the  sand  before  reaching  the  lagunas  of  Guaj^^^^^^^ 
Throughout  its  course  it  affords  excellent  facilities  by  means  of  sUiS 
for  irrigation,  but  the  volume  of  water  is  wholly  insufficient  to  meet  thf 
requirements  of  the  people,  and  during  the  summer  iShs  for  wan? 
of  moisture,  thereare  but  few  places  which  escape  ZwidZ^^^^^^^ 
Wherever  there  is  a  thread  of  water,  however,  coming  down  from  the 
Sierras,  It  has  been  utilized  for  irrigation;  and  in  tl^  last  few  years 

w  27T'^^''^  ^^'  5'^"  ^^""S"  ^••*««'^»  ^^«"«  i"  the  hope  of  obtain 
mg  a  better  supply  of  water,  but  thus  far  with  very  little  success 

Provrnee  of  San  Luis.-The  province  of  San  Luis  ras  po,X  sun- 
phed  with  water  as  Rioja.  The  only  river  of  any  importance  s  he  Z 
Quinto.  which  comes  down  from  the  mou-I  ns  in  a  series  of  c-.scades 
and  after  a  southeast  course  is  flnally  lost  in  the  pamna,  n  l?ati'ide  34o' 
n  an  immense  salt  marsh  called  Juncal.  There  a^e  several  sma  streams 
whose  waters  are  alsD,  by  means  of  dams  and  canals,  utilised  fbr  the 

KTtlfn^^T"^'''*'"",'  ^"^' '^^ «^'«^^ ^^»* '"  ^1^'«  province  s  more  wat^r; 
for  although  in  good  season  there  is  rainfall  enough  for  the  crops  vet 

IhoJZT  \^  ^Th"^^^  *'°'  ^"^  ^°  ^'^«^"^t«  ^'^'^^'^  i«  only  ceSn  ?u 
those  parts  where  they  have  streams  for  irrigation. 

Frovmceof  San  Juan.~The  province  of  San  Juan  is  in  the  midst 

of   the  rivers  which   compose  the  water  system  of  the  Oordil  eras 

The  most  northwardly  of  these  is  the  Colorado,  which  L  wTsevS 

affluents  froin  the  far  western  sierras.    The  second  is  the  Verme  o  Shico 

which  also  IS  formed  by  several  affluents  in  the  snow-covere d  neiks 

«fi?^;^^'H'  u  ""^^T  ^:^^  ^^"  ^  «^"««  of  magnificent  farmTngdsr'cts! 
all  watered  by  canals  from  these  mountain  streams.  This  rrver! after 
wards  turning  to  the  south,  as  I  have  said,  makes  its  way  towa^ls  the 
Laguna  Guanacache,  but  is  lost  before  it  gets  there.  The  third  and 
most  important  of  the  group  is  the  river  San  Juan, Thich  has  itssource 
m  the  summits  of  the  Oordilleras  in  two  affluents,  end  flowing  to  the 
east  down  the  valley  of  Pismento  cuts  through  he  mouSL  and 
after  passing  by  the  city  of  San  Juan  turns  to  the  south  and  emVt^^^^^^ 
into  Lake  Guanacache.  Formerly  on  the  breaking  up  of  tlfe  snowrthe 
floods  which  came  down  this  river  caused  most  destructive  inundations 
n  the  vicinity  ot  the  city,  and  sometimes  devastated  leagues  upon 
leagues  of  the  most  cultivated  parts  of  the  valley.  To  guard  aSst  this 
ZCrT  '^'l'  *'?  ^^^'^  constructed,  whicii  acts^s  a  refeivo  r  fo? 
holding  the  water  during  the  summer  months.  From  this  reservoir 
alonVSZf  l'^^^^^^^  distributing  canals  and  condiXaU 

them  i^  Lffif"^'  "^  '^"".''^1  ^'"'  ^"^  ^'^^*''  '«  "0^  so  abundant  that 
^here  is  su&cieut  ior  steady  streams  along  the  gutters  of  the  city. 


SSKSH 


320 


IRRIGATION   IN   AMERICA-THE   ARGENTINE   KEPUBLIO. 


■    r 


dlitiesfoHrH^^^^^  ^?.rr'  ^^«^«  ""^rvelous  fa- 

Lake  GnanacS  Us  alti  ul  s  o.  li  600  m^^^^^^^^  '°?'^^«'  ^^"^  »* 

.  200  ,netre«  in  a  distance  of  not  over  iS  mZa^S'^SrSt  fZ"%U  '""  "^ 
however,  8  woiiderfullv  crookfl<l  nn.i  .«•  i  ?^  i  '"®-  Ihenver, 
number  of  canals  and  c^nXts  for  fe^^^^^^^  ^1'  ^"  UDli.nite<i 

Besides  this  all  the  small  stielms  anl^  iS"  whic^'-^Str""*'^' 
down  from  the  mountains  are  utilized  for  watednL  tl.«  Jh^'',''"^ 
pt;^Ssr  — ^-^-^  ^^^y  are  enti  J.roZ^a  t  SCa! 

portance.  The  most  considerah  I  «?  Jh?  ^^ter  courses  a  peculiar  im- 
is  formed  by  two  rortTran  Jhes  in  fh«  !^  'f  ^^^  ^*^  Mendo/a,  which 
the  northern  co^flue^t  descenSiL  from  Mom,'^^''^^''  °^*^"  ^''^^^^ 
name  of  Rio  Las  Ouevas  whX  the  wh^rn      ^^^^^ag^aa  »a<ler  the 

Los.Horcones  receives  zts  waters'frU  the  nea^  'a  ?'« 

the  junction  the  river  runs  to  f  h a  «mvJh  f  S  P^^ks  of  Tupuugrato.  After 
Cordilleras  and  thlsieiTa  Usnmata  an  1  ir^h^  the  valley  between  the 
Lujan  shortly  afterwSs  douWes  t^C^^^^  ^T^  P^^*"  "«a^ 

iug  at  the  Lake  Guanacache,  fnto  wMch    1,C^^^^^ 
finally  disappears.    Throughout  nearlv  ifl  inft J  San  Juan,  ifc 

the  waters  for  an  immenselZunf  nnrn;!.-  ^'"^^  u^'^T  '*  burnishes 
network  of  channeTsTn  thnmmedif/  f f  "^ '  V'll!'  *^^  ^O'aplicated 
e'aborate  ramifications,  is  one  ^  the  ^rll'".i  /-^^  ""H^  ^'^^  *^*^'^ 
Heretofore  the  water  brought  down  fnS  .v.  "'^^*^''*u°''  ^^  ^^^  Pla«e- 
trenches  was  used  indl8cSn\^td7X:t  dS^^^^  ^P^^^ 

poses;  but  two  years  ago,  when  the  cLlero  vLi Jal  ??•  ''°*''^ P"^' 
epidemic  was  peculiarly  malignant  in  that  n^f^n^^^^  *^'^  ^'r"^^^'  ^'^^ 
proved,  to  the  bad  coSon  of  the  w^?^r Tn^fV^'"^' i*"*  ^^^  analysis 

IKEIaATION  WOEKS  OF  PEOVINOE  OF  OOEDOBA. 

of  the  province,  as  are  also  a  number  S^fni.^     ^'^'^^^^ 

•f  Dr  J„a.«  CofJa™™! Ct"i,?„"v  nl^TwT^^itrt  *if%'h"rr"'"' 


KEPUBLIO. 


IB3I0ATI0N   IN   AMERICA-THE   ARGENTINE   REPUBLIC.     321 

inquiries  to  this  oiul  were  made  bv  corns  nf  aniif... 
first  of  tboso  works,  under  the  name  o7?h«  u  S'"^"i.  ^"g'neera.    The 
heights  of  Cordoba"  (Obralde  rTao  de  /  .  nu'^^^T  7?''^'  «^  <^^« 
tended  the  distribution  of  ho  waiers  of  t .«  1?/^  i  •'  ^^''^o^'^)  corapre- 
through  the  city  of  Cordoba     Thp  Irrl  ^  Pr"uoro,  wliich  passes 

and  itisjustnoVcomiXted  aiTd  w^h  Llf  f'"'"««ced  2  years  ago 
entire  cost  was  13,800 'ooo'l? is  dTiiLd^^^^^^  '"«"'*«•    ^he 

1.  The  dike  of  San  £me     Thi^    I  .       ^"^  ^^"f  P^^^^'  **«  foll«>W8: 
of  the  river.    It  XS'i^  a  Lrrnw'*'-'^*''"  ^1'  folding  the  water 
tains  on  each  side!  at  a  s  oJ? dt«H^fl  f   ""^'T  ^'^\  Precii.itous  moun- 
San  Roque  and  C^squ^n!  wJch  to  "S  ^'^'^^s 

61  metres  in  height  an  b^SesfrnmH  *"  /^'^^'^  Primero.  It  is 
of  the  wall  is  61  metres  at  tZ  hL«  i  -^i^  •  ^'^^^"^  ''"^-  ^^''^  thickness 
water  line  and  6  met'^s  «t  t letoD  'lt«  i^  h"".'1'^  f'  "^^'^'^^  ^^  '^^ 
bank  to  bank,  is  30  metres -and  ^at  It  ^e°&th  »t  the  base,  being  from 

60,000  cubic  metres  rSury  It  hoU''2Gj  OOoToo''' k'*  ^?'^"'« 
water,  and  converts  the  vallev  i.fn  o  loii  "^^Yu'^^?  cubic  metres  of 
It  contains  two  flood  gates  a  «h)e  ofS.''"^  beautiful  artificial  lake, 
removing  the  accumulftW of  S  TTnnni'"'^-'  «"?  contrivances  for 
voir,  the  water  flowsXwS  the  channYl^o?  t'h  J'^-^  this  immense  reser- 
spot  called  Mai  Paso,  a  short  di<5nn^«  fJ  ^.^^  "^^  »"t'l  it  reaches  a 
dike  has  been  built   '  distance  from  La  Colera,  where  a  second 

of\f  wf ter.S'^h?^  ^re'  il'lO  Vet?e«  ^  T^\T  '''  *^«  ^^«^"»>"tion 
length,  from  bank  to' 'bLk^ 'LHrsisfs  o^fs^OOO ^o  f '  "^''r  ^" 

tion  is  at  a  height  of  37  95  n,ff°t  „k        *?-     V  ^^e  point  of  distribu- 

than  that  of  the  Northern  Canal     Th«Z  '^-  '".u  P'^°^  ^^^^'^  ^^'^tier 
kilometres  of  secondary  canals     the  al^^K  *^'  '^•"^-    ^'  ^^«  ^9 

siSfw'mto  llLTKV'uJdo'r^^^^^^  ,";?  proved  for 

metres  of  water,  and  teisato  60  00?  w/'"  ''?''l  350,000,000  cabic 
»4,600,000 ;  also  for  "orSontl,«RT'ri"'^  u'  '"""l  "'  »  «<»«  "f 
be  42  metres  high  anrco,ita?„  asfi^im^T""'  *''"'"'  Pn^^Pal  dite  will 
of  $3,860,000;  fiso  tor  works  f n  ff  S^  ""n""  r"'.  "'  "»""•  "'  »  «»»' 
are  to  be  constructed  earb  ^fi  .,1  "  ■""?''?'/»"■  which  two  dikes 
32,000,000  cnbtoS^f 'of  wLi  anT  aZ  ItIoo'  ,''^'"''  "'J',  "»"' 

The«,ttac<«^^tUe  works  con,p,eted  and  the  works  projected  is 


322 


IRRIGATION  IN  AMERICA— THE    ARGENTINE    REPUJJLIC. 


r  if 


i  u 


?oo??Sw^  °«%>?««  th^^n  $15,280,000,  with  a  capacity  to  irrigate 
1,2(9,250  hectares  of  land,  which  is  equivul.'ut  to  $73  per  hectare  If 
all  these  works  are  ever  completed,  the  territory  of  Cor  S  which 
now  m  some  parts,  owing  to  the  want  of  rain,  is  a  dese^  w  U  take  a 
new  departure  as  an  agricultural  province.  ' 

FAILURE  TO  OBTAIN  DETAILS. 

I  regret  that  I  have  not  been  able  to  be  mor»^  explicit  or  tro  into 
greaer  detail  ,n  regard  to  the  character  of  the  w,,rk8  of  rr  gat.o^^ii  aH 
the  dilierent  provinces;  but  I  have  found  it  almost  in.i.ossiblfto  obtain 
any  authentic  information  whatever.  Upon  the  receiptof  tirciicular  of 
the  Department  1  at  once  applied  to  the  interiordepartu  eut  oQhe  Argen 
tme  Government  in  the  hope  that  it  could  furnish  lue  with  prin  tS  rm  orts 
surveys,  or  statist  os  in  regard  to  the  more  important  irrigSn  or  stSrt^e 
systems  employed  n  the  interior  provinces,  but  I  was  fnfomed  thaf  it 

S5?r  fn  ".f  ^^  "'^  ^''''^  ^^  '^'  command.  I  then  immediatel^ddressed 
letters  to  the  governors,  stating  the  object  I  had  in  view  and  asS 
for  such  data  on  the  subject  as  I  supposed  of  course  th^woiX  ife  ablf 
to  send  me;  but,  although  over  a  month  has  elapsed  I  have  not  v^^ 
received  a  word  from  any  of  them,  and  it  is  hardly  worS;  w  ?le  for  me  to 
delay  my  report  any  longer  in  the  hope  of  obtaining  them  Xder 
these  circumstance*.  Ihave  had  to  depend  solely  on  such  SutsSe  infon  a 
tion  as  I  have  been  able  to  procure ;  and,  except  in  the  case  of  the  works 
n  the  province  of  Cordoba,  to  speak  only  in  a  general  way.  In  regard  to 
the  latter  I  have  had  access  to  a  book  descriptive  of  the  provK  bv 
Seuor  Santiago  J.  Albanacin,  and  which  devotes  ^ few  paglsto'the 
subject  of  irrigation.  In  regard  to  the  other  province!  however  the 
modes  of  irrigation  employed  are  generally  so  primitive  and  so  stniDle 
being  in  most  cases  mere  trenches  with  sloping  sides,  that  I  doubt  if  it 

DISTRIBUTION  OP  THE   WATER. 

In  regard  to  the  rules  or  laws  which  govern  the  distribution  of  the 
water,  of  course  it  all  depends  upon  the  tenure  of  owneiSii"   7n  Ln  V 
ot  the  proyiuces,  if  not  indeed  in  all  of  them,  there  are  numious  canals 
cut  for  irrigating  purposes,  which  are  the  property  of  thrmn?e,l  olthe 
land  through  or  over  which  the  canals  are  niade.    The  province  Im^ 
had  nothing  to  do  with  their  construction,  and,  of  course,  collects  no 
rental  or  tax  for  the  water  used.    Where'  the  works  have  been  con 
n^nfTL^f  *^'  provincial  government  a  tax  is  paid  by  thoTe  who  make 
use  of  the  water,  and  this  varies  in  the  different  nrovinces  accordi uff  to 
the  expense  or  cost  of  the  works.    I  regret  that  only  in  a  ?ew  casSs  I 
been  ib/e^f 'y'  '^'  '^If  f  ^^^^d  Jor  the  use  of  public  wato?,  not  having 
been  ^istructed."'^         '^""^  "'^^'^  ''^''^  '^^  ^^"^^^^"^S  ^^^^^^^  ^^^^ 
In  the  province  of  Santiago  del  Estero  it  is  provided  that  all  atrri 
cu  tural  establ  shments  and  gardens  which  use  the  water  of  t  ,e  pubUc 
irrigating  canals  shall  pay  a  tax  of  $1.60  per  hour;  and  manufacturing 
establishments  shall  pay  $2  each  time  they  request  the  water  not  to 
exceed  4  hours  each  time ;  for  a  single  hour,  50  ieuts  each  time     Sub 
scribers  for  the  use  of  the  water  foF  irrigation  have  the  rS'  to  S 
times  per  mouth  during  the  year;  and  in  case  they  do  not"! ceive  this 

be  used  ^^'^'''''  ^"^  ^^""^^  ''^'''^  '^"^°""^  ^*'  ^*t«^  shall 


(im 


MMn 


IBRIQATION   IN   AMEBICA— THE   ARGENTINE  REPUBLIC.     323 

In  the  province  of  Meudoza  the  annual  tax  is  $30  per  sauaro  ^ahnnf 
6  acres  ,  the  water  to  l,e  used  not  oftener  than  on^ilayTn  the  weik  fhe 
tax  to  be  pmd  quarterly.  For  each  house  situated  on  the  canals  wi.«m 
there  IS  a  service  of  water,  a  tux  of  25  cents  per  month  ?8charZl 
Those  who  make  use  of  the  wafer  surreptitiously  or  who  use^t  out  of 
their  turns  must  pay  a  fine  of  $20  for  each  oftense.  ^^ 

.ni  i"  ?'*"  i;rovince  of  Tucunian  the  water  of  the  "  Western  Canal "  i« 
sold  for  the  purpose  of  irrigation  at  the  rate  of  $3  per  mark  nor  24 
hours,  and  for  brickmaking  at  30  cents  per  1,000  bricks  ^ 

froi^lire"iraa',i;tbrmrtS/;  «^^^^^^^  *"«^^^«  --^'  ^^e  water 
out^of  their  term  or  withV\%;"mtiora^e  lilb^to^Xr^f^reT 

WATER  RIGHTS  BY  PRESCRIPTION. 

,  These  water  rates,  however,  it  will  be  borne  in  mind  are  onl v  Pniianf^,! 
in  cases  where  the  provinces  are  the  proprietors  oTthe  works     In  ma^v 

the  Ind  ans  to  the  condition  of  slaves  and  requiring  them  to  cKatf 
hinds  which  were  their  own.  These  lands  were  heldfn  vaS  estates  and 
with  the  organization  of  the  governments  it  was  found  tSall  the  arable 
places  were  in  the  possession  of  comparatively  a  few  persons  X  either 

onmnpiS^H*'"^  ^^^^^'^  ^^^eady  constructed^  upo^  the  Sdror  who 
compelled  the  enslaved  Indians  to  dig  them     Thus  all  thA««iL!5n,? 

estates  have  had  from  the  beginning  a  right    o  the  use    f  nrtlZnn 
trol,  of  the  streams  along  which  Hjey  are  located      Ami'  1  ^m  .k^"' 
crease  of  population  these  estates  hLegrS%  btenkSf^^^^^ 
smaller  properties  and  sold,  a  certain  amount  of  tC  w^ter  for  kr^^^aMn^ 
lirposes  has  been  sold  with  them.    Thus  the  quantity  of  water  which  the 
different  properties  are  entitled  to  is  in  most  casesVxeTby  their  tSe 

AREAS  OP  LAND  UNDER  IRRIGATION. 

In  regard  to  the  areas  of  land  under  irrigation,  compared  with  sunh 
as  are  cultivated  without  irrigation,  together  with  the  nuantitv  and 
quality  of  the  crops  grown,  it  is  not'possible  to  s^eak  wi^rexactaess 
As  no  census  o  the  country  has  beeS  taken  for  the  last  20  vears  it  fs 
usual  to  base  all  calculations  on  estimated  flguresrand  that  ?s  S  tha? 
PresWenVSf%ireRin„?r;    f^^^^^^^^  I  Andfn^Srmeslagel'Jhe 


il 


If'f 


824     .BBmATION   IN   AMEHICA-THE   AROENTINE   BEPUBLIO. 

Pro«<»oM  wA<oA  depand  <>„  irrigation. 


ProvluciJi. 


^"•^.ob* 

I"/"" 

J?"?)* 

0»t*ra»ro«. 

SantUito  del  Bstero 

TaouiuMi 

?^,t* .■.■.:: 

J^Juy 


Areii  Id 
onltivatiou 


Total. 


Iftelaru. 

\iU.  305 
to,  HUO 

70,  oao 

22.  217 
44,  618 
IL'O,  40U 
38,048 
38,  r.25 
18,094 


Total  area. 


llectaret, 
17, 478,  700 
7,901,700 

I«,  081,300 
0,  7iS«,  800 
",  003,  000 
0.  064,  4U0 

10,  235,  500 
2,410,000 

12,  820,  (100 
4.  828,  000 


703,077  98,878,200 


being  scarcely  .07  i«r  Mnt<rf\fc'u.7™^f  „''%?''  \',"'''"'  ""'Wvatioii, 

ProMno«8  wAioA  Aaoe  wo  irrigation. 


Provinces. 


BuoDoa  Ayrea 

Santa  F6 

BntreRios 

Corrientes 


Total. 


Area  in 
oiiltlvatlou. 


llectaret. 

808,  058 

580,  537 

130,  151 

46,  031 


Total 


area. 


1, 037,  977 


Sectareg. 

31,  lis,  700 

13, 158, 200 

7,  ."M.i,  700 

«,  114,  800 


S9,  042,  400 


tereVo'TanMhe^^^^^^^^^  '''''  T^  of  69,942,400  hec 

2.5  per  cent,  of  the  ^6  area  ''  "°^''  cultivation,  being  about 

pe??en^ge  ot lakd"  utdrS  t'lT^f'""  ''  ^^«.<lifference  in  the 
interior  provinces/and  says  "S  8how«  "!«""«  Provinces  and  in  the 
easy  means  of  communicltfonai.dfhr   u^  7-^^*'''?  '^®^«  ^«  between 
is  no  doubt  that  thHS  the  for,  fer  hivlw'i  ^^  *^^  ^^'\F    ^^^^e 
them  some  advantage  but  th«  VrTl/i       .   to  the  seaboard  does  give 
sists  in  their  betteJdlmateand^  their  fn?^^         7?'°^  they  possess  con- 
from  fertilizing  mins     1  la?ge  percen^a^«  nJ'f^  ^  "!P^-^  ^^  '"^'«^'^^« 
provinces,  owing  to  the  Hmited  8unn?v  nTw./  *^f  '*°i^  "*  *^«  *"te"or 
immediate bankiof their  wTtercoS  mnTfin^'^^^  5^'^  ^^^^"^  'ho 
ip.  an  unproductive  ar^  oFdesLt  uSsT  nT.*'""^  ^°  ^''  ^"^^<=  ^*  "«^ 
made  up  by  the  sinkine-  of  flrfl«ian  iS  n    ®*^®^?®"^y  «»"  soine  time  be 
tine  Monal  (^^^^nmenfc  h^^^^^^^^^^  ^  ^'^^^'™  ^^^«*»  the  Argen 

far.  however,  SuTany  grlfsVcrsl*^  *f  "^  '^  «^^^«'  *^"« 

ever,  be  finally  reached  in  snffi^Ln^        \-.^^""^  artesian  water,  how- 

ofa^riculturefaTttl"erZ^^^^^^^^^^^ 

but  wast,  places,  would  reoeiv?  a  nr sV^uttrd'^hrvr^r^^^^^^^^ 


punnc. 


It  iu 
atiou 


aru. 
I.  .109 
),  HOO 
<,  MU 
»,  030 
I.  217 
1,618 
I,  <0U 
>,  M8 
:,  C^'ii 
,994 


,077 


Total  area. 


lleetarei, 
17, 478,  700 
7,801,700 
I«.0«  1,300 
0,  7*),  600 
**,  003,  000 
0,  Ufl4,  4U0 

10,  i.'35,  noo 

2.410,000 
12,  820,  mo 
*,  528,  000 


08, 878,  200 


in  tliese  inte- 
r  cultivation, 
iidily  be  seen 
re  is  any  irri- 

>8,  do  not  re- 
ug: 


n 
oil. 


Total 


area. 


Uectareg. 

31,  lis,  700 

13, 15«,  200 

7,  r>4n,  700 

«,  114,  800 


S9,  042,  400 


>42,400  hec- 
Jeiug  about 

ence  iu  the 
and  In  the 
is  between 
d."    There 
i  does  give 
ossess  con- 
'f  moisture 
he  interior 
>eyond  the 
I'hat  it  now 
ne  time  be 
he  Argen- 
lolve,  thus 
ater,  how- 
uirements 
s  are  now 
uore  pros- 


IRRIOATrON  IN  AMKRICA— BRAZIL. 


825 


the  more  favo'^ed  poKs^ot-  £  Kep^.^f^^^^^^^^^^  tCP'^'^'^^^n'^ 

B.  L.  Baker, 

Dnitkd  Statks  CoNauLATE  Consul. 

BuenoH  Ay  res,  September  12,  188}). 


BRAZIL. 

ItEPORT  liY  CONSUL  JfUI/KE,  OF  HAniA. 

ti„„  In  this  co„™iar  S"er  „t  "o„'S o, ,'  ^  OvTSl*  "T  i"'*"" 
han  not  vet  interfered  in  anrr  ^/o        -i^:    ^^'* 'v  by  nature:  that  man 

irrigation'  and  he  "reclamation  ^h?^«K'*^"*•^V';'^  *''^^^'  ^«^  Promoting 
to  prohibit  nature  from  tTkw"ts  oon^^^^  th"^  '*"'^«  "  °^  '"  attemptini 
coffee  plantations  are  mostW  on  ?he  banks  i?  ^l'^*"''  *?'  «*'*«'  *°^  thi 
where  of  course  the  soil  has  a  ffrAnl.^i.  >^rge  streams  or  rivers, 

uplands  in  the  dry  season  and  wwl  Jho^^'^^  of  moisture  than  on  the 
the  rivers  or  st^eamsZ  swollen  by  heavrshL'^  ^^'^^^^  ^^«"«^" 
rain.  I  have  heard  of  no  steps  bein^taS  .^ZT  ^i  ^9n«con«naed 
tem  of  irrigation.  ^         ^  **'^®'^  towards  devising  any  sys- 


United  States  Consulate, 

Bahittf  October  7,  1889. 


David  N.  Bubke, 

Consul, 


PARA. 

JJ.BP07er  sr  consul  olatton. 

lands,  and  in  reply  beir  to  state  tlmf  ««  p«  •  the  reclamation  of  arid 
belt  of  the  tropici  irifgationt^S^  remS^^mwfr^^^^  ^"  *^«^^i" 
snch  a  nature  are  unknown  here.       ^^*1"'^®"'  »Q*'  therefore  works  of 

EoRT.  T.  Clayton, 
United  States  Consulate.  Consul- 

Para,  July  20, 1889. 


Ill 


826 


IKBIOATION   IN    AMERICA — BRITISH   GUIANA. 


BRITISH  GUIANA. 

KEVOIIT  HY  t'OSHlTL  WAr.TllALh. 

No  systematic  irrigation  exiHts  in  tliia  colony.  The  need  oi'  it  is  felt 
when  tlie  dry  seasons  arc  protrtujltMl  l)eyond  tlieir  ordinary  limits,  bnt 
in  such  cases  the  only  metbods  employed  to  water  the  crops  are  of  the 
simplest  and  most  primitive  description,  by  manual  labor,  without  the 
aid  of  machinery  of  any  port.  The  system  of  drainage,  however,  and  of 
the  employment  of  artiflcinl  water  ways  for  the  transportation  of  pro- 
dnce  and  plantation  supplies  is  elaborate,  costly,  and  extensive.  Al- 
though net  strictly  pertinent  to  the  information  sought  by  the  Depart- 
ment,  the  subject  is  somewhat  akin,  and  a  brief  account  of  it  may  not 
be  irrelevant. 

In  order  to  understand  the  conditions  it  must  be  borne  in  mind  that 
the  rich  agricultural  i  (»gjoii  of  the  colony  consists  in  general  of  the  low- 
lands adjacent  to  tlie  seacoast  and  the  tidal  parts  of  the  larger  rivers. 
These  lands  are  several  feet  below  the  level  of  the  highest  tides,  for 
which  reason  it  is  necessary  to  protect  them  from  overflow  by  a  contin- 
uous lino  of  embankments,  or  "sea  dams,"  as  they  are  termed. 

This  cultivable  region  extends  back  from  the  beach  and  the  banks  of 
the  lower  rivers  to  a  distance  varying  (by  a  rough  estimate)  from  2  to 
6  or  6  miles,  when  it  meets  what  is  termed  in  the  language  of  the 
colony,  perhaps  very  correctly,  "  the  oavanna,"  or  "  bush  "  lands.  This 
is  a  belt  of  country  between  the  rich  coast  lands  and  the  hills  and  forests 
of  the  interior,  slightly  more  elevated  than  the  former,  but  lower  than 
the  latter,  partly  open  and  partly  covered  with  trees,  vines,  and  shrubs, 
but  every  where  abounding  in  swamps,  ponds,  and  creeks  of  fresh  water. 

These  estates  of  the  colony  are  laid  off  on  the  plan  adopted  by  the 
original  Dutch  settlers,  and  still  existing  in  its  main  features.  They 
are  divided  by  parallel  lines,  approximately  perpendicular  to  the  line 
of  waste,  and  forming  long,  narrow,  and  somewhat  irregular  quadrilat- 
erals, which  would  be  parallelograms  but  for  the  sinuosities  and  irregu- 
larities of  the  coast  line.  The  unit  of  measurement  of  distance  is  the 
Ehynland  rood,  still  in  habitual  use,  of  12  feet  4  inches.  The  original 
width  of  each  grant  was  100  roods,  or  nearly  a  quarter  of  a  mile,  and 
the  length,  or  dei)th  from  the  sea  dam,  750  roods,  or  abont  1^  miles. 
Such  is  at  this  time  actually  the  extent  inland  of  the  only  lands  owned 
in  fee  simple,  though  many  of  the  estates  have  been  extended  toward 
the  "  savanna,"  or  including  parts  of  it,  by  grants  of  possession  and 
occupancy  at  the  pleasure  of  the  Crown,  supposed  to  be  practically 
equivalent  to  ownership.  Many  of  the  original  estates  have  also  been 
united,  and  some  of  them  divided,  though  the  regular  parallelism  of 
their  side  boundaries  is  still  maintained. 

In  order  to  protect  these  estates  from  overflow  in  the  rainy  seasons 
by  the  waters  of  the  swamps,  ponds,  and  streams  of  the  "  Savanna," 
back  dams  are  erected  in  the  rear  of  the  cultivated  area.  On  the  lines  of 
division  between  the  estates  canals  or  trenches  are  dug  for  drainage, 
the  earth  thrown  out  from  these  constituting  material  for  embankment, 
known  as  " sideline  dams,"  which  also  serve  as  roadbeds  for  walking 
or  ridmg.  Smaller  cross  drains  connect  with  these  side-line  trenches. 
Besides  the  trenches  for  drainage  another  system  of  trenches  or  canals 
18  employed  for  the  internal  navigation  of  the  estate.  For  this  purpose 
a  canal  is  generally  dug  through  the  estate,  the  excavated  earth  form- 
ing alongside  of  it  an  embankment  known  as  the  "middle  walk,"  trans- 
versely from  this  toward  the  boundaries  of  the  estate  but  stopping  short 


IRRIOATION   IN   AMERICA — nRITIRH   OITIANA. 


827 


d  oi'  It  in  felt 
y  limits,  but 
p8  are  of  the 
,  without  the 
eever,  and  of 
ition  of  pro- 
lonsire.  Al- 
'  the  Depart- 
f  it  may  not 

in  mind  that 
il  of  the  low- 
arger  rivers, 
sat  tides,  for 
'  by  a  con  tin- • 
ned. 

the  banks  of 
te)  from  2  to 
:uage  of  the 
lands.  This 
8  and  forests 
t  lower  than 
,  and  shrubs, 
fresh  water, 
•pted  by  the 
lures.  They 
[•  to  the  line 
ir  quadrilat- 
i  and  irregu- 
)tance  is  the 
The  original 
F  a  mile,  and 
nt  1^  miles, 
lands  owned 
ided  toward 
jsession  and 
B  practically 
ve  also  been 
arallelisai  of 


of  them,  so  as  not  to  comnuinicrtte  with  the  Hide  line  for  «lrainftge  trenches 
—the  teriniims  of  the  navigation  cross  canal  forming  a  sort  of '<cul-de. 
sac.  These  canals  are  uwd  for  the  transportation  bv  flat-bottomed 
barges  or  ••  punts,"  of  t'-o  crops,  fertilizers,  etc.,  in  one  direction  or  the 

These  canals  are  supplied  with  fresh  water  from  the  swamps,  creeks, 
ponds,  and  in  some  cases  artificial  reservoirs  of  the  "  Savanna."  the 
water  being  admitte«l  and  the  supply  regulate<l  bv  means  of  water 
gates,  or  ••  kokers,"  as  they  are  termed,  in  the  back  dams. 

Stronger  and  more  elaborate  kokers  are  employed  in  the  sea  dams, 
which  are  opened  at  low  tide  to  permit  the  discharge  of  the  drainage 
and  other  fresh  water,  and  closed  at  high  tide  to  hinder  the  influx  of 
the  sea  water. 

The  coast  lands  of  the  colony  consist  of  a  stiff  clay,  interspersed  with 
veins  of  sand,  and  covered  with  a  superficial  layer  of  vegetable  mold, 
or  pigass."  The  clay  being  impervious  to  the  percolation  of  water  is 
very  favorable  to  rapid  drainage  from  the  surface. 

The  chief  staple  is  sugar,  though  there  are  some  cocoannt  planta- 
tions, and  in  certain  parts  of  the  colony  large  estates,  or  cattle  farms, 
are  devoted  to  pasturage.  ' 

1  have  spoken  of  artificial  reservoirs.  The  advantages  of  these  in  rec- 
mating  the  varying  supply  of  fresh  water  during  the  wet  and  the  drv 
seasons  are  obvious.  Besides  those  already  existing,  others  are  pro- 
jected  on  a  still  larger  scale. 

The  cost  of  the  works  required  for  drainage  and  the  supply  of  water 
to  the  towns,  villages,  and  estates,  is  assessed  on  the  proprietors 
and  others  interested,  though  they  are  controlled  and  regulated  bvthe 
fA??v."'®"^  ^^^  l'?^"*'^  '^  frequently  advanced  by  the  government, 
7^iJ  f  understanding  that  it  is  to  be  repaid  by  taxes  on  the  property 
for  the  benefit  of  which  it  is  expended.  This,  of  course,  does  not  apply 
to  the  works  undertaken  by  proprietors  for  the  special  benefit  of  in- 
dividual  estates.  In  some  cases,  also,  participation  in  the  burdens  and 
benefits  of  public  or  corporate  enterprises  is  to  some  extent  optional 
with  the  individuals  interested.  ^ 

The  climate  of  the  colony  is  torrid,  but  remarkably  uniform,  the  ex- 
tremes of  temperature  being  about  73o  and  90°  Fahrenheit.  The 
average  is  about  81°.     The  annual  rainfall  is  estimated  at  about  10(» 

lUCuGS* 


United  States  Consulate, 

Demerara,  August  2,  1889. 


W.  T.  Walthall, 

Consul. 


wny  seasons 
"  Savanna," 
a  the  lines  of 
or  drainage, 
mbankment, 
for  walking 
e  trenches, 
les  or  canals 
this  purpose 
earth  foT-m- 
i^alk,"  trans- 
pping  short 


COEREOTING  THE  FOREGOING  REPORT. 

In  his  report  on  canals  dated  November  8,  1889,  Consul  Walthall 
corrects  the  foregoing  report  as  follows : 

This  report,  covering  ground  closely  related  to  that  of  the  2d  of  Anjrnst  laat  on 
"Irrigation  and  Drainage, 'muat  be  taken  in  connection  therewith,^  supplement" 
ing  or  explaining  some  of  ts  statements,  and  also  as  affording  an  oppoVtunity  for  the 
correction  of  a  few  minor  inaccuracies.  >'i'"iiumi,y  lor  me 

Inn^lfnTthTt^Z^^f  l^'^  report  referred  to  may  have  been  liable  to  misconception, 
in  8.iying  that  "  no  systematic  irrigation  exists  in  this  colony,"  the  term  '« irrigation  >' 
was  employed  m  the  restricted  sense  in  which  it  is  popularly  usedNosicnifv  the  di- 
rect application  of  water  to  crops  nnder  cultiv^ation  for  the  purpose  oWoiuoMng 
their  growth.    In  its  larger  sense,  of  the  introduction  of  water  for  driuking^wSng^ 


328 


IRRIGATION   IN  AMERICA — PANAMA. 


and  other  uses  of  man  or  beast,  and  in  this  colony  nure  especially  for  the  iranHporta- 
tion  of  crops  when  gathered,  that  report  itself  may  have  shovn  how  extensive' v  it 
18  employed.  •' 

Again,  opportunities  since  enjoyed  for  personal  observation  have  shown  me  tha  mis- 
take of  confounding  the  terms  "  bush"  and  "  savanna,"  as  employed  in  this  colouv. 
JL  hey  are  not  at  all  interchangeable.  The  former  is  applied  only  to  wooded  eronnd 
forest  or  thicket,  dry  or  swampy;  the  latter  only  to  open  marsh  or  dry  pra.rie,  the 
vabt" savannas"  immediately  in  rear  of  the  cultivated  plantatio-s  beinjr  covered 
with  water  during  the  rainy  season,  without  trees,  while  the  open  spaces  of  dry 
ground,  farther  inland,  to  which  the  same  term  is  applied,  are  interspersed  with 
occasions  clnmps  or  strips  of  trees  or  copse  wc^d. 

The  plan  of  a  Demerara  sugar  estate,  herewith  inclosed,  should  more  properly  have 
accompanied  the  previous  report,  but  had  not  then  boen  obtained.  It  has  been  drawn 
by  an  experienced  land  surveyor,  not  as  an  exact  representation  of  any  particular 
estate,  but  as  a  model,  showing  the  principals  on  which  they  are  usually  laid  out.  It 
requires  little  explanation  beyond  what  has  already  been  given  in  the  previous  report 
and  those  furnished  on  the  face  of  the  map  itself  or  by  the  notes  and  references  in  the 
margin. 

It  will  be  observed  in  this  plan  that  the  main  navigation  trench,  or  canal,  is  double 
consisting,  in  fact,  of  two  canals,  i,  i,  with  a  middle  walk,  n,  between.  This  is  the 
approved  and  better  usage,  though  in  many  estates  economy  is  consulted  by  having 
only  a  single  canal  on  oue  side  of  the  middle  walk.  In  that  case  the  crots  canals,  or 
punt  trenches.  *,  *,  on  oue  side  of  the  plantation,  necesSa-ilv  pass  through  or  under 
the  middle  walk,  which  is  biidged  where  where  they  cross  it.  These  navigation 
canals  or  trenches  are  supposed  to  have  a  depth  of  about  5  feet. 

The  plan  shows  the  ingenious  system  by  which  the  navigation  and  draining  trenches 
both  permeate  the  whole  plantation  without  sommuuicating  with  each  other  the 
transverse  trenches  of  each  system  communicating,  the  one  with  the  main  navigation 
canal,  t,  the  others  with  th«  K  le  line  drains,  h,  h.  The  punt  trenches,  Ic,  fc,  divide  the 
cane  fields;  the  main  drains,  o,  o,  bi8ec+  them  longitudinally,  or  transversely  to  the 
configuration  of  the  whole  estate.  In  one  of  the  fields  the  draughtsman  shows  the 
manner  in  wh.oh  the  beds  of  cane,  m,  m,  are  laid  oflf,  divided  by  minor  drains  »  n 
leading  on  each  side  into  the  main  drain,  o.  ' 

On  the  right  is  shown,  also,  an  occasional,  though  not  invariable,  feature  in  the 
topography  of  the  colony.    This  is  the  company  dam,  or  company  path.  A,  which 
occupies  a  strip  between  two  estates,  reserved  by  the  town  for  the  use  of  the  public 
or  more  especially  of  the  proprietors  of  the  adjoining  lands,  in  common. 


I 


JL 


REPUBLIC  OF  COLOMBIA. 

PANAMA. 

REPOUT  BY  OOXSULQENEBAL  ADAMSON. 

There  is  no  artificial  irrigation  of  lands  in  the  district  of  this  consu- 
late-general. 

All  the  lands  are  abundantly  water-id  by  the  rains,  which  are  frequent 
during  the  greater  part  of  the  year. 

Herj  there  is  no  system  of  cultivating  lands  that  could  with  any 
propriety  be  dignified  by  the  name  of  agriculture,  and  therefore  there 
are  no  crops  to  speak  of. 

Probably  not  more  than  1  acre  of  each  10,C00  acres  in  the  department 
of  Panama  is  under  cultivation,  and  that  only  with  maize,  yucca,  and 
other  food  crops. 

There  would  be  no  profit  in  producing  surplus  crops  which  could  not 
be  marketed,  and  there  are  no  roads  for  wheeled  vehicles  in  this  de- 
partment excepting  in  the  near  suburbs  of  Panama. 

Thomas  a  damson. 

Consul- General. 
United  States  Consulate-General, 

Panama,  July  12, 1889. 


he  <  rannporta- 
extensivcly  ifc 

vi\  me  tha  mis- 
in  this  colouy. 
ooded  proniid, 
ry  prairie,  the 
being  covered 
spaces  of  dry 
rspersed  with 

properly  have 
as  been  drawn 
my  particular 
ly  laid  out.  It 
revious  report 
erences  in  the 

Dal,  is  double, 
..  Thie  is  the 
;ed  by  having 
roLs  canals,  or 
)ugh  or  under 
se  navigation 

ning  trenches 
ich  other,  the 
in  navigation 
',  fc,  divide  the 
tersely  to  the 
lan  shows  the 
r  drains,  p,  p, 

feature  in  the 
ith,  A,  which 
)f  the  public, 


I 


this  censu- 
re frequent 

L  with  any 
ifore  there 

epartraent 
yucca,  and 

could  not 
in  this  de- 

30N, 

Oeneral. 


AFTER    THE  li£  CONCESSION  7J0  Roods.    CROWN  lANU 
A^o^nas  SAVANNAH. 

fCiXker  


NOTE 


a  fframin^Siuicea 

i  Shifipint/ SluicescrHoken 

C  Afd.nu/dCtory 

d  Bu  tlrlinys  ii/v/icfr 

C  Ca,ne Fields 
/  Ba.vkDa.ms 
ff  SideLinelhms 

h  DraintnyTrffches 

I  Afatn HaYiyatianlreneh 

k  funt  Trenches 

I  Dock  for  CknePunli 

m  Ca-neSowt 

n  MiildleWaVtorDam 

0    't  fool  or  main  Drain 
p  Drains  (smtlt) 

<f  Front  Dam 

^   CJiHnnel 

S    Koker  (Fresh  Water 

t   Freah  Water  Trench 
A    Company  Jfam 

B  CoroudiBush.fralectina 
C  Crown  Land   ""'"'"^ 


DRAIN/f/G 
SHIPPING  POLDER- 
ING.  NAVIGATION, 
^BUILDING  arrange 
menls  on  a  DEMERARA 

suffcii- ESTATE 
rggg   


Iw.   .11 


-ii^ 


i 
i 


.( 


ii  -I 


ill 


111 


f  H 


ii  !■ 


lEKIGATfON   IN   AMERICA— CHILE.  329 

CHILE. 

COQUIMBO. 

REPORT  BT  OOmVL  ORIERSON. 
AREA  lERIGATED. 

This  province  is  in  a  very  backward  ami  primitive  state  as  regards  cnl- 
tivatiou  and  irrigation  on  account  of  the  country  beinTvery  Kn  S 
mountainous,  the  only  cultivation  being  along  tL  valllys  r JnSdown 
Sfl^rr  ^^^^"^^'^V^  "«;  which  convey  the  fnow  water  from  the  Oor 
dilleras.  Hay  and  barley  are  the  principal  productions,  thrformer 
when  green  being  eaten  on  the  ground  by  cattle.     "''^'*'"^'  ^^®  *'^''™®' 

WATER  SUPPLY. 

froY^i^^  '•  ^"PP"®^^  *>y  canals  or  large  ditches  cut  at  different  ulaces 
from  the  rivers  of  snow  water  as  mentioned  above.    EaT  canal  from 
ts  leaving  the  river  until  it  reaches  the  sea  belongs  trtLownflrrS 
land  along  the  upper  part  of  which  the  canal  flows. 

MODES  OF  IBEIGATION. 

No  works  arc  made  for  storage  of  water.    When  the  river  is  full  the 

WATER   DISTRIBUTION. 

Each  canal  has  a  president  and  committee  elected  from  the  owners 
who  superintend  repairs,  allowance  of  water,  etc.  The  valZof  « 
farm  depends  on  the  number  of  inches  belonging  to  it     Each  nro 

Ki'l'f  ?^?^'^^.^"y.^'  ««"  ^"y  «r  ^»  ^^^  ^«^bS  of  inches  of  8lu[ce 
S?  Son  \"^''- *^  draw  from  the  canal  j  each  inch  being  worth  about 
$3,000,  Amencan  gold,  and  is  the  same  as  tangible  propfrty 


A 


54Z/7: 


^ 


OPEN 


ft/rSi^  A  ^^"-  ^^  ^"  ^.^,  '^°^^®  "^^^^^  *  goo*i  f^J^m  worth  about  $3,000  to 
$4,000  American  gold  yearly.  <pu,wv  to 

CLIMAT.:;,    icAlKPALL,  ETC. 

The  climate  is  good  and  very  mild  up  the  valleys.    Grapes,  oranees 

j^rom  1672  to  1880  our  rainfall  was  only  34^  inches  per  vear     Lattorlv 
with  intermissions,  it  has  been  about  7  inches  yearly^  ^^^^erly, 


^W^^-^^^™^**^^!^^!^^?^ 


330 


IRRIGATION   IN   AMERICA — ECUADOR. 


ANTIQUITY  OF  IRRIGATION. 


The  rivers  are,  of  course,  under  Government,  but  the  canals  are  pri- 
vate property,  and  from  time  immemorial  have  beeu  superintended  and 
kept  in  order  by  their  owners.  Every  town,  however,  is  entitled  to  a 
proper  proportion  of  water. 

J.  Grierson, 

Consul. 
United  States  Consulate, 

Coquimbo,  September  1, 1889. 


ECUADOR. 

ItEPOBT  BY  aONSVIj-QENEUAL  WiiARR,  OF  OUATAQUIL. 

AREA  IRRIGATED.  ' 

A  very  small  quantity  of  land  is  under  irrigation  in  Ecuador — not  the 
thousandth  part  of  the  cultivable  land.  No  gr.ain  crops  are  grown  on 
irrigated  land,  which  is  used  only  for  pasturage  and  for  raising  alfalfa 
in  small  quantities.  An  infinitesimal  part  of  the  arid  region,  which  is 
extensive  in  northern  Ecuador,  is  under  irrigation. 

WATER   SUPPLY. 

Small  rivers,  mountain  streams,  and  springs  are  the  sources  of  the 
water  supply.    There  are  no  basins,  reservoirs,  or  tanks  used. 

MODE  OF  IRRIGATION. 

There  are  no  works  constructed  for  the  storage  of  water.  Its  distri- 
bution is  by  ditches.  No  reports  on  the  subject  have  been  published  in 
this  country. 

WATER  DISTRIBUTION. 

The  system  of  water  distribution  is  governed  by  custom,  except  in 
the  few  instances  where  water  is  carried  over  the  land  of  adjoining 
proprietors.  In  such  cases  the  law  regulates  and  defines  the  rights  and 
duties  of  the  owner  ^»f  the  easement  and  of  the  servient  estate.  I  have 
no  means  of  ascertamiug  the  amount  of  water  used  per  acre  or  per  sea- 
son. It  is  not  measured  and  it  is  not  rented.  The  water  used  for  pur- 
poses of  irrigation  belongs  to  the  individual  land  owner  using  it.  There 
is  no  national,  municipal,  or  community  ownership. 

CLIMATE. 

The  climate  is  that  of  the  interandean  region,  with  an  average  maxi- 
mum temperature  in  the  shade  of  62°  to  68°,  the  average  minimum 
being  about  64°.  In  some  localities  the  soil  is  a  sandy  loam,  and  in 
others  a  dark,  heavy  clay  and  very  deep.  The  rains  are  ordinarily  con- 
fined to  the  months  between  the  middle  of  December  aud  the  first  of 
June,  and  are  quite  copious  in  most  seasons.  I  can  not  state  the  annual 
rainfall. 


^ 


«  N 


poals  are  pri- 
utended  and 
entitled  to  a 

RSON, 

Consul. 


dor — not  the 
xe  grown  on 
bisiug  alfalfa 
ion,  which  is 


urces  of  the 
sed. 


.    Its  distri- 
published  in 


n,  except  in 
of  adjoining 
e  rights  and 
ate.  I  have 
3  or  per  sea- 
ised  for  pur- 
agit.  There 


'^erage  rnaxi- 
^e  minimum 
oam,  and  in 
iinarily  con- 
the  first  of 
3  the  annual 


IRRIGATION   IN   AMERICA — VENEZUELA. 
ANTIQUITY  OF  IRRIGATION. 


331 


Under  the  Spanish  rule  there  was  something  of  an  irrigation  system, 
regulated  by  laws,  and  at  the  time  of  the  conquest  there  was  a  better 
and  more  extensive  system  than  has  existed  since.  That  now  in  use  is 
maintained  entirely  at  private  expense. 

Owen  MoGare, 

TT„  o  ^  Consul  Oeneral. 

UNITED  States  Oonsulate-Gbneral, 

Guayaquil,  August  21,  1889. 


DUTCH  GUIANA. 

REPORT  BY  CONSUL  BROWNE,  OF  PARAMARIBO. 

In  this  colony  irrigation  is  not  necessary,  owing  to  the  heavy  rain- 
tails,  which  continue  for  at  least  6  months  of  the  year. 

The  quantity  of  rainfall  for  the  year  1888  has  been  2,270  millimetres, 
equal  to  87.5  inches,  and  the  average  annual  rainfall  for  the  previous 
10  years  was  2,214  millimetres,  equal  to  87  inches. 

Thomas  Browne, 

TT  r^  „  Consul. 

United  States  Consulate, 

Paramaribo,  September  4, 1889. 


VENEZUELA. 

REPORT  Br  CONSUL  BIRD,  OF  LA  OUATRA. 

The  subject  of  irrigation,  to  which  the  attention  of  consular  officers 
It  ?P^f?o  -  .'^^''*"*^*^  instruction  from  the  Department  of  State  dated 
May  2, 1889,  is  one  upon  which  very  meager  information  can  be  fur- 
nished from  Venezuela;  for  although  in  a  crude  way  irrigation  is 
practiced  to  some  extent,  yet  there  are  no  available  statistics  to  offer  in 
reference  to  the  areas  of  land  under  irrigation  and  no  means  of  com- 
paring these  with  the  nonirrigable  and  cultivable  lands.  Of  the  small 
area  of  cultivated  lands  in  this  consular  district,  exclusive  of  those 
planted  m  coffee,  perhaps  the  greatest  part  is  devoted  to  sugar  cane; 
and,  from  personal  observation,  it  would  appear  that  the  crop  generallv 
needs  more  cultivation  and  irrigation  than  is  usually  given  it. 

The  small  streams  coming  down  from  the  mountains  form  the  only 
supply  of  water  for  the  purposes  of  irrigation,  and,  in  a  tropical  climate 
like  this,  the  volume  of  wi:ter  is  so  often  reduced  during  the  long  and 
hot  summer  season  that  the  supply  proves  inadequate,  and  consequently 
the  crops  suffer  to  a  greater  or  less  extent.  The  present  season  has 
proved  quite  disastrous  in  this  respect,  so  much  so  that  crude  sugar, 
usually  sold  at  10  cents  per  pound,  is  now  worth  25  cents  per  pound. 
The  importation  of  cane  products  being  prohibited  by  law,  it  seems  that 
the  use  of  sugar  and  its  compounds,  so  general  in  this  climate,  must  be 
greatly  curtailed  and,  to  many  of  the  poorer  classes,  entirely  cut  off. 

The  character  of  the  works  used  for  the  storage  and  distribution  of 


332 


IRRIGATION   IN   AMERICA — NICARAGUA. 


water  are  of  the  simplest  description  and  consist  of  ordinary  dams  and 
trenches.  There  are  no  irrigation  and  storage  works  of  any  importance, 
every  process  of  this  nature  being  conducted  upon  the  most  inexpensive 
and  antiquated  plan.  It  is  no  doubt  true  that  even  the  Chinese  are  in 
this  respect  far  in  advance  of  these  people  in  the  various  appliances  and 
processes  for  irrigation,  and  it  is  equally  true  that  if  a  more  careful  and 
l)rovidcnt  system  were  adopted  much  of  the  water  that  now  goes  to 
waste  might  be  utilized  for  the  reclamation  of  arid  unproductive  lands. 

Th«<  system  of  water  distribution  is  governed,  according  to  the  best 
obtainable  information,  by  custom  only,  although  there  are  some 
statutes  in  reference  to  it  that,  by  common  consent,  have  fallen  into 
disuse.  The  unwritten  law  is  that  each  person  shall  Lave  the  right  to 
water  on  a  stated  day  for  a  certain  length  of  time,  when  he  must  close 
his  flood  gate  and  again  await  his  turn.  Under  such  an  arrangement, 
therefore,  it  is  evident  that  the  amount  of  water  used  per  acre  and  per 
season  and  the  tenure  of  ownership,  etc.,  can  not  be  intelligently  stated. 

Everything  connected  with  the  subject  of  irrigation  in  Venezuela  is 
of  such  primitive  character  that  it  can  be  of  no  special  interest  in  the 
elucidation  of  plana  and  processes  for  use  in  the  United  States.  :N^o 
maps  nor  publications  with  any  reference  to  it  can  be  obtained  or  even 
heard  of;  and  it  appears  that  the  subject  has  never  received  the  slight- 
est degree  of  the  attention  that  its  importance  to  the  agricultural  inter- 
eats  of  the  country  se  seriously  demands. 

WiNFiELD  S.  Bird, 

TT  ..  ^  Consul. 

United  States  Consulate, 

La  Qnayra,  October  8, 1889. 


NICARAGUA. 


BEPOET  BY  CONSUL  WILLS,  OF  MANAOWA. 

Eeferring  to  your  inquiries  contained  in  a  communication  from  the 
Department  of  State,  dated  Washi  igton,  May  2,  1889,  requesting  a  re- 
port on  the  subject  of  irrigation  as  practiced  in  Nicaragua,  I  have  to 
inform  you  that  there  is  not,  nor  has  ever  been,  as  far  as  I  can  learn, 
any  system  whatever  of  irrigation. 

Near  Nandaime,  a  small  Indian  town  in  the  department  of  Eivas, 
three  cacao  (chocolate)  estates  are  partially  flooded  in  a  primitive  way 
by  their  owners  from  small  rivers  or  streams  being  dammed  to  cause 
the  water  to  flow  over  the  plantations,  which  are  below  the  streams 
No  system  is  practiced. 

Chas.  H.  Wills, 

United  States  Consulate, 

Managua,  August  16, 1889, 


iry  (laiiiH  and 
7  importance, 
t  inexpensive 
hinese  are  in 
)plianc('8  and 
e  careful  and 
now  goes  to 
uctive  lands, 
g  to  the  best 
re  are  some 
7Q  fallen  into 
» the  right  to 
le  must  close 
urangement, 
acre  and  per 
ently  stated. 
Venezuela  is 
;erest  in  the 
States.  ISo 
lined  or  even 
5d  the  slight- 
iltnral  inter- 

Bird, 
Consul. 


)n  from  the 
Testing  a  re- 
a,  I  have  to 
I  can  learn, 

it  of  Bivas, 
imitive  way 
3d  to  cause 
he  streams. 

ILLS, 

Consul. 


IBEIGATION  IN   AMKUICA— CUBA.  ,      383 

SALVADOR. 

ItBrORT  BY  CONSUL  TUN8TALL,  OF  SA^T  SALVADOR. 

in'S:  KeS^^^S^S"'""  '^ ''''''''''  ^"  *^'«  consular  district  or 

hm^rs' from  abo-Zhri^if"*  f  1?^^"  ^^^  ^"^  frequently  twice  in  the  24 
noiirs,  irom  about  the  Ist  of  November  none    s  needed.    Then  thn  «lrv 

?h«'?«r'f  m"*"'^"';^'  ''.  '^  ^'««ig"ated  here,  sets  fn  and  con  nues  m 
^nffltf  ""^  ^^^  T  ^'^  ^*  '^""«'  ^^"""g  ^»"«h  time  the  in  tensneTfalls 
ammnt  o/moistZX  H^  '"^^'^  all  vegetation  with  the  nec^slary 
tr;e^^s^^o^"er;fy%S;Vt3^f1^^^^^^^^^^^  --^'--     ^enc^ 

T.   T.  TUNSTALL, 

tlNiTED  States  Consulate,  '  Comul 

San  Salvador,  July  21,  1889. 


CUBA. 


SANTIAGO  DE  CUBA. 

REPORT  Hi  CONSUL  RElilER. 

™.^,?lT  ^°?,\®^^°g  the  questions  propounded  in  circular  of  Mav  2  it 
would  be  well  to  enumerate  in  brief  the  reasons  which  render  artifioill 
irrigation  m  this  consular  district  almost  uuneces™  Tsay  "  a  mos 
unnecessary  "  because  all  the  crops,  such  as  sugar,  cacao,  coffee  X^ 
tains,  and  other  crops  of  minor  importance,  are  dipeudent  on  the  changes 
of  rainy  and  dry  seasons  in  this  tropical  climate.  cuanges 

This  consular  district  is  well  watered  by  rivers  and  small  streams 
which  irrigate  the  rich  and  deep  alluvial  soil  under  cultivation  The 
largest  river,  the  Cauto,  finds  its  source  in  the  Sierra  ^1^  mount 

fZ  TnlS!^,  *^-^  """'/'^f.^  ^^  *^>«  «^^y'  ^^^  after  a  tortuous  ann"  - 
ing  course,  during  which  it  receives  various  tributaries,  empties  into  the 
sea  14  miles  north  of  the  town  of  Manzaillo.  This  river,  ihokVd  m>  at 
Its  mou  h  by  driftwood  and  sandbars,  is  about  180  miles  loig,  of  wl  ie    60 

With  a  view  of  forming  a  plan  to  make  the  mouth  of  the  river  navigable 
thus  opening  a  water  course  which  traverses  some  of  the  most  fertle 
districts  of  this  province.  The  Cauto,  with  its  tributaries,  constitutes 
the  water  system  of  the  south  coast  of  this  province  '  "^""^^'^''^^^ 

nnlt^T^"/^'®  '''*,?^'!  ^^^'^'  a"''  ^r°^  t'^e  coast  line  is  very  mountain- 

H,n  of  I  ?!J  '"^^^l  '^'^T'  ^"^^  *^^'^'  ^ay  t«  tJie  «ea.    The  north  coast 
m  full  of  largerand  smaller  rivers,  which  find  their  wav  into  the  numer- 

f^L^f  ^'f^^  ^^yf'  "^^^^'y  th«  ^ay^"'  Naranjo,  ^etc.  80  artm^al 
Xf  nni"  ^^'^'•^'^t"^'^'^'"^^"^^  ^  necessity  excepting,  to  my  knowl 
edge,  only  in  one  instance.  Bussers,  Brooks  &  Co.,  an  English  firm,  hw-e 
owning  a  sugar  estate  on  the  Bay  of  Guantanamo  and  calleT''  Los 
Cantos,"  have  been  compelled,  owing  to  the  curious  fact  that  although 
sufficient  rain  falls  near  and  around  the  estate,  very  little  falls  on  fts 
territory  to  introduce  an  artificial  system  of  irrigation.  This  system 
of  opei.  ditches  irrigates  about  10  cabalknas  (333J  acres)  of  cane  fie  ds! 
and  as  it  18  just  commenced  I  can  not  give  you  the  results 


334 


IRRIGATION    IN   AMERICA — MEXICO. 


The  water  for  this  system  is  procured  from  the  Guantanamo  River, 
which  is  (lammed  above  the  area  irrigated  and  the  water  distributed  by 
a  system  of  canals.  The  system  was  instituted  after  the  necessary  per- 
mission was  obtained  from  the  Spauisli  Government,  is  a  private  enter- 
prise, and  pays  neither  rental  nor  taxes.  The  amount  of  water  used 
per  acre  depends  on  the  rainfalls  of  the  rainy  season,  and  can  not  be 
estimated,  as  the  work  has  just  commenced.  The  character  of  the 
climate  is  tropical,  and  the  annual  rainfall,  in  the  absence  of  all  scientific 
observations,  I  would  estimate  at  45  inches. 

Otto  E.  Reimer, 

Consul. 
United  States  Consulate, 

Santiago  de  Cuba,  August  7,  1889. 


MEXICO. 


BEPOUT  UY  OONSVL-aENERAL  MORE. 
INTRODUCTION. 

The  system  of  irrigation  has  become  very  generally  practiced  in  va- 
rious portions  of  this  Republic,  having  been  in  vogue,  more  or  less,  ever 
since  the  days  of  the  conquest  of  the  country  by  the  Spaniards,  in  1521. 

It  may  be  stated,  as  a  general  proposition,  that  the  natural  supply  of 
water  in  Mexico  is  very  limited,  as  compared  with  that  of  other  countries. 
The  traveler  in  this  Republic  notices  the  great  scarcity  of  rivers,  running 
streams,  lakes,  and  springs.  In  the  mountains  of  the  country  many  small 
streams  take  their  rise,  but  soon  after  reaching  the  plains  they  become 
absorbed  in  the  sandy  soil  and  sink  into  the  ground.  Again,  in  Mexico 
during  the  rainy  season  there  is  a  groat  abundance  of  water  (said  rainy 
season  may  be  stated,  in  a  general  way,  as  extending  from  June  1  to  the 
Ist  of  October)  but  for  the  remainder  of  the  year  i,he  rainfall  is  very  scant ; 
water  becomes  very  scarce  and  the  whole  country  becomes  very  dry, 
except  in  the  regions  along  the  seaboard  (the  Pacific  Ocean,  the  Gulf 
of  Oiilifornia,  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  etc.),  in  which  localities  the  dews  are 
very  heavy  and  refreshing  showers  much  more  frequent  than  in  the 
upland  regions. 

I  will  now  take  up  the  six  points  ot  interrogatory  mentioned  in  your 
circular,  and  incorporate  in  my  replies  the  information  obtained  from 
the  Department  of  Public  Works  and  from  other  sources. 


AREA  IRRIGATED. 

There  are  no  statistics  upon  which  to  estimate  the  area  of  the  land 
irrigated.  The  principal  crops  grown  here  with  the  assistance  of  irri- 
gation are  sugar,  coffee,  corn,  wheat,  oats,  barley,  beans,  cotton,  and 
tobacco ;  also,  oranges,  bananas,  and  other  fruits.  Without  irrigation, 
except  near  the  coast,  the  yield  would  be  very  meager ;  with  irrigation 
said  crops  are  excellent,  and  will  compare  favorably  with  those  of  other 
countries,  especially  when  consideration  is  had  of  the  primitive  agricul- 
tural implements  used  and  the  ineliicieut  cultivation  as  contrasted  with 
that  practiced  iu  the  United  States,  England,  France,  and  Germany. 


anio  River, 
tnbuted  l»y 
cHSiiry  per- 
vate  euter- 
water  used 
can  not  be 
jter  of  the 
illscientifio 

HER, 

Consul. 


ticed  in  va- 
ir  less,  ever 
ds,  in  1521. 
^l  supply  of 
r  countries, 
rs,  running 
nauy  small 
loy  become 
I,  in  Mexico 
(said  rainy 
me  1  to  the 
very  scant; 
9  very  drj% 
n,  the  Gulf 
le  dews  are 
than  in  the 

led  in  your 
lined  from 


of  the  land 
mce  of  irri- 
cottou,  and 
;  irrigation, 
1  irrigation 
3se  of  other 
ive  agricul- 
rasted  with 
lermany. 


IBBIGATION   IN   AMERICA— MEXICO. 
WATEB  SUPPLY. 


335 


The  water  supply  for  irrigating  purposes  is  drawn  principally  from 
rivers  streams,  and  natural  lakes.  In  some  instances  bo  id  sprinZ 
gush  from  theearth  and  furnish  a  constant,  never- varying  supply Xr  the 

the  State  of  Morelos,  a  large,  beautiful  hacienda  or  plantation,  at  one 

stm  beTonfinr/  7^'T^  ^'^  ^""''''^  ^''«  «i'^"'«^'  conqueror  aJ^ 
stm  belonging  to  his  descendants,  or  the  hacienda  of  "(Joahuistla  » 
one  o  the  flnest  sugar  plantations  in  Mexico,  near  the  citv  of  Cauthi 
Sometimes  also  large  dams  of  solid  masonry  are  constructed  at  c  eat 
expense,  which,  however,  form  large  reservoirs  of  water  durtul  the 
rainy  season,  and  which  during  the  remainder  of  the  year  (null  the 
necessary  supply  for  irrigation.    Artesian  wells  supply  some  of     e 

m^ktl  .t^  {^^1  ""gatuig  cana  s  by  means  of  windmill  pumps,  an 
or  trse  powe^^^^^  '^^'''  chains"  which  are  kept  in  motion  by  mule 

MODES  OF  IREIGATION. 

The  works  used  for  .storage  and  distribution  of  water  consist  of  dams 
constructed  so  as  to  elevate  the  level  of  the  water  in  streams  and  riCs' 
where  they  can  not  be  tapped  by  the  aqueducts  and  irriga  io  canals 
at  sufiicient  elevation  to  reach  the  destined  fields  of  cultivation  Zo 
«bfv  nr''""'-"  ^"f  ^^'"^*^*^' ""'  ''^^^^^  «t^t*^d,  through  the  h  strtlmen 
l^uL\V^-'''\u^'^^.'  generally  of  stone  masonryT  the  water  being 
collected  during  the  rainy  season  and  held  for  use  when  needed. 

WATER  DISTRIBUTIOM. 

As  a  part  answer  to  the  fourth  interrogatory,  the  department  of 

ttTameitrEnglis'h^""  *^  inclose,  accompanied  by  a  translation  of 
Each  State  of  the  Republic. has  its  separate  laws  and  reirulations 
regarding  the  distribution  of  water.  The  duty  of  w iter  pe?  acre  and 
the  amount  used  per  season  per  acre,  vary  according  to^theq'airtv 
.  of  the  soil,  climate,  and  plants  under  cultivation.  Moreover,  the  cos^ 
of  water  ,8  generally  included  in  the  rental  paid  for  the  lands  whTch 
varies  exceedingly  in  different  places,  according  to  the  peculiar  circum 
stances  attending  each  locality.  peuuudi  cucum- 

ih^\lHa^^I!^F''^^^.^  ''^^''■}^  ^^^^  P"^"«  *"d  private,  but  generally 
vaU  4  C  land'^it  ^ff  PrT'^'^"''  ^''"^-  ««««'der«d  of'quite  as  much 
7.o„r  ^t  Ju  -i  't«®^^'  ^*^®'  '"  '"''^oy  instances,  been  transferred  or 
transmitted  by  inheritance  along  with  the  title  to  the  laud. 

Department  of  Public  Works,  Colonization, 
m,    D     • ,    X    ,  ,     ^  Industry,  and  Commerce,  Third  Section. 

P^rfiri^n  n  f°*  "^  ^}^  Repablic  has  thought  fit  to  direct  to  me  the  following  decree- 
Porfario  Diaz,  constitutional  President  of  the  United  States  of  Mexico  to  ifs  in' 

ISicleT  The'^rriali  J"""'  tl^.«/-Sress  of  the  Union  hafdecreed  t\L'fJnowing; 
article  1.  There  shall  be  considered  as  general  i)ublic  highways  besides  the  i,. 

IhefoSiig:''"'"^''  '''"  *°  the  effects  of 'section  k,  articlf  72  o^the  cottiStio"' 

strTiotedTinfin^t^*"'  niarshes,  and  lagoons  situated  on  the  seacoast;  canals  col 
structed  by  the  Government  or  by  means  of  public  money  ;  interior  lakes  an.1  riv«rfl 

Jwe«n'S  p '  ^^^'''^^"^r;  ^^^""^  '^"^  "^«^«  «'*"''t«d  and  s^e^ving  as  biundan"  inTb^ 
tween  the  Eepublic  and  foreign  nation  or  between  two  States.        """""''^^  ""ca  oe- 


r  I 


336 


IBBIOATION    IN    AMERICA — MEXICO. 


ArticM  8.  The  Federal  executive  has  the  power  and  rljjht  to  look  after  the  afore- 
uaiiK'tl  general  pulilio  roadways  and  to  regulate  tho  private  and  public  uho  thereof, 
aooordiiiK  to  the  following  hiiHiit: 

(1)  The  towns  situated  uii  tho  soa  shore  or  banks  of  a  river  shall  have  the  gratui- 
tous use  of  tho  water  nocossary  for  all  donieHti(5  purposes  of  its  inhabitants. 

(8)  There  shall  be  respected  and  conllrnied  the  riylits  of  private  individuals  rolat- 
iuK  to  the  use  and  profit  of  rivers,  lakes,  iintl  ciuhiIh,  providing  that  said  rights  con- 
sist in  lawful  titles  or  civil  proscription  exeeedinj;  ton  years. 

(3)  Tho  concession  or  attestotiou  of  ilghth  or  titles  to  private  parties  on  the  lakes, 
rivers,  and  canals  relating  to  the  present  law  can  only  l)e  made  by  the  department  of 
public  works,  excepting  the  case  when  said  concession  shall  change  or  threaten  to 
change  the  course  of  the  rivers  or  canals  aforenamed  or  should  deprive  of  tlie  use 
of  their  waters  the  inhabitants  living  down  the  stream. 

(4J  The  rights  of  fishing  and  pearl  diving  on  the  territorial  seas  and  the  uses  and 
profits  of  marsbes  and  lagoons  situated  on  tho  sea  shore  or  national  vacant  lands 
shall  bo  regulated  specially  by  tho  eitecutive  power. 

Aktici-e  3.  All  transgressions  of  law  comprised  In  the  common  Jurisdiction  com- 
mitted on  interior  lakes,  canals,  or  rivers,  os  well  as  tho  controversies  that  may  arise 
between  private  individuals  relative  to  obeying  tho  statutes  issued  bv  the  depart- 
ment of  public  worka,  shall  be  submitted  to  the  competent  local  Jurisdiction, 

MiauKL  Castbi.lanos  Sanchez, 

Senator  I'reiident. 
Luis  C.  Cahiei.,  Deputy  I'renident. 
QuiLi.KUMo  OB  Landa  y  Kscandon, 

Sendior  Secretary . 
A.  liiUA  Y  ECHKVBRKIA,  Dirputy  Secretary. 
Mexico,  May  28,  1888. 

Therefore,  I  order  it  shall  be  printed,  published,  and  circulated,  and  that  duo  com- 
pliance shall  be  given  it. 

Signed  in  the  palace  of  the  executive  power  of  the  Union,  in  the  city  of  Mexico, 
on  this  Sth  day  of  June,  1888. 

PoBFinio  Diaz. 
Gen.  Carlos  Pacheco, 

Secretary  of  State  and  the  Department  of  Public  Works. 

Colonization,  Industry,  and  Commerce. 

I  communicate  it  to  yon  for  your  knowledge  and  corresponding  effects. 
[Liberty  and  constitution.] 
Mexico,  June  5,  1888. 


Pacheco. 


Climate,  soil,  etc. 


The  climate  of  the  irrigated  region  in  this  country  corresponds  to  the 
climate  of  the  different  States  of  the  Republic,  as  in  all  of  them  there 
exist  irrigated  lands,  with  this  general  statement,  however,  that  on 
and  near  the  seacoast  the  climate  is  much  warmer  and  the  rainfall 
much  greater  than  on  the  table  land  and  in  the  mountain  districts. 

The  nature  of  the  soil  embraces  every  variety  known  to  tb  on-itry, 
from  the  light,  sandy  soil  of  the  table  lands  to  the  rich,  dark  m.,  si  <it 
tho  valleys  and  the  fertile  black  loam  of  "the  tierras  GaV.mteh/'  tb«i 
"  hot  countries." 

ANTIQUITY  OF  IREIGATION. 

The  antiquit;y  tf  the  various  systems  of  irrigation  in  Mexico  varies 
with  the  differen'  i*  c.  -ities,  they  having  been  constructed  and  putinto 
operation  not  si  ncil  ^naonk  .ly,  but  at  different  epochs,  as  the  different 
sections  becan)i  in.,r.>Ui  less  cultivated  by  intelligent  labor  and  the 
necessity  of  irr.(^it:c^l  became  apparent.  As  a  general  proposition, 
however,  it  may  be  stated  that  the  said  systems  date  all  the  way  from 


I 


IBBIOATION    IN    AMERICA COAHUILA. 


837 


the  early  part  of  the  sixteeiitli  century,  when  the  SpanliinlH  took  poa- 
aession  of  the  country,  introducing  iheir  splendid  Hysteni  of  irrigation 
aa  rapidly  aa  they  began  the  cultivation  of  the  various  locniitlea. 

The  department  of  public  works  further  aHsurea  me  that  none  of  said 
Irrigation  works  are  maintained  by  public  funds. 


United  States  Consui  vte-Gbnebal, 

Mexico  (Jity,  August  31,  1889. 


0.  0.  MOEE, 
Consul- General. 


Pachbco. 


COAHUILA. 

REPORT  ST  aONSUL  WOESaNBB. 

ifour  circular  of  May  2,  1889,  directed  to  mo,  relating  to  irrigation, 
h  .ids  rae  to  contribute  a  few  pointa  of  interest  for  all  manufacturers  of 
iron  tubes  and  well-boring  implements  in  the  United  States. 

A  part  of  this  section  of  this  large  and  rich  State  is  irrigated  from 
aprings,  which  generally  rise  in  the  mountains.  The  water  ia  carried  in 
many  cases  and  often  many  miles  from  these  springs  to  level,  fertile 
laud  by  means  of  narrow  ditches.  In  other  parts  of  this  State  the  lands 
can  not  now  be  irrigated  on  account  of  no  water  and  the  total  absence 
of  the  necessary  implements  for  boring  and  the  proper  practical  labor 
to  accomi)lish  the  required  result.  When  there  are  springs  the  water 
should  be  carried  through  iron  tubes.  Further  away  from  here,  where 
there  are  no  springs,  but  haciendas  of  importance,  the  artesian  well,  it 
seems  to  me,  is  what  is  needed. 

I  would  advise  manufacturers  in  the  United  States  who  desire  to  build 
up  a  trade  of  this  kind  to  do  so  with  a  direct  represeutacive  who  speaks 
the  language,  establishing  an  office  centrally  located  in  the  Republic, 
where  attention  may  be  given  to  the  wants  and  demands  of  such  a 
trade. 

Water  ia  worth  a  great  deal  more  than  land  in  this  country,  and  the 
right  to  use  it  ia  fixed  by  laws.  A  great  deal  of  good  hind  ia  not  used 
because  of  lack  of  water,  and  to  depend  on  rain  in  some  parts  is  too 
much  of  a  risk.  With  a  good  water  supply  much  of  the  rich  soil  of 
this  State  would  produce  abundantly  of  nearly  all  kinds  of  products, 
which  at  present  are  not  enough  to  aupport  the  population. 

There  are  very  few  windmills  used  at  present  in  this  State,  though  I 
think  they  might  be  successfully  used,  for  the  reason  that  good  winds 
blow  nearly  all  the  year.  There  ia  conaiderable  water  power  unused, 
which  according  to  law  can  be  acquired  by  denouncement.  If  a  spring 
of  water  rises  in  the  property  of  any  one,  the  owner  of  the  property  also 
owns  the  spring.  Rivers  are  owned  and  controlled  by  the  State  through 
which  they  pass.  Rights  and  privileges  to  public  waters  are  sold  by 
the  Statv^.  The  system  of  water  distribution  ia  aa  followa,  and  ia  gen- 
erally acquired  by  purchase : 

A  atream  of  permanent  water  is  called  thirty  days  of  water,  and  the 
owners  may  sell  the  right  to  any  one  to  uae  thia  water  for  any  length 
of  time,  aay,  for  example,  one  day  in  every  month,  which  ia  called  one 
day  of  water,  worth  very  often  as  high  as  $1,000  per  day.  It  is  an  un- 
derstood right  between  all  landowners  that  parties  owning  any  right  or 
privilege  in  the  water  can  pass  same  to  their  lauds  through  the  lands  of 
adjacent  owners  by  means  of  narrow  ditches. 
H.  Ex.  45 22 


/  ■ 


338  IRRIGATION   IN   AMERICA— LOWER   CALIFORNIA 


United  States  Oonsutate, 

Saltillo,  Mexico,  July  13,  1889. 


John  Woessner, 

Consul, 


■!  i  i 


!-!) 


Ill 


LOWER  CALIFORNIA. 

REVORT  BY  COXSVL  VIOSCA 

O"  gulf  water's  edge.  S  comnon«i^  nf  ff    f^     ''^*'*'°  ''^^^  *^^  ^^^ 

beyond  potibiU?;  trjakf an  esSZ'^f f;!""-  .'''""?•  *'"'^*'°"''' 
in  cultivation  and  of  the  ouirtitv  nSf  tte.nnmber  of  areas  non- 
land  existing,  nrremlar  snrT^vi  L™  n»i"msaWo  and  oultivaWe 
either  at  large  o^sectfon^lSltri!*™  ever  beou  ,„„je  of  this  country, 
granting  iSsfon  of  MivwImUand'/^^^^^^^^  surveys  ,„ade  in' 

c"nrir'is^TJt«{SS"^^^^^ 

the  entire  place,  tr^sforinhli  f  ?l^T     /TT'^  '''''"'«^'^'*  *^e  ^'^^e  of 
this  country    Ve?eSSov^^^^^^^  finest  grazing  spots  in 

a  farm  ]no»L^  ^";-H^"r,^^5^?^«^y,'n^<le  '^  Coring  for  well  water  at 
depth  of  70"feet 'from  S'«m"fL^  «'^J?'^«"'*"'^'"'  stream,  rnnning  at  the 

people  of  thL  <  isS  to  the  bel  ef  "that"'.;!'"-''  '''1i  7''^'^  ^^^^«  "'« 
made  successful.  *^^  urtesiau-well  boring  could  be 


MM 


IRRIGATION   IN  AMERICA — SONORA. 


339 


The  crops  raised  out  of  the  baids  under  cultivation  are  hardly  suffi- 
cient m  providing  for  the  local  consumption  of  sugar,  panocba,  corn, 
and  beans,  the  gulf  border  States  have  to  provide  here  for  the  defi- 
ciency almost  yearly. 

Water  supply  to  the  cultivated  lands  is  from  mountain  streams  and 
also  seveml  springs  of  permanent  durafion,  by  law  still  under  the  old 
regime.  This  country's  system  of  wat  distribution  among  planters  is 
regulated  through  the  municipal  town  council  and  is  allowed  free  of 
taxation,  thus  being  governed  by  the  old  rules  and  reguUiMons  of  the 
laws  of  Spain,  the  Mexican  Government  has  not  yet  enacted  laws  reir- 
ulating  the  using  of  water. 

Sooner  or  later  it  will  be  discovered  that  a  great  deal  of  the  land  in 
this  territory,  at  present  considered  barren  and  almost  useless,  is  and 
can  be  made  subject  to  cultivation  by  the  use  of  modern  appliances  and 
improvements  for  irrigation  and  their  future  development,  besides  being 
as  they  are  just  now,  of  great  utility  for  sheep  and  cattle  breeding,  and 
as  for  the  beneht  of  mankind,  it  has  the  great  inducement  of  having  a 
delicious  and  healthy  climate. 

Jas.  Viosoa, 

Consul. 

United  States  Consulate, 

La  Paz,  Mexico,  /September  20, 1889. 


SONORA. 

BEPORI  BY  CONSUL  WILLAllD,  OF  OUATMAS. 

Up  to  the  present  time  the  lands  cultivated  in  Sonora  (this  consular 
district)  are  confined  to  the  bottom  or  valley  lands  on  the  small  streams 
and  rivers. 

For  the  purpose  of  irrigating  said  lands,  dams  of  simple  construction 
ot  stone  and  earth,  or  brush  and  earth,  are  erected  ol  the  Hides  or  in 
the  streams,  and  ditches  are  dug  to  convey  the  water  to  the  lands  cul- 
tivated.  These  dams,  as  a  rule,  require  repairs  and  some  reconstruction 
each  year. 

The  ditches  require  cleaning  and  repairing  yearly,  but  are  not  ex- 
pensive to  maintain. 


United  States  Consulate, 

Quaymas,  Mexico,  August  14,  1889. 


A.   WiLLARD. 


CONTINENT  OF  ASIA. 


ASIATIC  TURKEY. 

ASIA  MINOR. 

SMYRNA. 

REPORT  ST  CONSUL  EMMET. 


AREA  IRRIGATED. 

There  is  no  irrigation  practiced  in  this  or  any  other  district  of  Asia 
Minor,  except  in  kitchen  and  fruit  gardens  in  the  neighborhood  of  large 
towns. 

Water  supply. — In  these  cases  the  supply  of  water  is  from  wells  on  the 
premises  and  the  machinery  used  is  a  large  wheel  bucket  pump,  worked 
by  a  horse.  These  wells  are  of  various  depths  and  the  supply  of  water 
utterly  fails  in  some,  during  long-continued  droughts. 

Modes  of  irrigating. — No  waterworks  or  artificial  lakes  are  to  be  found 
anywhere,  altliough  there  are  numerous  rivers,  streams,  and  lakes  which 
could  be  adapted  to  over  come  the  effects  of  the  diy  season,  which 
usually  lasts  from  five  to  six  months. 

Water  distribution. — These  water  sources  belong  mainly  to  the  Govern- 
ment, in  some  instances  to  religious  communities  (n^osques),  but  the 
right  to  use  the  same  can  be  obtained  at  moderate  cost. 

Crops. — In  this  section  the  yield  of  crops  depends  on  a  merciful  Provi- 
dence in  withholding  rains  during  t^e  growing  and  thrashing  seasons ; 
the  jr  \'enuity  or  industry  of  mankind  takes  but  an  insignificant  part  in 
producing  large  crops. 

Tithes. — Although  the  largest  revenue  to  the  Government  is  derived 
from  tithes  on  agricultural  products,  the  overtaxed  peasantry  labor 
under  great  difficulties  and  receive  no  encouragement  or  assistance  from 
the  Goverunient. 

Rainfall  and  soil. — The  amount  of  rainfall  rarely  exceeds  26  inches 
per  square  foot ;  in  fact  that  is  considered  an  ample  supply. 

The  soil  is  mainly  a  sandy  loam. 

W.  O.  Emmet, 

Consul. 

United  States  Consulate, 

.  Smyrna,  August  2, 1889. 

341 


Mi^ 


i    ! 


!iH 


!     it 


842 


IRRIGATION   IN   ASIA — PALESTINE. 


SIVAS. 
REPORT  BT  aONSVL  JEWETT. 

In  reply  to  your  circular  of  May  2,  1889  ronlvrfiPAiVA,!  hviaof  «««f\ 
asking  for  a  report  on  irrigation  a^s  pVacticinnXTount^y  I  L'^.e  to 
say  that  there  is  no  special  system  of  irrigation  used  in  this  mrt  of 
Asia  Minor,  the  character  of  the  soil  and  thS  amount  of  rainfall  mSn  J 
^^aTT!^^^'  ^^^as.'O'ially  a  farmer  cou<lucts  Tb^ook  through  hi! 
field,  but  the  practice  is  limited  and  unimportant  in  exTnt       ^ 

Minn,  fv,  """^^  ""^  ^^^  Euphrates,  and  in  some  parts  of  southern  Asia 
LaH^  i«Tn  fff  T^T  ^^  ^^"S^tion,  but  I  am  unable  to  prSe  any 
details  as  to  its  character  or  extent,  or  the  methods  used.  ^ 

H.  M.  Jewett, 
United  States  Consulate,  Gonml. 

Sivas,  Turkey,  July  23,  1889. 


PALESTINE. 

REPORT  BY  CONSUL  QILLMAN,  OF  JERXTSALEM. 

r^7!3  *5^,^?««P'*»°  Of  Jaffa  and  its  immediate  neighborhood  there  is 
no  part  of  this  consular  district  in  which  any  extension  and  svstemaffn 
attempt  at  irrigation  according  to  modern  methods  is  made.  '^'^^""^^'^ 

THE  JORDAN  VALLEY. 

for  irrigation  several  successive  crops  may  bVprodred  annual^  nnfv 
the  most  feeble  and  primitive  methods  of  condiiifW  JhT  ^i^'  ^'"^ 
water  to  the  few  and  ill-cultivat..d  fields  are  fo^^^^^^  Thfs  unS 
valley,  capab  e,  with  proper  agricultural  treatment!  of  sustalnhiJ^an 
immense populoaon,  has  no  settlement  worthy  of  the  name     The  wiW 

?ance"o°f  thf  TiSh  ^^^«»g»^«"t  ^ts  length'^and  breadX  anTlln^de 
nance  ot  the  Turkish  Government,  wh  ch  have  in  vain  attpmnfAH  +« 
drive  them  out,  come  and  go  at  their  own  free  will.  ^"^°^Pt«d  to 

valdt^l^.^^^^^^^ 

SfsCt"oVo?if/  -^7^"«^y  still  smaller  ch'aS,'ttwS 

which  men  lor  18  made  in  the  Bible :  "  Where  thou  sowedit  thv  seed^^^^^^^ 
wateredst  it  with  thy  foot,  as  a  garden  of  herbs."  TDeut    xiioi 

ex?b  Ln'tVrowr"  'l\V\?'  ""''  «"^""^^«^^'  ^"^  ^^^^  ^^«  o/'speiially 

SnS  in^  r.?r-  ^A^$l"l^^."^  ancient  Shechem  or  Sychar,  similar 

-.—I j,,....r...  „rc  xuiiuwou.    xhe  comparatively  few  fields  and 


■iilf! 


■aMHi 


IRRIGATION    IN   ASIA — PALESTINE. 


343 


gardens  are  well  watered  from  the  abundant  streams  which  have  their 
rise  in  the  Mounts  Gerizim  and  Ebal,  making' it  a  spot  of  beauty  in. 
the  midst  of  wild  and  unreclaimed  surroundings.  In  one  or  two  in- 
stances here  tliere  have  been  made  some  elibrts  at  a  more  enlightened 
system  of  irrigation,  tlie  water  from  the  clear  and  copious  springs  be- 
ing conducted  by  an  aqueduct  of  stone  masonry  and  more  satisfactorily 
supplied.  The  result  is  the  luxuriant  gardens  in  which  most  of  the 
various  kiiuls  of  fruits  and  vegetables  suitable  to  the  climate  are  found, 
testifies  as  to  what  might  be  accomplished  were  nu)re  intelligent,  sys- 
tematic, and  thorough  measures  adopted. 

Throughout  Palestine  very  little  water  produces  a  wonderful  re- 
sult. The  soil,  naturally  fertile,  immediately  responds  to  the  effect  of 
the  periodic  rains.  The  bursting  of  the  land  into  bloom  after  the  first 
heavy  showers  of  the  rainy  season  is  a  sight  never  to  be  forgotten. 
The  hillsides  and  valleya,  that  through  the  dry  season  had  lain  burned 
up  and  barren,  like  a  calcined  bone,  are  suddenly,  as  if  by  miracle,  turned 
into  a  garden  of  the  most  brilliant  blossoms,  the  scarlet  ranunculus 
and  anemone,  pomegranate,  and  many  other  flowers  and  shrubs  only 
known  to  us  in  cultivation,  "  making  the  wilderness  and  solitary  place 
rejoice  and  blossom  as  the  rose." 

THE  king's   GARDEN,   JERUSALEM. 

In  the  valley  of  the  Kedron,  on  the  southerly  side  of  Jerusalem,  is 
the  King's  Garden,  which  dates  back  to  the  time  of  Hezekiah,  if  not 
to  that  of  Solomon.  It  is  mentioned  in  Nehemiah  (2,  15),  where  it 
speaks  of  ''  Siloah,  by  the  King's  Garden." 

The  few  acres  which  are  at  present  uiuler  cultivation  here  are  irri- 
gated in  the  usual  simple  manner.  The  source  of  the  water  supply  is 
the  celebrated  Pool  of  Siloah,  or  Saloam,  a  reservoir  53  feet  long,  18 
feet  wide,  and  19  feet  deep,  which  is  fed  through  a  subterranean  conduit 
by  the  overflow  of  the  Pool  of  the  Virgin,  an  intermittent  spring  about 
one-quarter  of  a  mile  to  the  northward.  The  water  is  conducted  from 
the  former  pool  partly  by  underground  drains,  regulated  by  the  most 
primitive  of  sluices,  into  smaller  channels  in  the  direction  required, 
where  still  finer  ramifications,  or  branches,  distribute  it  to  the  drills,  or 
rows,  in  which  the  crop  is  planted,  much  as  hi  the  other  instances  men- 
tioned and  with  as  little  regularity  or  system. 

In  those  garden  plats  all  the  ordinary  vegetables  and  many  kinds  of 
fruit  are  produced  in  good  quantity  and  of  fair  quality. 

And  up  the  terraced  slopes,  even  to  the  very  walls  of  Jerusalem,  some 
of  the  largest  cauliflowers  come  to  perfection,  and  are  in  the  market  in 
the  months  of  February  and  March.  This  vegetable  sells  at  the  rate  of 
3  heads  for  12  cents. 

There  is  no  special  regulation  as  to  the  use  of  the  water,  other  than 
that  of  the  most  patriarchal  kind,  the  owners  of  the  adjacent  land  hav- 
ing free  access  to  the  pool  for  all  requisite  purposes,  including  house- 
hold uses  and  the  watering  of  their  flocjks  and  herds.  Much  of  the 
water  is  also  brought  into  Jerusalem  for  sale  in  goatskins. 


KING  SOLOMON'S  POOLS  AND   GARDENS. 

About  8  miles  to  the  southwest  of  Jerusalem  are  the  wonderful 
Pnnlrt  nf  Solomnn.  wliile  below  tliem.  iu  the  narrow  valley  of  TTrtas,  lie 
the  renowned  gardens  of  the  wise  King,  except  the  Garden  of  Eden  I 


344 


rRRIQATION   IN  ASIA—PALESTINE. 


suppose  the  oldest  recorded  gardens  in  the  world, 
mentioned  in  Ecclesiastes  (2,  4-6),  as  follows 


These  works  are 


of  water,  t.„atortheVo,,l,h{l,:rotr;i,"'.T,i:"elutrt,ItS'''  '  '"'"'°  "'°  *°°^' 

JosepLus  atao  8,lak8  of  tU  °Xce  'tcTn,L;™  n  f  i^  'f'"'  °"'«."""- 
and  abomulmg  in  rivulets  of  waer,»?„,r?eT«,tL^^^^^^^^^^ 

long  toir  sprinS  wui,  goK.8t  ^^"''"  '""■l"« '"«•  '"  «".or,  tboir 

west  enr/J&';"S'epTafwVXi,,''St^^  "*  "'''  ""''  '^ ''-''  =>« 

60  feet;  having'suSnTcauac itv  n.  ?ir  tV^'''^  ^'^^P**'  ^^  ^''^^^  «"d  of 
the  largest  malof-wa;lri^'rr1^;,rgS  thS^e^n  ^ Xh 'nlo,"  '""' 
flows  successively,  by  reeulated  ilnivSJ  inf^  f?  ^  J^ach  pool  over- 

order  here  given  tCwrnni^mLf^  '  ".*"*  ^''^  ''^^^  ^^^^^  i^,  in  the 
the  valley!  '  ^  ^  emptying  its  superabundant  water  into 

'*^ii*e%:rort"^^^^^^^ 

Saracenic  aqStbeirnufcf^^^^^  ^^""'^^^  ^^ss  ancient 

6-...U  .aou,  o.  tae  valley  are  also  largely  watered  from  a 'separate 


'  '^'^'Qmvwmm 


IRRIGATION   IN   ASIA — PALESTINE. 


345 


ese  works  are 


copions  spring,  which  has  its  rise  in  the  wide  of  tho  monntains  and  at 
the  foot  of  the  village  of  Urtas.    Tho  soil  is  a  red  clay,  exceedingly' 
fertile,  and  to  this  day  the  finest  fruits  and  vegetables  in  the  Jersua- 
leni  market  come  from  those  gardens. 

Of  the  fruits  produced  may  be  mentioned  apricots,  peaches,  necta- 
rines, apples,  prunes,  plums,  citrons,  lemons,  pomegranates,  mulberries, 
tigs,  and  grapes.  The  vegetables  include  pease,  beans,  beets,  okra 
egg  plant,  onions,  leeks,  garlic,  potatoes,  turnips,  cabbage,  canlidower 
carrots,  cucumbers,  pumpkins,  vegetable  marrow,  tomatoes,  and  rad- 
ishes. ' 

About  two-fifths  of  the  land  belong  to  three  Europeans,  and  the  re- 
mainder 18  owned  by  the  native  Syrian  fellahin  peasants. 

The  distribution  of  the  water  is  regulated  by  the  old  custom  or  sys- 
tem of  "  fassels,"  a  night  and  a  day  forming  a  "  fasscl."  Each  family 
owning  land  there  know,  from  time  immemorial,  its  respective  rights 
and  share  in  the  "fassel"  of  water.  Some  have  an  entire  "fassel," 
and  again  the  same  is  divided  among  the  different  members  of  a  family 
to  irrigate  their  respective  shares  of  laud.  The  water  is  carried  from 
one  plat  to  another  by  drains  in  the  usu^l  simple  manner  alreadv  de- 
scribed. The  Europeans  who  own  land  there  have  made,  howe,v.r,  a 
cemented  conduit  to  convey  their  share  of  water  into  their  ground.  No 
statistics  are  obtainable,  none  ever  having  been  kept,  as  to  the  dutv  of 
water  per  acre. 

No  special  rent  or  fee  is  paid  for  the  water  used,  nor  are  there  any 
charges  on  the  land  in  connection  therewith,  the  only  payments  made 
being  the  usual  government  taxes—the  "werke"  (land  taxes)  and 
"  ushur  "  (titles). 

Solomon's  Pools,  the  Sealed  Fountain,  and  the  aqueduct  are  public 
property,  and  are  under  the  control  of  the  Turkish  Government. 


JAFFA  AND  ITS  ORANGE  GROVES. 


The  town  of  Jaffa,  looking  down  from  its  pleasant  elevation  on  the 
one  side  on  the  deep  blue  Mediterranean,  and  on  the  other  on  its  multi- 
tudinous palms  and  odorous  orange  groves,  may  well  be  considered  en- 
titled to  its  name,  which,  softened  in  the  Arabic  pronunciation  to  Jaffa, 
means  "  beautiful." 

The  orange  groves  and  gardens  and  their  system  of  irrigation,  though 
they  have  been  greatly  extended  within  comparatively  recent  times 
have  unquestionably  an  origin  of  quite  respectable  antiquity. 

The  area  of  land  under  irrigation  at  Jaffa  would  exactly 'include  the 
space  occupied  by  its  orange  groves,  being  nearly  one-third  of  the  cul- 
tivable ground  belonging  to  the  community ;  that  is,  of  9,000  acres  of 
cultivable  lauds,  about  3,000  acres  are  under  irrigation. 

The  orange  and  the  lemon  are  the  chief  crops ;  but  other  fruits,  such 
as  citrous,  limes,  peaches,  apricots,  grapes,  pomegranates,  and  melons, 
and  all  the  ordinary  garden  vegetables,  are  also  produced  in  abundance 
and  of  fine  quality.  The  vine  especially  is  of  late  receiving  much  atten- 
tion,  and  within  the  last  few  years  extensive  vineyards  have  been 
planted.  Neither  the  vine  nor  the  olive,  of  the  latter  of  which  there 
are  many  groves,  requires  any  water  other  than  the  usual  rainfall. 

The  superiority  of  the  Jaffa  orange  is  world  renowned,  whether  its 
size,  juiciness,  or  Havor  is  considered. 

In  an  average  season,  oranges  and  lemons,  together  with  other  fruits 
and  vegetables,  to  the  amount  of  $335,000  have  been  exported  from 


346 


IRRIGATION   IN   ASIA— PALESTINE. 


'If 


I ;  H 


is^iTo'reM)^!'^*^'''  *^'^  ^^  ^^^  iuimenso  homo  consumption,  of  which  there 

The  engine  in  nso  for  raising  the  water  is  in  every  case,  without  e\- 
ception,  the  so-called  -bajara"  or  -  Dayara,"  a  wooden  nmchinc  of  tlfe 
most  simple  construction,  driven  by  horse  or  mule.  Its  principal  par  s 
are  a  whim  beam  or  ca,.stHn  with  horizontal  wheel  attac  ,e,l,  moving  a 
vertical  wheel  connected  by  shaft  with  a  third  wheel  which  carries  at 
Its  circumference  a  chain  pendent  reversible  buckets. 

wfM.ff  i"^^''?'*  '"  ^••®  '^'"'"  ^'^'""  '^'  fastened  to  the  horse  or  mule, 
with  the  monotonous  circuit  of  which  animal  the  whole  is  set  in  motion  • 
the  wheel  with  buckets  revolving  in  the  well,  dipping  upthe  wa  er  W 

Z^S^  '^  T""  ^'''  "^"''"'^  ""'  ^'"'^-  The  tlinkV  are  nsuaUy  ose  o 
the  wells,  and  are  cemented  basins  built  of  stone.  They  are  filled  dur" 
ing  the  day,  the  water  being  distributed  from  them,  tlu'ouglUhe  va^^^^^^^^^ 

^^.^'s:^:^:^:'' ""'''' ''''  ''^  ^^^^  '^  evaUtio.rr; 

There  are  about  700  of  these  bajaras  at  work  at  Jaffii. 
Ihe  system  of  water  distribution,  being  entirely  under  private  con 
trol,  18  governed  by  neither  law  nor  regulation.  ^ 

161  dav^«"1«  9^4nV^;f  *^'  "T"^  ^''''  """'"^  '^"^'"^  *^«  «•'''*«*>»  <>f  23  weeks,  or 
161  days,  8  2,300  cubic  metres,  at  a  cost  of  from  20  to  25  cents  per  diem 

Thus,  for  instance,  the  average  expense  for  irrigating  an  orang^fgS^ 
vn  .u  nf^r  ^^^  ««fes  would  be,  for  160  days,  at  20  cents,  $160^  The 
value  of  the  crop  might  be  estimated  at  from  $500  to  $700 

Owing  to  the  peculiarity  of  tjie  climate,  the  orange  groves  are  obliged 
to  be  watered  during  the  summer  months,  or  rather  during  the  dry 

Tl«?o'''f'n""M^"'  *^"^'5  "''^^  *«  f^"'"  ^f^V  till  October  or  November 
The  raintall  in  the  winter  months,  or,  say,  from  November  till  Mav 
varies  from  17  to  30  inches.    The  average  temperature  is  in  the  dav' 
tmie,  from  70o  to  71°  F. ;  during  the  night,  from  65o  to  66°  F.  ^  ^' 

Ihe  soil  in  the  orange  groves  is  of  mixed  clay  and  sand,  with  rather 
more  of  the  latter  than  of  the  former.  It  is  exceedingly  ferSe  a  is 
particularly  well  suited  to  the  orange.  ' 

nf^f.^uKo^  antiquity  of  the  system  of  irrigation,  the  close  resemblance 
otthe  "bajara'  to  the  Spanish  "noria"  has  induced  many  persons  to 
imagine  Its  being  introduced  here  at  some  early  period  fror Spain 
But  as  the  lamily  likeness  of  these  wheels  to  the  ancient  Persia^woo  en 
water-wheel  is  equa  ly  great,  and  as  the  Crusaders,  in  the  eleventrce, 
tury,aro  reported  to  have  found  the  orange  tree  (C\7r«s  a wSS) 
oS^llv  t^lr'"'"'  *'^'  ^^^^^'-^l  «y«tem  of  irrigation  iiay  as  weU  beiri 

CLIMATE. 

est^in*^^fidd"th.%nlw''*'  ^^'^•'''V'  ^'Tf^'  respecting  the  climate  of  Pal- 
estine,  J  add  the  fol  owing  remarks:  It  is  evident  from  the  statements  of 

thi.  cSIlntr  -^  fu7'^  ^"^^  '^''^^^'"^^'  ''^^  ^^"  ^«  f''^'^ «"ier  testhno  y,  tJiat 
this  country,  in  former  ages,  was  not  only  under  a  more  ffeneral  and 

t*brt"Si'"''  1*  ««'ti vation  as  regards  its  agricultural  SrS,  but  a^ 
that  It  possessed  extensive  tracts  of  forest  which  have  long  disappeared 
Consequently  its  rainfall  was  more  favorably  regnlatedXi  ^more 
equable  m  its  distribution.    The  result  would  naturally' be    ft  on  y 

.  ,         'i~~7'^l   ..i.,,i^^,.,  [lie  ini|)iuvca  f;r(nviiig-  crops,  but  th«  t»n- 

richmeut  of  the  soil  and  the  permanent  benefit  of  the  land:    At  pres- 


ata 


IRRIGATION   IN    ASIA — SYRIA. 


347 


private  con- 


ent  seasons  of  almost  tropical  rain  are  followed  by  the  long,  drj'  period 
in  which  not  a  drop  of  rain  falls,  and  nearly  every  green  herb  perishes 
and  burns  up  for  lack  of  moisture.  Swept  by  the  resiHtless  torrent  of 
the  rainy  season,  the  higher  lands  are  stripped  of  their  soil,  and  entire 
districts  are  seen  in  which  the  barren  ridges  of  rock  crop  out  like  the 
bones  in  the  skeleton  of  some  gigantic  animal. 

The  phenomenon  of  the  "  air  cushion  "  is  seen  here  to  perfection.  Be- 
fore a  rain  sets  in  it  generally  takes  several  days  of  incubatory  prepara- 
tion before  the  result  comes.  (Ireat  clouds  roll  up,  and  cover" the  entire 
heavens  with  their  dense  masses  ;  but  in  vain  they  attenipt  to  di.s(;liarge 
their  contents,  or  if  they  succeed  in  dissolving,  the  thirsty  atmosphere 
drinks  up  the  moisture  before  it  ever  reaches  the  earth.  And  this  must 
continue  till  the  intervening  strata  composing  the  "air  cushion"  are 
sufficiently  saturated  to  permit  the  rain  to  fall  through,  which  then  oc- 
curs in  a  violent  and  often  injurious  downpour.  I)ei>rived  of  the  gen- 
tle mediation  of  the  growing  crops,  and  especially  of  the  forests,  which 
would  have  established  the  proper  relations  and  a  Just  equilibrium, 
through  their  continual  evaporation,  the  parched  ground  languishes  for 
the  rain  that  is  denied  it,  or  that,  when  given,  comes  in  almost  an  un- 
welcome shape. 

During  the  serious  drought  of  1887  and  1888  this  phenomenon  was 
seen  in  an  extreme  degree ;  weeks  and  even  montiis  passing  without 
adequate  rain,  though  the  greater  part  of  the  time  the  heavens  were 
dark  with  clouds. 

The  intervening  unsaturated  <»  air  cushion"  drank  up  the  contents  of 
the  clouds,  as  already  described,  so  that  little  or  no  rain  could  pass 
through  it. 

It  is  thought  that  the  agricultural  colonies  establishing  here  within 
recent  years  have  already  begun  to  produce  a  perceptibly  beneiicial 
effect  in  this  direction.  But  probably  it  is  too  soon  yet  to  look  for  any 
decided  change. 

Henry  Gillman, 
Comul, 

United  Statks  Consulate, 

Jerusalem,  Au>jmt'2,\S^\^^'Q. 


SYRIA. 


REPORT  liY  OONSXrL  HISSINOER,  OF  liEIRVT. 
AREAS  IRRIGATED. 

As  there  are  no  statistics  kept  in  Syria  it  is  not  i)08Hil)le  to  state,  with 
any  degree  of  positiveness,  the  exact  areas  of  land  under  irrigation, 
and  the  different  authorities  competent  to  speak  on  so  important  a  sub- 
ject differ  somewhat  in  their  various  estimates.  A  high  Government 
official  in  Damascus  who  has  devoted  much  study  and  attention  to  the 
matter  gives  the  approximate  area  of  cultivated  land  in  the  vilayet  or 
province  of  Syria  as  30,000  feddans  =  336,000,000  square  feet.  (A  fed- 
dan  in  Syria  is  understood  to  comprise  that  extent  of  land  which  can 
be  plowed  and  prepared  for  seed  by  a  pair  of  oxen  in  one  day.) 

An  equally  reliable  and  competent  authority  in  Beirut,  from  his  own 
observation  and  knowledge  of  the  country,  estimates  that  only  about  5 
per  cent,  of  the  cultivated  lands  are  irrigated  in  the  province  known  as 


348 


IRRIGATION   IN   ASIA — SYRIA. 


Monnt  Lebanon,  and  probably  not  over  2  per  cent,  in  all  Syria,  while 
tbo  proportion  of  irrigable  aa  compared  with  nonirrignble  areas  is 
calculated  by  the  former  authority  as  equal  to  about  3  parts  out  of  24, 
or  12^  per  cent. 

CROPS. 

The  total  quantity  of  crops  grown  is  not  ascertainable,  not  even  ap- 
proximately, and  any  attempt  to  arrive  at  exact  figures  would  be  use- 
less and  a  mere  waste  of  time. 

The  quality  of  the  crops  varies  according  to  climate,  soil,  and  locality; 
they  comprise  nearly  all  the  cereals  grown  in  the  United  State^  besides 
"durah"  or  maize,  both  yellow  and  white,  aesarae,hemp,  cotton,  etc.,  also 
bananas,  pomegranates,  figs,  dates,  oranges,  lemons,  mulberries,  olive 
and  other  fruits,  and  all  kinds  of  vegetables  and  otii.  r  garden  products. 

Orchards  well  watered,  as  those  for  instance  at  Sidon,  Tripoli,  and 
other  places  in  Syria,  are  reputed  to  be  very  remunerative  in  a  pecu- 
niary point  of  view,  yielding,  it  is  said,  as  high  as  10  per  cent,  on  the 
capital  invested  clear  of  all  expenses. 

WATER  SUPPLY. 

The  sources  of  water  supply  are  lakes,  rivers,  streams,  and  other 
water  courses,  springs,  ponds,  wells,  and  cisterns  or  tanks.  The  waters 
Oi  lakes  for  irrigation  purposes  are  only  utilized  in  a  few  instances,  such 
as  Homs,  Tiberias,  etc.,  as  will  be  seen  later  on,  and  reservoirs  on  a 
large  scale  do  not  exist  at  all  in  Syria. 


■l;l 


MODES   OF  IRRIGATION. 

I  ublished  reports  of  irrigation  and  storage  works  do  not  exist ;  a 
wood  cut  of  a  huge  Persian  water-wheel,  in  use  at  Hamath,  with  an 
accompanying  description  in  print  published  from  notes  furnished  by 
a  competent  authority  here,  is  annexed  to  this  report,  designated  as 
annex  "A." 

Generally  speaking  the  character  of  the  irrigation  works  is  of  the 
most  primitive  kind.  From  rivers  the  conveyance  of  water  is  usuitily 
by  means  of  canals  or  rough  ditches  badly  leveled  and  aligned,  often 
without  masonry  except  at  intake,  the  retaining  weirs  for  the  obtain- 
ing necessary  head  being  remade  every  season  of  bowlder,  stones,  and 
brushwood,  rarely  over  3  feet  high. 

Irrigation  from  springs  is  generally  much  the  same  as  from  the  rivers, 
though  necessarily  on  a  smaller  scale. 

From  wells  the  system  universally  employed  is  that  of  the  "  Na'hura." 
The  "Na'hura "is  of  the  simplest  construction,  cheap,  quickly  made 
and  repaired  and  easily  worked,  while  it  raises  a  comparatively  large 
quantity  of  water.  Its  construction  consists  of  a  clumsy  cog-wheel 
fitted  to  an  upright  post  and  made  to  revolve  horizontally  by  a  donkey, 
mule,  or  horse  attached  to  the  sweep ;  this  turns  a  similar  one  perpen- 
dicularly placed  at  the  end  of  a  heavy  beam  which  has  a  large  wide 
drum  built  into  it,  directly  over  the  mimth  of  the  well. 

Over  this  drum  revolve  two  rough  hawsers  or  thick  ropes,  often  made 
of  myrtle  twigs  and  branches  twisted  together,  and  upon  them  are 
fastened  small  earthen  jars  or  wooden  buckets.    One  side  descends 

Ttrhila    fl»Q    rifhor    T<iaaa      OQrrwinof    fV»a    apiall    Knnlrpf.H  wit.Vi    fhAlll  ?    thnHA 

"""••    '-•'"-•    ••' 7     -""-j-'-n     •■■■'•    ••' '-     — 7 

descending  are  empty,  while  the  ascending  ones  are  full,  and  as  they 
pass  over  the  top,  they  discharge  into  a  trough  which  conveys  the 


■  .'■-  ".j**ft.'-ii'.-,  ^-4   . 


IRRIOATION   IN   ASIA — SYRIA. 


849 


rom  the  rivers, 


water  to  the  cistern.  The  length  of  the  hawsers  and  number  of  buckets 
depend  upon  the  profundity  of  the  well,  for  the  buckets  are  fastened  to 
the  hawsciH  about  2  feet  apart.  The  wells  are  of  different  depths,  but 
generally  average  from  10  to  15  feet.  It  is  claimed  that  with  good  ani- 
mal power  a  bucket  containing  about  2  gallons  of  water  can  be  raised 
every  second.    (See  table  in  "Acca  Haifa  "  report.) 

The  "  Shaduf, "  so  conspicuous  on  the  Nile,  is  not  used  in  Syria ;  but 
on  the  shores  of  Lake  Tiberias  an  apparatus  much  like  it  has  been  seen 
at  work,  and  the  well  sweep  and  bucket  is  also  met  with  iu  manv 
places.  '' 

Another  method  (very  common  in  the  land  of  Philistia)  may  be  ob- 
served on  the  plains  of  Central  Syria.  It  is  a  large  buffalo  skin,  so 
attached  to  cords  that  when  let  down  into  the  well  it  opens  and  is 
mstantly  filled,  and  being  drawn  up,  closes  up  so  .is  to  retain  the  water 
The  rope  by  which  it  is  hoisted  to  the  top  works  over  a  wheel  and  is 
drawn  by  donkeys,  mules,  oxen,  or  camels  that  walk  directly  from  the 
well  to  the  length  of  the  rope  and  then  return,  only  to  repiat  the 
process  until  asufflcient  quantity  of  water  is  raised;  this  is  also  a  very 
successful  mode  of  drawing  water. 

The  wheel  and  bucket  of  different  sorts  and  sizes  is  much  used  where 
the  water  is  near  the  surface,  and  also  along  rapid  rivers.  For  shallow 
wells  merely  a  wh6el  is  used,  whose  diameter  equals  the  desired  eleva- 
tion of  the  water.  The  rim  of  this  wheel  is  large,  hollow,  and  divided 
into  compartments  answering  the  place  of  buckets.  A  hole  near  the 
top  of  each  bucket  allows  it  to  fill,  as  that  part  of  the  rim,  in  revolving 
dips  under  the  water.  This,  of  course,  will  be  discharged  into  the 
trough  when  the  bucket  begins  to  descend,  and  thus  a  constant  succes- 
sion of  streams  falls  into  the  cistern.  The  wheel  itself  may  be  turned 
by  donkeys,  mules,  oxen,  or  camels. 

Small  water  wheels  are  sometimes  turned  by  feet,  but  the  process  is 
tedious,  toilsome,  and  not  productive  of  much  result. 

At  "  Homs,"  in  the  Tripoli  district,  there  is  a  lake  or  artificial  basin 
of  about  4,000  acres  in  extent,  formed  by  draining  the  '•  Orontes  "  River 
It  is  very  shallow  in  summer,  probably  not  over  10  or  15  feet  at  the 
deepest  part,  but  will  reach  a  depth  estimated  at  from  30  to  40  feet  in 
the  winter.  The  lake  was  made  for  the  double  purpose  of  regulating 
the  summer  flow  of  the  "  Orontes  "  and  for  obtaining  sulflcient  head  of 
water  to  irrigate  the  extensive  gardens  of  Homs.  This  hike  is  the  onlv 
artificial  system  of  irrigation  on  a  large  scale  in  the  country,  but  it  is 
not  kept  in  very  good  rei)air. 

The  Pools  of  Solomon  at  Tyre  may  also  be  mentioned ;  they  are  nat- 
ural  artesian  wells  of  great  volume,  irrigating  some  1,500  acres  of  gar- 
den land  by  artificially  raised  conduits. 


WATER  DISTRIBUTION. 
In  regard  to  this,  Ottoman  law  literally  says : 

The  coutestations  relaf  ve  to  water  courses  for  drinking  or  irrf ffatinff  purnosos. 
the  customs  and  usages  existing  "a6  antiquo"  only  are  to  be  talio7i  int^  consider- 
Htion. 

These  usages  and  established  rules  vary  somewhat  in  different  locali- 
ties, but  it  is  the  almost  universal  custom  that  the  water  belongs  to 

the  f.omnnmitv  mul  fn  fho  lan<1<a  it<f|«T»ff./i  K"  '«-•  *■'»->  "li/^^-f-^i  i 1.0.:.. 

■   e      ~\ '"' ""'  ""    "  ""' ■»t6"vt.t  ijj    jt,    tiic  aiiOi.Lcd  qiillllLii/les 

ot  water  can  not  be  altered  or  alienated  without  the  permission  of  all 
the  proprietors  unanimously,  nor  can  the  lauds  be  sold  without  the 
water,  nor  the  water  without  the  lands. 


I 


350 


IRRIQATION   IN   ASIA — SYRIA. 


The  amount  of  water  used  ])er  acre  ia  estimated  by  a  reliable  authority 
as  vur.viiiK  from  23  tons  in  the  plain  for  garden  products  to  4  tons  r)er 
acre  in  the  high  lands  for  mulberry  trees. 

The  actual  or  precise  (piantity  of  water  used  per  acre  or  season  can 
not,  however,  be  accurately  stated ;  it  varies  greatly  according  to  the 
soil  and  its  products.  Mulberry  trees,  for  instance,  need  only  to  be 
well  watered  three  or  four  times  during  the  dry  season,  but  the  water 
should  penetrate  the  ground  at  least  3  feet;  this  would  require  the  land 
to  be  inundated  to  a  depth  of  at  least  8  to  10  inches.  Vegetables, 
cereals,  etc.,  should  be  watered  more  frequently,  at  least  once  or  twice 
a  week.  Where  there  is  scarcity  of  water  judicious  manuring  would  do 
much  towards  assuring  good  crops,  but  this  practice,  outside  of  the 
vicinity  ot  Beirut  and  other  large  cities,  is  either  wholly  unknown  in 
Syria  or  only  resorted  to  in  very  isolated  cases. 

The  Turkish  regulations  and  laws  in  regard  to  the  tenure  of  owner- 
ship  of  water,  etc.,  are  very  comprehensive  and  precise  on  the  subject, 
and  tor  a  fuller  understanding  of  the  same  a  translation  of  the  most 
l)artiuent  paragraphs  is  appended  herewith : 

OTTOMAN  WATER  BKQULATION8  AND  PROPRIKTAUY  RIGHTS. 

Water,  herbs,  aud  lire,  are  tbiiiga  ex  commeroium;  all  men  enjoy  them  in  common. 

Water  running  uuclw  ground  is  the  property  of  no  one  in  particular. 

Wells  not  sunk  »)y  any  one  in  particular,  and  which  are  used  by  the  public  in  com- 
Dion,  are  ftc  commeroium. 

Sedsaud  great  lalies  are  things  ex  commerciiim. 

Streams  of  the  public  domains,  that  is  to  say,  those  which  do  notspeoially  belong 
to  any  one,  are  tliose  whose  bed  is  not  the  property  of  a  number  of  persons;  such 
Bt^ams  are  ex  commem«w,  as  for  example,  the  Nile,  the  Euphrates,  the  Danube,  etc. 

Private  streams  Arabic :  Euharmemlonk^)  i.  e.,  those  whose  be^s  traverse  the  lands 
the  property  of  private  persons,  are  of  two  kinds : 

1.  Those  waters  are  subdivided  among  coproprietors,  but  which  do  not  empty  or 
exhaust  themselves  completely  into  the  lands  of  the  latter,  and  which  run  afterwards 
into  public  rivers ;  such  water  courses  are  also  designated  public  because  part  of  them 
IS  public  domain ;  the  right  of  preemption  is  not  applicable  to  these  water  courses 

4.  Private  water  courses  (n^hrihass),  which  run  within  the  limits  of  the  property 
ot  a  given  number  ot  persons,  and  whose  water  is  exhausted  and  disappears  upon 
such  property  without  reappearing  to  form  another  confluent ;  preemption  rights  are 
only  applicable  to  such  water  courses.  »   ™  oio 

Alluvium  deposited  by  a  stream  on  the  land  of  a  private  individual  becomes  that 
person's  property ;  no  one  else  can  lay  claim  to  proprietary  rights  thereto. 

Herbs  of  natural  (wild)  growth  upon  lands  the  property  of  no  one  in  particular 
are  ex  commerctitm,  the  same  with  herbs  that  grow  upon  private  property  unknown 
to  the  owner ;  but  if  the  latter  waters  his  land  or  incloses  it  with  a  view  to  prepare  it 
for  cultivation  then  the  herbs  growing  tbereou  become  his  property ;  no  one  else 
can  appropriate  them,  aud  he  who  gathers  them  is  held  responsible  therefor 

JJy  herbs  are  meant  such  plants  as  are  not  artificially  watered;  mushrooms,  for  in- 
stance, are  included  therein,  but  trees  are  not.  .     ^  *" 

Trees  of  natural  (wild)  growth  upon  mountains,  which  have  no  owners  (diibali 
monbaha)  are  ex  commerciiim.  ^  '' 

Trees  of  natural  (wild)  growth  upon  the  prooerty  of  any  one  belong  to  the  owner 
ot  such  property;  nobody  can  cut  them  down  without  his  authorization.  He  who 
gratts  a  tree  becomes  the  proprietor  of  the  shoots  and  fruit  thereof. 

If  anybody  occupies  a  thing  ex  commereium  he  becomes  the  exclusive  proprietor 

Examples:  The  water  which  a  person  draws  from  a  stream  with  a  receptacle  be- 
comes  his  undisputed  property,  and  if  a  third  person  consumes  it  without  the  own- 
er s  permission  he  is  held  liable  therefor.  The  occupation  of  a  thing  must  show 
intent;  consequently  he  who  has  placed  a  receptacle  with  the  intention  of  collectine 
rain  water  becomes  the  owner  of  such  water.  The  same  with  water  accumulated  in 
a  basm  or  cistern  ;  but  the  rain  water  found  in  a  receptacle  not  expressly  placed  for 
such  a  purpose  is  not  the  property  of  the  owner  of  the  recfititjinlfi  and  "i^w  "<>r<.«nq 
may  appropriate  such  water.  ^  '"      ""  —  x— -r.,  . 

It  is  necessary  in  the  occupation  of  water  that  it  does  not  run  continually ;  so  for 
instance,  well  water,  which  filters  through,  is  ex  commeroium.    He  who  consumes  the 


lyiL 


IRRIGATION   IN   ASIA — SYRIA. 


351 


nors  (djibali 


/6  proprietor 


water  thus  obtained  by  infiltration,  even  without  the  propriator's  congcnt,  is  not  held 
liable  for  damages.  Atjaui  water  Ih  not  consiilored  an  having  been  appropriated 
Where  as  much  enterw  a  banin  on  one  Bide  an  eHcape»  on  the  other. 

Kvoryouo  may  enjoy  a  thing  ex  commeroitfm  on  condition  that  such  enjoyment  causcH 
Injury  to  no  one.  ""  '' 

One  can  nrevent  a  person  from  occupyitiff  or  appropriating  a  thing  ex  commervium. 

±.vorybo(ly  can  utilize  the  waters  of  publio  streams  for  his  lands,  and  may  for  this 
purpose  or  for  the  puq^ose  of  constructing  a  mill,  dig  canals  and  ditches  or  trenches, 
on  condition,  however,  of  doing  no  injury  to  anyone.  Works  which  cause  an  inun- 
dation, those  which  completely  exhaust  a  stream,  or  which  prevent  boats  (bai'ses) 
from  iloating,  are  to  bo  interdicted.  v       »    y 

Man  and  beast  may  drink  of  the  waters  not  the  individual  property  of  any  one. 
The  right  of  ehirb"  (the  right  to  use  water  for  irrigation  and  for  the  coifsump- 
tionot  animals)  of  water  courses  not  public  property  belongs  to  the  owners  of  th.iso 
streams  (oonrses);  any  other  person,  however,  may  drink  therefrom.  Thus  no  other 
person  than  the  owner  can  serve  himself  of  the  waters  belonging  to  a  community  or 
ot  a  duch,  trench,  or  well,  for  irrigating  purposes,  but  he  may  drink  therefiom  and 
even  water  his  animals,  i>rovided  the  number  of  these  be  not  so  large  as  to  dniiiaue 
the  water  oourse,  the  canal,  ditch,  trench,  or  conduit;  he  can  likewise  draw  water 
therefrom  with  a  pitcher  or  nail  and  carry  it  to  his  house  or  garden. 

Those  who  possess  a  brook,  stream,  basin,  or  well  upon  ♦'  oir  lands  whose  waters 
are  renewed  by  nature  may  prevent  anyone  who  wants  tu  drink  therefrom  irom 
entering  their  property ;  but  if  there  exists  no  other  water  ex oommeroium  in  Ihe  neiirh- 
borhood  the  owners  are  obliged  to  either  offer  the  use  of  their  water  or  allow  their 
lands  to  be  penetrated ;  and  in  case  tliey  fail  to  offer  their  water  those  who  wisii  to 
drink  may  enter  the  property,  provided  uo  harm  is  done  thereto  by  damagiuif.  for 
example,  the  edge  of  the  wells  or  the  water  conduits. 

One  of  the  coproprietors  of  a  common  water  course  can  not.  wit'iout  the  jiermis- 

sion  of  the  others,  cut  a  channel,  ditch,  trench,  or  gutter.     He  can  •  ot  change  his 

turn    or  share  of  the  enjoyment  of  the  water  established  ab  antiauo,  un  cede  such 

right  to  a  landed  proprietor  who  has  no  right  to  the  waters  of  such  a  tivcr  for  irri- 

gating  his  field  or  watering  his  cattle. 

The  authorization  to  perform  these  acts  given  by  the  other  coproprietors  could  be 
revoked  by  these  latter  or  by  their  heirs. 

lu  all  contestations  touching  drinking  water  or  water  for  irrigating  'jurposos  the 
rules,  regulations,  and  usages  established  ab  antujuo  are  to  be  enforced. ' 

The  waters  of  rivers,  streams,  springs,  and  other  water  courses  pass- 
ing  through  the  lands  of  a  village  or  a  city  are  the  property  of  the 
community,  and  must  be  distributed,  as  has  been  the  practice  ab  antiqxio 
in  such  a  manner  as  to  secure  a  supply  to  each  landed  proprietor  dur- 
ing certain  hours,  either  weekly  or  fortnightly. 

Every  owner  of  land  knows  the  exact  time  and  quantity  of  water  to 
which  he  is  entitled,  and  in  almost  every  village  there  is  a  civil  officer 
who  18  charged  with  the  duty  of  looking  after  the  proper  allotment  and 
distribution  of  the  water  among  all  the  inhabitants. 

As  clocks  and  watches  are  not  commonly  in  use  among  the  peasantry 
the  time  is  measured  by  various  devices,  such  as  hourglasses,  etc. 

IRRIGATION  WORKS. 

Besides  the  Beirut  waterworks  noticed  under  the  head  of  <«  Gen- 
eral  remarks,"  there  exist  in  Syria  no  irrigation  works  which  supplv 
water  against  payment,  and  the  Turkish  Government  has  no  other 
interest,  nor  claims  any  other  right  to  rivers,  streams,  springs,  and 
other  water  courses  than  to  place  an  increased  valuation  upon  the 
lands  irrigated  therefrom,  and  to  levy  a  comparatively  heavier  land 
tax. 

CLIMATE  AND  SOIL. 

The  climate  of  the  coast  region  is  warm  and  damp.  ThprmnrppfAr 
ranges  Irom  about  40*^  to  90°  F.  (in  the  Lebanon  and  other  mountains 
the  range  is  from  10°  to  20°  less  in  the  winter  and  from  5°  to  15°  in 
the  summer).    The  climate  in  the  interior  is  generally  dry,  but  with 


352 


IKBIQATION   IN   ASIA— SYBIA. 


!    i 


period  of  U  yea  ™  "*  '™™S°  ''^'"'"'S'  '"  Beirut  during  » 

^«r«<,  /rom  1879  to  1889.    -  ^ 


January  ... 
February  . . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September  . 

October 

November 


60.92 
65.24 
62.83 
69.26 
73.38 
81.35 
85.75 
84,  20 
81',  05 
74.96 
67.65 


Ti„-       u      '''•»5 

December bo.  53 


o 
52.20 
58.60 
57.81 
85.70 
70.30 
79.50 
82.88 
84.40 
81.20 
77.90 
71.80 
59.50 


61.70 
58.00 
61.70 
67.40 
71.70 
77.40 
82.80 
85.60 
82.90 
76. 50 
67.49 
60.80 


56.70 
53.20 
62.30 
66.00 
69.60 
76.10 
81.40 
82.60 
81.70 
74.64 
68.16 
61.00 


56.  20 
56.60 
64.40 
05.60 
70.78 
7a  65 
81.90 
83.47 
81.55 
76.90 
67.30 
60.60 


54.60 
55.30 
60.10 
66.40 
71.16 
71.90 
80.35 
82.00 
76.30 
74.20 
66.82 
63.80 


0.  60 
■'<0.  30 
62.40 
65.80 
74.60 
78.40 
82.  m 
83.30 
80.90 
70.80 
68.90 
62.40 


55.  54 
57. 52 
61.10 
67.64 
72.36 
78.04 

82.  B6 

83.  97 
81.00 
79.77 
70.84 
62.60 


55.30 
59.60 
64.50 
66.50 
70.80 
76.60 
83.  75 
83.00 
81.60 
78.52 
66.22 
58.33 


67.10 
60.64 
63.16 
65.84 
71.06 
78.12 
82.87 


No  8tati8tio,8  for  the  interi^T^  known  exist, 

causing  it  to  crack  •  iu  RaiW  ar^.i' ^.^v.  ^.  ^ ,"?' "^^^'^^^^  very  hard, 
using  sand  to  'ipro^e  thJShas  LTsI^^^^^  '}'  experiment  ol 

sive  scale  and  upon  large  traof«  ?hi^"- -  1-      ^namore  exteu- 

practicable  or  feasible  ^  P"^""^^"^  '''^"^^  P^^^^ps  not  prove 

Jin  tt^n^ntainsTtte iaSKl^^^^^^^  "^  '^'  P'^-'  ^"^bet- 
salubrious  5  the  nonirri  JSed  di.fni^^T  course  the  most 

cus)  are  co^isidered  byShe  best  next  com!  ^T^"^  ^"^^^  «*'  ^^^'^'- 
then  the  Baalbec  district  the  X-n«  nf  th^R  ,^^^  ''^^'''^^  *°  *^«  north  ; 
the  districts  of  Hasbaya  and  S^^^^^^^  Th«  f  ^"^  ^'  ^^'^^  ®^"^'"  '^»d 
all  irrigated  and  the  soH  fs  vefy  ferSe.  ''''""^  Damascus  is 

ANNUAL   RAIN-FALL  OE  OTHER  PRECIPITATION 

astSs^ttTttrtST^^^^^^^ 

as  low  as  15  inches,  while  another  makes  it  from  1  ?K^  ^f"^^^''  '^ 
average  of  32J  inches.  The  rainfaP  for  llairnfT  ^  ^^  ,'"^^®S'  ^^  »» 
and  6  months  is  herewith  annexed.'  '  ^  P"''^**  ^^  ^^  ^^^'^ 

B^m  inenes,  at  Beirut  fro.  ^^70tom9,o,s^ea  ,y  tUe  Syrian  Protestant  CoUeye 


January 

jFebniary, 

Macrh 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August... 
September 
October  . . . 
November. 
December . 

Total 183.685 


Annual  average  dnring  iryearBrsO^MO  inches 


IRRIGATION   IN  ASIA— SYRIA. 


353 


^  and  950  F.     The 
1  Beirut  during  a 

Protestant   College  at 


886. 

1887.   1888. 

1889. 

0 
D.20 

0     0 
55.  54  55.  SO 

0 
67.10 

J.  60 

57. 52 

59.60 

60.64 

J.  VU 

81.10 

64.50 

63. 16 

t.'jU 

67.64 

66.50 

65.84 

).  70 

72.36 

70.80 

71.06 

i.t'O 

78.04 

76.60 

78.12 

.'10 

82.  H6 

83.  75 

82.87 

.05 

83.97 

83.00 

.30 

81.00 

81.60 

.40 

79.77 

78.52 

.00 

70.84  66.22 

.60 

62.60  58.33 

ria  IS  of  a  heavy, 
comes  very  hard, 
lie  experiment  of 
:  on  a  more  exten- 
erhaps  not  prove 

e  plains,  but  bet- 
course  the  most 
(east  of  Damas- 

ons  to  tha  north  ; 

cool  Syria,"  and 

md  Damascus  is 


riON. 

i-Hges  about  30  to 
rity  estimates  it 
50  inches,  or  an 
iod  of  10  years 


n  Protestant  College 


1887.  1888. 

1880. 

8.91 
2.68 
1.  685 
0.35 
0.875 

6.065 
6. 625 
2.745 
6.158 
0.17 
.905 

6.93 
2.885 
2.69 
.84 
.100 
.28 

0.14 

'3.065' 
10.  IV 

.045 
1.  330 
7.22 
7.885 

27.255  38.148 

1 

No  Statistics  are  kept  of  the  amount  of  the  annual  rainfal'  in  Mi« 

PRECIPITATIONS. 

^I'^t-S'T?^"""^  *^e  summer  and  the  fall  more  or  less  plentiful  Verv 
plentiful  m  sprinfr,  sometimes  sufficient  to  ripen  the  gVain  when  rains 
cease  early  I„  February,  March,  and  AprU  hail  stSrms  Tre  not  . m 
common.  If  they  occur  late  they  are  apt  to  destroy  the  3 berry  leaves 
and  the  vine.  Snow  falls  on  the  mountains  and  in  the  interior  but  no 
statistics  are  kept  of  the  quantity.  iui-enor,  ouc  no 

Generally  the  country  is  at  least  5  months  without  anv  rain  at  all 
and  a  month  after  the  last  rainfall  the  laud  is  dried  up  to  he  depth 
of  the  roots  of  the  trees,  causing  a  total  cessation  of  all  Vegetable  bfe 
?als'hnJ';gf '""•''  'T''''^  '^-    ^^y  ''  *^«  1^«*  '"^"th  in  whth  rain 
begtuurng  of  Ap^rr'  ^^^"^^"'"^  '^^"^  ««^««  ^^^h  the  end  of  March  or 

ANTIQUITY  OP  IRRIGATION. 

All  the  existing  irrigation  works  are  of  considerable  antiquity;  some 
date  from  time  immemorial.  On  the  right  buuks  of  the  Dog  RivS- 
about  5  miles  north  of  Beirut,  there  still  exists  an  old  aqueduct,  buflt 
ZTr^ff^T  P^r^'yc'it  through  the  solid  rock,  running  alo  ig  the 
river  side,  which  is  said  to  date  back  to  the  time  of  the  Ro£an  ocf  upa 
tion ;  Its  present  use  is  to  convey  water  for  the  irrigj^tion  of  a  vast  tract 
of  land  and  to  furnish  the  domestic  .upply  for  the  village  of  Junl6  etc 

Ihe  rums  of  another  aqueduct,  where  the  water  was  conducted  over 
IVZ^T^  dale,  are  still  to  be  seen  in  the  valley  of  the  Beirut  Eiver, 
about  8  miles  above  its  mouth.  ' 

The  waterworks  and  conduits  of  Damascus,  Tripoli,  Horns,  and  Ha- 
math  are  also  of  great  antiquity,  and  the  water  is  conducted  by  means 
ot  canals  of  masonry,  or,  where  this  was  impracticable,  through  earthen 
pipes  and  sometimes  also  through  stones  scooped  out  for  this  purpose 

Ihe  ancient  canals  in  the  plains  of  Mesopotamia,  between  the  Eu- 
phrates and  Tigris,  are  still  extant,  but  they  are  choked  up  with  the 
accumulated  rubbish  of  centuries,  which  with  a  little  energy  and  hard 
work  could  easily  be  removed. 

No  maps  or  publications  bearing  upon  the  subject  of  irrigation,  etc 
exist  in  the  province  of  Syria.  "'b^uuu,  etc., 

GENERAL  REMARKS. 

Underirrigation  works  are  usually  placed  on  lands  lying  along  the 
toot  of  a  mountain,  from  which  rivers,  streams,  springs,  or  other  water 

Su^Zy'^'V  ^  •  "^  "^^'l- ^  ^^  ''^'*'''"  ^^  ^^^'"^  senile  slope  adapt  themselves 
admirably  for  irrigating  purposes. 

In  Beirut  the  area  under  irrigation  extends  about  5  miles  in  one  di- 
SS  w  H  to  9  in  another,  and  the  necessary  supply  of  water  is  fur- 
nishe<l  by  the  Beirut  River  Conducted  through  five  canals.  Another 
strip  0  varying  width  and  about  12  miles  in  length  runs  along  the  Med- 
iterranean Sea,  and  is  irrigated  by  the  waters  of  the  Dog  River,  the 
powerful  spring  of  Antelias,  and  other  springs  of  minor  capacity. 

«,.,iK,.„    ""*" ;.     ;:      '/■  f."-°'^  aiscnuis  are  piautuu  principally  wicu 

gardSutt?^  industry,  besides  all  kinds  of  vegetables  and 

p.  Ex.  45 23 


354 


IRRIGATION   IN  ASIA— SYRIA. 


-^ 


i! 


H 


MMWMmM 

"  duraS  "  or  Zzf  I?"  """"^,7'  ^^^^^^^^  ^^^^^  '«  ^rtiQoial  watering, 
.ura^SS^fn^rt?;^^^^^^^^^^^  to  .0  auite  rt 

precision,  but  it  S  asserted  h^  «n l       ^f ""  ^^.f  ^'^  *«  ascertain  witb 
these  fields  woiklLmn^^^^^^^       TJ^  ^'*?«««  .^t^t  the  best  looking  of 

e.p?e' sT/S  fonhtC^':  aZV'^  */  "^-f  »'■  ->""^  or  ditches 
the  water  dof,  uot  run  o?toelT  X  oLl""'' '*'''"  "'r"''''  '"■'""''■" 
are  not  kept  h.  very  raoV  renalr  Tl?^  i'™  ll'"'''^'^  very  old,  but 
into  cisterns  or  tankl  built  o/ZZ;,-,  u  '^'^  °'  '?""««  ""■»  <»""«1 
emptied  each  d^-  I  ,r!o  re^lv?  *'  ""««i""nt«',  which  are  usually 

maxim  amm°^ho,;ative?iuTrceT"?Nt."'''^''°.''''  '"  '^*'"*  »"«"'" 
where  the  wal  ,■  rn  runaided  bv  ,Z  •'  ,tU"  '"  "l"*"  PfoAtable 

and  conseqneutly  McuSrv  outKl"*"' '  *'*'  '*  *"  """'  "'«''''  "ouduits 
were  appa^ntlySZroutnni, 1-1^  ?,?,  ''"""?'''*^''? '  "'«'■•  ™costors 
left  by'tL^m  scSjitrdcTtTve'r^ff  i''? i™""  "'« ■'-»'^™»«  ""'"s 

tem"?'Ahey1ffr  pr^tr^f Z'euI'iI  ^ri""'-''^*'  take 
furnishes  'Beirut  wXau  Slent  alm£f  ,'""1'^  company,  which 
rate,  .  well  as  a  needfu.  ^^t^Sil^^:::^^^:^^^^ 

»pSurov:p'?;^/sTtuSaS  sss^.tiz:^"  T*^^'" " 

inuu  cipalitv  of  Hoins  -^  xra^Z^Z^  Qines  Uibtant,  into  the  city,  and  the 
of  waterworks ;  brthe  pro  ecf  ?a^ed  S?;^.''T^l''*^  *^^  introduction 
city  of  flamath  whicnDS?AL«H  ^  '^''"^''  ^^^  opposition  of  the 
water  for  its  Wn  sup'V  ^  ^^^''^^^^^  ^"^  even  a  scarcity  of 

mUTaio  es'tSst^f^^busiret  in^?"  ^^ "^^"^  ^^^  enterprising 
States,  to  intrXelchanicTandst«.l'"^^^  ^  ^•"''°  ^^  ^^«  ^"'ted 
of  artificial  irrigation  ^"^  ^^^^^  ^'^ '''  profitable  means 

an?lSh^l^radS^t?iL^^^^^      ^  regionlying  between  Tripoli 

there  was  not  sufficient  ?anrSrj:f:?  "il^f'^  Y^'^^'  ?«l>ecially  as 
the  irrigation  works  iu  Egypt  'conce/v«d  H.^'?,!  ^"^''V"'  '^^"  •"'"'  ^*^^" 
practically  to  his  lauds  ^i.uiieirruSsrct'lS/e'S&rS 


orange  groves,  about 
tl  of  water,  of  wbich, 
I  down  from  Mount 
Qt  supply  5  sufficient 
m  Tripoli  northward 
and  the  mountains, 
i  in  length,  irrigated 
e  their  source  there, 
hey  are  annually  ex- 

i  artifloial  watering, 
lid  to  bo  quite  re- 

ahr  "Jabir"  (River 
)r  year  planted  with 
le  to  ascertain  with 
the  best  looking  of 
lie  corn  fields  in  Illi- 
produce  much  more 
s. 

i6T  Orontea  there  is 
course  of  centuries, 
iduits  can  uo  longer 
sted. 

►f  canals  or  ditches 
ialy  exist,  or  where 
ually  very  old,  but 
springs  are  carried 
,  which  are  usually 
in  Syria  and  the 
X  is  only  profitable 
iy,  where  conduits 
y;  their  ancestors 
le  numerous  works 

waterworks  take 
f  company,  which 
iug  water  at  fixed 
>ses  at  reasonable 

ly  the  waters  of  a 

0  the  city,  and  the 

1  the  introduction 
opposition  of  the 
even  a  scarcity  of 

and  enterprising 
n  of  the  United 
profitable  means 

r  between  Tripoli 
f  rivulets,  whose 
o  longer  be  made 
3rs,  especially  as 
b,  who  had  seen 
'  applying  them 
meutioued,  aud 


IKKIGATION  IN   ASIA — SYRIA. 


355 


weiit  so  fiiT  as  to  ordor  a  machine  of  5  horse-power.    The  pumn  was 

elevaSr;f4r/ 'so  f'"^  P'^f'  '-'''''  '^«  ''^''''^'^  ^  be  rai^ecHo  an 
nr  ufrS  In  ^  ^^  ^^^^-  ^>®  P"™P  ^a«  guarantied  to  lift  750  litres 
or  106|  gallons  per  minute ;  it  worked  for  40  days,  fulfilled  all  its  e? 
pecta^ons,  and  would  have  been  capable  of  irrigating  an  area  of  at 
least  80  acres  in  extent,  but  it  appears  that  the  f^el  proved  too  ex 
pensivo-wood  being  scarce  and  coil  very  dear-so  that  the  Ixperimeut 
has  been  for  the  present,  at  least,  abandoned.  experiment 

A  second  attempt  was  made  in  the  snrinir  of  thi<*  vAnr  in  rT.^^^^^\  • 

t?betf^Sr;;;li;;3Ste^  ^"^  t¥t^'^^^  ^^  ".e^stjs 

ZTll^u?  ^y^ri  "«^1  PJ^!°P  worked  by  a%team  motor  ofThor^^  powef 
and  then  forced  through  iron  pipes  along  a  hill  to  the  height  of  120  feet 
nto  a  basin  holding  about  90  cubic  metres  (3,543  cubic  inches)  of  waS 
for  irrigating  purposes;  the  basin  can  be  filled  in  aboit  6  or  7  h^urs 
and  the  capacity  per  hour,  therefore,  is  about  14  cubic  metres  or  551 
cubic  inches.  The  investment  seems  to  have  proven  aB?utfre?v  sat 
isfactory  one  in  every  respect.  euwreiy  sat- 

nrrt  ff.VJ'^'''^^  ^1"'^  '"^*^'"  ^^^  ^^"^  ^^^^  ^^  Operation  near  Beirut  for 
satTsfttS^.'     '^  "^''''  ""^'"^  '^  ^  considerable  height  and  works 
In  general,  irrigation  as  practiced  in  Syria,  does   not  entail   anv 
greater  or  other  expense  than  the  cost  of  maintaining  the  canals  con 
duits,  etc.,  in  good  repair,  but  this,  it  must  be  repeatfd,  rnol  alway^^ 

j!'iifZ\fy  YV^'T^^  ^^^"  «^«^»' '«  regulated  entirely  by  usage 
and  well-established  rules,  and  every  parcel  of  land  has  a  rkrht-  tntul 
use  of  water  for  certain  well  fixed  length  of  time    for  instan ef  1 1% 
proprietor  near  Beirut  has  5acres  of  land^ve^VFridly  ^fcan  take.i 
u  "f  !^:f '^^  Vl"rmg  6  hours  as  he  may  need  to  thorougMy  saturate  hi« 
land;  if  he  fails  to  take  advantage  of  his  privilege  he  simply  forfeits  it 
without  being  indemnified  therefor.    Where  water  is  scaZ  asTn  nVli 
places  in  the  mountains,  it  is  often  divided  into  hours  \nd'  Tvll  Sal 
tions  of  hours,  and  good  care  is  taken  that  no  one  lecefves  or  take^ 
more  than  his  allotted  share.    The  sole  owner  of  a  spring  a  ra?e  occur 
rence  however,  may  of  course  use  the  water  thereof  at  his%wn  pleasure 
It  is  worthy  of  remark  that  in  Mount  Lebanon  the  waters  otvtfirv 
spnng,  no  matter  how  limited  its  capacity,  is  caught  upTnto  cisterns  Sf 
good  solid  masonry  and  is  utilized  fot  irrigating  and  domestL  purp^^ 
and  no  matter  how  steep  the  mountain  sidesf  or  how  poor  th^soKe 
smallest  available  and  tillable  space  is  planted  with  oCL  vetetoble 

'PPe^l!!^ yt^'  "^'  ''''''  ^'^^  ^^'"^^--  --  ^-r  c^X^ 
The  lands  in  Mount  Lebanon  ar-e  exceptionally  well  kent  and  thn 
r\  .'^mJ'n'  P^^^^P'"^"^ ««°^P'?«ed  of  Christians  (Maroni  es  aQ  Greet 
etc.),  and  Druses,  who  are  quite  prosperous,  and  whose  dest  uiea  ar« 
presided  ever  by  a  Christian  governor-general  aestimes  are 

nor  .,no/Tn%°il"^  "''^''^  '^*'-  """^  ?^"*'"'*  "^»«^  ^^  practical  value  or  im- 
portaiice  for  the  purposes  intended,  they  may  at  least  serve  to  imDart 
some  interesting,  if  not  useful,  information  i^arding  the  peooleTth^ 
oldest  country,  an.l  of  their  ancestors  the  Ph(Bnicians,  whTch  mav  not 
be  generally  known  in  the  United  States.  '  ^ 

Eehabd  Bissingeb, 
United  States  Consulate,  Consul, 

Beirut,  Auymt  24,  1889, 


356 


IRRIGATrON  IN  ASIA — SYRIA. 

THE  WATKR  WHEELS  OF  HAMATH. 
[Inolo8iire  1,  in  Consul  Bissiiiger's  report.] 

point  tbey  are  empt^d  intoan  Anii^i.-t  nn^  ^il      j        ■       *^  *'"'y  ^'^^  •  certa m 

inadeoutofbrauEonhemvSrbatlfmSfjJffh^S*-'-    '>?»'»P«  i« often 
wa  king  round  and  ronnd  in  a  SS  7?.™  •»  longh  thai  It  doe«  not  slip.    Acamel 

worka  fho  cndlMrtorrftteVnotet,     S^"  T;"X,'. 'P'"" fe."!"""  "S  rnde  B.arinR 
raised.    Bnttbe  cljatacterUtie  rteelif  the  '  tjS  1?^"%'^°^??'*'™ ''««'^ 

™nrr'>iS"'n'i'd«Ttr"'»^^^^^ 

5.s^:ss,^7edToVe°a;n°.d°\r."'.TnrdSrf^^^^         """  J""  ■"- 

l?^an^°raSa'?o£»HSF»r^^^^ 

s^rin"*a';i'.j^i-S'^1^™r^^^^^^ 

a  photograph  of  the  d ty  of  Ha^ia Jh         *'  '"^  *^'  eDgravmg  one  of  the  larffest,  from 

wal  Thi'trJemiir  Vhfjhll'r'^*^*"    ^«  .thc«e  dSnttone  side  into  the 

aqueduct  through  whiZwrt^erflowISrotteitr  "^''  "^'^  "°  ''"'^''^ 

Mo^i:Z%irrnV.nf£7^^^^^^  ^SllriV^'  ^^--'^"-t-s  are 

these  wheels  for  its  water  sixm^v     ThLltt^'     ■^'"'IP?**  population  depends  upon 

aors^n-r,^^SS3~=S5ES 

are  not  available.  AeVoSnon  of  ii^«?n  .'^^PP^y °*  f««l-  H«nce steam  pumps 
culture,  and  coSd  use  a?7quS  ty  of  war  I[  3^^^%^  1^-  ^f7^''^  *°  *«"" 
a  field  for  enterprise  migh'i  ttS  t llTof  ourhydVa  fli    et^n^^         ^''^'"''''^ 


>mm 


northerly  direction, 
8  of  Lebanon.  Near 
lirongh  the  valley  of 
10  island  of  Cyprus. 

Hundreds  of  water 
y  anitaal  power,  are 
its  agricultural  pios- 

I'l  less  rope  carrying 
ther  into  and  out  of 
they  reach  a  certain 
i^.  The  rope  is  often 
38  not  slip,  A  camel 
ich  by  rude  gearing 
jf  water  can  be  thus 
idiflFerent  from  this. 
8  turned  by  the  cur- 
math  many  are  eni- 
ese  cities  are  quite 
n  its  relation  to  the 
the  "  entrance  into, 

ich  as  that  just  de- 
B  others  are  of  vast 
important  advance 
old-fashioned  well 
is  weighted  at  one 
lan  draws  down  the 
up.  He  then  enip- 
inough,  it  is  dipped 
it.    In  some  cases  a 

less  rope  or  revolv- 
iied.  The  wheel  is 
f  the  largest,  from 

3S  north  of  Damris- 
ith  water  by  about 

Each  wheel  and 
i^ater  wheels.  The 
;  the  necessary  dif- 

A  portion  of  this 
ne  is  thus  formed, 
tes. 

n  one  side  into  the 

on  the  other  side 

I  into  an  elevated 

three-quarters  are 
ttion  depends  upon 
ze,  of  quite  prim- 
entirely  of  wood, 
tem  is  necessarily 

>  railroads  for  the 

ence  steam  pumps 

'  devoted  to  agri- 

in  this  great  plain 

ne3r8. 

ater  has  had  the 

f  Horns — the  an- 

rds  quantity  and 
iftzner,  who  had 
QH  alike  are  com- 
ital  as  this  makes 


l--^>^^-  ^"r^: 


«=s»%S 


"^ 


The  Great  Water  Wheel  of  Hamatk. 


IRKIOATION  IN   ASIA — SYRIA. 


357 


H  f««f  „f  wrJ^J^i'  It  """'»*«'' an  "nn»8takable  want,    lly  tlie  dams  a  head  of  about 
«  feet  of  water  in  the  river  at  the  city  is  secured.    There  would  appear  to  be  bat 
little  troubl<  in  causing  this  to  work  improved  water  wheels,  turbines,  or  undwshot 
TvaiiabTe.       ''^  ™«'*®  *« '^"^«  P"'"P8 :  or  some  system  of  hydraulic  rams  might  bo 

^n?rj  ''°wifr°r^",*  believes  that  such  improvements  could  be  advantageously  intro- 
f^l  :u  T^'^""  ^""^'^^^  *"'*  •*"  dependencies  are  very  poor,  it  is  under  such  condi- 
tions  that  economy  is  imperatively  necessary.  Improved  machinery  always  effects 
an  ultimate  saving,  though  its  lirst  cost  may  beem  ^.eat. 

ACCA  AND  HAIFA  DISTBICTg.* 
[Inolosnre  2,  In  Consul  Bisslnger's  report.J 

.„^®  A*'*'?-^a'fa,?'8*"ct  and  the  region  of  the  Hauran  probably  oflfer  little  in  the 
way  of  irrigation  that  will  prove  of  much  value  or  interest,  for  the  purpose  of  the 
f  i  i  largrscaTe  °'  *^^'*'  *''  "^^  *"  ''°"''  information  of  a  practical  chamcte? 


AREAS  UNDER  IRRIGATION. 

,vP®rP'"*°*i''''"y.l'*'i?^,*^'«*  '°  Galilee,  in  Nablus,  or  in  the  Jordan  Valley  any 
irrigation  works  in  the  ful  sense  of  the  word,  as  understood  in  the  United  States^ 
and  land  under  irrigation  in  those  districts  is  almost  nil,  forming  but  an  iutiS- 
mal,  probably  not  more  than  the  two-hundredth  part,  of  the  wholl  arable  land 

of  th«  T  i^/ff^J^y*"*"^  "'?  *^-^  ^P'^,!?.*"  "^  Merom),  north  of  the  Bat6ha  and  south 
of  the  Lake  of  Tiberias,  also  in  the  WAd  el-'Arab  and  Wad  et-Tanjibe,  the  Bedouins 
irrigate  small  parcels  of  about  10  to  60  acres,  upon  which  "  durah"  (maize)  is  erown 
t^oiaHimiirS  T  and  even  three  crops.  This  result  is  due  in  ^art  to Uetxc^Jl 
Jb«  rlh  ^il.  •  ^  ^''•l  •^"'■^^'J  Valley,  wit^  its  tropical  heat  (a  perifect  hothouse),  to 
S  the  ^«irif^ '^'^  ^^^H*^  down  from  the  basalt  mountains,  and  perhaps  chefly 
M«^al•f^  1?^"°^^.°"®!-.*'^  '^'**^''  '"  ^^^  J«""^""  """i  Hieromkx  (Arab,  Slieri'at  el 
JJ™  si'  r^^""^**^  *^®  i'-'S'^^'"  ^^Sions  of  Palest  ina  and  the  littoral  of  the  Mediter- 

to  irr,>ft«  tt«i.*'?"^*^**"'®^y  *°"  P"*'^  '°  ^**®'  supplies  to  enable  their  inhabitants 
10  irrigate  tneir  lands  to  any  great  extent. 

rWani«r^'*T''''liP^*'°T  '"  *'^  ^^^^^  districts  is  of  the  simplest  and  most  primitive 
««min?,<i„  u*I?  *^*  T'y  '""ining  or  shortly  before  sunset,  young  Bedouins,  in  a 
^rvdam^^ntetr^'if  "^^^onghly  constructing  from  stones  an§  earth  a  tempo- 
wYth  hrna^h  ^"*f-^.!,'^5^f'^?°^  ?  «*^*«'"  °^  wAdi  (Valley ),  while  others,  provided 
t^h«SihTA'*'«^'5l^^^'*''''f'*^'**HS^^^*'''»  they  lead  the  overflowiii  waters 
lnurJi^^LJ\*^^  over  the  parcels  it  is  intended  to  irrigate,  allowing  the  wlter  free 
iinlr  w„w  ^°'?'if'"  ^y»"e.J*H*^«.  *li"«  inundating,  or  rather  completely  setting  them 
Xrwr«S.  J^T  "lan'Pn'ationf  are  of  daily  repetition  ;  thedamsliave  to  be  reg- 
1:^1/  ^?'^"V*.  ^^r  the  pressure  of  the  water  causes  their  daily  destruction,  and  it  is 
inrnl'"^*''^***'''!'*''''^**''''^^"'*^'*"'^  perseverance  these  Bedouins  are  oon- 
SSattentiLn*^         renewing  the  little  ditches  or  canals,  which  need  their  unre- 

thSX'I*'!^^'  ^^*'°*'  ^^n'^^' «*«•'  do,  "ot  exist,  and  the  systems  in  practice  here  will 
tries  ^*'*'^''®'y  commend  themselves  to  the  inhabitants  of  more  progressive  coun- 

wn^k«®nrA*^®^t  "^^^^  T*^®.^®'*  ^^  Tiberias  remains  of  ancient  Roman  irrigation 
Tf  f  t«i^nJi  T*'  ^'i^ '  J^"*  *^7  "®  '°  """^  ^  deplorable  state  of  dilapidation  that 
ot  their  original  construction  only  a  catchment  basin  remains  near  the  head  of  the 
«rfiVfii  K  "  PO'^'on  of  a  conduit  (in  masonry)  in  affair  state  of  preservation.  The 
original  character,  or  the  practical  application  of  these  ancient  works,  can,  howeve- 
b^f  «l\?.wJ'/.^'**^\''^^***"Vt??S."'^^'^'  ^"'"  ^^^  ^'■»'^»  »ot  only  made  no  ns^  of  thei^: 
of^hl  ™,^''*'"^*^°S.*'l£*'  '"^"^  ^^'^^y  ^"'^  "■"*"'  Prefering  the  antediluvian  ways 
of  their  own  ancestors  to  the  innovations  of  the  Roman  intruders. 

la+i^^*'^^**™*?^  water  distribution,  etc.,  depends  wholly  upon  local  custom,  as  regn- 
ated  among  the  difterent  communities  themselves.  If  several  inhabitants  of  a  vH- 
Si^*"^-  f  P"7"??of  irrigation,  desire  to  utilize  a  spring  in  common,  they  will 
l\„n!5K^?.*"^°**•*•''^''"*fv'  t.J^^'^eofin  conformity  with  local  tradition,  a/sanc- 
v.\«^-f^^®T"''''P4u*"*^°"*'*«'  «"*'''  »*  ^««8*J8  the  custom  or  practice  in  this 
\ic.nity.  In  all  cases,  the  proprietary  rights  of  a  village  spring  remain  vested  with 
the  community,  and  the  spring  itself  can  never  be  soldf  *««'"  witu 


I  J'n  **"  ^,®P°f'  was  prepared  by  Consul  Bissinger,  of  Beirut,  from  material  supplied 
by  Consular  Agent  Schumacher  and  Civil  Engineer  Schumacher,  of  Acoa  and  Haifa. 


358 


IRRIGATION   IN   ASIA — SYRIA. 


colony,  is  aniioxe.1  herewith  ^"'''n' »«  >»  "««  by  the  Hmfa  German-Amerioau 


Place  of  observation. 


Haifa 

Do 

Gaza  (Palestine) 
Sea  of  Heroin  .. 


Depth  of 

well. 


Feet. 

25 

30 

14(1 

15 


Amount  of  water  ralsert  per  hour. 


lAtret.     Oallt. 
6,200  =  1,  U4  J. 
4, 000  r^  889. 
2,  600  ===5.55*. 
6,500  =  1,4441. 


4J  liters  =1  gallon. 

'?f,ri""*'  «>?  oniDloyment  of  steam  would  greatly  increase  these  fienres 

These  quantities  will  vary  accordinff  to  the  workinir  canacitv  of  tfo  nfffar-.^*      • 

?•  hnri:  ?^''''  '^"'^  '!{«,'''"'•'  H'''''  ^'«^«  attaiueKy^we^C  ^*^ist(  th£'"Jsti^^^^^ 
1  hour  after  every  3  hours  of  consecutive  work      The  nrinrin^l  hnlin  i  *' 

^'7«nS''''.'*'"^fT  «  ^"^l^^"''';  '*  i«  constructed  of raSytTw:if  cem- 
ented, and  ordinarily  has  20  feet  in  length,  18  feet  in  width   and  7  tn  fi  f««f  T„  i     .k 

The  main  ba«in  empties  it.,elf  into  afmallor  one  4 Vret   q'uare  Jy  2  fel  leL   t C; 
which  the  water  IS  conducted  directly  into  the  main  irriffati  no- V-r  .nl  V^Allr^' 
and  situated  in  the  most  elevated  nart  of  the    and   wlHH  ffel  t ho  ,^^^ 
ditches  that  distribute  the  water  over  the  gLnloiroVl^X  to  I  e  w^^e™  IT.'  \'"'^ 
ani  is  of  great  durability  and  seldom  needs  repairs  csSallv  f  the  v.t^  Jt   I'''"'" 
LtiSSVr«on:*  ''''  ''-'''-'  constru^ctio:;.^d^-;!YeXuEf V;r  JiS 


MERSINE  DISTRICT. 

[Inclosnre  3  in  Consul  Bissingor's  report-Note  by  Consnl  Bissinger.] 

In  olden  times  the  vast  plains  of  the  vilayet  of  Adana.  Syria   were  enfirAW  Jr.,- 
gated  by  the  rivers  that  pass  through  them.     The  Romans  ™  in  H,„  if„i  V    7^    "' 
ming  out  the  required  qua^ntity  fronf  the  waters  i^fttT^^ihounSd^^^^^^^^^^^ 
and  conduct  It  to  the  foot  of  the  mountains  from  a  hi^h  leve' on  bo  h  Ses  if  the 
^«kV„^  fn"?.^?"'  '"^'"''  °( the  ground,  accumulating  earU.  on  both  sides  oflts  bankr 
^f  tte^^  *''•''  """-^  *  ^l'>^'  ^}^^'  *'*"■''''  extending  from  the  mountains  on  both  sWes 
of  the  rivera  in  various  directions  to  the  sea.    The  farmers  had  thus  the  water  wfthfn 
their  reach  and  could  easily,  and  at  little  expense,  by  means  of  LESv  calls 
conduct  any  portion  ofit  to  irrigate  their  lands.  ■        '"   "' ^'^"-'n'ary  cajals, 

««„  r^^ii  ^"^  1°*^  ancient  canaYs,  extending  from  the  foot  of  the  mountains  to  th« 
sea  in  all  directions,  are  still  extant,  and  need  but  to  be  freed  from  the  rubbish  tha? 
centuries  have  accumulated  to  be  again  serviceable  ruuDisu  that 


J 


lio  amble  Iftnrls 
iM,  en(j«ii(l«rii(g 
heat  of  the  diiy 
[lea  change  ami 

parts,  and  aa  a 
e  iniaMina. 
inj{  a  period  of 
per  year ;  laat 
takou  to  bo  26 

ho  most  practi- 
The  lianani,  a 
'inan-Anierioaa 

primitive  con- 

ided),  and  can 
>  in  proportion 
nimal  of  either 

!«  deptli  of  the 
Its  observed. 


aisert  per  hour. 


ires. 

s  different  ani- 
iiinials;  resting 
asin  is  gener- 
md  well  cem- 
feet  in  depth. 
3et  deep,  from 
ide  of  n)as()i:ry 
inierons  little 
id.  The  han- 
er  is  free  from 
I  by  the  most 


entirely  irri- 
liabit  of  dam- 
,  and  Cyduus, 
I  sides  of  the 

of  its  banks, 
on  both  sides 
water  within 
liiary  cajala, 

ntains  to  the 
rubbish  that 


H 

i 

'^Sn^ 

i  ' 

f^* 

H 

.  i 

iHL 

.-  -tiri 

IRRIGATION  IN   ASIA — CEYLON. 

[Note  by  ConRolar  Agent  Dawson,  of  Mersine.] 


359 


In  the  vilayet  of  Adana,  Syria,  there  are  about  4,740,000  acres  of  land  cnltivable.  but 
no  irrigation  workH.  ' 

In  the  plain  between  Meraine  and  Adana  there  are  about  4OO,0CO  acres  irrieable.  and 
between  Adaua and  Missis  about  360,000acre8,  through  which  three  rivers,  the  Cydnus. 
the  Saras,  and  the  Pyrarnus  flow,  but  np  to  the  present  there  are  no  irrigation  works 
the  consequence  18  that  for  the  last  4  years  part  of  the  crops  kave  been  completely 
destroyed  and  what  has  succeeded  could  not  be  produced  at  prices  to  compete  against 
the  American  and  Russian  markets  in  Europe.  c»s».uoi, 

The  Turkish  Government,  on  the  pressing  demands  of  the  agriculturist,  has  re- 
cently taken  the  matter  of  irrigation  in  hand,  and  the  Vali  8irri1>acha  asked  me  to 
assist  him  in  making  the. necessary  surveys  and  plans,  and  I  have  just  handed  him 
the  plans  to  irrigate  a  portion  of  the  plain  from  Tarsus,  towards  Adana,  for  a  dis- 
tance of  about  15  miles,  which  can  be  done  at  a  very  small  cost.  The  other  parts  of 
J!fnHnn\  '»<?'^?''«r'  towards  Adana  and  between  this  latter  and  Missis  will  cost  about 
£400,000  to  UTigate  properly,  and  although  this  sum  would  be  comparatively  nothinir 
compared  with  the  results,  the  Government  hesitates  about  the  investment,  but  unle™ 
they  are  carried  out  by  a  competent  company  I  am  afraid  it  will  be  a  failure 

The  principal  crops  grown  are  cotton  of  very  short  texture,  about  16,000  tons- 
K  ^l^^nlH^^'^y  "*.  *?^°°^  quality,  about  SS.OOO  tons ;  sesame  seed  of  first  quality 
about  4,000  tons;  raisins  of  x  ^ry  inferior  quality,  about  4,000  tons. 

The  soil  18  partly  red  and  partly  sandy.    RwniLall  averages  22  inches  per  annum. 

Ihe  antique  irrigations  simply  consist  of  the  cultivators  in  the  immediate  neighbor- 
hood ot  the  rivers  and  mill  streams  taking  advantage  of  the  water  passing  their 


•^  >| 


CEYLON. 
ANCIENT  IRRiaATION  IN  CEYLON. 

[From  the  report  of  the  Central  Irrigation  Board  for  1888.] 

Impenetrable  mystery  shrouds  the  origin,  and  to  a  great  extent  the  histcy.  of  the 
vast  network  of  tanks  and  canals  with  which  Cej  Ion  was  at  one  time  covered.  There 
isno  part  of  the  island,  except  the  central  mountain  districts,  in  which  the  remains  of 
canals  and  tank  bunds  are  not  found ;  but  whether  the  whole  island  from  Point 
Pedro  to  Dondra  Head,  and  from  Colombo  to  Batticaloa,  was  ever  at  any  one  time 
under  cultivation  as  some  suppose,  or  whether  the  population,  abandoning  or  driven 
Irom  ancient  centers  of  habitation,  gradually  migrated  from  one  district  to  another 
erecting  new  works  where  they  settled,  and  allowing  the  old  ones  to  decay,  is  a  dis- 
puted question.  The  fact,  however,  that  almost  all  irrigation  works  are  fonnd  on 
investigation  to  form  but  parts  of  large  connected  systems,  affecting  great  stretches 
ot  country,  would  appear  somewhat  to  favor  the  former  supposition.  The  system  of 
?P,  vl"",-  ?  Canal  extends  from  the  Laggala  hills,  near  Mjltal^,  to  Trincomalee. 
The  Y6di-^la  of  KaWwewa,  itself  54  miles  long,  is  only  one  link  in  a  connected  chain 
ot  tanks  and  elas,  reaching  far  north  into  the  Manner  district  and  westward  into 
Knrun^gala,  and,  as  recent  discoveries  se  >m  to  show,  having  its  origin  at  least  as 
far  south  as  Nalanda.  Another  system,  as  yet  only  partially  explored,  but  which  be- 
comes more  intelligible  as  the  country  becomes  better  known,  and  of  which  the  river 
Walawe  and  the  great  tank  at  Pandikulam  were  the  principal  features,  extended 
Irom  the  loot  of  the  central  mountains  to  the  sea  on  the  south  coast,  while  the  remains 
^i  ancient  cities,  which  are  frequent  in  the  Bintonna  of  Uva,  show  that  the  country 
ot  the  Mahaw^h-gagga  was  also  once  highly  cultivated  by  the  agency  of  canals,  the 
remains  of  which  are  often  crossed  when  traversing  the  forest. 

■njt  nl*'pa*®  oVJ®*'*  ^^  "11  tl»«se  works  was  to  supply  the  village  fields  with  water. 
Where  springs  exist,  where  a  running  stream  is  available,  or  where  the  rainfall  of 
the  district  is  not  only  abundant  but  regular,  or,  better  still,  pretty  evenly  distribu- 
ted throughout  the  year,  it  might  be  sufficient  for  this  purpose  simply  to  build  a  bund 
by  which  to  impound  the  springs,  to  intercept  the  stream,  or  to  store  up  the  supply 
ot  rain  or  spring  water ;  and  this  was  no  doubt  the  origin  of  tanks.  Bat  it  must  have 
been  soon  perceived  that  in  many  cases  this  was  not  enough  to  insure  more  than  a 
precarious  supply  of  water,  and  that  to  render  the  irri-'atinTi  jind  r.v. Hi ""*'«"  -.f  ^=1-'- 
perfectly  securo,  other  measures  were  necessary,  fhereplenishment  oflban^ 
lore,  was  provided  for,  either  by  conducting  any  surplus  water  that  might  aocumu- 
Jate  m  one  tank  into  another  below  it,  or  by  supplementing  the  supply  by  means  of 


360 


IRRIGATION   IN  ASIA-CEYLON. 


'St! 


I 


beoom^exbatSofteS„?J  "«*'' T  *''«  t^n^rSrwh  ^tZv^'"  *'"'.  ^«* 
thus  constructed  were  of  ^n^  i    "lu'Pf'^i'-    I*  was  also  fonn^ Vir.f    T  coniin.inicate 

•ncieift  c».iU  Lv°  wrS™  1°°""  »  ""k  i »  ?K  °oreh.c,°.S°l','''  ?"««  "f  ">« 

part  of  CsvloD   will  „rE!     .P?  ■"">  preserved  witli  lem  ,1?.^  ?■     LP"""""";  »■  ier» 

).l»nd.       "^ ''°'  "'"  8'™  "•■'  irewml  idea  of  Sl,r"rra„~S°,»'S°  "  "'>'  """" 

The  general  onstom.. .■      .  """' """"e'menta  thronghoiit  the 

thej«intlaborofall^„  '*",**  «"<^«'«°  and  unforeseen  tnoi^IT'"  ''^Pair  of  a  cer- 
person  waseSled  'o  wat^if'r  "'",'**"''  ^^  '"  tTe  c°  ^  of  t^^^r/h  'fP'*'!*''^  "^^ 
or  channel,  and  no  new^rn![  H^  neglected  to  contribute  h.  tL  J^  '  **'®  ^"°<'-  No 
fields.  The  fields  aHi  °^  ^""^'^  ''e  e»l«vated  to  th«  j^^f  •  ®  ^P*'"  of  the  dam 
^^arde  in  regnlai^oMeV^'ud^i?  fH  'I"'  <"^annel  were  plowed  first" *„  °/  J^"  «^'«**«" 

?on  they  lost  theirVigh't  to  JrlntV"^  K  plowed  at  fh«''"  ™'*  "I^" 

irrigated  bv  rnfa+,-A^  P"""*y  of  water.    Dnrinn- fi...  j  ^t  the  proper  sea- 

(orLarest^thTbund'asr'°'''°^  ^'^'^  *hose  alth"  fo^menL'^^?  *^  ^''^''^  ^«*e 
stream  was  insufficient  for  f), ''■'^-  '"'S*"*  »>«)•  Whence  vol. ?r°*."^  *^«  <''>a°"el 
divided  into  porSons  of  «n«^  '"'Ration  of  all  the  lands  den^i^T^  "'^  ^^^  supplying 
and  these  porSsTcefved  .V''*!"*/^  "^""'^  admit  of  each  befn^*  ""^  '^'  *^«y  '^^^ 
in  rotation.  The  channll  1-  ®  "^^"'^  ''°'""'«  of  tho  water  dnrtn^  Properly  irrigated 
out  of  its  uroner  r«f  f?  .Y**  inspected  daily  and  if  nn^«  I'"^  succeeding  seasons 
lation  of%trrSnlat"onM^  wP'°P'''^*°^^a«L^^^^^  f«"nd  frriga?ed    • 

royal  prison  was  at  hand   wT^^  promptly  punislfed  by  whiD„^  n^^  Anyvio- 

Mutatis mutandfl Bimkvl^FT?^^^  »'««•  ^^'PF'^S  or  fine,  and  if  a 

ofthose  already  63"°]^""'*^"°  """^  great  works  were  „„h*^"i'^^  "°*" 

wantonly  destroyed  by  foJe  In  in "^''P*''"'    ^f  these  mluTare  said 'T','"'*^  'V^^y 

gether  during  the  conftiSfnH^^'i'^''''^'  ^^i'«  otiierswere  eTtLr  oi  *^''a^e  »>een 

Tamil  conquerers  or  slntTf"'*  ^'"^"^s  w^iich  attended  the  ^'f^^^^ /''"ndoned  .alfo- 

population  to  secure  tW,^*"  7""  '"  ««°««q"ence  of  tZ  inaK,f^^«'''^pPr«f''ess  of  the 

the  commuuicaSs  of  tnnt     >f "Z"?"'     ^»  the  g?eat  can  i^s  h^      *''*'  diminished 

inostof  the  spills  soon  Jerfi«  JV*^*""^  were  cut  off  ftL  inin-  "^'"?.  ''''"'^^d  up; 

themselves  when  des  Jt«H  .  *"  *^«  destruction  byflood8ofavrt«"'V*  dimensions  of 

or  less  isoIaTed.  and  detJnZi'"'^*'^  "'«»  ^s  remffl  ^Srer^^^T ,"^  *"*'  *'^"'^« 

regarded  these,  the  customs  w*  "^i""  Precarious  supplfes  a  Ion!  *'*'m    ^^""V^  "'«•■« 

the  Tamilfand  o^ccMeWthrm  ""^   ^%'l.''««"  ^rSed'ttteXtT  '\''^t 
been  given  to  irrieation  •  £,^  •    *V®^®"  *^'8  measure  of  care  do^«  r,^."^'®"®  ^^  ^l^e 


wliioh  the  rainfall  of 
no  wing  in  the  wet 
I  they  comniiinicate 
at  where  the  canals 
ised  as  direct  agents 

the  country  where 
itter  means  of  sup- 
er storage,  and  al- 

of  making  use  of 
Jneral  resemblance 
iposite  page  of  the 
"province,  where 
» than  in  any  other 
Its  throughout  the 

"1  channel  in  Uva 
ft  it  appears  that 
he  repairs  of  the 
r  repair  of  a  cer- 

were  repaired  by 
K,  the  bund.  No 
'pairs  of  the  dam 
t  of  the  existing 
and  the  rest  up- 
it  the  proper  sea- 
»u  the  fields  were 
it  of  the  channel 
of  any  supplying 

on  it,  they  were 
>roperly  irrigated 
icceeding  seasons 

found  irrigated    - 
water.    Any  vio- 
or  fine,  and  if  a 

ht  modiBcations 

>ar  to  have  been 
although  small 
akeu,  and  many 
1  to  have  been 
tbandoned  alto- 
progress  of  the 
the  (liminished 
Me  choked  up  ; 
dimensions  of 
>r  of  the  tanks 
u  became  more 
evertheless,  as 
listricts  in  the 
other,  when  a 
done  to  repair 
ihalese  by  the 
appear  to"  have 
Jese  there  was 
1  was  given  by 
9f  the  customs 
outbern  prov- 
lemselves,  but 
derthe  period 
etriots  under 


H'rina  (spUlj 


% 


Wfe^(7'  ^iheJank') 


r^ppTO  .'{in"'i'(i'i"!''|irpfr 


•5 


The  \.vni\  oponcil 
in  iuMition  to  the 
abovp  two  rana;os  is 
ciillod  Kiitta  Ka- 
diiwii  or  Alut 
AswcdJuniii. 


The   fields    next 
the  tank  are  called 
Puriimpota,  or  Aful- 

1 
1' 

1 

HunULLA    PALUIV^                        r? 

%^ 

1 

IHALA     ILAPATA                          j 

pK 

/ 

HANWASAM* 

jiulii,  or  Ujiaydpota. 

2 

ILAPAT     PAHCUWA 

3 

PANCU  tvA 

4- 

i 

G 

7 

8 

.1 

9 

\? 

Id 

^ 

1 

1 

P  A  N  0  U  W  A                                     /. 

a 

\i 

3 

<^ 

,/. 

5 

r 

C 

7 

11 

f                                          w 

i> 

M 

PAHALA       CLAPATA                                ', 

H  U  ff  U  LL  A      PALUWA                           i 

KunuLLA     pAlUKA                                ' ' 

/ 

IHALA      CLAPATA                                   \ 

1                                  PANGUWA                                             1 

3 

* 

i                           ■■                                !l 

6 

'1 

7                                             ■<                                                     1 

The  next  range  is 

S 

.g 

lO                                        •■                                                 \ 

po(a  or  Pemlaputtt. 

■1 

PA  NC  U  tVJI                                                        y-- . 

2                                                                                           '■ 

%                                        ■                                                   ' 

* 

fl 

6 

7 

P, 

f) 

III 

PAH/ILA      CLAPATA 

MUPULLA  PALUWA 

ft  URiJLLA    pa  L  UWA 


I  hA  L  A     E.  L  A  P*-^  fl 


PANSUWA 


PAMAtfl     ELAPATA 


((Hflk'i-J-.^..°Ai!.i'*^'-^ 


■'t 


IRRIGATION   IN   ASIA — CHINA. 


361 


CHINA. 


CANTON. 


REPORT  BT  OONSVL  SETMOUIi. 


AREA  IRRIGATED. 

Irrigation  of  land  is  so  general  in  southern  China  that  a  comparison 
between  irrigated  and  non  irrigated  lands  is  impossible. 

Hice  is  the  chief  crop  on  which  cultivators  rely  for  support;  but  near 
Canton  and  other  large  towns  and  cities  a  great  diversity  of  produc- 
tions may  be  found,  as  vegetables  of  all  kinds  are  cultivated ;  and  the 
lands  being  so  subsidized  as  to  be  devoted,  in  small  parcels  and  under 
the  management  of  small  owners,  to  many  kinds  of  crops,  with  a  view 
to  early  supplies  for  immediate  city  consumption. 

The  yield  of  an  acre  of  good  land,  which  has  been  properly  fertilized 
and  irrigated,  supports  a  family  of  live  persons,  who  will  each  con- 
sume 2  pounds  of  rice,  and  other  things  in  moderate  variety  and  sup- 
ply. Two  crops  of  rice  and  one  of  vegetables  are  produced  annually 
where  the  land  is  well  tilled.  A  ton  and  three-quarters  of  rice  per 
acre  each  year  is  a  fair  crop.  In  tilling  the  small  pieces  of  land  about 
Canton,  with  a  generous  use  of  fertilizers,  the  utmost  vigilance  is  given 
to  irrigation. 

SOURCES  OF  WATER  SUPPLY. 

The  sources  of  water  supply  are  the  small  tributaries  of  the  larger 
branches  of  great  streams ;  and  in  many  places,  where  these  are  inac- 
cessible, pools  of  water  are  held  in  reserve  by  hardening  the  bottoms 
and  sides  of  pits  and  hollows,  and  depressed  or  sunken  lands.  Keturn 
rows  of  growing  vegetables,  trenches  filled  with  water  obtained  from 
the  creeks,  brooks,  or  pools,  are  kept ;  and  once  or  twice  a  day  the 
■water  is  scooped  from  these  trenches  upon  the  raised  ground,  in  which 
the  roots  have  great  depth  of  loose  and  moisc  soil  to  promote  growth. 
When  these  trendies  of  water  are  not  available,  owing  to  scarcity  of 
water,  or  to  porous  land,  the  men  and  women  carry,  suspended  from 
a  yoke  across  their  shoulders,  two  large  buckets  with  loug  spouts,  and 
sprinkle  the  rows  of  vegetables  copiously.  Sometimes  the  water  for 
this  purpose  is  carried  in  buckets  a  considerable  distance. 

For  the  irrigation  of  rice  lauds  which  have  to  be  submerged,  the  laiids 
are  divided  into  small  patches  at  different  levees,  so  that  the  appear- 
ance is  that  of  a  beautiful  system  of  terraces,  near  a  bountiful  supply 
of  water,  which  is  raised  to  the  upper  level  of  chain-pump  and  thread- 
mill  prcess  with  cooly  power. 

From  the  uj)per  to  lower  levees  the  water  descends  so  gradually  as 
to  avoid  washing  away  the  substance  or  fertility  of  upper  to  lower 
lands. 

WATER  DISTRIBUTION. 

The  system  of  water  distribution  is  generally  conducted  and  used  on 
the  mutual  or  cooperative  plan,  which  prevails  in  China  in  so  many 
branches  of  industry  and  business  as  to  lead  one  to  believe  cooperation 
is  reduced  to  a  perfect  system  ou  the  basis  of  equity. 


362 


IRRIGATION   IN   ASIA—CHINA. 
CLIMATE   AND  SOIL. 


Tir?owIrtX™!!;rot:c!^,;"  '-'"^  '■"■°""™  -•'  "•"'•  »"«  warm. 
Tlie  rainy  seasX Soh  »^!i  a     'I'  "•'.','""'  '"  *»"'  ^To  or  3So  p 

ersnpto  tbeenclof  iSt  ",u, XfhL?.^!     'If'  ",'"'  "'-"""tani'l  sliow. 
...ort  „ee<.e.l  for  ti.e  flrTa'mi'S,:,? ^Se  ?  o^s    ''^"""""'  "■•"""■  """» 

.ea?or£;^XT,r/r;:;rV::Lrai"a?.y„r'  """-•  ^-'"^  "■«  ^'-^ 

ANTIQUITY  OF  IRRIGATION. 

pmro?3£^j  s:zf :srss  '^^"'"^  ^^  ^i^^"«'-^^-  This 

ural  deposits  of  water  for  the  temnn  f;.  ""'■ '''''^.^\^'^"-  '""^  "^t- 
besides  abundance  of  Lt^^nt  SeiS  r^'""'  ^^  ^.^«»Sl^t;  so  that, 
turaland  horticultural  oSons'  He  p^^^^^^^  available  for  agricul- 

for  irrigation  of  land  fovShe  nroiuoHon^i^^^  '"P"'^'  ^*  water  required 
any  land  is  capable  of  yielding.  ^^'^  ^'"'^*'*'*^  ^''*^1>«  ^^  ^»^i«b 

Chaeles  Seymour, 
United  States  Consulate  Consul. 

Canton,  China,  August  I2'  1889. 


r 


NEW   CHWANG. 

REPOltTBY  YIOE-OONSVL  liANDINEL. 

£f^^tz  ^c,l^:.=f  K,;a- --~ 

arofrequently'miDed  by  d^M  which  mSr^^  Z  •^''  ''"■'"«  "■■""■■' 

raairitaiDed  at  the  private  ejoe  ,,e  of  th«  L     ''^      '  "'""' '"  "  "• '" 
witboat  interference  fr'm  tlKcal  oJ  State  oSl"  P™"""""-''.  ""1 

J.  J.  FeeD'k  BaNi.INEL, 

TJkited  States  Consulate,  Vm-Vomul. 

Xew  aimang,  Febrmi'n  10, 1890. 


■"'?««jP«1 


IRRIGATION   IN   ASIA — CHINA. 


363 


NINGPO. 


nSPOliT  JiT  OONSVL  PETTUS. 


AREA  IRRIGATED. 


iiring  the  raiuy 


It  IS  impossible  to  ascertain  tlie  areas  of  lands  under  irrio-ation  or 
cultivation,  owing  to  the  difficulty  in  getting  at  the  records  kept  in  the 
tax  office  and  the  absence  of  published  returns  of  laud  taxes.  The 
district  18  well  cultivated,  and  every  strip  of  land  available  is  under 
cultivation. 

WATER  SUPPLY. 

The  supply  of  water  for  bottom  land  is  from  canals.  The  supply 
oauals  are  run  from  the  river  to  the  hills,  dug  from  50  to  80  feet  wide. 
At  the  foot  of  hills  all  running  water  from  springs  is  emptied  into  the 
canals,  so  as  to  form  a  never-failing  supply  of  fresh  water.  The  canals 
are  not  allowed  to  connect  with  the  river,  as  the  water  in  the  latter  is 
salt  or  brackish.  At  the  foot  (or  end)  of  the  canal  an  embankment  of 
stone  IS  made  to  a  height  above  the  tides  of  the  river.  This  is  covered 
with  moistened  slippery  clay,  so  that  boats  entering  or  leaving  the 
canal  are  hauled  over.  A  hawser  of  twisted  split  bamboo  is  fastened 
either  to  the  stern  of  the  boat  or  a  strong  beam  crossing  it  at  the  bows. 
The  hauling  is  usually  done  by  capstans,  sometimes  by  oxen. 

These  canals  have  no  locks.  The  supply  canals  are  from  2  to  4  miles 
apart ;  minor  canals  are  dug  at  right  angles,  and  supplied  with  water 
from  the  main  arteries,  about  200  to  400  feet  apart,  from  10  to  30  feet 
wide;  thus  every  farm  and  garden  is  supplied  with  free  water. 

MODES  OP  IRRIGATION. 

The  farmers,  when  compelled  to  irrigate  their  land,  use  a  wooden 
chain  pump,  which  is  as  long  as  required,  placed  so  as  to  draw  water 
from  the  canals,  worked  by  cog-wheels,  the  ox  performing  the  labor; 
so  a  stream  of  water  some  10  inches  wide  constantly  flows.  A  field  of 
2  or  3  acres  of  rice  is  soon  overflowed. 

For  gardens  and  small  plots  of  ground  a  hand  pump  of  the  same  kind 
is  used,  generally  worked  by  2  men. 

The  hill  lands  are  terraced  and  are  irrigated  by  springs,  water  being 
conveyed  by  small  ditches  or  by  pipes  made  of  bamboo. 

WATER  DISTRIBUTION. 

There  are  no  laws  or  rules  governing  the  water  system.  The  canals 
are  free,  and  there  are  no  expenses  to  the  user  beyoiid  those  of  drawing 
the  water  from  the  canals. 


u 


CLIMATE. 


Climate  damp  and  warm  from  April  to  July ;  July,  August,  and  Sep- 
tember hot  and  dry;  ^^ovember  and  December  dry  and  pleasant;  Jan- 
uary, February,  and  March  damp  and  disagreeable. 


i 


3G4 


IRRIGATION   IN   ASIA — CHINA. 
ANT  I  (.U  IT  Y  OF   IRRIGATfON. 


n]I  V      "^^  9^  irrigation,  according  to  Chinese,  m  over  1  000  veirs 
old.    Tue  soil  18  alluvial.    Rainfall  tbr  1888  was  68.31  inches'        ^ 

Tnos.  F.  Pettus, 
United  States  Consulate,  Consul. 

Ningpo^  August  20, 1889. 


*li'; 


M 

ji  ';■ 
111' 


llJii: 


PROVINCE  OF  FO  KIEN. 

REVOltT  III-  aoNSUL  CAMPBELL.  OF  FOOOUOW. 
RIOE   cultivation. 

As  the  rainfall  is  equably  distributed  throughout  the  vear  in  fl,w 
proymce   Fo-K.en)  there  is  no  land  dependent  aC^onfrriStio"  bu? 

he  tiSa?  "o./™n  •;'  "'"•  "^"^'^  '^  ^«"^-">^  undSSo' be 
and    s  a  subiPof  whf.i     1  ^^?'  "'riffation  is  at   times  indispensable 
ana  is  a  suDject  which  deeply  concerns  the  ftiriner  in  this  connfrv 
The  nee  crop  cannot  be  made  without  a  great  deal  ot"  water  and  itim 
seasons  of  drought  its  absence  is  sorely  felt.  "'^ 

or  du    un'and^lSln'r'^P'T  ^^"  ^'^""'^  '«  ^"^^^''^  fertilized,  plowed 
i.nS^  t^  L  H    *    *^  "^  ^?'''^  order  very  much  as  cabbage  beds  are  i)re- 
pared,  then  the  rice  seeds  are  sown  after  which  the  water  is  turne.  m, 
and  the  bed  kept  submerged  with  about  a  halt^f  aSof  water  u„? 
the  plants  are  sufficiently  large  to  be  transplanted  to  ?he  fle^  s     And 

orXTr"ihr;>faTs'Vu\r^^  ^^^"^'^  isplow^d'and'putin 

wS  about  o^^^e^^lfnfo/^^^^^^  ^^^^«  ""^^  covered  with 

The  nltn?.  «1  tw  *'^'^f*?ot  deep  and  the  soil  is  worked  into  mud. 
iiie  plant^  are  then  set  into  the  mud  and  water  in  rows  Water  ia 
kept  standing  on  the  land  until  the  plants  are  well  aloul  Irriration 
18  therefore  essential  to  rice  growing.  ^*    ^^^'^'^"O" 

WATER   SUPPLY. 

This  country  is  well  situated  for  the  construction  of  reservoirs  on  n 
large  scale  Dams  could  be  easily  built  across  the  gulSuddepn 
canons  ,n  the  mountains  and  reservoirs  could  be  made  slerein  ii^ineS 
qiian titles  of  water  could  be  stored,  and  whe^red^d  for  i  r S^^^^ 
S  ihis'ic  er.r  ""  '^'  ?''^^  "*  '"^^  ^^"^y«  ^'^^^^  the  forego    gravity 

their^Sn  f  ^i.lZl'  ^'°  '*'^''  "'^^^  ^>' "'«  ^^^^'^^^  if  it  ever  entere^d 
tueir  minds    Small  ponds  are  made  adjacent  to  the  delds  and  the  w^fPr 

MODES  OF  irrigation. 

nni^i®  V*^^  used  for  irrigation  is  drawn  up  from  the  ponds  and  water 
co'.rses  by  an  endless  chain  or  rather  an  endless  rope  pump  wlJch  is 
worked  by  one  man  or  sometimes  two  men  by  treaXirupon  a  vvheel 
u  o  nirs  axfs""A  l''  '■'  'f^"^  T"^  which'causes  th^e  wC  to  turn 
^Z^:\nJt^^^^^''^  -^-e  the  shaft  is  made 
log  the  Wheel.  "'o^^^^^^^^^^^S^^^:^ 


^^ 


IRRIGATION   IN   ASIA — CHINA. 


365 


buckets  is  placed  in  the  water  iit  an  ungle  of  abont  45  degrees  with  the 
pond,  river,  or  canal  from  whence  the  water  is  drawn  into  the  field. 
The  box  is  open  at  both  ends  and  is  made  strong  and  light.  The  whole 
apparatus  is  easily  carried  by  one  man  on  his  shoulders.  The  faster  the 
man  treads  the  wheel  the  more  water  is  pumped,  and  the  machine  is 
kept  going  night  and  day  when  water  is  needed  for  irrigation.  The 
pump  is  run  very  much  on  the  principle  of  the  treadmill  so  far  as  the 
motor  power  goes,  aiul  the  water  is  carried  up  with  the  buckets  some- 
thing like  wheat  is  raised  in  an  elevator. 

In  this  province  neither  horse  nor  steam  power  has  ever  been  thought 
of,  and  the  manner  of  pumping  water  it  is  believed  has  not  changed  for 
many  centuries.  Water  is  conducted  into  the  fields  which  are  usually 
marked  ofif  into  small  compartments  according  to  the  number  of  pro- 
prietors by  earth  embankments,  the  water  filling  one  after  another 
until  all  are  covered.  Horses  are  never  used  in  this  province  by  the 
farmers,  and  in  fact  are  rarely  seen  here.  Everything  is  carried  by 
human  beings  on  their  backs.  The  vegetable  garden  flowers  and  small 
plants  are  watered  by  water  carried  on  the  backs  of  the  laboring  people — 
men,  women,  and  children. 

IRRIGATION  APPLIANCES. 

None  of  the  modern  appliances  for  conducting  water  over  the  land 
have  ijs  yet  found  their  way  into  China.  No  greater  nor  stronger  power 
than  human  hands  is  ever  called  into  requisition,  nor  is  there  any  like- 
lihood of  any  innovation  to  tiie  long-established  custom  being  permit- 
ted in  this  land  where  farms  are  so  small  and  labor  so  cheap. 

No  farmer  will  expend  money  in  experiments  for  irrigation  when  he 
can  hire  a  laborer  at  from  $10  to  $112  per  year  to  keep  the  time-hon- 
ored pump  in  motion.  The  working  classes  themselves  would  strongly 
oppose  the  introduction  of  labor-saving  inventions  that  would  take 
work  from  them  and  tend  to  cut  oft'  their  emi)loyment.  The  farms  are 
small,  less  than  1  acre  in  many  cases,  but  they  have  been  tilled  for 
perhaps  thousands  of  years  and  by  the  skdlful  use  of  fertilizers  and  by 
care  and  attention  to  each  plant  crops  are  raised  that  would  astonish 
the  owners  of  rich  soil. 


THE  RIVER  MIN. 

The  River  Min  runs  diagonally  through  this  province,  and  a  few  miles 
above  this  city  it  divides  into  several  branches,  which,  after  pursuing 
separate  courses  for  15  miles,  unite  a  little  above  the  pagoda  anchorage 
and  empty  into  the  Pacific  Ocean,  2  miles  below.  Along  the  river  are 
numerous  small  valleys  which  can  be  easily  irrigated  from  the  river, 
but  the  mode  of  irrigation  is  rude  and  simi>le.  The  pump  is  used  for 
the  larger  fields,  and  small  plants  and  garden  vegetables  are  watered  by 
water  carried  on  the  backs  of  the  laboring  people.  The  everlasting  pole 
on  the  shoulders  of  the  bearer,  with  buckets  suspended  from  each  end, 
is  rai'ely  out  of  view.  The  water  is  carried  in  this  way  in  many  places 
a  long  distance,  but  no  complaint  is  heard  in  any  quarter. 

When  the  rains  cease,  water  must  be  supplied  to  keep  alive  the 
growing  vegetation  so  essential  to  the  existence  of  the  i)eople.  Dur- 
ing a  dry  season  men,  women,  and  children  are  engaged  in  carrying 
water,  which  is  carefully  sprinkled  over  the  vegetation  and  the  great- 
est patience  and  care  are  shown  in  keeping  moisture  about  the  plants. 
In  this  part  of  China  the  rainfall  is  fairly  distributed  throughout  the 


a 


3G6 


IKHIQATION   IN   ASIA-CIIINA. 


ABKAS  IBBIOATKD. 

■"  »'."o»t  an  the  aSr S,1';  S,^;!  ''"'"'•    «^'«-  nferE,;- 

UNr.K.  SXA.KS  CONS...,,,  ^^"^c^U, 

^^^■^^'«"',  ^l«-y«*-^  15,  1880. 


PROVINCE  OF  KIANGSU. 


reived Lfti;"7t  'z:TfV:i ";';'^''"'"'  ''SMa-'Y'i' t "•";"'• 

•«  I  can  lean,  tlier-t^vcV  £  1  ,'"  '""""■  '"  '"'<>■■     j'o  .  t  '>;""  T 

WATEB  SUP1>LY 

tlje  Empire.     Tlil  •   in-!  f    '    '"'*'  '"  JJerliaps  the  bes/t.,?     'f  "^'iicc  of 
the  Yellow  lit^,  ^^ndnT^'''^  iu«n,Jation  Su«cuf  bv  t^    ''^"'""  '" 

MODES  OF  IBBIGATION. 


mi 


IRRIGATION    IN   ASIA — CHINA. 


367 


fed  time  the  water 
loceasury  water  for 


'•I'xl  grown  in  rice. 
"«'<!es8itates  irrimi,. 
^^nuanti.     of  Jan.I 
wliolo  face  of  the 
immiifr  .streams,  in 
f  cometeries.    Tlio 
ary  times.    Tliere 
*  or  tlje  provinces 
"»  rules  in  tiii,s  as 

Jampbell, 

Consul. 


pipes,  to  the  fleUls.  Sometimes  tiie  water  is  supplied  from  these  strtvuu- 
lots  by  tlie  moHt  primitive  arrangement  of  a  water  wlieel  worked  by 
treading  witli  tlie  feet. 

These  are  the  methods  in  vogue  since  the  earliest  days  in  this  dis- 
trict, and  no  im|)rovemeiits  on  them  have  ever  l)een  attempted.  In 
other  districts  1  have  seen  tlio  water  wlmel  worked  by  bnrtaloes. 

The  rainfall  is  very  uncertain.  Usually  in  May  and  "part  of  June  three 
are  heavy  rains,  but  last  year  a  long-continued  drought  almost  destroyed 
the  whole  rice  crop  of  the  «listrict. 

In  reading  of  the  astutenestj  of  the  Chinese,  and  of  their  reputation 
generally  as  to  shrewdness  and  safiaeity,  one  natuially  would  expect 
other  things  of  them,  but  my  observation  of  the  working  class  and  the 
farmers  leads  me  to  the  conclusion  that  while  they  are  hard-working 
and  patient,  they  are  a  shiftless  aud  handlo  mouth  people. 

A.  (J.  Jones, 

Conml. 

United  Wtates  Consulate, 

Chin  Kiang,  August  17,  1889. 


\oi  the  Depart- 

-.  l'^-SJ>,  and  re- 
^■0"  that  «o  far 
^'ernmeiital  k.ys- 


pt  the  country, 
he  province  of 
tered  ^section  in 
he  overdow  of 
"0  suhmerg-ed 
rtihcial  mea?i8 
''luires  in  the 
sr. 


crops  in  g-en- 

ed  by  no  laws 
A  he  farms,  so 
'd  by  ditches 
ig  Ntock.  To 
Jlub  together 
•  Jt  is  then, 
turaistream- 
I;  or  bamboo 


SHANGHAI. 

REVOKT  Jiy  CONSL'LUENJiHAL  KENXUDT. 

Kiceflelds  h.o  usually  tloc  ied  from  rivers,  streams,  aud  canals. 

There  is  no  system  of  storage  of  water  for  iriigation. 

All  irrigatiou  thioughout  this  section  of  China  (if  flooding  ricefields 
may  be  called  irrigation)  is  carried  on  by  individuals.  No  further  in- 
formation under  this  heading  obtainable. 

The  present  means  of  pumping  water  fro»n  streams  into  fields  has 
been  practiced  in  China  from  tinui  immemorial. 

From  Mr.  G.  James  Morrison,  an  English  civil  engineer,  who  had 
much  experience  in  China,  I  learji  that  from  observation  made  during 
extensive  journeys  in  the  interior  of  this  country  he  has  seen  no  other 
ujearis  of  irrigation  than  the  system  of  pumping  from  streams  directly 
into  the  fields,  save  the  more  laborious  method  he  saw  in  the  northern 
sections  of  China  of  lifting  water  in  buckets  aud  throwing  it  over  the 
bank  by  hand. 

On  the  island  of  Formosa  he  saw  a  more  extensive  system  of  irriga- 
tiou, the  water  being  conducted  dowu  the  hills  for  some  distance.  From 
Mr.  John  Fryer,  a  distinguished  sinologuo,  to  whom  I  applied  for  assist- 
ance in  making  this  report,  and  who  obtained  his  information  from  Chi- 
nese sources,  I  learn  that  in  northern  Shan-si  an  arid  tract  of  land  has 
been  reclaimed  by  iirigation.  The  information  is  so  meager  that  I  merely 
mention  it.  In  many  sections  of  China  there  is  at  the  pre.-eut  day  ex- 
tensive tracts  of  arid  land  aud  no  attempts  are  made  to  reclaim  them. 

J.  D.  Kennedy, 

Couaul-  (Jencral. 

United  States  Consulate-General, 

iSkanghai,  July  L*0,  1889. 


1! 

m 


308 


lUUlQATION    IN    ASIA — TIIK    PlIlLll'l'INE   ISLANDS. 


1 1 


i\ 


PHILIPPINE  ISLANDS. 

REPORT  in-  OONSCL  WEUll,   OF  3IAMLLA. 

Owinpr  to  tlio  iimneronH  Streams  that  rise  in  the  mountainous  districts 

and  tlow  throMfih  the  lowlai.ds  to  the  sea,  as  well  as  to  the  copious 

rains,  which  will  ayeraRe  100  inches  during'  the  jear,  irrigation  is  sel- 

dom  necessary  in  the  IM.ilippim,  aichipelaKo.     When  it  is  resorted  to, 

the  most  primitive  melliods  are  foHowed.     If  the  rainy  season  com! 

mcnces  later  than  usual,  the  rice  hinds  are  sometimes  irriirated   by 

damminfj  the  mountain  streams  and  turning?  the  water  over  the  paddv- 

flehls    hroujjh  small  channels  and  in  some  cases  the  very  old-fashioned 

Cham-bucket  windlass  is  used.    This  is  a  simple  contrivance,  (composed 

ot  a  number  of  small  water.ti-ht  boxes,  lormed  into  an  endless  chain 

by  means  ol  stout  rope  or  leather  bands,  which  run  over  a  roller  anchored 

in  a  nver  or  creek,  and  a  windlass  on  the  bank  turned  by  Land  or  cattle 

powei.     This  IS  also  used  in  some  cases  during  the  dry  season  on  the 

lands  where     zacate"  or  swamp  grass,  which  is  fed  to  horses  and  cattle 

instead  ot  hay,  is  raised. 

„  ,V"!1'^.'°^''''"'*'^  "*^j^^  **'®  *'°"^*'  ^^''6^0  the  river  and  creeks  rise  and 
tall  with  the  ocean  tide,  sluice  ways  and  pites  are  sometimes  used  to 
tlood  the  zacate  lands  during  the  dry  season.  These  fields  are  seldom 
more  than  an  acre  or  two  in  extent,  and  a  comparatively  small  quantity 
of  water  IS  needed  to  tlood  them.  The  sluice  way  is  ■usually  about  1 
loot  or  18  inches  square,  and  when  the  tide  rises  the  gate  is  left  open 
until  the  required  amount  of  water  has  entered,  when  it  is  closed,  ami 
remains  so  until  more  water  is  needed. 

On  an  estate  belonsiuff  to  the  Dominican  Fathers,  between  Calamba 
and  Bman,  and  on  another  owned  by  the  Auoustiniau  Fathers,  near 
San  lyancisco  de  Malabon,  both  situated  on  this  island  (Luzon),  some 
irrigation  is  done  during  the  dry  season  by  turning  aside  the  mountain 
strt^ims  on  the  vacate  land,  and  near  Carite,  about  27  miles  northwest 
of  Manilla,  a  small  stream  is  conducted  through  au  iron  pipe  for  about 
101)  yards  for  the  purpose  of  irrigating  the  paddy  and  zacate  fields  when 
water  is  ueeded.  As  a  rule,  however,  the  only  irrigation  received  by  the 
ricehelds  IS  from  the  rainfall.  The  rice  is  planted  about  the  commeuce 
ment  ot  the  rainy  season  and  is  harvested  shortly  after  the  opening  of 
tlie  dry  season,  which  seldom  continues  more  than  three  months.  The 
atmosphere  is  always  moist  at  night,  and  heavy  dews  keep  the  earth 
damp  and  prevent  the  vegetation  from  drying  up. 

There  is  no  portion  of  the  archipelago  where  irrigation  is  conducted 
on  an  extensive  scale,  and  no  means  are  known  here  by  which  the  total 
area  irrigated  can  be  ascertained.  All  the  irrigation'is  done  on  small 
patches  of  land  and  at  private  expense. 

There  are  no  storage  works  nor  any  general  system  of  water  distri- 
button  for  irrigation.  The  Spanish  water  laws  are  in  force  for  the  gov- 
ernment  ot  the  water  suj^ply  used  for  household  and  street-sprinkbuff 
purposes  in  Manilla;  but  among  the  general  laws  there  are  none  upon 
the  subject  of  irrigation.  ^ 

Alex.  E.  Webb, 
United  States  Consulate.  Vonsul, 

Manilla,  Philijypine  Islands,  August  21, 1889. 


1'  j»Li.ii«  MnnuM 


IRRIGATION   IN   ASIA— SUM. 


369 


SIAM. 

UICI'ORT  BY  OOHSULQESBHAL  CHILD.  OF  HANQKOK. 

Area  irrigated.-Ahoxxt  onchulf  of  Uie  (iountry  is  udcUt  cultivation 

Mode  oj  trrif/ation — Tlie  water  is  coiiducted  infn  fii«  fi..ij.  »  •. 

are  no  published  works  upon  irrigation  '^  ^""'     •^^^'^''^ 

h.Pfl'^''^^?*""•'^,  ^'*'  '""'t  *''  t^«  expense  of  the  general  Governmont 

average  annual  rainfall  is  07.04  inches  ^  stason.     Ihe 

Antiquity  of  irrigation.—The  system  of  irrigation  has  Iipph  i..  „«o 

Jacob  T.  Child, 
U.  S.  Consulate.General,  GotmU-Qcncral. 

Banf/koh;  Aitgmt,  1889. 
U.  Ex.  45 24 


Ill 


AUSTRALASIA. 


NEW  SOUTH  WALES. 

FIRST  UEPOBT  BY  CONSUL  ORIFFIN,  OF  SYDNEY. 
INTRODUCTORY. 

There  is  perhaps  no  questioa  that  has  attracted  so  much  ffoneral  at 

it  t W  S'°"^'^?"*  ^'^  ^r^^  W^'««  ^"d  ^^^  other  AuXalifn  colonfes 
as  that  ot  irrigation  and  the  reclamation  thereby  of  arid  lauds     EovS 

S  nTn f  •''°'  ^  •  ^^  •''"""  appointed  in  the  colonies  for  the  puTose  of  con 

sSion  ofwS'"  T^^^'^  V^^  ^^''.  '"^^"^  f«^  distribution  and  coS- 
servation  ot  water.  The  peculiar  physical  for»  atiou  of  this  ereat  island 
continent,  as  shown  in  the  absence  of  lofty  snow-clad  rangfs  of  mouu 

?fTh?comSonr ' '"  ""'"'^  ^^  ^^^^^ '*  ^^^'^-^^^  toThe  iuqSs 

StateTn  l'ls7 't  ll^l^^^  "  ?^r^'^ti«°'"  transmitted  to  the  Department  of 
W«il  wo?  '^°'^^^^''''®^  ^"^  summarize  the  results  of  the  New  South 
Wales  water  commission  inquiry.  My  report  was  republished  hvth« 
government  of  this  colony  in  bo^k  form,  aid  a  co^v  wmbe  found  alouff 
with  the  publications  1  send  herewith,  under  separate  cover  a  detaUed 
ist  ot  which  will  oe  found  at  the  end  of  this  report.    sTnce  that  date 

nnlS^i"^ ''''''' ^•'''"^??v^"*''^P°^'^*^***««"«iderableportionis  taken 
?!?«  w..  ^'«5»f  ^on  of  the  various  plans  proposed  for  the  utilization  of 
the  waters  of  the  rivers  Murray  and  Darling.  The  lollowinff  are  the 
TeL^tSus"'  ^^^'^  *^'  «0">missionarrived%stheresrKefri^' 

'^'^rn^^^^'°^^^^^^^'^^  »W,  and  pa«.„„,„„  ,. 

fi '  TJ,7f "TL"V:Ji^'<.'      ■""  " '"'■"'"V  ""^"^nt  to  tne  coloiii-  iil  lame. 

m 


t 


i'F 


!  M 


^ 


372        IRRIGATION   IN   AUSTRALASIA — NEW   SOUTH   WALES. 

The  severe  droughts  in  Australia,  recurriug  periodically,  constitute 
the  most  serious  difficulty  against  which  the  people  have  to  contend. 

AREAS  IRRIGATED. 

Irrigation  works  in  New  South  Wales  have  only  been  carried  out  on 
a  very  small  scale  by  private  enterprise — by  the  squatter,  a  term  ap- 
plied to  the  occupier  of  laud  in  Australia — to  provide  fodderfor  work- 
ing aud  stud  stock,  and  by  the  culturist  for  orchards,  .  iieries,  and 
gardens.  I  am  informed  by  Mr.  A.  Pepys  Wood,  C.E.,  that  no  attempt 
has  been  made  to  irrigate  agricultural  holdings  as  such.  The  efforts, 
however,  that  have  been  made,  limited  as  is  their  scope,  have  been 
found  valuable,  not  only  to  the  parties  directly  concerned,  but  to  the 
public,  as  showing  the  wonderful  results  to  be  obtained  from  the  soil 
and  climate  of  the  western  districts  especially  when  a  certain  supply  of 
water  is  available  for  watering.  Where  this  supply  has  been  constant, 
the  results  are  said  to  have  amply  repaid  the  owners  and  to  prove  the 
large  profits  to  be  derived  from  such  worksif  carried  out  judiciously  on 
a  large  scale. 

The  area  of  irrigated  land  in  New  South  Wales  is  at  present  so  small 
as  to  be  scarcely  worth  taking  into  consideration.  It  is  true  enough 
that  a  few  individuals  have  irrigated  portions  of  their  land  at  their  own 
expense,  but  the  absence  of  any  well-defined  laws  on  riparian  rights  goes 
far  to  prevent  the  people  from  utilizing  the  surplus  waters  of  the  various 
rivers  and  creeks.  ^Jttie  main  dependence  of  the  Australians  thus  far 
lor  their  water  supplj  has  been  ou  dams,  tanks,  aud  wells. 

In  the  LacLlan  district  a  number  of  farmers  have  practiced  irriga- 
tion on  a  small  scale.  Mr.  T.  Towser  erected  a  pump  about  a  mile  from 
Forbes,  where  there  is  a  bend  in  the  Lachlau  Itiver.  The  plant  cost 
about  £600  ($2,920).  The  plant  consists  of  a  six  horse-power  engine,  a 
5-inch  centrifugal  pump,  and  76  feet  of  piping.  The  pump  lifts  the 
water  to  a  height  of  38  feet  and  has  power  to  bring  up  2,500  gallons 
of  water  per  hour.  Mr.  Towser,  during  the  drought  of  1888,  irrigated 
12  acres  of  vines  aud  fruit  trees.  He  flooded  the  land  four  times.  To 
water  half  an  acre  of  land  necessitated  the  use  of  the  pump  9  hours, 
and  he  estimated  that  the  12  acres  absorbed  2,600,000  gallons  of  water. 
Mr.  Towser,  si)eaking  of  his  experiment,  said : 

I  could  hardly  get  props  enough  to  keop  my  trees  from  breaking  down  under  the 
very  heavy  load  of  fruit,  while  other  orchards,  not  irrigated,  in  the  district,  yielded 
a  very  small  quantity  of  fruit. 

The  Lachlan  soil,  with  the  help  of  irrigation,  will  grow  the  finest 
fruit  in  the  southern  hemisphere.  The  fruits  produced  are  numerous 
and  include  many  varieties  of  oranges,  lemons,  citrons,  pears,  peaches, 
apricots,  nectarines,  quinces,  figs,  loquots,  grapes,  and  strawberries. 
The  fruit,  which  had  to  be  sent  a  long  distance  to  market,  is  described 
as  unsurpassed  in  quality,  and  notwithstanding  the  high  cost  of  freigiit 
and  poor  facilities  for  handling  it,  realized  a  good  profit. 

It  is  proposed  to  reduce  the  cost  of  irrigation  on  this  property  by 
using  a  lOinch  instead  of  a  7-inch  pump.  Irrigation  is  used  in  the 
same  district  by  the  Messrs.  Eadles  &  Co.,  who  have  a  9  inch  pump  for 
irrigating  about  800  acres  of  grass  land  suitable  for  high-class  stock, 
also  a  7inch  pump  is  used  for  a  smaller  tract.  Both  pieces  of  land  have 
carried  eight  to  ten  sheep  to  the  acre,  while  other  stock  farms  not  irri- 
gated were  literally  ruined  by  the  drought,  it  may  be  well  to  mention 
that  Forbes  is  a  town  on  the  river  Lachlan,  250  miles  west  of  Sydney. 
It  has  a  population  of  about  3,000  inhabitants,  aud  it  is  rapidly  becom- 


ent  so  small 


IRRIGATION   IN  AUSTRALASIA— NEW  SOUTH   WALES.        373 

ing  a  center  for  the  trade  of  a  lar^^o  section  of  the  country  around 
The  town  IS  supplied  with  water  filtered  from  the  LacbL^,  laid  on  in 
pipes  at  a  considerable  cost.    Tbedistrict  contains  abou   S^^^^ 
P  S'  ^In  IvITr^T'''^  sheep  10,000  horses,  5,000  catt^id  2,000 
bushels  '       ^''''^^  ^^""^  planted  in  wheat  and  produced  100,519 

of  l';.<?''ih°  V'  ^^''^^-  ?^,°^i'e8  from  Forbes,  irrigated,  in  1888,  90  acres 
of  laud  which  was  laid  down  under  grass,  lucerne,  maize, and  orcS 
He  used  a  6  inch  pump,  and  he  estimates  the  cost'  of  irr  gain  at  ^2 
($9  73)  per  acre.  Mr.  Gatenby  stated  that  with  a  larger  punto  he 
could  reduce  the  cost  to  about  10.s.  ($2.43)  per  acre  He  fm„u  thnf 
luce.^e  only  required  half  the  quantit^of  4?er\Ssar%r  onL'ary 

fnirua  a      ^  ^\T  ^^"'l'  "^  "«''  '^^«  ^^^cred  oncc  a  month,  carried  8  sheep 
to  the  acre  and  his  raaizeland  producodlOO  bushels  to  the  acre         ^ 

.Jt,!2     J'^'"'^}^'^  ^^''^'^  ^°^  ^°^1  report  of  the  royal  commission  on  the 

vieldeTsoTonf  T,*"'  *"  ^'^^  ^""'^  ^^^'««  "'^^  ^t  Windbar  7  acres 
£•?  f  u  nX^  ^L  f  ^"T'"  ^""^  P'.'  "°°""''  ""^^«^  irrigation,  at  a  cost  of 
f^inqcj'wi^f  ton  during  a  drought  when  chatt' delivered  cost  £23 
{fnn  nn  <-h?f  ^*'"*  ^^  was  estimated  that  the  experiment  with  irr^a- 
tion  on  th  s  property  resulted  in  a  saving  of  £1,000  ($4,806)  in  the  vetr 
Again,  it  IS  stated,  that  at  Tapio  18  sheep  to  the  acie  were  ma  ntaS 
in  splendid  condition  on  a  patch  of  22  acres  of  irrigated  land,  w  fie  on 
the  surrounding  country,  13  acres  barely  sufficed  to  keerone  sheen 

tZ^kf''^^  •f"''*^"'''  ^^''  ^'  ^""^^'^'^  «*'  Albemarle,  stated  ^that  on  an 

area  of  3  mi  es  square,  irrigated  by  the  flow  of  flood  waters  over  low 

ymg  land,  he  kept  8,000  sheep  in  the  middleof  summerand  had  a  ffocTd 

h'?e'r^ConlvdS"l/-'"''i"^^'^  "^^  irrigated,  did'n'otcarr;?,^? 
sneep.  ihe  only  difficulties  which  seemed  to  present  themselves  were 
in  regard  to  maintaining  a  permanent  supply  in  the  river  to  make  'rH?a! 
t  on  possible  during  the  time  most  needed-a  prolonged  (Wth-and 

U^SSil'T'"'  "'r^'^'^S'  '9  «-Ploy  the^metho^ls  ofTrHfation 

It  wil   be  well  enough  to  mention  here  that  the  farmers  who  have 

tried  irrigation  are  highly  gratified  with  the  results,  and  in  nTost  casis 

their  profits  have  doubled  and  trebbled,  more  part  cularlv  There  the 

ISi^iiretaTdXtr^^'^^^^  ^~  ^'  '^«  coun^?nrw?th^ 

ng  a  total  of  60,000  acres.    In  the  colony  of  Vic  oriarhowever  verv 
large  areas  are  being  rapidly  placed  under  irrigation.  '    ^ 

WATER   SUPPLY. 

The  sources  of  siii^ply  of  water  for  irrigation  are  from  rivers  creeks 
tanks,  and  wells.  The  shortage  of  water  supplv  extends  ov^r  such  vast 
areas  of  country  as  to  be  a  source  of  astonishment  that  no  well  directed 
ettort  has  been  made  to  conserve,  at  least,  a  portion  of  the  supnh  faH 
ing  during  the  tropical  rains,  especially  in  the  northern  territory^  'WtL 
reference  to  the  works  situated  on  the  ri ver8,the  requisite  supplv  of  water 
has  been  obtained  by  pumping.  For  this  ;ork  the  centrif  gS  pumpis 
generally  ushI,  though  in  some  cases,  such  as  for  orcluird  and  gZen 
irrigation,  direct  acting  pumps  or  the  »  Blake"  or  "special"  tvie  are 

;!f,rLii,t'r-?r'''*  "'•""  ''.  the  western  rivers,  exc^  the  ffira^! 
c«n  ^c  xehed  un  for  irrigating  large  areas,  unless  works  be  constructed 

^SrH:^  '-'''  T^^'l^  '"PI^'-^.'  «^^rtainly  with  soinerivers,  sucl  as  h^ 
fhesm'.  L'ri'^'^''-"  '^g-r'^tinued  dry  seasons  is  even  inadequate  for 
the  small  areas  being  dealt  with  at  the  present  time. 


M 


i  .    I 


374        IRRIGATION  IN   AUSTRALASIA — NEW   SOUTH   WALES. 

The  discoveries  of  subterranean  fresh  water  north  of  the  Darling 
Biver,  and  the  immense  supply  being  obtained  from  some  of  the  arte- 
sian bores,  point  to  a  near  development  of  irrigation  on  a  more  or  less 
extended  basins  in  that  region.  In  the  country  south  of  the  Darling, 
the  water  in  nearly  all  the  wells  that  have  been  sunk  is  said  to  be  brack- 
ish, which  together  with  the  mineral  matter  contained  in  it,  is  unsuita- 
ble for  irrigation  ;  were  this  not  the  case,  the  depth  (averaging  100 
feet)  would  preclude  its  use  for  this  purpose,  except  when  drawn  by 
windmills,  as  fuel  for  motive  power,  in  most  places  where  these  wells 
are,  is  reported  to  be  scarce  and  expensive.  It  remains  to  be  proved 
by  boring  whether  at  a  greater  depth  an  artesian  supply  of  fresh  water 
can  be  obtained,  but  as  the  geological  formation  is  entirely  distinct  from 
that  north  of  the  Darling,  it  is  said  to  be  very  doubtful  if  the  same 
results  will  follow  deep  boring. 

I  have  visited  a  property  on  Oxly  Creek,  Queensland,  where  water 
strongly  impregnated  with  salt  was  used  for  irrigating  the  soil  for 
growing  luceru.  The  owner  of  the  land  was  gratified  with  the  bene- 
fits of  such  irrigation,  and  he  held  the  opinion  that  many  of  the  salt 
lakes  in  Australia  would  not  be  looked  upon  as  a  misfortune  in  the 
future.  It  was,  however,  pointed  out  to  him  that  a  continuation  of  the 
use  of  saline  water  must  sooner  or  later  result  in  the  destruction  of  his 
lucern  crop.  The  apparent  benefit  from  the  use  of  salt  water  was  ap- 
parent for  the  reason  that  lucern,  to  a  very  large  degree,  neutralizes 
salt  in  the  soil.  This  has  often  been  remarked  in  the  alfalfa  (lucern) 
fields  of  California,  and  farmers  account  for  the  fine  crops  of  alfalfa  in 
southern  California  to  the  alkaline  (c'.l  there.  It  is  possible  that  on 
the  high,  dry  banks  of  a  river  where  the  soil  is  deep  and  good  and 
with  abundant  natural  drainage  that  saline  water  might  be  pumped  on 
lucern  fields  for  a  number  of  seasons  without  materially  injuring  the 
soil.  Of  course,  natural  conditions  would  have  to  be  taken  into  consid- 
eration ;  as,  for  instance,  in  the  case  of  the  land  to  which  I  have  lately 
referred,  where  the  subsoil  is  thoroughly  washed  over  by  the  heavy 
tropical  rains. 

Mr.  H.  C.  Russell,  Government  astronomer,  who  has  since  his  arrival 
in  the  colony,  in  1870,  devoted  great  attention  to  water  supply,  is  very 
decided  in  the  opinion  that  there  is  an  abundant  supply  of  underground 
water  in  the  western  districts  of  New  South  Wales.  Many  theories  are 
advanced  as  to  its  origin.  Some  attribute  it  to  a  flow  of  water  from  the 
lofty  mountains  of  Kew  Guinea.  When  Mr.  Kussell  pointed  out,  about  10 
years  ago,  the  remarkable  relations  existing  between  rainfall  and  the 
rivers  of  the  West,  he  was  told  that  his  statements  could  not  be  true. 
No  rain  that  fell  would  wet  the  ground  18  inches  deep,  much  less  afford 
water  for  underground  supplies.  With  equal  confidence  it  was  asserted 
that  the  water  which  did  penetrate  into  the  ground  was  all  dried  out  of 
it  by  evaporation ;  and  further,  that  the  greater  part  of  the  Darling 
Kiver  basin  was  so  flat  that  the  water  would  not  flow,  and  the  rain, 
therefore,  did  not  and  could  not  find  its  way  into  the  river.  Mr.  Rus- 
sell determined  to  await  the  results  of  several  years  of  patient  investi- 
gation before  speaking  again.  With  regard  to  the  first  objection,  he  has 
affirmed  that  in  heavy  rains  water  reached  the  Darling  from  the  flat 
country.  Evidence  as  to  this  fact  was  found  in  the  rain  storm  during 
1885.  In  regard  to  the  water  fr^  ni  the  mountains  of  New  Guinea,  he 
said  thai,  even  admitting  the  theory,  the  area  was  insufiieient.  He  did 
not  think  the  water  which  flows  into  the  Darling  passed  into  the  ground, 
although  it  was  in  evidence  before  the  royal  commission  that  parts  of 


IRRIGATION   IN  AUSTRALASIA— NEW   SOUTH   WALES.        375 

the  Darling  Eiver  basin  were  exceedingly  porous,  and  allowed  the  water 
to  sink  down  freely. 

It  is  the  opinion  that  irrigation  iu  most  parts  of  this  colony  from 
tanks  is  practically  impossible,  as  water  conserved  in  excavated  reser- 
voirs would  cost  about  6  shillings  ($1.46)  per  1,000  gallons,  a  price 
practically  prohibitive.  The  future  of  irrigation  seems  to  be  largely 
dependent  on  the  storage  of  some  portion  of  the  flood  waters  now 
running  to  waste,  and  this  can  not  be  effected  by  expensive  works  con- 
fining such  storage  waters  to  the  river  channels,  which  under  the  most 
favorable  conditions  would  only  provide  for  watering  a  narrow  belt  on 
either  side  of  the  river  channels,  but  must  be  effected  by  diverting  and 
storing  the  water  in  the  basins  or  lakes  that  nature  has  formed  and 
into  artificial  basins  or  reservoirs  constructed,  as  in  America  and  other 
countries,  among  the  hills,  from  whence  it  could  be  distributed  by  grav- 
itation. 

MODES  OF  IRRIGATION. 

As  already  stated,  irrigation  in  New  South  Wales  has  hitherto  been 
confined  to  lands  bordering  on  or  adjacent  to  one  or  other  of  the  rivers, 
and  no  works  have  been  undertaken  to  increase  or  regulate  the  supply. 
Where  the  country  is  suitable  the  distribution  is  effected  by  channels 
or  ditches  laid  out  so  as  to  conform  to  the  features  ot  the  ground  and 
of  sizes  proportionate  to  the  duty  they  may  be  required  to  perform. 
Pumping  water  for  irrigation  is  effected  by  Taugee  centrifugal  pumps, 
sometimes  by  windmills.  The  water  is  pumped  up  into  storage  tanks 
of  iron  or  brick  and  then  run  off  by  gravity  onto  the  laud  to  be  irri- 
gated, in  pipes.  This  method  is,  I  think,  peculiar  to  Australia ;  1  have 
never  observed  it  in  California,  or,  indeed,  in  any  other  part  of  the 
United  States  with  which  I  am  acquainted.  In  portions  of  the  country 
where  the  rainfall  is  tropical  and  the  soil  becomes  so  dry  that  every 
drop  of  water  is  precious,  tanks  and  pumps  appear  to  work  well,  as 
tliere  is  no  waste  from  soakage,  evaporation,  or  capillary  attraction. 
The  expense  attendant  on  the  above  method  renders  its  adoption  on  a 
large  scale  too  costly.  Orchards  and  the  paddock  around  many  home- 
steads are,  however,  irrigated  in  this  manner. 

On  the  Torrence  River,  iu  South  Australia,  one  of  the  farmers  uses 
a  pump  with  a  4horse-power  engine,  and  the  water  is  pumped  to  a 
hight  of  35  feet  into  a  square  brick  tank  10  feet  long,  5  feet  wide,  and 
2^  feet  deep.  More  than  half  the  tank  is  below  the  surface  of  the  ground. 
The  water  when  needed  is  distributed  through  2-inch  pipes  sunk  under 
ground  and  laid  in  different  directions.  At  intervals  of  from  40  to  50 
feet  standpipes  communicate  with  the  surface,  and  being  furnished 
with  stopcocks,  the  water  is  turned  on  or  oft'  at  pleasure.  From  the 
standpii)es  canvas  hose  can  be  adjusted  and  laid  onto  the  particular 
spots  where  the  water  is  required.  To  facilitate  the  operation  shallow 
trenches  are  scooped  out  near  the  trees  requiring  to  be  watered,  and 
the  water  is  led  from  one  depression  to  another  when  the  lengths  of 
hose  are  insutlicient.  At  Emu  Plains  an  extensive  orangery  is  supplied 
with  water  in  a  somewhat  similar  manner,  but  here  the  water  is  re- 
ceived out  of  a  well  about  30  feet  deep.  The  Tangye  pump  is  placed 
20  feet  above  the  water  and  forces  it  into  a  number  of  400-gallon  iron 
tanks  arranged  on  trestle  work.  One  thousand  gallons  of  water  are 
drawn  from  this  well  per  hour.  Un  the  ISepean  Itiver  a  farmer  has  an 
irrigation  plant  which  is  worked  by  G-horse-power  Tangye  engine,  and 
the  lift  of  water  is  23  feet,  from  thence  it  is  forced  a  distance  of  850 
feet  to  the  storage  tanks.    The  cost  of  the  engine  was  £110  ($535)  and 


rjl 


;;  1 


N 


376        IRRIQATION   IN  AUSTRALASIA — NEW   SOUTH   WALKS. 

the  piping  £50  ($243.)  The  water  flows  from  the  tanks  by  gravity, 
open  furrows  are  nsed.  In  tlie  Kiverine  district,  about  Deniliqnin 
481  miles  southwest  of  Sydney,  where  the  summer  winds  are  very  hot, 
fruit  trees  are  kept  in  full  bearing  by  mulching,  t.  c,  spreading  litter, 
whether  leaves  or  other  matter,  around  the  butts  of  the  trees.  Trenches 
4  or  5  inches  deep  are  opened  in  the  soil  about  5  or  6  feet  from  the  trees ; 
water  is  let  into  the  trenches  when  required.  It  is  said  to  pay  to  a»lopt 
these  means  even  when  the  water  has  to  be  carted  a  considerable 
distance.  The  average  rainfall  in  this  district  is  only  about  16  inches 
per  annum,  but  nevereheless  fruit  is  very  profitably  grown. 

The  success  attending  artesian  well-boring  in  various  parts  of  Aus- 
traha  led  to  an  investigaton  of  the  subject  bv  Mr,  W.  Anderson,  ffeo- 
logical  surveyor  of  New  South  Wales,  and  1  learn  from  his  report 
that  the  Lower  Cretaceous  formation  in  which  artesian  water  is  known 
to  occur  extends  over  a  vast  area  in  the  eastern  half  of  the  Australian 
continent,  occupying  the  greater  part  of  the  interior  of  Queensland,  a 
large  portion  of  central  and  south  Australia,  and  the  northwestern 
plains  of  New  South  Wales.    The  southern  extension  of  the  cretacis- 
tertiary  formation  occupies  a  considerable  area  to  the  north  of  the  Kiver 
Darling  m  the  neighborhood  of  Bourke.    Mr.  Anderson  says  it  is  aston- 
ishing that,  while  this  formation  has  been  known  for  many  years,  pas- 
torahsts  on  the  northern  plains  did  not  until  recently  realize  the  fact 
that  they  have  beneath  iuera  an  invaluable  supply  of  water.    He  does 
not  recommend  boring  for  water  where  Silurian  slates  occur,  for  the 
reason  that  all  the  Silurian  rooks  of  the  district  have  a  general  strike  of 
Jbi.  20°  N.,  and  stand  nearly  v.-itical,  therefore  they  can  not  possibly 
hold  water  m  any  abundance,  and  where  Silurian  formations  occur  there 
js  always  a  thinning  of  the  Cretaceous  beds.    The  principles  which  gov- 
ern the  location  of  water  in  the  deep-seated  beds  of  the  formation,  such  as 
the  Cretaceous,  and  its  subsequent  rising  to  the  surface  as  artesian  water 
when  tapped,  are  gravitation  and  the  fact  that  a  confined  and  continu- 
ous flow  of -water  must  rise  to  the  level  of  its  hydraulic  grade.    Mr 
Anderson  directs  attention  to  five  positions  in  which  water  may  be 
found  in  the  flat  western  country. 

(1)  In  the  Cretaceous  formation  itself; 

(2)  Between  the  Cretaceous  formation  and  the  Silurian  bed-rock  on 
which  It  rests ; 

(.i)  In  the  silted  up  Pleistocene  river  channels; 
(4)  In  the  immediate  neighborhood  of  the  present  water  courses- 
Co)  In  the  superficial  portions  of  granite,  as  at  Byrock. 
A  geological  map  prepared  by  Mr.  C.  8.  Wilkinson,  f.  g.  s.,  in  charge 

ot  the  geological  survey  of  tbis  colony,  shows  the  portions  of  New  South 

Wales  where  water  may  be  looked  for  with  success. 
The  water  in  most  of  the  wells  that  have  recently  been  sunk  is  in 

quantity  suflacient  to  indicate  a  permanent  ^ow.    Such  water  is  used 

lor  irrigation  by  gravity  at  very  little  cost. 

WATER  DISTRIBUTION. 

All  irrigation  works  in  New  South  Wales  have  hitherto  been  car- 
ried out  by  private  enterprise;  each  owner  appears  to  be  a  law  unto 
liimselt,  and  so  long  as  he  does  not  interfere  with  his  neighbors  water 
rights  are  subject  to  neither  rules,  regulations,  or  customs.  In  Victoria 
there  is  an  irrigation  act,  and  the  necessity  for  passiii"-  a  av=-naj,  ,^q^ 
in  this  colony  is  urged  very  strougly  both  by  press  and  peoi/ier 

It  would  be  very  difficult  to  form  anything  like  a  just  estim;(i'.>  of  the 
quantity  of  water  used  per  acre  in  New  South  Wales.    The  <^ousanQp. 


rts  of  Aus- 


IRRTQATION  IN   AUSTRALASIA — ^NEW   SOUTH   WALES.        377 

tion  of  water  on  the  river  Murray,  which  is  tho  boniiflary  between  the 
colonies  of  New  South  Wales  and  Victoria  for  farms  in  Victorian  ter- 
ntory,  and  which  cover  a  hirge  area,  is,  however,  verv  consi(leral)le. 

.The  pecnhar  river  system  of  Australia  has  been  explained  in  my  pub- 
lished report  on  irrigntion,  and  I  will  not  now  refer  to  it  further  than 
to  say  that  the  Murray  is  the  most  important  river  in  Australia,  and 
tojfether  with  its  tributaries  drains  an  area  of  27,000  square  miles.  The 
Murray  is  navigable  for  boats  of  light  draft  for  a  distance  of  1,700  miles 
Irom  Its  mouth.  In  making  its  way  towards  the  ocean  it  passes  through 
a  considerable  portion  of  the  colonies  of  Victoria  and  South  Australia. 
^ew  South  Wales,  although  by  her  constitution  received  from  Great 
Jiritain  entitled  to  the  control  of  the  river,  has  taken  no  effective  steps 
to  uti  ize  Its  waters  for  the  purposes  of  irrigation.  Both  the  other  col- 
onies have  practically  taken  possession  of  the  watercourse,  and  I  learn 
form  a  report  just  submitted  to  the  New  South  Wales  parliament  by 
Mr.  J.  L.  F.  Ooyle,  o.  e.,  who  has  investigated  the  condition  of  the 
Murray,  its  navigation,  and  uses  of  water  for  irrigation,  that  out  of 
14ii  steamers  engaged  in  the  river  trade,  67  are  owned  in  Victoria,  55 
In  South  Australia,  and  only  21  in  New  South  Wales.  Mr.  Coyle  states 
that  the  other  two  colonies  have  ignored  New  South  Wales  not  only  in 
regard  to  the  trade  on  the  river,  but  as  to  the  use  of  the  water  for  vari- 
ous irrigation  schemes. 

A  number  of  wharves  have  been  erected  on  the  Victorian  side  by  the 
government  there,  together  with  sheds,  plants  of  machinery,  and  other 
works  which  Mr.  Coyle  considers  inconsistent  with  the  ownership  of 
the  Murray  by  the  colony  of  New  South  Wales.  Since  188*5,  when  the 
Victorian  act  authorizing  the  construction  of  works  on  the  Murray  for 
irrigation  was  passed  into  law,  as  many  as  03  different  water  interests 
have  come  into  torce  for  irrigation  purposes,  and  the  quantity  of  water 
^'I^T^  "T  ^^^"  ^''^'"  ^^^^  ^^^^^  ^^  exciting  alarm  among  the  people 
ot  New  South  Wales.  These  Victorian  consumers  take  from  the  river 
in  summer  102,000  gallons  and  in  winter  01,800  gallons  per  twenty-four 
hours;  also  46,579  cubic  feet  in  summer  and  161,618  cubic  feet  per  min- 
ute in  winter. 

The  Victorian  government  has  employed  steamers  in  cloaring  the 
river  from  snags  and  other  impediments.  The  government  of  New 
South  Wales  of  course  does  not  object  to  that,  and  it  is  scarcely  prob- 
able that  she  would  claim,in  spite  of  her  constitutional  rights,  a  supreme 
control  over  all  the  advantages  to  be  derived  from  the  liver;  but  she 
will  undoubtedly  object  very  seriously  to  any  other  colony  doing  so. 
ilie  Victorians,  however, contend  that  they  are  simply  using  the  water 
that  otherwise  would  be  wasted,and  besides  that  they  have  never  been 
granted  the  right  to  use  it  for  an  indeflnite  period,  for  their  government 
m  licensing  irrigation  works  have  expressly  provided  that  water  can  be 
taken  from  the  Murray  only  so  far  as  it  is  in  the  power  of  the  ffovern- 
nieut  to  permit.  ^ 

Sir  Henry  Parkes,  premier  of  New  South  Wales,  in  a  powerful  speech 
delivered  in  parliament  lately,  pointed  out  what  he  deemed  an  aggres- 
sion on  the  part  of  the  Victorian  government  upon  the  constitutional 
rights  of  New  South  Wales,  and  very  earnestly  urged  further  legisla- 
tion upon  the  subject.  The  truth  is,  the  question  of  right  to  control  the 
waters  of  the  Murray  can  not  be  settled  by  one  colony  alone,  and  will 
probably  have  to  be  dealt  with  at  an  intercolonial  coiiference.at  which 
each  of  t!M^cnloT!io,s  interested  can  take  part,  and  an  agreement  reached 
by  which  the  benelits  of  their  principal  water-way  tribute  may  be  shared 


378         IRRIGATION  IN   AUSTRALASIA — NEW   SOUTH    WALES. 


CLIMATE,  RAINFALL,   ETO. 

The  colony  of  Now  South  Wales  extends  through  11  defrrees  of  lati- 
tude, it  being  entered  ou  the  parallels  28°  1(V  and  .'ijo  3.S' south  lati- 
tudes, and  between  the  meridians  141°  and  153°  liT  east  longitude    The 

ySfnm^lwuf'''''^  "^'^m."  ^*??^®  ^'"''^^  contains  310,938  square  niiJes,  or 
iyu,O00,00()  acres.  The  climate,  extending  tiirough  so  many  degrees  of 
latitude,  very  naturally  permits  almost  any  variety,  from  hot  to  cold. 
Ihe  northern  part  of  the  colony  resembles  that  of  the  south  of  Italy, 
Spain,  and  Greece,  while  the  southern  portion  is  not  wholly  unliiie  that 
ot  northern  California. 

At  Kiandra  frost  and  snow  prevail  for  a  considerable  part  of  the  year, 
but  on  the  plains  of  the  interior  the  tiiermometer  rises  to  130°  above 
zero,  and  sometimes  there  is  no  rain  for  8  months  in  the  year. 

The  average  annual  rainfall,  according  to  a  recent  return  supplied  bv 
the  government  astronomer,  Mr.  H.  C.  Kussell,  was  23.08  inches  for  a 
period  ot  15  years,  from  J  874  to  1888 ;  the  lowest  average  being  for  1888 
when  It  was  13.40  inches,  and  the  highest  in  1887,  when  it  reached  34  49 
inches.  Mr.  Russell  has  prepared  the  following  table  to  show  the  av- 
erage rainfall  in  Now  South  Wales  for  each  year  from  1874  to  1888  • 


Year. 


1874 
1876 
1876 
1877 
1878 
1879 
1880. 
1881 
1883. 


Avernee 
rainfall. 


Tnehet. 
3;).  40 
29.38 
27.66 
20.48 
25.05 
80.75 
10.93 
20.73 
20.11 


Year. 


1883 

1884 

1885 

1886 

1887 

1888 

15  years'  mean 


Avorace 
ruiufall. 


Inches. 
17.00 
15.86 
10.48 
26.04 
34.99 
13.40 


23.68 


Mr.  Russell  states  that  the  drought  in  1888  was  the  most  severe  ever 
experienced,  but  during  November  and  December  rain  fell  and  broke 
up  the  terribly  dry  weather. 

During  December,  3  inches  of  rain  fell  at  upwards  of  200  recording 
stations,  chiefly  along  the  coast  line,  while  the  great  western  plains, 
which  needed^he  rain  most,  remained  to  the  end  of  the  year  in  a  p*ate 
of  drought. 

Not  once  during  the  year  did  rain  enough  fall  on  these  plains  to  make 
water  run  on  the  surface  of  the  ground.  On  the  Maranoa  River  the 
tciu-  months  of  winter  passed  with  only  .03  inches  rain.  Even  the  na- 
tive trees  died  for  want  of  water,  in  some  places.  In  Sydney,  the  aver- 
age rainfall  for  a  month  is  about  4  inches,  but  «yer  large  aVeas  in  the 
west,  therainfidl  for  the  whole  of  1888  was  under  that  amount.  At 
"Louth  on  the  Darling,  it  was  2.47  inches ;  at  Meuindie,  2.82  inclies. 
Mr.  Kussell  remarks  that  living  in  a  moist  climate  near  the  sea,  it  is 
dithcult  to  realize  what  such  a  record  means  in  a  dry,  windy,  hot  place, 
ihe  wonder  is  that  plant  or  animal  can  live  through  it.  Then,  taking 
the  mean  of  fifty  j,laces,  the  rainfall  for  the  whole  colony  was  43  per 
cent,  below  the  average,  and  it  is  noteworthy  that  the  rainfall  of  1887 
exceeded  the  average  by  42.7  per  cent. ;  so  the  wettest  and  driest  years 
on  record  are  side  by  side  showing  a  difference  in  rainfall  amountiiiff  to 
85.7  per  cent,  of  the  average. 

When  forwarding  some  valuable  publications,  Mr.  Russell  remarks 
in  his  letter  to  me  of  28th  September,  that,  knowing  what  important 


.ES. 


roes  of  lati- 
'  south  lati- 
itude.  The 
re  miles,  or 
■  degrees  of 
lot  to  cold. 
;h  of  Italy, 
unlike  that 

[)f  the  year, 
130°  above 
r. 

lupplied  by 
iiches  for  a 
ng  for  18.S8, 
iched  34.49 
low  the  av- 
to  1888 : 


Avorage 
raiufall. 

Inches. 
17.90 
15.86 
10.48 

26. 04 
34.09 
13.40 

23.68 

evere  ever 
and  broke 

recording 
QTii  plains, 
■  in  a  p*ate 

IS  to  make 
lliver  the 
on  the  na- 
,  the  aver- 
eas  in  the 
ount.  At 
S2  inches. 
B  sea,  it  is 
hot  place. 
3n,  taking 
pas  43  per 
-11  of  1887 
■iest  years 
mnting  to 

I  remarks 
important 


IRRIGATION   IN   AUSTRALASIA— NEW   SOUTH   WALES.        379 

questions  could  only  bo  answered  by  statistics  about  rain,  rivers,  and 
evaporation,  he  began  to  collect  them  and  to  educate  the  people  to  keen 
rain  records.  In  1870  he  found  five  meteorological  stations  at  work. 
Now  they  number  nearly  1,000.  Itecords  of  the  heights  of  the  western 
rivers  were  begun  in  1862  by  Government  officers,  but  they  were  not 
kept  up.  In  the  Annual  Rain  Reports  are  to  be  found  every  known 
rainlall  record  for  this  colony.  Mr.  Russell  has  the  control  of  the  rain- 
tall  records  and  he  states  they  are  fairly  complete  for  a  young  country, 
but  the  work  of  carefully  gauging  the  output  of  the  rivers  has  not  yet 
been  commenced  by  the  Government;  the  records  which  he  gives  of 
the  western  rivers  are  the  daily  levels  of  the  water  at  each  place;  the 
water  velocities  are  not  measured  because  competent  officers  for  that 
work  have  not  yet  been  stationed  on  the  rivers.  The  velocities  ho  has 
used  were  determined  years  since,  and  are  assumed  to  hold  good  for 
the  same  height  of  flood  for  each  year.  Since  1887,  however,  officers 
irom  Victoria  have  boon  systematically  measuring  the  discharge  of  the 
river  Murray  and  have,  so  far,  confirmed  the  results  which  Mr.  Russell 
had  obtained  in  the  way  indicated. 

ANTIQUITY  OF  TRRiaATION. 

The  remarks  I  have  made  in  this  report  show  that  the  various  modes 
of  irrigation  practiced  in  New  South  Wales  are  wholly  of  recent  date. 

Ihe  maps  and  publications  which  the  Department  of  State  direct  me 
to  obtain  for  the  Select  Committee  of  the  Senate  ou  the  subject  of  irri- 
gation are  enumerated  in  the  following  list : 

List  of  printed  documents  and  maps  relating  to  irrigation  and  reclamation  of  arid 
lands ;  sources  of  watei-sitppli/ ;  systems  of  water  distribution;  character  of  climate, 
etc.,  so  far  as  relates  to  the  colony  of  New  South  Wales. 

1.  Royal  oominissiou-couservancy  of  water.    First  report  of  the  commisaioners. 

2.  Maps  diagrams,  and  plaus  referred  to  in  the  above  report,  1855. 
^*7„^J^coni.ui88ion-con8ervatiou  of  water.    Second  report  of  the  comniissiouers, 

18S5-'86.    (Maps  and  plans  are  attached.) 
4.  Royal  commission— conservation  of  water,   Third  and  final  report  of  the  com- 
missioners, 1887. 
Maps,  plans,  and  diagrams  to  accompany  the  above  report,  1887 
Koyal  coninussion-conservation  of  water.  First  report  of  tlie  commissioners, 
abridged  edition,  1886.  ' 

Royal  commission-conservation  of  water.  Third  and  final  report  of  the  com- 
missioners, abridged  edition,  1887. 

New  Sontli  Wales.    Her  commerce  and  resonrces.  By  Consul  Griffin.    Report  on 
irrigation,  pages  13  to  21,  1888.  i-         " 

Climate  of  New  Smith  Wales.    Description,  historical,  and  tabnlar.  BvH.C. 
itiisseii,  «.  A.l'.  K.  A.  S.,  Government  astronomer  of  New  South  Wales,  1877. 

'pf^^T?-""     rT  V  ^'     P^ys'^al  geography  and  climate.    By  H.  C.  Russell,  1«84. 
1879  ^'"     ^    ^°^"    ^^^  ^•'^*'"^  ^^'^''^  should  pass  through  it.     By  H,  C.  Russell, 

Some  facts  bearing  upon  irrigation.     By  H.  C.  Russell,  1883. 

Notes  upon  the  history  of  fioods  in  tlie  River  Darling.    By  H.  C.  Russell.  1886 

Notes  upon  floods  in  Lake  George.     By  H.  C.  Rus.sell,  18(56. 
1889"''*^''        '^^  underground  water  in  the  western  districts.    By  H.  C.Russell, 

Notes  on  the  experience  of  other  countries  in  the  administration  of  their  water 

supply.     By  H.G.  McKiuuev,C.  E.,  1887. 
Rivers  of  New  South  Wales.     By  H.  G.  McKinney,  C.  E.,  1888. 
Water  supply  m  the  interior  of  New  South  Wales.     By  W.  E.  Abbott   1884 
Poro-st  destruction  in  New  .South  Wales  and  its  effects  on  the  flow  of  water  iu 

water  courses  and  on  the  rainfall.     By  W,  E.  Abbott,  1888 
On  wells  in  Liverpool  plains.     By  T.  K.  Abbott,  P.  M.,  1880. 
Metropolitan  water  supply.    By  Mr.  James  Manning,  1875. 


6. 
7. 
8. 
9. 

10. 

n. 
12. 

13. 
14. 
15. 

16. 

17. 

18. 
19. 

20. 
21. 


380        IRUTGATION   IN   AUSTRALASIA — NEW   SOUTH   WALES. 

22.  Comparison  between  tho  Prospoot  and  Konny  Hill  HclioniPR,  proposing  a  liigh- 

picHHiiro  watorHiipplyfor  Siiliitiy.     By  F.  B.  Oil»pH,  C.  K.,  IHHO. 

23.  Imporlanwi  of  a  conijiielieuHivd  nchfino  of  water  Htoraj;o  and  canalization  tor  tlio 

future  wolfaro  of  Now  Sonih  VValtH.lHHl.  ,  ,     ,     i.  i.     *    t> 

24.  Tanks  and  wella  of  New  South  WuIoh.     Water  supply  and  irrigation.     By  A.  l . 

Wood,  1H83.  ,    .      XT        CM    «r  1 

25.  UoHultHof  rain,  river,  and  evaporatiin  olmervations  made  in  New  bmith  Wales, 

lrt7lt  to  1H88.     Hy  II.  C.  Uimscll,  F.  K.  S.,  Goveruuieut  aatrouomer  ol  Now  Soutli 
WaleM,  isrit  (..  188i. 
Ten  parts,  '^r>-\6TJ  to  '25-1888. 

Additioniil  information,  (lablif^ations,  maps,  and  plans,  liavo  been 
proniiHed  nio  in  time  for  ti'anKiui>;.,ii)u  by  next  mail.  I  liave  reiison  to 
believe  that  the  whole  will  form  the  most  complete  collection  of  litera- 
tnre  on  irrigation  and  water  conservancy  ever  broiif^ht  t«)gether  relat- 
ing to  New  Sonth  Walea. 

^  G.  W.  GRtFFlN, 

U.  S.  Consul. 

Consulate  United  Stat^^s, 

Sydney,  October  2,  1889. 


DEVELOPMENT  OF  IRRIGATION  IN  NEW  SOUTH  WALES. 

liEVOST  BY  CONSUL  OHIFFIX,  OP  SYDNEY. 

In  May,  18S1,  a  roval  commission  was  appointed  by  tlio  govern- 
ment of  Now  South  vVales  to  investigate  the  whole  question  of  the 
conservation  of  water  throughout  the  colony,  atid  particularly  in  the 
western  districts.  When  that  commission  entered  on  its  labors  I  am 
informed  that  scarcely  anything  had  been  done  by  the  government  in 
this  matter,  and  although  a  largo  nui'^ber  of  dams  and  tanks  had  been 
made  by  individuals,  the  progress  of  private  enterprise  in  this  direc- 
tion was  far  from  what  might  be  expected  in  a  country  with  such  cli- 
matic conditions.  It  is  only  fair  to  state  that  this  backward  condition 
of  the  colony  seems  to  have  been  due  mainly  to  the  unsatisfactory 
tenure  under  which  the  public  lands  were  held.  The  land  act  of  1884 
liad  an  important  effect  in  removing  ill  feeling  between  difterent  sec- 
tions of  the  community  in  the  country  districts  and  in  giving  greater 
security  to  all  parties.  A  general  hope  is  expressed  that  the  land  act 
■which  was  passed  during  the  last  session  of  the  colonial  parliament, 
and  which  will  come  into  operation  on  the  1st  of  December,  1889,  wi  1 
prove  an  important  step  in  stimulating  settlement  throughout  the  col- 
ony and  in  encouraging  enterprise  in  the  improvement  of  the  land. 

I  observe  that  there  is  special  reason  to  expect  extensive  develop- 
ment of  the  resources  of  the  western  part  of  the  colony,  as  important 
concessions  there  are  made  to  any  crown  tenant  who  successfully  bores 

for  artesian  water.  ,•     i.- 

The  forty-fifth  section  of  the  new  act  provides  that  upon  application 
for  the  protection  of  artesian  wells  and  a  deposit  of  £10  ($48.07),  an 
area  of  10,240  acres  in  one  block  on  a  "  resumed  area"  in  the  western 
division  may  be  set  apart,  of  which  the  lessee  or  licensee  shall  become 
entitled  to  a  lease  for  a  terra  to  be  fixed,  on  approval  b>  the  governor, 
after  the  discovery  of  water.  The  term  not  to  exceed  the  unexpired 
term  of  pastoral  lease  of  leasehold  area,  and  the  rent  to  be  at  the  rate 
payable  for  an  "  occupation  license."  it  is  provided  that  not  more  than 
one  HP.ch  area  shall  be  leased  under  this  section  in  each  04,000  acres, 
and  in  no  case  more  than  three  areas  in  one  and  the  same  "  occupation 
license." 


ALES. 

lalization  for  the 

ation.     By  A,  P. 

nv  South  WiilcB, 
lorolNovv  Suttth 


IS,  have  been 
lave  reiiNoii  to 
ution  of  litera- 
together  relat- 

RFFFIN, 

7.  8.  Conaul. 


[  WAIES. 


ly  tlio  {jovprn- 
uestion  of  the 
icularly  in  the 
8  hibors  I  am 
government  in 
anks  had  been 
)  in  this  direc- 
with  such  cli- 
ward  condition 
unsatisfactory 
cd  act  of  1884 
n  difterent  sec- 
giving  greater 
at  the  hind  act 
lifil  parliament, 
nber,  1889,  will 
ighout  the  col- 
)f  the  land, 
ensive  develop- 
7,  jia  important 
ecessfully  bores 

pon  application 
£10  ($48.07),  an 
'  in  the  western 
ee  shall  become 
}  the  governor, 
the  unexpired 
o  be  at  the  rate 
,t  not  more  than 
3h  04,000  acres, 
ne  "  occupation 


IRRIGATION   IN   AUSTRALASIA— NEW   SOUTH    WALKS.        381 
The  full  text  of  the  section  is  as  follows : 

45.  Upou  applictttioii  in  the  preHcribwl  mannor  (accompanied  by  a  depoHit  of  ton 
pounds  to  cover  the  expenseH  in  d.'uIinK  kherewith)  for  perniinNlon  to  bore  iind  HearcU 
for  water  in  any  laud  in  the  wostoru  divimon,  Ixd.l  l.y  tlio  applicant  under  occnpiUiou 
llconHe  or  annual  leaHe,  the  nuiilMtor  may,  l.y  notice  i,  Mh>  (lazette,  sot  apart  an  area 
not  exceeduiK  ten  thousand  t  wo  hundred  and  forty  aires  in  one  block  on  the  resumed 
ar«a.  Upon  publication  of  hudi  notice  the  laud  then.u  described  shall  be  ludd  to  bo 
temporarily  ex»mipt  from  sale  or  l.-ane  under  this  or  the  principiil  act  to  ,.ther  than 
the  applicant  but  shall  not  bo  withdrawn  from  the  occupation  license  or  annual 
lease  ;  and  within  sixty  days  after  such  notice  the  applicant  shall  commence  to  boro 
and  search  for  water  on  such  land,  and  shall  forward  to  the  chairman  of  the  land 
board  by  registered  letter  notice  veriiied  by  statutory  declaratiou  of  his  havinirdone 
so;  and  the  work  ot  boring  and  searchiuB  as  ai  resiud  shall  be  continued  until  water 
bo  tound,  or  until  it  appear  to  the  minister  that  the  work  can  not  be  pursued  with 
reasonable  hopo  of  success  or  profit.  Within  ((.urteen  diivs  after  the  discovery  of 
water,  the  licensee  or  lessee  shjill,  by  rcKistered  letter,  iiotity  the  fact  to  the  chairmau 
ot  the  local  land  board,  and  the  said  licensee  or  lessee  shall,  on  .ipuroval  by  the  Lrov- 
ernoi,  become  eutitlL.l  to  a  lease  for  such  a  term  as  may  be  det.rmiued,  not  excecdin.r 
the  unexpired  term  of  the  current  pastoral  lease  of  tin*  leasehold  area  of  the  iiastoral 
holding;  and  t!ie  rental  of  such  area  shall  be  at  the  rate  then  payable  upon  the  land 
held  under  such  occupation  licnse  or  annual  lease.  If  the  ai,  'leant  shall  fail  to  for- 
ward  any  prescribed  noti-.o,  or  if  the  minister  shall  consider  th.it  the  application  has 
not  boon  made  bona  tide,  or  that  reasonable  ellbrts  have  not  been  or  ue  not  bein-r 
made  to  discov<  r  water,  or  that  any  water  discovered  is  not  snmoieutiv  perniiinenr 
orthatth'qiiantit  ■  isuotsumcieittly  Kreat,  he  may  withdraw  the  notice  aforesaid' 
or  the  govornor  may  cancel  the  lease,  and  upon  publication  in  the  (Jazette  of  notice 

*J!',  withdrawal  or  cancellation,  the  temporary  exciinption  from  sale  or  lease  of 
such  land,  and  the  lease  thereof,  shall  beheld  to  be  am,  lied.  Provided  that  not 
more  than  one  such  ar^.i  shall  be  leased  under  the  provision  of  this  sect),  i  out  of  each 
sixty-four  thoiisami  .res  of  an  occupation  license,  and  not  more  thai,  three  such 
areas  shall  bo  Icasid  iieroundor  in  respect  of  one  and  the  same  occupation  license 
Provided  further  that  upou  approval  of  tho  minister  all  artesian  wells  heretofore 
made  niay  bo  brought  iniler  the  provisions  of  this  clause  on  application  withiu 
iimoty  days  after  the  commcncomeut  of  this  act. 

The  royal  commission  on  the  conservation  .  water  pursued  its  in- 
quiries lor  3  years,  and  during  that  time  published  the  results  of  its 
investigations,  it  appears  that  shortly  after  the  commission  entered 
on  its  duties  it  appointed,  as  engineer,  Mr.  II.  G.  McKinney,  who  had 
obtained  e.Kten.sive  and  valuat)le  •■  perienceon  irrigation  work  in  Ui^per 
India;  having  been  employed  as  engineer  under  the  Imperial  Govern- 
ment of  India,  for  over  10  years  carrying  out  works  connected  with 
the  Upper  and  Lo'  er  Ganges  Canals;  tho  Eastern  Jumna  and  the 
Baree  Doab  ("  inals.  One  of  the  earliest  duties  which  devolved  on  Mr. 
McKinney  seems  to.  have  beeu  to  inquire  into  and  examine  all  tlie  levels 
taken  throughout  the  colony  li  ving  any  bearing  on  the  question  of 
water  conservation.  A  Imef  statement  of  the  r  suits  of  these  inqui- 
ries will  be  found  in  an  appendix  to  the  first  rep<  rt  of  the  commission. 
Some  of  tho  more  important  levels  are  shown  in  le  map  of  the  river 
systems  and  drainage  areas,  which  was  publislud  with  the  same  report. 
This  examination  of  the  western  river  systems  first  brought  to  light  the 
somewhat  remarkable  fact  that  after  the  Murrumbidgee  and  tlie  A!  ar- 
ray Kivers  eAim  d  to  the  plain  country  there  is  a  fall  in  a  southwe.st- 
erly  direction  t  in  'he  former  river  and  in  i  northwesterly  direction 
from  the  latter;  so  that  .t  is  possible  'or  the  waters  of  both  rivers,  with- 
out  any  great  diflflculty,  to  be  diverted  into  the  Billabong  Creek  whir-h 
runs  almost  midway  between  them. 

I  understand  that  a  subject  which  received  prominent  notice  at  tho 
same  time,  and  one  of  miu;h  importance  to  the  colony,  is  the  extent  to 
which  effluent  creeks    m  be  utilized  as  distributories  for  flood  water. 

In  Mr.  McKinuey's  paper  on  "Eivers  of  New  South  Wales."  which 
was  rea«l  before  the  Australasian  Association  for  the  Advancement  of 
Science  iu  1888,  the  sul^uct  uf  effluent  creeks  was  dealt  with  ii   detail 


.1 


382 


IRRIGATION   IN   AUSTRALASIA — NEW   SOUTH    WALES. 


and  their  existenco  whh  Hhown  to  be  the  natural  outcome  of  the  present 
conditions  of  tlie  country.  It  was  pointed  out  in  that  paper  tliat  tho 
sectional  areas  of  tho  western  rivers  diininisli  as  the  distance  traveled 
in  alluvial  plains  increases,  and  that  this  diiniuution  of  the  river  sec- 
tions is  due  to  the  slow  jjrocess  of  "siltintj  up"  which  is  in  progress. 
The  natural  outcome  of  this  state  of  atlairs  is  that  the  lower  parts  of 
the  river  channels  are  unecjual  to  the  task  of  carrying  otf  the  tlood 
waters,  and  hencio  the  formation  of  eilluent  creeks. 

It  is  said  that  among  the  more  important  illustrations  of  this  "silting- 
up"  are  the  Yanko  Creek  and  its  subetUuent,  the  Colombo,  which 
assist  in  discharging  the  tlood  waters  of  the  Murrumbidge*!  River,  the 
Willandra  and  Marowie  Creeks  occupying  a  corresi»onding  position  in 
regard  to  the  Lachlan  River,  and  the  Cato,  Tarrion,  and  Teryaweynya 
Creeks,  which  draw  oft"  and  distribute  a  jjortiou  of  the  flood  waters  of 
the  Darling  River.  Under  instructions  from  the  water  conservation 
commission,  Mr.  McKinney  prepared  a  project  for  the  improvement  of 
the  Yanko  Creek.  Although  this  project  was  only  partially  carried  out, 
the  result  achieved  has  beeii  very  important;  for  while  the  creek  for- 
merly received  a  supply  of  water  only  during  high  floods,  a  very  moder- 
ate rise  of  the  Murrumbidgee  River  is  now  sufficient  to  cause  a  flow  in 
it.  The  significance  of  this  has  been  pointed  out  to  me  and  will  be 
understood  when  it  is  considered  that  the  course  of  the  Yanko  Creek 
is  little,  if  anything,  short  of  200  miles  in  length,  while  that  of  the 
Colombo  Creek  is  about  100  miles.  The  district  in  which  both  creeks 
are  situated  is  remarkably  fertile  throughout,  but  badly  supplied  with 
water  by  nature. 

The  Teryaweynya  Creek  has  been  dealt  with  in  a  somewhat  similar 
manner  by  private  enterprise,  the  ])astoralists  in  'ts  neighborhood  hav- 
ing at  an  expenditure  of  £3,000  ^$lt,(iOO)  to  £4,000  ($19,400)  insured 
a  water  frontage  to  their  lands  ot  several  hundred  miles.  It  is  neces- 
sary to  explain  that  both  in  this  case  and  that  of  the  Y'^anko  and  Col- 
ombo Creeks,  supplies  of  water  are  retained  in  the  channels  by  dams. 
In  the  case  of  the  Willandra  Creek,  or  Billabong  (a  term  applied  in 
Australia  to  a  creek,  lagoon,  or  small  rivulet  running  out  of  one  of  the 
larger  rivers),  a  large  amount  of  money  was  expended  by  an  enter- 
prising pastoralist,  but  tho  results  were  not  considered  commensurate 
with  the  outlay.  I  am  informed  that  the  matter  has  now  been  taken  up 
by  the  government,  and  a  sum  has  been  appropriated  for  the  construc- 
tion of  a  weir  in  the  Lachlan  River  to  give  a  supply  to  the  Willandra 
Creek  during  every  moderate  rise  of  that  river. 

The  number  of  dams  constructed  on  creeks  and  rivers  in  the  western 
division  of  New  South  Wales  is  surprising  when  the  unsatisfactory 
state  of  the  law  is  considered.  The  condition  and  results  of  the  law  on 
this  point  are  very  clearly  set  forth  in  Mr.  McKinney's  memorandum 
on  "  Irrigation  in  the  Riverina, "  which  has  been  published  as  an  appen- 
dix to  the  third  and  final  report  of  the  water  conservation  commission. 
It  is  there  stated  that — 

As  a  means  of  stifling  private  enterprise,  by  preventing  the  utilization  of  the  natural 
water  supply  of  the  country,  the  British  iaw  of  riparian  rights  couUi  scarcely  he 
excelled.  For  instances  of  the  operation  of  this  monstrous  law  it  is  only  necessary 
to  lookback  on  the  records  of  dauis  which  have  been  constructed  and  guarded  by 
armed  men;  of  other  dams  which,  after  construction  in  this  way  by  one  armed  mob, 
have  been  cut  through  by  another ;  of  many  cases  where  dams  were  needful,  but 
were  not  built  through  fear  of  litigation,  and  of  the  purchase  of  extensive  pumping 
plant  which  frequently  lay  idle  for  the  same  reason. 

From  the  utterances  of  politicians  it  appears  that  the  present  gov- 
ernment  of  New  South  Wales  is  pledged  to  introduce  a  bill  dealing 


IVALES. 

e  of  the  present 
paper  tliat  the 
stance  traveled 
f  the  river  see- 
is  in  progress, 
lower  parts  of 
ig  ort"  the  flood 

>f  this  "silting, 
oloinho,  which 
Igeo  River,  the 
ing  position  in 
il  Teryaweynya 
flood  waters  of 
r  conservation 
mprovement  of 
illy  carried  out, 
»  the  creek  for- 
S  a  very  uioder- 
cause  a  flow  in 
ne  and  will  be 
e  Yanko  Creek 
ile  that  of  the 
ich  both  creeks 
J  supplied  with 

newhat  similar 
fhborhood  hav- 
iy,4GG)  insured 
8.  It  is  neces- 
i'^anko  and  Col- 
nnels  by  dams. 
3rm  applied  in 
ut  of  one  of  the 
d  by  an  enter- 
commensurate 
'  been  taken  up 
)r  the  construe- 
)  the  Willandra 

in  the  western 
unsatisfactory 
bs  of  the  law  on 
3  memorandum 
3d  as  an  appen- 
Lou  commission. 


ttion  of  the  natural 
could  scarcely  be 
b  ia  only  necessary 
I  and  guarded  by 
»y  one  armed  mob, 
were  needful,  but 
ixtensive  i)umping 

le  present  gov- 
a  bill  dealing 


IRRIGATION   IN    AUSTRALASIA — NEW   SOUTH   WALES.        383 

with  water  conservation  and  riparian  rights,  a  measure  which  will 
doubtless  soon  remedy  the  existing  unsatisfactory  state  of  affairs  should 
it  become  law. 

Since  the  expiration  of  the  water  conservation  commission  Mr. 
McKinney,  as  engineer  for  water  conservation  under  the  mines  bureau, 
has  had  preliminary  surveys  made  throughout  the  district  lying  between 
the  Murrumbidgee  and  Murray  Itivers,  and  though,  as  I  am  informed, 
no  official  reports  of  the  result  have  been  published  it  is  generally 
understood  that  these  results  are  satisfactory  and  in  the  main  bear  out 
the  estimates  made  by  the  water  commission.  I  learn  that  as  yet  little 
has  been  done  to  carry  out  the  several  projects  for  works  for  water 
conservation  and  irrigation  specially  recomniended  by  the  water  con- 
servation commission  and  which  were  described  in  detail  and  plans 
illustrating  them  supplied  by  the  commission.  Among  the  proposals 
was  one  for  utilizing  the  water  supply  in  the  Murrumbidgee  and  in- 
cluded the  adaptation  of  Lake  Urana,  a  great  natural  depression  about 
17,000  acres  in  extent,  as  a  storage  reservoir.  However,  the  commence- 
ment of  surveys  in  connection  with  the  utilization  of  the  v^atersof  the 
Darling,  Lachlan,  Macquarie,  Namoi,  and  Gwydir  Rivers  has  been 
authorized,  and  the  work  is  to  be  proceeded  with  at  once.  An  act  ap- 
propriating £75,600  ($307,900)  for  the  purposes  of  irrigation  works  has 
been  passed  this  year. 

A  paper  on  "  Irrigation  in  its  relation  to  the  pastorial  industry  of 
New  South  Wales"  was  read  before  the  Royal  Society  in  Sydney  on 
4th  of  September  last.  The  Royal  Society  considered  this  paper  of  so 
much  importance  that  a  special  recommendation  was  made  to  the  Gov- 
ernment that  copiesshould  be  distributed  throughout  the  colony  gratis 
and  this  proposal  it  seems  has  been  adopted.  Hitherto  it  has  generally 
been  assumed  that  irrigation  would  benefit  only  agricultural  and  horti- 
cultural products,  and  as  the  market  for  such  produce  was  likely  to  be 
limited  for  some  time  a  widespread  impression  prevailed  that  irrigation 
was  a  question  for  the  distant  future.  The  paper  referred  to  will  have 
an  important  effect  in  removing  this  impression. 

The  following  figures  speak  for  themselves : 

Number  of  sheep  in  New  South  Wales  on  December  31— 

}^^^ 39.169,000 

|°2s 46,965,152 

^°°° 46,503,469 

The  year  1887  was  a  good  one  forpastoralists ;  the  year  1888  was  un- 
favorable. Inspection  of  the  figures  shows  that  the  number  of  sheep 
at  the  end  of  1H88  was  about  10,000,000  less  than  if  the  rate  of  increase 
of  the  year  1887  had  been  maintained ;  in  fact,  instead  of  an  increase 
of  that  amount  we  find  that  there  was  a  decrease  of  nearly  600,000. 
Some  idea  of  the  proportion  carried  oft"  by  starvation  and  thirst  may 
be  conveyed  by  the  statement  of  a  writer  in  one  of  the  Sydney  news- 
papers, who  declares  from  personal  knowledge  that  on  one  station 
00,000  sheep  were  lost  in  this  way,  during  1888,  out  of  120,000,  and  on 
another  station  80,000  out  of  150,000.  The  same  writer  estimates  that 
the  number  of  lambs  shorn  this  season  will  be  2,000,000  less  than  last 
year,  on  account  of  the  drought,  and  that  for  the  same  reason  the  wool 
throughout  the  colony,  north  and  west  of  the  Lachlan  River,  will  be 
inferior  in  quality.  The  practicability  of  preventing  in  an  important 
degree,  by  irrigation,  the  recurrence  of  such  losses  is  not  a  matter  of 
theory  or  of  opinion  but  an  ascertained  fact. 


384 


IRRIGATION   IN   AUSTRALASIA — NEW   SOUTH   WALES. 


ii 


Making  provision  for  the  supply  of  water  for  the  use  of  live  stock 
traveiiiifj  to  uuiiket  or  for  cliaiij^e  of  pasturage  in  time  of  drought  is  u 
mattfe.  of  great  importance.  Besides  the  necessity  of  providing  for  the 
live  stock  of  tliis  colony  when  traveling  thvi  multitudes  of  sheep  and 
cattle  passing  from  Queenslantl  to  the  markets  of  New  South  Wales 
and  Victoria  have  also  to  be  :;on8idered ;  but  the  greatest  strain  on  the 
resources  of  the  public  watering  places  appears  to  occur  in  dry  seasons, 
when  the  i)asturage  is  insufficient  and  the  sheep  and  cattle  have  to  be 
removed  to  other  pastures.  Generally  speaking,  the  hills  and  high 
table-lands  immediately  west  of  the  main  dividing  range  have  a  fair 
amount  of  rai!»fall  and  consequently  good  pasturage.  The  ellect  of  this 
is  that  in  dry  seasons  sheep  arc  brought  from  the  western  plains  to 
these  hills  and  tablelands  in  hundreds  of  thousands.  This  emigration 
of  the  livestock  always  entails  considerable  risk  and  frequently  results 
in  heavy  losses.  In  the  paper  already  referred  to,  entitled  *'  Irrigation 
in  its  relatioJi  to  the  pastoral  industry,"  the  extended  adoption  of  irri- 
gation to  prevent  these  losses  is  ably  advocated,  and  Mr.  J.  W.  Boult- 
bee,  a  qualified  government  inspector  of  stock,  states  that  so  far  as 
stock-carrying  <rapacity  is  concerned  purely  pastoral  districts  differ 
widely,  the  greater  area  being  classed  as  poor;  but  this  fact  is  not  due 
to  inferiority  of  soil,  but  to  the  uncertainty  of  the  seasons  and  the 
scantiness  of  rainfall.  He  states  the  fertility  of  the  soil  to  be  remark- 
able, and  instances  land  on  the  Lower  Darling  Kiver,  where,  by  actual 
experiment,  10  acres  in  its  natural  st^ito  could  scarcely  support  1  sheep, 
when  the  same  land  had  been  irrigated  ami  laid  down  in  lucerne  1  acre 
supported  more  than  20  sheep. 

A  memorandum  on  the  necessity  for  publi<',  watering  places  for  live 
stock,  prepared  for  me  by  the  mines  bureau,  deals  fully  with  the  history 
of  the  formaiiou  of  these  places,  and  it  is  uccom])anied  by  copies  of  the 
yearly  reports  of  the  officers  who  are  charged  with  the  duty  of  boring 
for  water.  With  this  memorandum  will  be  found  the  latest  maps  which 
have  been  published  in  this  colony.  The  first  of  these  maps  is  impor- 
tant as  indicating  the  area  of  the  arid  parts  of  the  colony  wheie,  on  the 
authority  of  the  government  geologist,  water  niay  be  expected  to  be 
found  by  boring.  Another  of  the  mai)8  shows  the  latest  infornnitioii 
with  regard  to  geological  formations;  and  a  third,  which  has  not  as  yet 
been  issued  to  the  public,  exhibits  the  territorial  divisions,  the  pastoral 
and  agricultural  areas,  live  stock  routes,  tanks,  wells,  and  trucking  sta- 
tions, together  with  the  railways  and  telegraph  lines. 

A  map  to  show  the  water-supply  arrangements  for  the  colony  of  Vic- 
toria is  added  to  the  collection. 

The  following  weekly  return  will  serve  to  exemplify  the  action  taken 
by  the  government  to  afford  pastoralists  every  knowledge  as  to  places 
where  live  stock  can  be  supplied  with  water  and  feed  when  traveling 
through  arid  parts  of  the  colony  to  market  or  to  obtain  fresh  pasturage: 


hi 


I 


*v.  ■■  ^ 


118ft  of  live  stock 
i  of  (Irou^bt  \s  a 
;)rovi(liii{j  for  tho 
los  of  sheep  uiul 
tnv  South  Wales 
:u8t  Htmin  on  tlio 
ir  in  dry  seii8on8, 
wittle  have  to  be 
)  lulls  and  hi^h 
ui}»e  have  a  fair 
Theellectof  this 
western  plains  to 
This  eniip:ratiou 
■eqnently  results 
itled  *'  Irripition 
adoption  of  irri- 
Mr.  J.  W.  Boult- 
s  tliat  so  far  as 
1  distriets  differ 
is  filct  is  not  due 
i^easons  and  tlio 
jil  to  be  reniarlc- 
where,  by  actual 
support  1  sheep, 
in  lucerne  1  acre 

^  phvees  for  live 
witli  tiio  history 
.  by  copies  of  the 
e  duty  of  borinf? 
itest  maps  which 
Li  maps  is  impor- 
ny  where,  on  the 
I  expected  to  be 
test  infornnitiou 
ch  has  not  as  yet 
ons,  tiie  pastoral 
lud  trucliiug  sta- 

he  colony  of  Vic- 

the  action  taken 
n\ge  as  to  places 
1  when  traveling 
fresh  pasturage: 


lUUIOATION   IN   AUMTIULASIA—NKW   SOUTH    WALES.        385 

I'UUl.IU    WATKHINU   IM.ACKS. 

DiCI'AUTMKNT  UV   MlNRfl, 

I'tllll.U)   Wathiuncj   I'I.AOKH, 


Roa<1. 


Alhiiry  to  WallmiKlrlii  ... 
AUmry  to  l)n<iillit'(,'iiiitiia  . 

Wn^fKiv  lo  Kiiitlinlcin,; 

Wliitton  to  Kiiuliiiliiii);..., 

WnjtKft  to  JniitM) 

i/;iiit<«  ti»  T«ni<ir» 

J»o 

Corow/ito  WRlhiiiidrl"  ... 
l!(>wloii(j  to  Wiilln  Wall». 

HuwIoiiK  to  (lrcj(()ry 

Curowato  Ilriiiiii 

Uo 

Jcrililtrlo  to  Toiuinwiill   . 

Oo 

Jorlldcrln  to  Oirowi 

IllAbo 

I)eiillli)iiin  to  Ilay 

Do  

Do 

Do 

Do ; 

ir»y  (o  UooIIraI 

|»" 

Do , 

Boollpal  to  MoBNKiol , 

I>o 

Do 

Do ;;;;; 

MoHspiel  to  Paildliiatoii  . .. 
MoHNKJul  to  Ivaiiliou 

Do 

Balranald  to  Ivanhoo 

Oo 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do ;; 

IvHiilioo  to  Wllciiiiiiia  .  ..'. 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

CiirrHlliool  tonnistoti  ....'. 

no 

i>o ;;;; 

Ml  inn  Hiipn ] 

IlillHron  to  Cobar 

Do 

Do "... 

Do 

l>o 

Do 

Do ; 

I)<» 

Do 

Cobiir 

Do ;;;;;:; 

Cobiirfo  Loiitb 

Do 

Do ■■■■ 

Do ■ 


Watering  plaoo. 


.Mniikua  Tank 

Wai.i.a  Wai.i.a  Tank 

UjiriiiairH  Tank 

iVtifniiian'ii  Tanle 

Wiilliico  TdvMi  Dam 

.lnMCK  Dam 

lliirlri/'g  Oam ,. 

(Iaiihon'h  Swamp  Tank  .... 

nt)VKi,i,'H  Dam 

Urnrklenl))/  Tank 

I.OWICHIIAI.K  'I'ank 

Dayhdai.k  Tank 

IIICUUKIAN  Wki.I , 

MllUUAY  HltT  Wltl.t , 

MviiU  I'laliin  Dam* , 

nial>o  Dam. 

I'ldtrrv  I'lMc  Wici.i .'J. 

Wanuonillii  Wnll , 

Hlack  Swaiiip  Tank 

UOdllOOUIIAN    I'ANK 

10  Mii.K  (liiMH  Tank 

W()i)l,()ON|:()()|,  WKI.l.t 

ONB-Tiiitic  Tank 

Qiii'tiilniix  'I'niik , . 

Tom8  I.akk  Tank 

Jnmpinn  f>anilhin  Well  f  .... 

I'olyKoniim  Hut  Wtdlt 

M'lMHdlol  Tiiiik 

Cowi'Dwni  Tank 

lloi.Y  llox  WttM.f 

Ivaiiboti  Tank 

I'lMiarlo  Tank,  hit«  Dowilliiana  ! 

Hox  OhkickTank 

'A7  ra  Tank 

Vdiiiii,  I'i.ain  Tank 

DdliiKirnvo  Wollt 

•  '1  .10  Tank...   

(illNSAKAMIIV  TANK 

liiiomioma  Tank 

Mount  Maiiara  Tank 

12  Mil. It  Tank 

2(i-milr  lank " 

;ir>i.,iloTank 

48  Mil  ID  Tank 

Oity  I.AKK  Wm.i 

Old  (Iniihiir  \VHl\ 

Cuow'o  Nkht  Wki.L .'.'.', 

MtiHiil  ifcfie  Tarik ., 

l!(iT()  Wki.I. ' 

NouTll  Koto  Wkm.  ..i.'.!!!^ 

Mrrri  Merriwa  Tank 

Wai/ija  Tank 

Hock  htilri  Tank 

Sandy  <Jreitk  Tank 

Triouy  Tank 

HiiKAKi.KdH  Tank 

liiniiiA  Tank  '. 

Cobiir  Town  Tank* 

Cohiir  Htook  Tank 

rulh/;i„llynrni,  Tank 

Hooitoo.N DAiiKA  Tank 

Kkiikkii'niuTank 

MulyaTank 


No. 


I'll 
1117 
Wl 
87 
I4:i 
Ml 

ur> 
i:i8 

14(1 

1411 
l.'lll 
147 
41 
43 
411 
148 
411 
44 
4.''i 
4(1 
47 
48 
4U 
M 
M 
62 

9;i 

I'J.'I 
lift 
AS 

140 
«» 
01 

na 

(Id 
mi 

ri8 

(14 
(1.1 

(in 
07 

'IH 
>IU 

1 

'I 

:i 

H 
4 

r> 
(I 
7 

9 

10 
II 
12 

t:i 

inu 
i.-ii 

i.-i 

Id 

17 

i:ir> 


Depth 
of  wtliir. 


Ft.  In. 

17    (I 


KNtl- 

mati'il 
ralnt'all. 

Innhm 


18     0 
14     It 


i:i 
11 


10  0 

8  (I 

18  1) 

14  0 

2(1  a 

18  0 

18  0 

2,')  0 

II  U 


12    0 

17  (I 
7  0 

18  0 
18  0 

14  11 
20  0 
18  0 
IR  0 

15  0 
28  0 
2.1  0 
17  II 

17  a 

.'10  0 

18  0 
17  0 
20  I 

17  H 

18  2 
24  11 
ir>  II 
1.1  4 

I  (I 

17  0 

I  a  (I 

12  0 

1.1  n 

0  2 

2(1  (I 

20  0 

n  (I 

18  I 
Ml  8 

4  0 

18  10 

20  U 


17 
14 
10 

15 


19    0 


TT 


No  carataknr. 

li'.v   An 


12 
18 
17 

17 
8 


.  'J(! 

.;m 

.87 

.  1.1 
.  in 

.Ui 

.  12 

'.'ill 
.110 


.20 


.1.1 

.04 

.74 

1.  IS 

.fto 
.mi 


.on 

.2.1 


.10 
.'21 

'.'so 

.00 


.2.1 

'.hn 


.1.1 
.  :i8 

.40 


.40 
.00 
.40  { 
.40  ' 

! 

\  i 
.vi 

.70 


.30 
.07 
.  C» 

.:>() 


.76 
1 
.SO 


-25 


.70  I 
t  WuIIb  (o  Im  iIoo|i(!U(mI  by  boring. 


(Condition 
of  IMWlUIO. 


(iood. 

Do. 

Ilo. 
V<ii-yi{o<Ml, 

Do. 

Do. 

D<i. 
l''Blr. 
(looil. 
Voryuood. 
(loud. 

Do. 
Nono. 
Oood. 

Vi'ry  tfood. 

Oiiiiil. 

Vi'i'VKood. 

Do. 
Oood. 
Do. 
VfirvRood. 
Oond. 
Vrrvijood. 
Oood. 
Do. 
Very  Kood. 
(■Odd. 
Kalr. 
Very  Kood. 

Do. 
(iood. 
Kalr. 

Viirynood. 
(iood. 

Do. 
Very  ijood. 
(itio'd. 

Do. 
V«ry  ){(hk1. 
(Iiiod. 

Do. 

Do. 
Kalr. 
Oood. 
Vn\  uniul, 
(Iood. 
Very  utmil, 
(iood. 
Voi'y  Bood. 
Oood. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Vnrvjfood. 

liooil. 

Vdrvgooil. 

(lOdll, 

V4  ly  ({ood. 


..^^=:' 


386        IRRIGATION   IN   AUSTRALASIA — NEW   SOUTH   WALES. 
Weekly  return  of  depth  of  water  and  state  of  pasture,  e<o.— Contiuued. 


Road. 


tu 


to 


Cobar  to  Bourlc 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Cobai'  to  XyiiKiin 

Do 

Do 

Cobiir  to  AVilcaiiiiia 

Ho 

Do 

Do 

Parks  to  Uoanu  Gates 

Diibbo  to  Piirkos 

Wliilton   Kailway  Station 
Cml^jollk'O. 

Do 

Wbitloii    Kailway  Station 

Cndpollico. 
Coudoboliu  to  Njinagee 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Nyiiiasee  to  Cobar 

Ny  magee 

Uyroagee  to  Nyngan 

Do 

Do 

Wilcannia  to  Milparinka 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Milparinka  to  Wampah 

Bourke  to  Tibboobuira 

Tibboobuira  to  AVampab 

Wilcanuia  to  Hungerford 

Do -- 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Bourke  to  Waunaring 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Girilambone 

Brewairina,  via  Gongolgan,  to 
Byrock. 

Do 

Bourke  to  Ilnngerford 

Bourke  to  Kiinguuia 

Euurke  to  Enugonia  and  Bar- 
riiiguu. 

Do 

Do 

Enngonia  to  Brewarrina 

Do 

Walgfitt,  via  Baugate,  to  Goo- 
dooga. 

Do 

Do 

Walgett  to  Wilby  Wiiby 

Coonamblo  to  Warren 

FiUlga  via  Banvdine  to  Coona- 
barabran. 

Do 

Coonabaraljran  to Gunnedah. . 

Boggabri  to  CoolaU 

Narrabri  to  Moree 

Do 


Watering  place. 


TlNDKnilA  Takk 

Nuix\ MIT  Tank 

Herman's  Tank 

(JL'BIIAWKENA  TAKK 

CoBitXA  Tank 

Two  WATEitiioLEs  Tank. 
BooiiooMUfiOA  Tank 

Ml-IUIEL    lANK 

Hhumitacb  Tank 

Ami'ihtiikatuk  Tank  — 

The  Meadvu'ii  Tank 

lUxrnaUi  Tank 

Syrinfifiehl  Tank 

Itrolgan  Greek  Tank 

Tomimjley  Tank 

Ui.oNtJ  Tank 


No. 


Mount  Elliott  Tank. 
I'LLLETOP  Tank 


Movahla  lank 

Jioona  Tank 

Tinda  Tank 

Mombil  Tank 

Wieklow  Tank 

Iteloxira  Tank 

Keigiiuan'h  Tank 

Xymanee  'Tank* 

BAiiiNDA  Tank 

GiLGAii  Tank 

Tiiokndai.k  Tank 

Heefwooii  Well 

Ulenamurtee  Well 

!]\irella  'Tank 

Tub  Peak  Tank 

Murllpph  or  Miixwell'a  Tank. 

Milparinka  Well* 

Coolly  Waterholei 

WarrattaTank 

Tibooburra  Well 

Tiboobnrra  Well-liore 

Seaville's  or  Cubrilla  'Tanki ... 

Moiu\)a  Waterliole  t 

Peri  Spnnns  and  Tank  t 

YANTAliANCKE  TANK  . 

Warraiiiniten  Tankt 

Goom  boolara  Tank 

GOONERY  AHTEKIAN  WELL 

Tinchelooka  t  (artesian) 

Kulkiui'  Tank  t 

Cuttaburra  Artesian  Well  t... 

G I  HI  i.AMiioNE  Tank 

liendermere  Tank 


Miilffa  iank 

FoituH  BiiiixiE  Tank. 

Kull.vna  Spring  t 

The'Lake  Tank 


Grass-hut  Tank 

Courallie  WelU 

18  Mii-K  Tank 

Ledkxai'I'a  Tank 

lioro  tank IH 


Liphtninu  Ridge  Tank . 

Olendon  Tank 

JHiin!)hiU  Tank 

(Utnilwrah  Sprinnsi 

Bi'i.i.AdHEEN  Tank  ... 
Bauadink  Well 


Depth 
of  water. 


Jfj*";,  Condition 
r^nM.i°tP-'"- 


18 
10 
92 
91 

uu 

89 
20 
21 
23 
U 

:!8 

100 
168 

ir,2 

82 
37 

36 

35 

31 
33 
32 

31 
30 
20 
28 
27 
26 
25 
24 
71 
72 
73 
74 
76 
79 
78 
80 
133 
176 
122 
154 
120 
119 
118 
117 
101 
155 
102 
134 
22 
100 

99 
103 
153 

93 

94 
OS 
97 
98 


Yarraman  Springai 

if  annum  Well 

Tiiiiibiir  Sprinns 

Galatheua  Tank 

Bocidv  CuKEK  Tank I    111 


115 
110 
112 
113 

104 
105 

:m 

107 
107 
110 


Ft.  In. 

15  6 

16  0 
10  0 
15  0 

13  0 

14  11 
18  6 

12  0 

17  4 

13  0 

18  3 
13  9 
17  6 


Inches. 
.10 


18 
18 
17 


17  1 
24    0 

15  0 

17  8 

18  7 
4  9 

18    0 
7  10 

11  9 
15  9 
17  11 
13    8 

12  10 


63  0 
14  7 
18  0 
10  10 
73  10 


12    6 

"57" '6 


16    0 


16    6 
5    0 


22    0 
15    4 


14  10 


18    0 
15    1 


20  0 
20  0 
10    5 


18    6 
53    0 


50    4 


18    0 
17    9 


1.26 
1.30 


.40 
.60 
.50 
.20 


1 

.25 
1.17 

.50 


.60 
.77 
.63 


.50 
.50 
.30 
.85 
.50 


.20 


1.7 


1.00 


1.60 
1.75 


1.25 
.42 

1.55 

1.10 


16  0 

17  0 
15    0        1.27 


2.80 


Fair. 
Good. 

Do. 

Do. 
Fair. 

Very  good. 
Fair. 

Do. 
Good. 

Do. 
Very  good. 

Do. 
Good. 
l<"air. 
Vory  good. 

Do. 

Do. 
Good. 

Very  good. 

Fair. 

Good. 

Do. 
Very  good. 

Do. 
Good. 
Very  good. 
Good. 

Do. 

Do. 

Very  good. 
Good. 

Do. 

Do. 
Fair. 

Bad. 

Good. 


Do. 
Very  good. 


3.10 
.50 
.72 


'  ery  gi 
Good. 


Do. 
Very  good. 

Fair. 

Do. 

Do. 

Good. 
Do. 
Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Good. 

Very  good. 
Do. 


2. 25     Goo<l. 


Do. 
Do. 
Very  good. 


*  Under  trustees. 


t  No  caretaker: 


VALES. 
»ntiuued. 


Jfj*";,     Condition 


Inches. 
.10 

""i."26 
1.30 


.40 
.60 
.50 
.20 


1 

.25 
1.17 

.50 


.60 
.77 
.63 


.50 
.50 
.30 
.85 
.50 


.20 

.'io 

.12 


1.7 


1.00 

'i.'oo 

1.75 

'i.25 
.42 

1.55 

1.10 
'i.'27 
'2.' 80 


Fair. 
Good. 

Do. 

Do. 
Fnir. 

Very  good. 
Fair. 

Do. 
Good. 

Do. 
Very  good. 

Do. 
Good. 
l<"»ir. 
Vtiry  good. 

Do. 

Do. 
Good. 

Very  good. 

Fair. 

Good. 

Do. 
Very  good. 

Do. 
Good. 
Very  good. 
Good. 

Do. 

Do. 

Very  good. 
Good. 

1)0. 

Do. 

Fair. 

Bad. 
Good. 


Do. 
Very  good. 


3.10 
.50 
.72 


rory  gi 
Good. 


Do. 
Very  good. 

Fair. 

Do. 

Do. 

Good. 
Do. 
Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Good. 

Very  good. 
Do. 


2. 25     Goo<l. 


Do. 
Do. 
Very  good. 


IRRIGATION   IN   AUSTRALASIA— NEW   SOUTH   WALES.        387 
Weekly  return  of  depth  of  water  and  state  of  pasture,  e<o.— Contiuued. 


Road. 


Watering  place. 


Morcc  to  Munglndi 

Co\v,i1m)«  to  Wiisraa 

Niitianrtera  to  Urana 

Silvri  foil 

Adelaide  to  Silvorton 

Do 

Silvi-rton  to  Nicklevillo 

Piirnamoota 

'I'ratijiio  to  Dnndaloo 

llowloni;  to  Albury 

Nevertiro , 

Forbes  to  Currajon^ 

County  of  Ini'ini,  Parish  of 
MiiliiKljoruo. 

Urana    -     

Broken  Hill  to  Silverton 

County  of  Yancowiiinia,  Par- 
ish of  Mount  Gipps. 

Geriiiauton , 

Villauo  of  Howniug 

Tliuddungara 


Bogree  Wnterliolos* 

Coolainan  Tank 

Coi.o.Miio  Dam 

tSllvurton   Well 

h'nt  Ilnle  Tank 

Tliafkarini/a  Tank   

Day  Did' am  Tank 

I'urnaiiinola  Tank 

I)EKi!iu'.)Mi  Tank 

Uorscihoe  Lagoon* 

Nevertire  Tank 

NnccU's  Dam' 

Mukudjeroo  }Yater  Hole* . 


Tirana  Dam 

Jjimettone  ISore '.'.'.'.' 

FoiirMilo  Well  on   Stophons' 
Creek* 

Gcrinanton  Well  * 

liuwning  Well  ',',.', 

Thuddiinijara  Laguon 


No. 


163 
104 

1C5 
186 
126 
127 
125 
124 
130 
142 
K8 
84 


132 
175 

172 
177 
174 
171 


Depth  I  ^»"-, 
ofwfiiftr  '  mated 
01  water,  raiufall 


Ft  In. 


20  0 
10  C 
52  0 
15  10 
10  1 
1!)  0 
7  10 
20    0 


14    8 


Inchei. 


1.35 


.23 
.15 
.10 

."50' 


.60 


Condition 
of  pasture. 


Very  good. 
Goo(l. 
Do. 
Very  good. 
Good. 
Very  good. 
Good. 
Very  good. 

Do. 


Good. 
Very  good. 


*Ifo  taretalier. 
In  course  of  construction  aud  proposed  : 


Road. 


Balranald  to  Ivanlioo 

r.arnufjun !"'"" 

Wiicannia  toMiliiarinka ""' 

Do 

iJ"  '.'.'.. 

Do 

Wiicannia  to  Hiiugerfonl ''"!!.".'.'!!! 

Bdiirke ''\ 

Boiirke  to  Wanuaring "....!!! !I".I." 

Bourko  to  Huiif;crford '.'.'.'.'. 

Do 

Do 

Do i.i"ii;;!.';;;! 

.^  i>i> 

Wanaanng  toTiboobiirra 

Do 

Cobar  to  Wiicannia *.".".  1".'."" ii"'.'. ! ' ' 

Cocnabarabran  to  Gunueilal; 

Do  .'.".'.■.■.■.■.■ 

Menindie  to  Silverton 

Do ....'.'.v.'" 

„.    Do. •• 

Pinnacles  to  Broken  Hill 

W;.rial(la  tolnverell  

Collarindabrito  Angeldool '.''.'.'.'. 

Wiicannia  to  Silverton ', 

AVhition  to  Duabalong 

Grenfcll  to  Forbes '",\\ 

Hay  to  Gunbar 

Moroo  to  Mnugindi V^^^V^/S:. 

Mor.-et«  Boggabilla 

Ji-ii.Mlon  to  Pooncaria 

Menindie  to  Ivanhoe ' 

Box  freek  to  Arunipo '.'.\\\ 

Grcufell  to  Cowra ' 

Balranald  to  Oxley ] 

Silverton  to  Lake  Cobham ' 

Alburv  to  Wagga 

Balranald  to  Wakool 

Villnceof  Walleudbcen '. 

Piit  Town 

Portion  440,  parish  of  Corowa"couuty'of 'if unio 

Acwbridge  to  Guulliurii 

Canowindra  to  Millmiu  Crock '.'.".. 

Molong 

Dfniliqnin  to  Moania  ......".".." 

Narrabri  to  Morec .'  

D.niliquin  to  Moania 

Cuouuilible .  "       


Watering  place. 


WilandraWoll* 

I'liiiiiirun  Wellbore 

The  Valley  Well* 

Dri/  LaU  Tank* .'.'.'."" 

J.K.  Wclli 

Ci.liliani  Tank 

c^payo  Tank ;;;;;; 

Wcll.bcrc 

Paka  Tank 

Kcribrce  Creek  Weirt .'". 

Younsarinna  Spring  Wellt 

BdouKunyarra  Spring  Wellt '.'.'.'. 

Vaiitabullaand  Whip  Sprins;  J  ( Well  boi-o) '. 

KilberooTank 1  . 

Waioo  Spring  (Well) 

5-1,.     Ill                  *^                         '             ---"•••••••••■■««,, 
\\  cllbores 

3  WclMiores* .'!.'.'.'."..!!].'!!." 

3  Wellbtires  in  iirogress 

Bulla  Bulla  Tank..!...!.  

lialoola  Well* '.'.'.'.'.'.'. 

Normanslono  Well* .""* 

llone  hake  Tank 

.Monka  Monka  WeU .'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 

Vara  Tank 

Broken  Hill  Tank .'.' 

Big  Plain  Well 

2  Well-bore .■.■;; 

*'•«'''« '.'.'.'.: 

f  f«"ks 

1  tank 

1  Woll-boro 

2  Wellborcs 

...do 

Ucll-liores 

5  Wellborcs •■•■ 

iwcH.bord :::: 

l.«<"l-, 

bununil)ort  Tank 

4  WcU-bores 

i  ookardmia 

1  Well-bore ...'. 

Wallendbcon  '.'.'ank V^"/S\^Vi[V. 

I  itt  lowii  Lagoon 

1  tank ;■_;;■, 

Dam  (near  llobbv's  yards)!!'" 

Woodstock  Weir 

Dam ;...;: 

I'lie  Vellow  Wateriiolc  ("Wel'l-'boro')". 

l.vcannah  Dam 

1  Well-bore :::::::::"":'" 

...do 


Ko. 


57 
06 
HI 
70 
75 
77 
121 

156 
157 
158 
160 
162 
159 
161 


170 
108 
109 
131 
130 
129 
128 
il9 


65 

'173 
178 


'  Undnishod. 


t  IJucoiumeuded  for  early  constructiou. 


m 


T" 


*'  I 


: 


I    J 


388        IRRIGATION   IN  AUSTRALASIA — NEW   SOUTH   WALES. 

It  is  said  with  perfect  truth  that  the  disco  very  of  the  presence  of  cou- 
stant  supplies  of  water  in  the  arid  localities  where  the  bores  are  being 
sunk  will  entirely  alter  the  conditions  of  large  areas  of  the  colony, 
which  at  certain  seasons  are  almost  impassable  for  live  stock  and  quite 
uninhabitable  for  man. 

In  June  last,  by  direction  of  the  premier  of  this  colony,  Sir  jJenry 
Parkes,  and  Mr.  J.  E.  F.  Coyle,  0.  e.  (as  I  have  already  informed  the 
Department),  made  an  inspection  of  the  state  of  the  Murray  River. 
Another  engineer,  Mr.  D.  McMordie,  c.  E.,  was  directed  to  inquire  into 
the  question  as  to  the  amount  of  water  diverted  from  this  great  river 
(forming,  as  it  does,  a  boundary  between  the  colonies  of  New  SoutL 
Wales,  Victoria,  and  South  Australia)  during  its  progress  to  the  ocean. 
Mr.  McMordie's  report  has  been  presented  and  laid  before  parliament, 
and  shows  what  has  been  done  in  the  colony  of  Victoria. 

Here  I  desire  to  give  prominence  to  the  fact  that  it  is  by  enterprise 
from  the  United  States  that  the  benefits  of  irrigation  in  Australia  on  a 
large  scale  havo  been  first  practically  demonstrated.  Nothing  had  been 
done  by  diversion  of  water  from  the  rivers  to  prove  the  advantages  of 
irrigation  toward  reclamation  of  the  public  lands  until  Messrs.  George 
and  W.  B.  Chaffey,  though  natives  of  Canada,  arrived  from  California, 
where  tbey  had  derived  experience  and  had  successfully  carried  out 
irrigi  tion  projects.  After  considerable  difficulty  they  obtained  conces- 
sionb  from  the  government  of  Victoria  enabling  them  to  place  an  area 
of  250.000  acres  of  land  at  Mildura,  on  the  Murray  River,  under  irri- 
gable culture.  No  one  who  sees  the  photographs  which  the  Chaffey 
Company  have  presented  to  me  for  the  use  of  the  special  committee  of 
the  Senate,  can  doubt  the  ultimate  success  of  their  great  undertaking. 

In  the  colony  of  Queensland,  to  the  north  of  New  South  Wales,  the 
government  and  people  are  fully  alive  to  the  necessity  which  exists  in 
their  semitropical  country  for  irrigation  as  a  means  of  increasing  their 
wealth  and  prosperity.  The  progress  of  the  work  in  those  parts  will  be 
•seen  from  the  report  on  "  Water  Supply  in  Queensland,"  by  the  hy- 
draulic engineer,  Mr.  J.  B.  Henderson,  C.  e. 

MAPS  AND  PUBLICATIONS. 

In  obedience  to  the  instructions  contained  in  the  circular  from  the 
Department  of  State,  I  have  obtained  from  every  available  source  copies 
of  maps,  plans,  photographs,  publicatioiis,  and  documents — as  far  as 
possible  in  duplicate — and  the  following  list  will  indicate  where  each  is 
to  be  found  among  the  complete  set,  which  I  have  had  bound  in  four- 
teen volumes. 

AUTHORITIES  ON  IRRIGATION. 

The  special  committee  of  the  Senate  having  intimated  the  "  desire  to 
place  itself  in  communication  with  competent  experts  and  authorities 
on  irrigation,"  I  beg  leave  to  submit  the  following  list : 

A. — Underground  supply  of  water . 

C.  S.  Wilkinson,  esq.,  F.  G.  8.,  F.  L.  8.,  etc.,  government  geologist  of  New  South 

Wales,  Sydtiey. 
T.  W.  E.  David,  esq.,   ii.  a.,  f.  l.  8.,  esq.,  geological  surveyor  of  New  South 

Wales,  Sydney. 
W.  .1.  Slee,  esq.,  mining  inspector  and  superiufceodeut  of  drills  to  tbo  govera^ 

mcut  of  Now  South  Wales,  Sydney. 


'?w^'''?"?yyiW'iMajjjr>;g,'j:rgMr'!i'jgTgp 


TH   WALES. 


IRHIGATION  IN   AliStRALASiA— NEW   SOUTH   WALES.        389 
B.— Irrigation  and  water  8up|)ly  : 

Uni..^ZrZTn^^^^^^  *•-  -'^ter  conscrvatiou 

U.  McMordie  esq.   B.  k.,  member  Iimtituto  of  CiVil   En.r'neers    formerlv  nf  «.« 

James  P.  Uowliug,  esq.,  Sydney. 

'7:^Ic^rwZl^;iXe7'''  '""^  ^-*«-^  -'1  Agricultural  Association,  of 
METEOEOLOaY  IN  RELATION   TO  WATER  SUPPLY. 

Among  the  papers  oa  meteorology  transmitted  with  this  disnatch 
will  be  found  a  curious  and  interesting  work  entitled!  "Effesont 
weather  system  of  sun-spot  causality,  being  original  researches  fn  sola? 
and  terrestrial  meteoroloev.  bv  (^harlLs  F,.r««nn^^o„f  L  J^l  „  ^,^^".®.J^'^^ 


, -j....^j,  uuiiiiy   tuB  eariy  pare  oi  tue  present  year  ami  \t  at 

once  attracted  general   attention  throughout    these  colon  es      It  is 

accompanied  by  diagrams,  illustrating  the  system        ^"'''"'^^-      ^^  ^^ 

During  the  last  few  weeks  renewed  interest  has  been  created  in  fha 

tTrouXutTuSr.r?^  '/  the  author  that  th^re'rurbetdrough 
throughout  Australia  extending  over  a  period  of  3  years  from  18(}0  to 

Mr.  Egeson  has,  within  the  last  year,  made  several  weather  foreca'^ts 

Januarv'Ts'o  m"  if  "'  '"''  T'^f\    ''  ™^^>'  ^«  mentLnc'd  tS^^^^ 
January,  IhhO,  Mr.  Lgeson  predicted  decreasing  rains  durinir  the  first 

SS^fof'drETVif'A  '  '•?  ^-*'".*«l'-vin|,  increasinTfain's  and 
Sr  earhM.  \l^^f    /n  ?^  ''  '"^^""'^'.''  ^^^^  «*'  ^-^i"  with  floods  to 

occur  early  in  May;  in  June,  decreasing  rains  during  July  and  increis 
ng  rains  in  August.    The  manner  in  which  the  foreSisJs  were  reabzed 
has  inclined  not  only  the  public  but  scientirtc  men  to  a  SI  importance 
to  the  results  ot  these  meteorological  investigations.    The  fact  must  be 

s  the  ba  (,:.  up,;,   which  raliabi,,  fV...«<.n.f.  tL Li "^     „ '" '^"  PP"? 


hud  so  far  of  its  in^^,,^^, 
ing  that  it  affords  the  ba 
Vance  can  be  made 


...n    ----".,   -■"■-  "".r^u.uf;  t",jusLiiy  auyonein  snppos- 
up,;i   which  reliabh)  forecasts  for  months  or  years  in  ad- 

iJ.^ln  "°?*"^"^  t*'  S'^-y  '''«'t  Mr.  Egesoii's  prediction  of  a  3.years'  drought 
has  occasioneu  something  like  a  panic  in  the  community.    The  pastoral 

t^^  H  .^V/'l^'*'"'"  ''r  l^^*''"'"'""  «^  '^^"«»«l-^  affected  by  thipS 


the  governuiout  astronomer. 


The  minister 


m-mti-mmm^miimm 


!•      •' 


1-     i 


<    \ 


If 


'  i 


!•  i 


I 


^•: 


i„. 


390        IRRIGATION   IN   AUSTRAtASIA — NEW   SOUTH   WALES. 

for  educatiou,  ITon.  J.  IF.  Carrnthera,  wlio  'iias  the  dircetiou  of  the  bu- 
reau in  which  Mr.  Egeson  is  employed,  in  a  minute  dated  23d  of  Octo- 
ber, remarks : 

Mr.  EgesoiiV  weather  forecasts  liaveereatodconsiderablp  alarm  in  tlio  public  mind, 
and  to  some  extent  investmenfH  of  capital  in  stations  and  stock  lins  liecn  clieckod. 
The  vast  majority  of  the  public  are  not  snfflciently  advanced  in  raeteoroloiiical  science 
to  be  able  to  follow  either  the  data  or  the  conclusions  arrived  at,  bni  tliat  knowiiijT 
that  the  forecasts  came  from  a  Government  officer  emjdoyed  by  its  observatory,  and 
the  conclusion  arrived  at  most  {generally  is  that  forecasts' should  bo  treated  as  having 
some  official  weight  and  authority. 

Now,  I  am  comi)elled,  in  order  to  meet  such  an  impression,  to  invito  Mr.  Hiissell  to 
reply  to  his  subordinate  otBcer,  and  I  feel  that  the  efficiency  of  the  Sydney  Observa- 
tory will  be  utterly  destroyed  if  a  rule  is  not  e-iforced  to  prevent  a  recurrence  of  such 
procedure.  Mr.  Russell  alone  is  the  mouthpiece  of  our  astronomical  department,  and 
no  officer  engaged  under  him  has  a  right  to  ignore  him  as  the  proper  channel  of  pub- 
lishing matter  within  the  scope  jf  that  department,  even  under  the  cover  of  private 
rights  of  citizenship.  These  ]!rivate  rights  are  to  a  certain  extent  suspcndeci  wbcu  a 
contract  of  public  amployuieiit  is  entered  into.  The  public  interest  overrides  the 
private  right,  and  it  this  case  it  demands  that  the  responsibility  of  grave  and  imjior- 
ant  piodietions  emanating  from  the  observatory  officials  shall  rest  upon  its  asi  ronomer 
alone.  As  he  has  that  responsibility  lie  mu.st  have  the  safeguarding  privilege  of 
checking  the  statements  of  his  statf. 

With  purely  scientilic  research  on  abstract  matter,  and  otherwise  in  jirivate  work, 
which  does  not  involve  the  proper  functions  of  the  observatory,  no  iiiferencfi  is  in- 
tended, or  would  be  connten.meed  by  me,  and  even  in  the  administering  of  the  rule 
recently  laid  down  the  most  liberal  consideration  compatible  with  the  public  interest 
will  be  shown  to  all  officials  who  desire  to  express  their  views  on  observatory  work 
through  its  ree'-.guized  head. 

Mr.  Egeson'B  weather  system  and  drought  ])redi(;tions,  so  far  as  I  am 
able  to  understaiid,  may  be  described  as  follows: 

The  yearly  fluctuations  in  the  rainfall  are  taken  to  have  relation  to  a 
masked  cycle  whicli  g  Aorns  all,  not  as  individual  years  but  as  i)eriods 
of  several  years.  The  mean  value  of  each  natural  period  has  a  direct 
relation  to  the  cycle. 

Other  elements  rei)resentiiig  less  complete  operations  of  nature  are 
next  er  .lined.  Thus  the  frequency  of  thunderstorms  in  New  South 
Wales  is  found  to  vary  in  a  cycle  of  .'33  years.  The  winds,  at  the  times  of 
theequinoxes,  whentheconditionof  the  earth  might  be  expected  to  show 
most  markedly  the  operation  of  law  and  order,  on  being  analyzed  show 
in  the  relative  frequency  of  land  and  sea  breezes  the  same  cycle  of 
33  years. 

With  these  guides  the  fluctuations  of  the  rains  are  again  examined 
with  the  result  that  in  general  outline  they  correspond,  and  on  compar- 
ing the  constituent  parts  these  are  found  to  repi^at  themselves  every 
33  years  on  the  average,  though  they  may  be  a  year  or  so  more  or  less. 

To  trace  the  cause  of  the  33-years'  periodicity  the  barometric  pressures 
for  April,  i.  e.  the  iiu)nth  when  the  winds  are  shown  to  be  so  remarkably 
cyclical,  are  examined  with  the  result  shown  on  a  diagram  jiublished  by 
him  on  page  44  of  his  weather  system,  by  which  it  appears  that  high 
barometers  prevail  at  times  of  minimum  sun  spots,  and  vice  ver.sa,  and 
that  there  is  an  intensKication  of  maxima  of  each  third  cycle,  as  in  1857 
and  1888,  as  well  as  an  intensiflcation  of  one  of  the  intermediate  minima, 
as  in  the  years  1870  to  187.'5,  aiul  the  result  is  that  a  grand  cycle  of  three 
times  eleven  years  is  ])roduced.  (In  this  case  it  is,  for  reasons  to  be 
presently  explained,  only  31  years.)  This  intensiflcation  of  evpiy  third 
cycle  which  produces  the  grand  cycle  of  33  years,  and  to  wiiich  till  data 
of  recent  years  are  said  to  point,  was  also  noted  in  iJie  eaily  history  of 
New  South  Wales.  Montgomery  Martin,  the  historian,  writing  in  1836, 
says: 

The  seas'ins  appear  to  underf;o  a  variation  every  9  or  10  yearSs  varvin"';  however, 
iu  intensity  every  third  scsries  of  30  years. 


rTH   WALES. 


tions,  so  far  nn  I  am 


carf»,  varying,  howoYeij 


IRRIGATION   IN   AUSTRALASIA — NEW   SOUTH   WALES.        391 

Researches  into  tlio  variation  of , so-called  rain  periods  at  Sydney  and 
a  number  of  other  stations  point  to  an  intimate  connection  between 
these  and  the  state  of  the  sun,  as  shown  by  sun  spots.  Other  detailed 
comparisons  of  variations  in  the  rainfall  and  suu  spots  point  in  the 
same  direction,  ^ 

This  relation,  Mr.  Egeson  states,  furnishes  the  means  of  forecastinff 
rainfall  for  months  in  advance,  and  the  results  when  put  into  practice 
compare  favorably  with  those  of  daily  forecasts. 

Regarding  forecasts  for  longer  periods  for  years  in  advance,  the  cycles 
are  the  guides.  But  since  these  are  compounds  of  the  11-year  sun-spot 
eye  es,  which  vary  in  their  fluctation  over  long  periods  of  time  (the 
cycles  covering  the  year  1835  to  1878  being  abnormal  as  compared  with 
preceding  and  following  cycles),  it  follows  that  one  meteorological  cycle 
IS  not  comparable  with  another  unless  the  condition  of  the  sum  is  simi- 
ar.  1  his  explains  why  the  intensity  and  duration  of  the  same  meteoro- 
logical epoch  may  vary  in  different  cycles,  as  for  instance  the  3  years' 
drought  of  1827-1829  was  not  reproduced  as  such  in  the  following  cy- 
cle, and  It  explains  why  it  should  occur  in  the  i)resent  cycle. 

Calculated  upon  the  basis  of  an  average  periodicity  of  33  years  Mr 
Egeson  stated  this  drought  to  be  an  event  that  might  be  expected  within 
a  few  years.  But  on  reopening  the  question  the  progress  of  events 
pointed  to  an  acceleration  of  2  years  having  taken  place,  as  shown  bv 
the  high  barometers  of  1857  and  1888  and  the  similarity  in  the  distribu- 
tion of  ram  in  the  years  1858  and  1889  as  well  as  other  evidence,  and 
the  conclusion  must  be  arrived  at  that  the  present  climatic  epoch  is 
only  31  years,  from  a  corresponding  phase  of  the  Ipst  cycle,  and  only  64 
years  from  that  next  preceding,  when  similar  solar  variation  prevailed. 
In  confirmation  of  this  the  climate  of  the  years  1823, 1824,  and  1825  cor- 
respond with  that  of  1887, 1888,  and  1889,  the  droughts  of  1824  and  1888 
being  identical.  This  agreement  justifies  the  expectation  of  the  recur- 
rence of  the  drought  of  1827  1829  in  1891-1893,  with  its  commencement 
from  about  the  middle  of  1890  as  in  182G. 

The  explanation  Mr.  Egeson  attributes  to  the  sun  spots  phenomena, 
in  that  the  last  maximum  was  over  2  years  late,  while  the  approaching 
minimum  will  have  restored  the  normal  by  an  acceleration.  So  the 
rainy  seasons  of  1887  and  188%  which  were  accelerated  2  years  must 
be  followed  by  a  corresponding  delay  in  the  arrival  of  the  next  rainy 
season,  in  order  that  normal  conditions  may  be  restored,  and  this,  Mr. 
Egeson  asserts,  must  mean  a  protracted  drought. 

Mr.  Egeson's  studies  in  meteorology,  carried  out  during  his  spare 
time,  procured  for  him  employment  as  waather-map  compiler  at  the 
Sydney  Observatory  on  his  arrival  in  Sydney  about  5  years  ago,  and 
doubtless  his  observatory  work  in  Australia  has  led  him  to  the  ronclu- 
sion  that  we  have  in  fact  begun  at  the  wrong  end  of  the  investigation 
by  attempting  to  solve  the  mystery  of  the  little  eddies  before  ascertain- 
ing the  state  of  the  stream  in  which  thoy  occur. 

Although  comparatively  a  young  man",  Mr,  Egeson  has  had  a  varied 
experience.  He  followed  a  sailor's  calling  for  5  years,  and  during  that 
time  had  opportunities  for  studying  the  various  phases  of  weather  in 
storm  and  calm  from  the  coast  of  Iceland  to  tlie  most  southern  limits 
of  Africa.  In  India  he  was  present  during  the  horrors  of  famine  in 
1876-1877  in  that  country,  when  on  every  side  men,  women,  and  chil- 
dren lay  dying  of  starvation,  a  calamity,  he  states,  in  a  measure  due  to 
the  short-sighted  policy  of  their  fellow-men  in  neglecting  to  prepare  for 
a  protracted  drought.  In  Ceylon,  during  a  residence  of  7  years,  he  fre- 
quently witnessed  "  the  burst  of  the  monsoon  "  the  "randest  of  all 


tki 


Ml 


i,  '■       I 


1 1 


M 


'  ': 


'III 


392        IRRIGATION   IN   AUSTRALASIA — NEW   SOUTH   WALES. 

Climatic  couvul.sioiis.  These  eastern  experiences  induced  liiui  to  investi- 
gate the  ancient  theories  and  tra.litions  of  the  natives,  who  leliJ^^in  a 
jeriodicyof  aoyears  or  thereabonts,  and  in  accor  hmce  w  h  wl  eh 
tiiey  worlc  their  si.lendid  system  of  irrigation. 

G.  W.  Griffin, 
Consulate  United  States,  Consul, 

i^ydnei/,  October  29,  1889. 


lUintJATION  IN   NEW   SOUTH   WALKS. 
I Inclosuro  iu  C'ousul  Oiifflu's  report.] 
COMMEUCIAL,    PaSTOKAL,   AND  AgIUCULTUHAL  ASSOCIATION 

OK  Nkw  South  Walks, 
.  W    Griff  ifunter  street,  Sydney,  Augunt  i>8,  1889. 

U,  S.  Consul,  Sydney : 

,n£n  nlf/f  ^^J'^^f^^]  from  you  questions  on  the  subject  of  irrigation  and  the  recla- 


G 


Tbei  nectronTlr*.*^"  V-"'*'"^  States  to  investigate  the  questions  in  vol  v"ed'. 

1  je  collection  and  systematic  oiManization  of  reports  on  this  subject  from  al  oarts 
of  the  world,  which  your  consular  system  affords,  can  not  fail  to  be  of  the  f/reKt 
pi  bl.c  utility  not  only  to  the  United  States  but  to  every  arid  corner  of  the  m&e- 

wLlcwh:„\m'li7i;tdwilirr """'';•"'"  P^"l"''«  *  rlportonconn^rehirirscaTe; 
wuicn  wnen  pnbl  shed  will  prove  of  immense  benefit  to  generations  vet  unborn 

Wa  esLTber,  n™r  ^^f,"''*^''  '^"^  Agricultural  Associatio^no  New  Soul h 

Wales  Uas  been  engaged  in  noting  the  steps  taken  in  this  colonv  to  de-il  win.  +i.„ 

£^ltfr?/'^'/"1i"*?"•^^  ""'1  '"  collecting  documents  showin"  Ihe  grea Va^d 

it  5e  tl  n^vi?h  tT  .u°.l7.n*'  r  ^''"  '^r'''  Wales  and  kindred  scientific  assEions 
loi  ut.uing  witli  the  local  question,  »ud  in  contrast  with  other  countries  from  inorA 

dLposT         '  '°"''''-     ^  "'"'^ ''""«  "'"''^  P^«'*«"'«  '«  Phicing  Zse Tec'ords^t yoir 

devehmnm,'!rn/i'*?^'"""i*°  Australia  of  water  conservation  and  distribution,  the 
such  Zr  infill  nte^^^^^  reservoirs  proved  to  exist,  the  economical  adaptation  of 
sucn  anu  laiiitall  observations  as  will  minimize  waste  from  the  effects  of  neriods  nf 

iSiLoLZ^''^'^''^^,'''^^^'''''  necessary  as  a  mainspring  tea  watch  Upon 
thfs  vSTs  am  Tombl^^f"'  r^""'  difficulties  depends  the  future  deveioJmeK 
unknown.  ««°t'iie'it,  whose  very  existence  a  century  ago  was  comparatively 

Of  this  continent  New  South  Wales  embraces  n.  teriitorv  of  195  882  012  acres  anH 
her  present  record  of  population  is  only  a  little  over  l.OOofuOO.  T,t4  United  States 
uroWer  i:,V°tlf  ",1^  ^'''TrV'^  territory,  wh.u  coinpar'ed,  n.ust  form  a  insoluMe 
p_roblem,  but  the  key  is  to  be  fouml  iu  the  pastoral  stage  of  development  in  civ  li^a 
t  on  during  the  n.neteentb  centun  as  practiced  in  Australia  and  Xii  we  con  nan 
the  numbers  ot  the  population  actually  outside  our  towns  and  citie^the  rlition  wTll 
appear  more  explicable  why  we  can  not  in  the  present  s  ^e  point  to  existi"^  i^' 

Si'-'le'su  ts'^The  rrkf-*'"""  r^''"'  ''''''  ''^"^^  and  "noS^^rigabirS  and 
tuei  lesults.  Ihe  works  in  existence  at  present  are  only  the  outcome  of  nrivate 
individual  enterprise  within  freehold  limits,  and  bear  no  proportiZ  whatever  to  the 

r,!  ""^  l""^}' ,?/  'and  tenure,  the  centralizing  department  form  of  government   and  no 
itical  inability  to  deal  with  so  extensive  a  public  estate  upon  a  STnd  i.ltional 
basis  are  the  true  causes  of  neglect  of  and  inertia  towards  our  ^r ogress  in  tl^  lirec 
tion.     It  is  from  no  want  of  consideration  or  inability  on  the  pirt  of  our  best  men  to 

fmZtl  "''^"''TV'^'  t''"«'^''ti«"-  l>"^  ftom  the  generan«Ll/"Lof  Cp^^^ 
litical  economy,  which  provides  that  all  public  works  in  the  colonv  are  conducted  a  1 
con  rolled  by  government  departments  centered  in  the  city  Tf  S vine v  not  in  touch 
with  what  niight  be  termed  local  or  district  «.uits,  and  relenting  rutlVSnceS^ 
i^a  tiJrr?^  'V'"'"''  ","^".t'"'i»i«^'il  pressure,  a  system  which  aLriKwht  a 
A  nmie  V  .  In  ^^  '""'  v'''  t«  ».^%""''»'«  "'^•"-•"  "i'8  Pn.vide.l  for  am«liorft  on 

NetX  ,tl    W.  les  tir'tT  "^  /"formation  fr..„,  ,„any  sourc.s  on  irrigation  in 

^t  .f.,    wV  1  •      f  *  V',*    >'■"'*"'''"  '"  >'"'"■  to"""!'"'  I'Port  to  the  Department  of 

State,  Washiugton-repubhshcd  by  the  New  M.n.M.  Wales  Government  inS-does 


H   WALES. 


[•(liuice  with  which 


IRRIGATION   IN   AUSTRALASIA— NEW   SOUTH   WALES.        393 

1  li«  Gov.iriiiiieut  (irbt  recognized  the  necessity  for  such  in  18()<)  im.l  in  ihma  !f ,.      1 1 
ai.pear,  from  a  Btaten.cnt  relating  to  waterin/placps    on«  1,   ,.',  r  i^  '* ^^»"'*1 

in  number,  ll.at  an  expenditure  of  over  £270  OoKllV  '""'  ^"'ty-fo'"- 

Btrnction  and  appliances,  their  umintenf^^rce  Sing'o  ef  £U  0^^^  l"  *'""■ 

inun.    These  works  have  no  doubt  exercised  a  lar^e  and  beueficiii  in.i^^"^  '      ""' 
our  i)astoral  progress  itnge  »uu  ueuencial  inlluence  upon 

engineers  are  now  takinl^  le^eTs  for  carrs^.lear  Ihu,?  "crrt^^CrT•'Rt.r'T^ 
taking  .8  £1,500,000  ($7.>^yy,750),  and  the  area  o  be  rdgated  570  ooTaorL       ""'^''^ 

I  shall  have  pleasure  in  forwarding  your  inquiries  in  any  way  in  my  power. 

James  Wilson. 


t-ll 


I 


THE   MILDURA   IRRIGATION   8ETTLEMKNT. 
[Incloaure  in  No.  158,  transmitted  by  Counne.clal  Agent  Dawson,  of  Newcastle.] 

mmm&mmm 

d  building  possess 

ues  were  designed 

eentrin-gal  h.  the  w^o^ld^i^n^'^il-ig::^- ^j--:^  ^  "' ''''  '''^^'''  direet-action 

450^1^^;:;:  t' ?n?w'\K^^^  «"''«.^r  ^'--^  ^»»<^'»g.  -^taming  a 

I  -liQiue,  w.iu  i.«i.,ps  «ai,dulx:  ui  raiaing  20,uuu  gaiious  per  minute  from 


i ''. 


i  I 


n 


i    I! 


394 


IRRIGATION    IN   TH?.   HAWAIIAN   ISLANDS. 


thu  50- (■(»(»(,  cliiiDin'l  into  tbe  /O-I'oot  <lianii(il,  tlin  Hiiiiits  )»liuit  iiIho,  when  r(((iiir«d,  send- 
iii>;  7,r)()()  nulloiM  poi- iiiimite  into  the  8U-lo(»t  cliuiiutil.  TIki  town  and  alioiit  2,000 
acioa  are  Miipplied  by  a  vioo  liorsc  power  comiMmnd  en«ii>t),  working?  a  doubhi-actioii 
force  pninp,  wliidi  raises  1,001)  ^allonH  per  niiniito  to  a  li(Mf,'lit  of  70  feet.  Aniilolowcr 
down  tho  rivor  a  Niniilar  engin.'  riilHos  wator  into  tlio  ar>foot  chaniiol,  lifting  30,000 
galloHH  jior  minute,  and  still  lower  down  a  Kinall  dlrpct-a( 'ion  ct'ntrifujjal  Bupplies 
Lord  Uanfiirloj-'s  plantation  at  the  rato  of  1,000  gallons  per  minute.  Tho  figuroB 
given  refer  to  the  power  of  tho  various  pumps  and  not  to  the  work  which  they  'lavo 
as  yet  been  called  upon  to  porlorm.  Twelve  miles  of  wronght-ir.>n  pipes,  Vi  a  8 
inches  to  22  inches  in  diameter,  have  been  laid,  and  there  have  been  made  about  31 
miles  of  main  channels  and  25  miles  of  subsidiary  channels.  Water  has  thus  been 
provided  for  about  30,000  acres  of  huid.  There  have  been  7,000  acres  sold,  3,000  acres 
cleared  of  malloo  scrub  and  2,000  acres  planted  with  vines  and  fruit  trees,  The 
Chatt'ey  Brothers  have  planted,  on  behalf  of  purchasers,  280  acres  of  vines,  principally 
raisin  varieties,  425  acres  oran^o  trefts,  150  acres  lemons,  100  acres  apricots,  50  acres 
tigs,  and  20  acres  prunes.  The  settlers  have  planted  on  their  own  account  about  200 
acres  of  vines  and  fruit  trees.  There  are  (500  acres  under  cereal  crops,  30  acres  under 
lucerne,  and  200  acres  are  being  i>repared  for  maize.  The  grain  crops  look  well ;  the 
returns  obtained  from  sorghum  are  astoninliing  and  the  growth  of  all  tho  vino  and 
fruit  plantations  is  surprising.  The  settlers  seem  all  well  satisfied  with  their  pros- 
pects and  those  who  gavo evidence  spoke  with  warmth  of  the  wonderful  growth  of 
vegetation  under  the  conditions  of  a  warm  climate,  a  rich  soil,  and  a  snfflciont  supply 
of  water.  The  clearing  of  the  mallee,  which  is  done  by  means  of  a  traction  engine 
and  a  wire  roiie,  costs  from  £2  to  £4  per  acre,  and  most  of  the  breaking  up  is  also 
done  under  contract  by  the  Messr.s.  Chatfey's  steam  cultivators.  Building  operations 
are  being  fairly  carried  on  in  tint  town,  and  tho  population  of  tho  entire  settlement 
is  now  estimated  at  1,200,  int'ludiiiLt  2.50  men  employed  y  the  promoters.  The  com- 
fortable boats,  lit  by  electric  light,  make  the  river  trij)  a  very  pleas.ant  one.  Avery 
enjoyable  trip  was  made  by  tho  commission,  and  all  returned  with  a  firm  belief  in 
the  genuineness  of  the  Mildura  euterpriao  and  confidence  in  its  ultimate  success. — 
[The  Argua.} 


HAWAIIAN  ISLANDS. 


REPORT  BY  auXaULUEIfERAL  SEVERANGE,  OF  llONOLULV. 

EffixU  of  irrigation. — Where  irrigation  is  continuous  the  product  of 
sufjar  lias  increased  to  an  average  of  4  tons  per  acre,  while  the  same 
lands  wifhont  irrigation  formerly  yielded  only  the  average  of  2  tons  per 
acre. 

Area  irrigated. — The  area  of  good  cane  land  is  limited  ,  the  most  reli- 
able e.stitnates  do  not  exceed  90,000  acres;  of  rice  land  7,000  acres,  and 
of  land  suited  for  bananas,  at  present  under  cultivation,  3,000  acres ; 
total,  100,000  acres.  Of  the  cane  land  about  45  per  cent,  is  irrigated; 
the  remainder,  except  for  rice  land,  which  is  all  under  irrigation,  is  sub- 
ject to  th  ;  annual  rainliill,  which  is  copious  on  the  highlands  on  the 
windward  or  eastern  side,  while  it  is  limited  on  the  leeward  or  weh.-ern 
side. 

Production. — The  quantity  of  sugar  produced  in  tlie  year  1888  was  esti- 
mated at  120,000  tons,  two-thirds  of  this,  of  a  good  light  color,  polariz- 
ing from  80°  to  !»Go,  and  one-third  of  the  yield  i)olarizing  from  70°  to 
84'^,  all  of  which  was  sold  at  good  figures  for  refining  purposes. 

Tho  estimate  of  rice  was  20,0li0  tons,  one-third  of  which  was  exported 
and  the  remainder  consumed  here,  all  of  good  quality. 

Of  bananas  about  100,000  bunches ;  75,000  exported,  balance  con- 
sumed here. 

Water  su^pli/. — The  sources  of  water  supi)ly  are  from  mountain 
streams,  springs,  artesian  wells,  and  storage  reservoirs.  The  character 
of  works,  distribution,  etc,  consists  of  dams  and  basis  by  which  water  is 


IRRIGATION    IN   TIIK   HAWAIIAN   ISLANDS. 


no5 


NOLULV. 


imjJonndfMl 
tiiuiK's,  and 
to  fO  miles. 


tluMi       Mvo,v(Ml  by  \vri).ijfht.ii(,i.  au.l  cast  iro!.  piiH'H, 

i.     ii-wati     lead    and   ditdu-s  at  various     i stances  ti-om  5 

,      ,         1'  iH8VSt<Mn  (.1    listnhiitiou  is  reyit       d  |     •••elv  bv  loasp^ 

jrojn  landowners,  and  by  cu.toman.l  con.nuM.eu,..er,t,  wfthLr^Mon  of 

Mm,T      -'^  '".S''»-  'r'^''*'"''  "1'  ^^'*^  Spreckelsvillc  plantation,  on 
Mam        ',,280     able  feet  were  used,  e(|nal  to  3  inches  ne-   aore  every 

bi     U;irge  quantify,  us  the     snal  estimate  would  be  I  cnbic  U    t  of 
wa  .r^per  second  to  properly  aTit^ate  45  to  G5  acres  of  cane  or  30  acres 

estimated  at  $3  per  a<'ie  j       inuiuh  or  $45  i)er  acre  |)er  croi  .    No  reli- 
ab'eestimalecan  be  tound  or  co^t  of  water  supply  distribute,  by    ipes 

a  nee  f  lu  T.^  '"'r*'"'  "■'"^''  "^  '^'''''^'^  this  would  <lepend  on  M  e  E 
taijce,  the  inea-      .t  conyeyauee,  the  character  of  the  country,  and  the 

Oj(7«enyi^>^iioth  private  and  lease  from  the  Goyernment. 

tlmate—ThQ  climate  is  variable,  according  to  elevatiou  •  on  the  left 
ward  or  western  side,  in  proximity' to  the  ocean  dry/   le  ^.us  eru  sidJ 
gemrally  moist  and  cool ;  gocd  soil  in  the  valleys,  yi\ddiU^  ttKrSs 

rv«.^,jA,/^  Mean  rainfall  ou  the  island  of  Oahu  from  1S(7  t«  iX 
was  62.(>  inches  (see  page  2  .f  report,  inclosed)  while  the  minimum 
fmm  lot's?' r"'*  '^'"V     '^  '"^'^^^'  '^"'^  '"^«"  ff'^  nionutai    si       8 

Hrafu2(rincirer'  """'"^' ''  ^^'^'^""•' '  "^'"^^  <^-^-«t^" 

Antiquity  of  irriflation.- A  system  of  in  -ation  has  always  existed 
among  the    Ha wanans  throughout  the  Kingdo.n,  conveying'the  water 
rom  the  mountain  slopes  and  springs  through  the  valleys  over  hillsides 
for  the  produe  ion  of  their  chief  article  of  food,  the  Ar,,/mX  m 
or  /raio,  f rom  which  poi  is  made.     Many  of  the  ancient  water    eads  n^ 
still  maintained  at  private  expense  by  the.  owners  or  lessees  of  the  laud 
running  from  the  mountain  to  the  sea.  ' 

H.  W.  Severance, 

U.  S.  Consulate-General,  Consul. General. 

Honolulu,  Eaivaiian  Islands,  October  17,  1889. 


ed,  balance  con- 


Watc  supply  for  inigntion  on  the  inland  of  Oalui,  Ihuraiian  Islands. 
(Indomiro  in  roport  of  Conaul-Gon.Tal  Scvoranco.  | 
B.  F.  DILLIXGUAM    Esq   •  ""NOLUMJ,   HAWAIIAN   ISLANDS,   Jug,tst2G,  1889. 

von  had  8a"'<'estod      Wo  liVv    ^v  ,,,,1., .  i  +       i      i  <'l'i^oii  Mvneral  plans  wliich 

i-ierous  springs  amnnonuHnstre'^^^^^^^  "i  qnc.tio,,,   have  .noasure.l  nu- 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


.^ 


1.0 


I.I 


us  m 


11^  e 


11:25  ill  1.4 


-    6" 


1.6 


Pnotographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  87tl-4503 


jtSS.v 


V^" 


^\ 


^^W-/^^ 


^^^ 


.ts 


^ 


'ib^ 


^<5 


Wf 


\H 


!  i  :.'!• 


if 


396 


IBRiaATlON  IN  THB  HAWAIIAN  ISLANDS. 

THB  NECK881TY  FOB  IRIUGATIOX. 


oftl.*i'l!.'}f.wi?lf '"n*"*-?  •»5«e8«f"»y  .grown  in  some  localities  on  the  windward  side 

not  exist  on  the  ii 
or  in  some  looaliti 
be  advantageous. 

tnS  Vw  *"'®  *^°**  without  saving  that  irrigation  is  so  essential  to  success  iu  ajrricul- 

THB   DUTY  OF  WATBR. 

The  necessity  for  irrigation  being  thus  raco/rnized  and  established  the  auantifv  of 
Zn^l  ""ZT?  '°*^1  sating  various  crop,  becomes  the  next  consideration.^orfrn  otheJ 
words,  the  duty  that  may  be  expected  from  a  given  volucie  of  cout  nuous  flow  rtnr 
investigations  on  this  subject  have  been  as  thorough  and  exbausUve  as  our  tiZ*wn„?H 
permit.  They  have  been  conducted  in  detail  not  on  y  on  tWs  island  but  eWheiJ 
«n,w.EP-'  "i*'^""^^  «o«fi"«d  ««l«ly  to  the  culture  of  sugir  cane,  wh  ch  we  ha^ 
S/S^SJelTtiiSTi^XV^^^^^^^^^^  ''  ''  ^«--*o^-ote^s  large  aitero^ 

a  cubic  foot  of  water  per  second  in  continuous  flow  will  irrigate  from^  t^  % ^ret 

«/^.^thnHt"""1l*"  ^^''T^  of  sugarcane.    These  are  about  thHirSts  given  bv 
all  authorities  on  the  subject  not  only  in  the  countries  named,  but  in  Algeria  Ilvnt 

everv  T^d^v^foiTtf^n^^"  •  T *  ?^  ^'"^'^-    ^^'^^  *''«'*  »  waterrgs  given  once 
ti^^7f^^  for  a  time,  diminishing  to  one  watering  every  10  davs  which  is  non 
tinued  for  about  15  months  from  the  time  of  plantiu"'   or  until  thl  rIt«ri^JJ?u 

some  districts,  the  cane  did  not  mature  short  of  18  or  20  mnnthafr^J^tiZ^rSf   i   '  ^- 
the  period  of  irrigation  would  be  from  ifto  18  mofthT"5n  mak  nf^^^^^^  e'  tTmS 
we  have  assumed  that  15  months  of  irrigation  would  be  tL  average  rLuired  for 
sugar  cane  on  the  southerly  slopes  of  thislsland  (Oabu):    Threrwatlrirj^sTmonth 
Tn  wirn*  *''**  ^«oon8  dered  safe  to  apply  to  keep  the  cane  grow  n^wthout check 
In  localities  coriespouding    n  position  ami  climate  with  HoSouHulf  iTiscustomarv 
to  maintain  this  periodical  irrigation  regardless  of  the  raiXll      The  raTmav  at 
times  exceed  the  quantity  applieS  arf.iflcially  b;it  irrigatiouisSormed  as  usual  not 
withstanding,  m  order  that  there  shall  be  no  break  In  the  continuity  of  "h^wat^i: 
ings.    Ifc  seems  to  be  generally  understood  by  ail  planters  that  the  denth  o7eacli 
watenug  shall  be  at  least  an  average  of  3  te  4  inches  over  the  whole  surfo?"    Where 
the  intervals  between  waterings  are  10  dayj  and  the  depth  appHed  4  inched  1  cubic 
foot  of  water  per  second  will  perform  a  duty  of  .59.5  acres.    W  th  inteVSs  of  7  dav« 
and  the  same  depth  appied,  1  cubic  foot  p4r  second  would  irrigate  but  41  6  across 
or  55.5  acres  if  the  depth  applfod  is  but  3  inches.  ""g*i«  ouc  4i.o  acres, 

X?tSf./-  f'^r''-  Each  ditch  delivers  to  tie  plantation  a  Vaxirums^^^^^^^^^ 
l^Zi^,  I  "  ^T^  per  second  but  this  maximum  is  not  often  reached,  andMie  ditches 
appear  to  be  subject  to  great  fluctuation  in  supply.  Several  small  s  or 'm^  eservoirs 
along  the  route  serve  to  equalize  the  fluctuating  discharge  to  s^me  evteu  ,  MeLi  r 
ing  weirs  are  placed  on  each  iu  such  positiou  that  the^quaut^Wof  waL' acSv 
elivered  to  the  helds  is  recrded  with  great  exactness  by  autouTatic  reg  sted.  ™ 
paratuH.  Th.v  volume  of  water  put  upon  every  field  is  thus  ku.mirand  Cda  e  and 
quantity  ot  each  watering.     The  records  further  show  in  eveiV  de  aU  all  thotsults 


t^im. 


windward  side 
eare  to  be  coa  • 
uted  throiigh- 
ixperience  has 
I  conditions  do 
)r  rjult'vafcion, 
I  nevertheless 

ess  iu  agrlcul- 
bwithstaudiug 
>ug  tlie  coo&t 
Kit  irriga(ion) 


16  quantity  of 
n.  or,  in  other 
us  flow.  Oar 
[irtitne  would 
>ut  elsewhere 
tiich  we  have 
1  area  of  the 

)p  the  world 
and  in  India 
35  to  85  acres 
nits  given  by 
geria,  Egypt, 
giown.    We 
enoe  in  these 
ictice  here  to 
ting,  or  until 
is  given  once 
rhich  is  oon- 
iturity  of  the 
ng.    If,  as  in 
>  of  planting, 
lur  estimates 
required  for 
Dgs  a  month 
thout check, 
is  customary 
rain  may  at 
as  usual  not- 
tf  the  water- 
epth  of  each 
bee.    Where 
jhes,  1  cubic 
als  of  7  days 
t  41.6  acres, 

sville,  Maui, 
le  admirable 
anagor,  who 
ted  ti'om  the 
eastward  of 
aihee  Creek, 
im  supply  of 
I  the  ditches 
ft  reservoirs 
it.  Meaour- 
.ter  actually 
[isteriug  ap- 
ho  date  and 
i  the  results 


IRRIGATION   IN  THE   WAWAIIAN   ISLANDS.  397' 

obtained  from  each  field,  iuolnding  the  average  vield  of  each  In  flnn^arn»r  a«^  „        n 
was  delivered  to  the  plantation  the  following  quantity  of  water: 

Prom  the  Haiku  ditch ,  ,^"'''•**• 
F^om  the  Waihee  ditch.                 1,175,000,000 

919,000,000 

Atotalof — 

"wlvW-^'*^?  f^^}}-'"'"'-    (The  rainfall  during  this  period  was  19.08  inches  \ 

"  rYtoons^  <  J:;?.  n'f«'''™  ""V  ''"?«*?^  2.000  acres  of ''  plant  caJe"  and SLres  of 

oth«r":£  ^"Tif  "^^  T^  ^«  ^■°°»'^ '°  *he  fact  that  thfdichessuSly  water  for  «n 
mSla  st^arhJili™  f  "^^^^  ^?  ""'^  as  irrigation.    The  amonnt  consSmed^y  tL  su/ar 
^lr.«  „*     u    ho'le™,  locomotives,  and  steam  plows,  as  well  as  some  1  500  emnln^xt 
some  of  whom  have  litt  e  gardens  to  be  irritraf«rt   if  if  „«„i^  kI  t    '        employes, 

Mr*MnS?*y  °V^.'  remainder  to  more  than  50  acres  per  oubro  foot  Tr  seco^nd     ^^ 
Mr.  Morrison  states,  as  an  en  tome  of  his  mrnAri«nr.A  ♦>;«*  ..  ii  nnA      ^''"^a. 

in  localities  sheltered  from  the  wind.  The^  averTge  f£ld  of  iS  on  2  §00  IZ  ''''™ 
^  WithThArfi  '*  *°°'  "^  ^"Sar  per  acre ;  the  rato^onS?  avej^ed  Jt  t'ons  per  acre 
With  these  figures  one  may  form  deductions  as  to  the  productive  value  of  wt?«r' 
The  total  sugar  crop  was  13,500  tons.  The  total  "  water  crop  » if  wa  mav  WiT„  !; 
the  expression,  was  an  average  flow  of  64.18  cubic  feet  ne?s^LTfl  4^  "H"''®^ 
water  to  sugar  was  about  2lO*tou8  of  sugar  to  each  cubic  foot  per  J^coS  of  wL"*  °^ 
continuous  flow.  Ira  other  words,  if  we  assume  sugar  trbrworth^oStl  "If'' 
deducting  cost  of  production,  interest  on  plant,  tfols.  and  TbuaI  the  valS^  of  S 
water  may  be  taken  in  the  ratio  of  the  resultd  accomplished  bv  it  viVte^^  "^* 
?«"rr  fTn'*"^  ""^.*°  *"°°»*  P«'  ««''«'^d  "'^  continuous  flS  This  would  r^p^^t^^ 
fnf,^h*.V\^>,P"  "*°*i  °°  f^'9^-  W»*«^  «^"  be  pumped  100  feet  h?gh  for  Ktir«' 
fourth  of  the  annual  producing  power  quoted  above.  ^  °*  °'^®- 

Hn^i'o^i  ?^"''"^»  plantation,  island  of  Maui,  where  the  water  supply  is  verv  ahn« 
2?lnnf  ^n  *''*'*'^'  °^  the  ne^edsof  the  plantation,  the  consumMion  iVequaU^a  S^ 
rfn  thi  w*°''t  P'^'^  ^Wc  foot  per  second  on  plant  cane  and  60  acr^on  ratoons  ^ 
t,o?t«H  .f  Hajnakuapoko  plantation,  Maui,  where  the  average  BnnnaKfalTfs  re 
ported  at  35.2  inches,  the  amount  applied  is  stated  by  the  superinte    lent  M^  tL 

?J^7nZ'^  7^^'^^  "i'^'°  <■««*  P«'  «°™  *«  ^"^^  watering ;  th^eSel     fs  beJSien  w- 
tej  ings  are  7  days,  and  consequently  the  duty  of  water  in  continnon«  fl«  Jit  «  ?    ^'^ 

fied  them  by  saying  that  they  are  for  the  full  capacity  of  the  ditch  which  ?«n*„*i" 
w«ys  tall  when  requ  red,  and  is  onlv  partially  cLpensated  for  fSl  flow  bv  the  rtfn 
wini  i^*"*  probabilities  are  that  if  tfie  exact  flow  of  the  ditch  were  kn^wn  it^  dnf; 
^osn"^?':*^/  ^'Kher  than  55*  acres  per  second-foot.    Mr    Cowan  e8t7ma£  th«? 
«SS   "".Ij'o  feet  of  water  per  acre  are  required  for  12  months  ofTSatlo"whiobli 

X  i^?^'•°'^^'  t^^^  ^i*y«'  ^'"'^  «*»*««  *^»*  fluctuations  ir^raiS!  do  not  mater! 
a  ly  aifoct  irrigation  or  the  amount  applied.    The  average  yield  of  the  nW^f^^i 
given  at  5.6  tons  of  sugar  per  acre  for  Jlantcaue  and  4  ^00^/0^  ratoonc?ons     Jn^h-* 
courteous  response  to  our  letter  of  inquiry,  he  summarizes  by  stSin^thTt^"*^^^^ 
^  ??"?^  ofsugar  requ  .res  about  51.8  cubic  feet  of  a^™  ^         ^  *''*'     ^  "'«» • 
On  the  Wa:alna  plantation,  Oahu,  the  results  obtained  are  jrreater  than  +!,«=..    k 

ari^rZ  Ha^^6lTia^^^iTc'h«^ 

rived),^ith  a  fall  of  16  feet  pef  muVthe"  ow  from  wh?I  Sates  iKr^^f '"  ^*- 
cane,  as  we  were  informed.  The  discharge  of  snoh  a  pine  woTldh«  1  ??  k-* °/ ^"^^ 
second,  and  the  resultant  duty  90  acres  pefculicfootVer^Sd^   InothegS-'aae' 

•  It  will  be  seen  further  on  that  our  estimate  is  somewhat  morn  lih«rai  ..„«i  iiTT — ' 
allow  over  60  cubic  feet  of  water  to  produce  a  pound  of  sugaS!  '  """^  *^**  ""* 


r 


!    i 


III 


398  IRRIGATION   IN   THE   HAWAIIAN   ISLANDS. 

line  discharged  1.17  cubic  feet  per  Hecond,  and  also  irrigated  100  acres.  The  duty  of 
the  water  so  delivered  wim  an  average  oi'H.')  aisres  per  cubic  Coot  per  second.  A  ditch 
carrying  3^  cubic  feet  per  second  was  said  to  water  about  'iOO  acres;  an  avera<Te  duty 
of  60  acres  per  cubic  loot  per  second.  The  location  of  tliis  plantation  on  the  wind- 
ward side  of  the  island,  where  the  rainfall  is  much  greater  than  on  the  lee  side,  may 
account  for  the  higlier  duty  accomplished  by  the  water  in  use,  although  no  data  was 
obtainable  as  to  the  extent  or  distribution  of  the  "ainfall  ou  that  side. 

On  the  Kekaha  plantation,  Kauai,  water  isobtained  by  pumpingto  a  height  of  ISto 
36  feet— an  average  of  about27feot.  The  delivery  of  the  water  is  contracted  for  at  the 
rate  ot  ^V>  per  aero  per  annum.  The  contractor  is  re(|uired  to  deliver  suflBcient  water 
to  irrigate  700  acres  every  10  days,  to  an  average  depth  of  4  inches  at  o.ich  watering. 
The  duty  tluis  pel  formed,  presuming  the  quantity  contracted  for  is  fully  delivered 
would  be  51>|  acres  per  cubic  foot  per  second.  Tlie  pumpi-ig  is  done  during  10  hours 
each  day.  The  3  pumps  require  to  have  a  capacity  of  7,000,000  gallons  per  day 
each.  Coal  costs  f  14  per  ton  at  the  pumps.  A  very  unusui,'!  yield  is. reported  from 
this  plantation.  Ratoon  crops  for  7  coiisecntivo  years  are  sail  to  have  produced  »xi 
average  of  .'>  tons  of  sugar  iier  acre  each  year.  Our  authority  for  these  results  is  Mr. 
Glade,  of  the  lirm  of  Ilackl'eld  &,  Co.,  H«)Uoliilu. 

The  conclusions  that  may  be  drawn  from  !ill  the  evidence  we  have  obtained  on  the 
subject  are : 

(1)  That  while  the  duty  of  water  is  variable  with  all  the  varyingconditionsof  soil, 
climate,  rainfall,  wind,  exposed  or  sheltered  locality,  and  in  some  degree  with  the 
length  of  time  the  land  has  been  irrigated,  sucli  variation  is  generally  between  the 
limits  of  40  acres  as  the  minimum  and  90  acres  as  the  maximum  duty  of  1  cubic  foot 
per  second. 

(2;  That  economy  in  the  application  of  water  below  a  certain  limit,  which,  for  the 
southerly  slopes  of  this  island  seems  to  be  about  an  average  of  1  foot  in  depth  per 
nionili,  can  only  be  exercised  at  the  expense  of  the  yield  of  sugar. 

(U)  Tliat  a  greater  duty  than  CO  acres  per  cubic  foot  per  second  can  not  be  counted 
on  with  safety ;  or,  in  other  words,  that  :328,.^i00  gallons  per  acre  are  needed  monthly, 
or  to  mature  a  crop  say  lifteen  times  that  amount,  or  4,927,000  gallons,  are  required. 
In  estimating  on  the  cost  of  pumping  water  for  irrigation  these  are  convenient  ligures 
to  remember, 

THE    \yATER  SUPPLY, 

Our  attention  was  first  directed  to  the  water  supply  that  might  be  made  available 
for  irrigating  the  Honouliuli  rancho.  This  great  body  of  land  is  bounded  ou  the  west 
for  some  i2  miles  by  the  summit  crest  of  the  Waianae  Monutaiiis,  a  range  isolated 
from  the  Koolaiipoko  Mountains,  or  the  main  central  range  of  the  island.  From  the 
foothill  slopes  of  the  Waianae  range  a  broad  plain  sweeps  south  and  east  to  the  eastern 
boundary  of  the  rancho  to  Pearl  Harbor  and  the  ocean.  This  plain  at  its  northerly 
limit  has  an  elevation  of  1,200  feet;  that  portion  above  an  elevation  of  150  feet  is 
some  9  miles  long,  1  to  2  miles  wi<ie,  and  has  an  area  of  about  12,000  acres.  Holow 
an  elevation  of  20  feet  is  a  broad  oxtont  of  coral  lands  extending  from  Pearl  Harbor 
along  the  ocean  to  Waimaualo,  containing  some  11,000  acres.  The  rancho,  exclusive 
of  Puuloa,  has  a  frontage  of  nearly  5  miles  on  Pearl  Harbor  and  11  miles  on  the  south- 
erly seacoa^t  of  the  island. 

The  area  of  the  arable  and  irrigable  lauds  (from  surveys  of  C.  H.  Kluogel,  c.  K.)  is 
about  17,000  acres  (not  including  coral  lands),  divided  as  follows: 

Acres. 

Below  50  feet  elevation 1  637 

Between  50  and  100  feet  elevation !!!!!!     g' 276 

Between  100  and  150  feet  elevation .,^     1177 

At  Waimanalo  (estimated) '.'..'.'.        600 

Plains  above  150  leet  elevation  (as  shown  on  map) 12,000 

1'otal 17,690 

The  large  body  of  arable  land  below  150  feet  elevation  extends  from  the  right  bank 
of  Waikele  gulch  in  a  southwesterly  direction  about  5  mil(>8,  and  is  from  1  to  3  miles 
■wide.  The  surface  of  this  land,  as  well  as  that  of  the  npp(  r  plain  to  the  north,  is 
generally  smootli,  only  broken  by  occasional  dry  gulches  from  the  mountains,  which  ' 
in  winter  bringdown  torrents  of  water  heavily  laden  with  silt  and  vegetable  mold, 
which  is  deposited  upon  the  lower  levels  of  the  plain. 

The  soil  seems  of  exceptional  quality,  and  by  comparison  with  other  plantations 
appears  to  be  well  adapted  to  the  culture  of  cane.  It  has  been  so  pronounced  by  ex- 
perts more  capable  of  judging  than  ourselves. 

It  is  probably  a  conservative  estimate  to  place  the  area  of  sugar  land  at  14.000  • 
acres,  5,000  beloyv  150  feet,  elevation,  and  9,000  from  150  to  900  feet  above  sea  level. 
This  area  would  require  for  its  irrigation  a  quantity  of  Avater  equal  to  233  cubic  feet 


ainod  on  the 


IRRIGATION   IN   THE   HAWAIIAN   ISLANDS.  309 

^il  "r  t  l"sS?ecl  "*^"*  this  water  may  be  obtainable  and  from  what  sources 

Mi:^::u:^Z  alVb;if.?h^T^rd7ro^4LTa7e'.aTn?.=  *V  *,T*  ^-'"  '^^  Waianae 
tres  u,  the  way  of  storage  of  storm  waters  their  ««1  1°'  ^  detenniiie  the  i.ossibili- 
for  the  existence  of  any^xtensive  natural  sites  for  Zri?*'"  ''^'"  ?""'''"■•  ""favorable 
thiuR  may  doubtless  be  done  by  the  tank  8vltenrn„1r„  M®  r««ervoir8,  although  some- 

topographical  survey  of  the  property  wouKi^^^ 

of  supply  available  are :       ^    ^     ^  """**"  K» ve  tnis  wforraation.    The  other  sources 

h^:e  t?e«;=3arL^r^^^^^^^^^^  ?"Iches.  both  of  which 

suitable  for  storage  reservoir  ffiffisameZvhJS'?  ''*?  """^  «»«'l  ™»t«'-ial 

Psfftarti'^^^^^^^^^^^ 

levels  of^the  plains;  the  1.^^^^^^^^^^ 

^^2.  Nat.„al  springs  of  large  volume  that  burst  out  around  the  margin  of  Pearl  liar- 
3.  Artesian  wells. 

SUPPLY  FROM  SPRINGS. 

bi?ff/a?cJ^f Z  ri?nnf"lt^l'!r^t:CfaVr*o?r  7\I'r  '"^^  ^-*  «f  t^^«  low 
here  refrain  from  expressing  ou^sur^rand  Si L'''*''l  ^A'L^"'"'  *'"*  ^«  «»"  "»* 
nme  and  extent.  They  furnish  a  suddIv  tbr  irrit?r^™®°*  ^  ^'^^'"^  phenomenal  vol- 
and  a  large  area  cultivated  to  bana3and  taro  f  nSS  IZir^'^'"^  T^  "^  "°«  «"''l» 
go  to  waste,  or  at  most  are  only  used  to  furnUh  wtf^r  1  *'"'i  '"''^  ^'6"  H-'antities 
that  strong  streams  navigable  1^  small  hoT«^^„^'^^P°'^?f  *?  ^*"""''  rice  mills, 

.^T^l  teirif  si^rr «S/ "^^^^ 

and  horses  have  been  seen  to  wade  out  L  them  "'""-^^^^^  ^"''^  *'""^'' 

water  and  drink  from  the  fresh  CuSs  Lbbffi/iplom  bLLT^^^  "°*^'^''  ^^^  «*^' 
^  Our  measurements  were  p.nnfin«/i  f«  ^i,„  T""""*!^?  \^"'^  beneath. 


second.  . ^,^^ 

IS^A'tSS  ;??S,S°"" ''°'"'°°"''  -'"'  '«"  "f  Ati's  r,»  mill,  ha™  .  «„„  „f 

this  aggregates  about  8  cubic  feet  per  second  ^  ^™®  discharge  from 

We  re«apll„l»te  the  measured  How  of  S,Sl  w.to  a,  follX  ?"  """""'• 


Localities. 


Ah  In's  rice-mill  springs... 
Aki's  rice  mill  sprmgs 

Puikani  springs '. 

Hausuloaaj  springs 

Waiawa  gulch  sprlngH  .'.'.', 
Waiawa  rice-mill  springs 
"Waikele  Crock  Hpriiiga  ....", 

Total 


Flow  per 
seooud. 


OvMc/eet. 

27.80 

10.33 

13.40 

9.25 

5.00 

7.83 

42.50 

116.11 


400 


IRRIGATION    IN   THE   HAWAIIAN   ISLANDS. 


il 


Those  aprinus  all  lie  within  n  rnuRo  of  3  miles,  and,  as  before  explained,  the  volume 
licii)  given  ropresentM  only  tlui  larger  Htreanw  that  were  gathered  in  such  channels 
fiH  nduiitted  of  moaMnreinent,  and  such  as  were  not  already  approprialed  and  nsed 
for  irrigation  of  the  extensive  rice  (iolds  that  fringe  the  bay  below  them.  It  repro- 
sentH,  too,  the  natural  flow  forced  out  against  all  impediments,  and  that  after  18 
months  of  exceptional  drought. 

We  do  not  hesitate  to  say  that  a  systematic  development  of  these  springs  would 
result  in  a  large  increase  of  the  flow.  Small  drains  in  all  directions  through  the  ex- 
tended areas  of  oozing  ground,  now  so  wet  as  to  make  unsafe  footing,  would  so  facili- 
tate the  drainage  as  to  cutoff  the  water  that  finds  its  way  to  the  sea  without  euLq^- 
ing  the  channels  where  the  flow  was  moasurfld.  In  southern  California,  where 
similar  springs  or  "cienegas"  are  of  frequent  occurrence,  development  by  drain 
ditches,  tiles,  and  borings  has  not  nnconunonly  resulted  in  double,  and  aonietimea 
quadruple,  the  natural  flow.  A  definite  plan  for  such  work  can  only  be  laid  out  after 
special  survey  affd  study  of  each  locality  are  made.  The  present  measured  flow,  as 
given  on  the  preceding  pnge,  is  mifflcient  to  irrigate  7,000  acres  of  sugar  cane ;  and 
we  have  no  doubt  that  the  supply  can  bo  increased  sutlioiontly  to  provide  for  10,000 
to  1-2,000  acres  if  necessary.  It  would  not  be  a  difflcnlt  matter  to  collect  all  the 
water  into  one  central  pumping  station  if  it  was  considered  desirable  to  do  so.  It 
■would  probably  be  preferable,  however,  to  establish  two  or  more  pumping  plants, 
and  deliver  the  water  from  each  to  the  plantation  nearest  to  the  supply. 

THK  ARTK8IAN-WKLL  SUPPLY. 

The  discovery  of  the  possibility  of  obtaining  a  supply  of  flowing  water  by  deep 
artesian  borings  around  the  margin  of  this  island  has  been  of  incalculable  value  to 
all  property  interests,  and  has  compensated  in  a  measure  for  the  loss  occasioned  by 
the  perpetual  robbery  of  the  waters  that  fall  so  copiously  upon  the  mountains,  by 
the  porous  and  thirsty  earth,  and  for  the  waters  lost  during  torrential  storms  by 
rapid  drainage  into  the  sea.  On  no  other  island  of  the  gronp  has  nature  provided 
for  such  compensation,  and  even  here  the  geological  formation  is  so  different  from 
that  of  any  other  region  the  world  over  where  artesian  water  is  obtained  by  boring, 
that  no  scientiflc  man  would  have  risked  his  reputation  in  predicting  the  possibility 
of  securing  flowing  wells  by  boring  in  the  volcanic  and  coral  formations  of  this 
conntry  before  success  had  demonstrated  the  fact. 

Mr.  James  Campbell,  the  present  owner  of  Honouliuli  and  Kahuku,  is  credited 
with  the  distinction  of  having  been  bold  enough  to  try  the  experiment  which  re- 
sulted in  the  first  flowing  well  in  the  kingdom. '  Thia  well  was  bored  10  years  ago 
on  the  lower  slopes  of  Honouliuli  rancho,  and  a  good  flow  obtained  at  a  depth  of  273 
feet.  It  has  been  followed  by  so  many  successful  attempts  in  the  same  direction  that 
the  flowiivg  wells  on  the  island  now  number  over  100,  some  of  which  equal,  if  thoy 
do  not  exceed,  the  flow  of  the  largest  and  most  famous  wells  in  California.  One  of  a 
group  of  four  wells  bored  by  Judge  McCully  on  King  and  Beretania  streets,  Hono- 
lulu, was  carefully  measured  a  few  days  since  by  Messrs.  AUardt  and  Kluegel,  and 
the  iiow  was  ascertained  to  be  3.98  cubic  feet  per  second,  or  2,580,000  gallons  in 
twenty-four  hours.  The  combined  flow  of  the  four  wells  was  ascertained  to  be  10.()rt 
cubic  feet  per  second,  whiih  is  equivalent  to  about  half  the  present  water  supply  of 
San  Francisco,  a  city  of  more  ^han  300,000  inhabitants.  Two  of  the  smallest  of 
them,  flowing  4.1  cubic  feet  per  deoond,  are  now  made  to  irrigate  100  acres  of  rice. 

A  marked  peculiarity  of  this  artesiap.  belt  is  that  it  is  contiued  to  a  marginal  rim 
around  the  island  from  sea  level  back  to  an  elevation  of  ai  to  42  feet  above.  In  and 
around  the  city  of  Honolulu,  or  the  Kona  district,  water  \'ill  f  v  at  the  maximum 
height  of  42  feet.  In  this  district  also  the  largest  and  stronge  veils  are  obtained. 
In  the  Ewa  district,  which  includes  all  the  margins  of  Pearl  Harbor  and  Honouliuli, 
the  limit  of  rise  is  32  feot ;  in  the  Waialua  district  it  is  21  feet,  and  in  the  Koolau 
district  on  the  north  side  of  the  island,  embracing  the  Kahnku  rancho,  the  limit  is 
26  feet.  This  data  is  obtained  from  the  last  edition  of  Thrum's  Almanac,  in  which  is 
given  a  list  of  all  the  wells  and  their  depths.  From  this  list  it  appears  that  the 
deepest  flowing  well  is  that  of  Hon.  C.  R.  Bishop  in  this  city,  1,000  feet  in  depth. 
The  one  of  least  depth  is  at  Waialua,  on  Dickson  <fc  Paty's  ranch,  200  feet  in  depth. 
Five  hundred  feet  is  thought  to  be  abont  the  average  depth.  A  record  of  one  of 
Judge  MoCully's  wells  shows  the  following  strata  jjassed  through : 

Surface  soil,  coral,  gravel  (with  water. that  rose  a  little  way  in  the  pipe),  volcanio 
ashes  and  pumice,  rock,  water-worn  bowlders,  ashes,  volcanic  rock,  clay,  water- 
bearing gravel. 

Experience  thus  far  indicates  that  flowing  water  is  almost  certain  to  be  obtained 
anywhere  around  the  margin  of  the  island  where  the  surface  is  lower  than  the  lim- 
its above  mentioned.  The  foot  of  Diamond  Head  seems  to  be  an  exception  to  this 
rnle,  Mr.  Campbell's  well,  recently  bored  in  that  locality,  1,500  feet  in  depth,  having 
failed  to  yield  a  flow.  ^    '  * 


IRRIGATION   IN   THE   HAWAIIAN   ISLANDS. 


ar  csne :  and 


401 


Up  to  date  is  may  bo  said  that  tlio  artesian  supply  in  practically  unlimited  lut  th« 
addition  of  new  wells  does  not  diminish  the  flow  ot"  others  inthdrvicintV'  There 
seems  to  be  a  more  or  less  direct  connection  betwo.,a  the  we  Is  and  the  Ltiearas  from 
s^'rh^s^'a-K^raV^L^r^^^^  *"^'^  "''  ^'  ^"^^  «"«  -"  ^'^^  ^oT^ZT^'^'^. 

same  interior  basin  that  overflows  at  or  ne»r  soa-level.  This  sSpplv  L  ilintained 
by  direct  absorption  of  the  rainfall  by  the  porous  lava  rockVndTy  iUltSn  from 
tho  mountain  streams.    The  fact  that  water  will  rise  in  tCLll  0^8  a  few  f^fc 

ffidsa'free*?oS  tLZt^A  spru.g-PPoar  indicate.  th:Sh'o''o^fenwS.pte 
anoras  a  ireer  outlet  than  is  alTorded  by  the  seams  and  crevices  throjch  which  tliA 

TT^Th^prSa  L'Te'ih^aTTi^^^  ^»>«-'^t-t«  --  tHearTy  ftSf'fltat': 
nt-^u.     ineproDabiUties  are  that  the  island  is  surrounded  bv  deen  thick  strata  of 

nf  ^f^'r'^K^^"^:"^  sedimentarv  formation,  built  up  by  slow  i3t  f?orn  the  wash 
fhX^Z  f^*  streams  of  the  islands;  that  these  strata  lap  onto  he  landTo  or  ab"  t 
Ibove'^a  iJverand'tZt  m\7''}''  '''""«'>*»?  ^^  the^gradual  rise  of  the  isfand 
beneath  tbem  prevent  the  escape  of  the  waters  into  the  sea 

seJve'to'^KSe^ffiS^^^^  "^  ''^''^'"'^''  ''''''  section  of  the  island,  will 


However,  it  is  not  our  purpose  to  burden  this  report  with  scientific  theories  of  little 
practical  value.  If  .t  is  true  that  the  wells  and  the  springs  are  supplierfrom  the 
henlTtw'  r  ^°.°"^'  t?*°ktbi«  source  is  sufficiently  limited  to  cause  any  appre- 
SKo^^^rsS^^^^^  "'"''^"  "°"''"""^'  plains  would' dE- 

aiji'Trif  ^®  ^"^"n^^  fruitless  to  attempt  to  estimate  the  amount  of  water  obtain- 
viioSf  boring  wells  So  far  as  anyone  knows,  it  is  practically  inexhaustible.  If 
you  obtain  control  of  the  unused  springs  around  Pearl  Harbor,  they  alone  are  r^or" 
than  sufficient  to  irrigate  all  lands  below  a  height  to  which' it  will  pay  to  p™mD 
water,  and  the  probabilities  are  that  wells  would  only  be  bored  in  case  you  faifed  tE 
fiiVH  wn^?n'  T""  ^'T  «tb«^««»«•ces,  or  in  localities  so  remote  from  the  sprfngs 
that  It  would  be  cheaper  to  bore  for  water  than  to  carry  it  long  distances  through 
S^Tarf-  f  !*"^  •■  Both  springs  and  wells  seem  to  be  at  your  commanXand,  loX 
we  are  able  to  judge,  either  may  be  made  to  suffice  for  your  purposes. 

PUMPING  WORKS  AND  COST  OF  PUMPING. 

of''p°ump"ng  wSk's.*^*  ^'^""^^  "''  "**'**''  "^^"^  ^""'^  irrigation  will  involve  tho  erection 

As  heretofore  stated,  exclusive  of  the  600  acres  estimated  as  available  for  crowini? 

t^Tn^^HV^^.l*'"r*^"..^"^^^*^«°°^»l  ^^^^^^^  there  are  5,500  acres  ^of  3 

below  lMet'imtude.''*°       ^''  ^''*'  °^  ""^'"^  '^  ^^'  '^''''  °^'  ^'^"^  ^«^«»  *™ 

The  600  acres  at  Waimanalo  should  be  supplied  by  artesian  wells   on  account  of 

their  remoteness  fron^  the  other  sources  of  supply.   ^The  greaLr  portion  orthejJaSt 

iTately  moderle"  ^««*  *''^*""i«'  co„8equen^l7the  cost1>f  pum?lng  would  be  com* 

The  remaining  5,500  acres  will  require  about  92  cubic  feet  of  water  per  second  to 

S"*ni'^l"^'-  J^T^^rV'^^  this  quantity,  as  we  have  already  st^ated,  Ts  run" 

S7"n^n  tn^^^f  '°  Wa.kele  Creek,  and  if  the  right  to  use  it  is  secured,  a  plantation  Sf 

^,700  to  3,000  acres  could  be  immediately  started.  «"«'"u  ui 

hnlfni,°„r«f®1"i*®'^''^®"'®',t^?  irrigable  lands  were  to  be  divided  into  one  or 
Sn?^  ?  P^*°*^**•T^'^®  could  formuKte  more  definite  plans  for  the  pampine 
flt?h  ^"^^i  con/  "'  «.  etc.  In  default  of  this  information  we  can  only  mSke  esti^ 
mates  from  hypothetical  cases.  •.  ^  •ud.^o  can 

Assuming  that  the  springs  were  under  one  control,  and  that  tho  water  were  to  be 
H.  Ex.  46— —26  * 


402  IRRIGATION   IN   THE   HAWAIIAN   ISLANDS. 

by  Beparate  eyatema.  ^  several  plantatioue,  each  pumping  water 

economical  migines  Lre  tbose  w  c^  extract  thHrLn  *'*'''''•  ^"'l  t^^'^^  the  moat 
given  quantity  of  coal,  or  that  <lo  the  u  .wt  tor^r  unit  nT."n  ^  °^P«^^'"^  f^"i  a 
compound  condensing  type  are  used  forthin  o\lFVf  S'^,^'^'^^-  Eugines  of  the 
duty.  Ther  require  to  b^«ru  conSuallv  1  mvivtr  •  VJ^'  '*','"'"««  «*  t^^^ir  high 
proviaion  muat le  made  for  HtoStrwuf.rnm^^  i"'?^^  a<id  day.  For  tliia  roaaon 
aait  ia  not  considered  p. ac[iSvUrdosi^rilot7ir^^^^^^^^  "'^'^*  ^"'  ^^^  following  day, 
of  the  difficulty  of  dofng  the  work  pro,    d^  ''«=«"»t 

engines  should  give  a  duty  of  immumle.  ,  ,^'*'"  "*  •"J"»"y  *"  the  cane.  The  beat 
acting  engines  do  not  oftL.  evcS  6^)0  Of  f"°^  ^'"^  ""  ?"""*!«  «f  •=«'*1-  I^irecl 
while  contrifngal  Vnmvi%clZl^&ri£^^^  ^''^  pounds  of  coal, 

^t^d^'^T^^^  ciLr  o*rp.Z%l  --^^«-^^-.  where  suc^h^^ 
ca^bll^Sll^'.edngTo'Koo  Sns'nerdrf  *  o'f  the  cost  of  a  pumping  plant 
BUlfloient  to  amply  i^riSSeXsoo  SlTs'f  ^ugar  cVn"e  •*  ''''^'''  °^  ^^°  ^«*'  «  ^"''"*^°y 

ute,  water  cylinders  14*  by  48  stroke  at  «52^nn^      revolutions  permin- 
Seven  180  hor/e-power  HeinUaSy  boi^e^^^^^^^^  $162, 500 

Erecting  engines  and  boilera..      6,500 

Excavations,  pump-well,  etc.,  aa'v 16,000 

Piping  and  feed  pumps 10,000 

Engine  house 12,000 

Freight  to  Honolulu 25,000 

5,000 

Total 

_,                                 286,000 

?^'' m"^,''  ^J"P«  «*■  t»^i«  «'ze  will  be  6  6  ffeet  ner  secoml      ^/^''^']^  velocity  of  water     ' 
Waikele  Creek,  near  the  public  road  or  but  a^i?H™^iV^®  ^  were  located  on 

easary  would  be  very  short  to  rearh  n,„  in!,1  ,^^  ^^i"^,  the  length  of  pipe  nec- 

laid  would  be  about'llSoo  Vbka  bdn  '^^      t^l^.TH'^'i^*'^''  ^^^  its  total  coat 

The  engines  here  estimated  oi  are  Z  h  if  *?!t^''*i'^''*«  °^«°«*  "P  *»  $300,000. 
pumping  engines  as  manStured  W   ho  "^^Ar^^^^  W^rf^'^r^^''^'^^  bori^ontal 
whose  agent  in  this  citv  Mr  Tnn  n^L  iL    i         i    °  Works  of  San  Francisco,  bv 

The  co^st  of  Pumping^;efda';^i5Cattt  as  fol&  ^*^«  ^^«"  -"^«<i-  ^ 

One  chief  engineer,  at  $175  per  month 

Two  assistant  engineers,  at  $100  per  month  each ^-75 

Three  coal  passers,  at  $40  per  month  each              6.65 

live  oilers,  at  $40  per  month  each              4.00 

Oifardtr,°siV'"'^'^'^«'^*«'^"°'V--^^^^^^^^^^^^  20%'o' 

Total '''ZZZ'Z'Z "    1^ 

iss?iayKrTfn7;^i^?'grd"rvS^ 

plied  to  the  quantity  requin  J  forirvhr^^tV^lLJ'  <'«f  V^^«»W  not  be  exceeded.    Ap-       . 
month,  or  $1  f!>r  each  watering  per  avToralou!  tTl^r^'  "^  "*""*  *"  ^^  «"'•«  A 
acre  per  crop,    p^or  a  lift  of  200  feefth«  ^Lt  7    *^  -^^'^  '''^■<'  -P*'"  «"«««'»  or  $45  per 
greater  than  for  a  lift  of  100  feet  a,,',!  t h«  «    *  °^  *'°g'''^''  ^ould  be  about  50  per  cent 

fial  e%'  r rV^^^^^^^^^^  tf  f  ^- V-5^^;*-^  and  unjust, 

cash  yield  may  be  had  from  i  rrm.  nf  ..  there  be  produced,  but  here  a  greater 

is  obtained  froV  the  be  to™  thl^vorln^T^^^^  '°  '^  montlfs  than 

and  what  would  otherwise  a,.,  ■•  r   .^^  '  f '^^' ?.  ""f^'^^^  *"  1^  years  of  cultivation, 
bounds.  '^P'"'^'^  '^*'  ^"    excessivo  tax  comes  within  reasonable 

We  have  the  permission  of  Mr.  Itu.u  Morrri.on,  general  manager  of  the  Spreckela- 


ks  would  be 
Hiping  water 

l^e  qimutities 
uit  the  luost 
ower  from  a 
i|,,'ines  of  the 
t'  their  high 
»•  this  reason 
Uowing  <lay, 
it  on  account 
e.     The  best 
oal.    Direct 
nds  of  coal, 
ve  a  greater 
II  for  a  per- 
here  such  a 

iping  plant 
a  quantity 

al- 

in- 

..  $162,500 
-.  28,000 
..      21,000 

6,500 
..  16,000 
..  10,000 
..  12,000 
-.       25,000 

5,000 

■-     286,000 

it  required. 

7  of  water 
located  on 
•f  pipe  nec- 

8  total  cost 
$300,000. 
horizontal 
ncisco,  by 
od. 


—  $5.75 

...  6.65 

--.  4.00 

...  6.65 

...  20.00 

...  33.45 
se- 
at 


..  187.50 

..  270.00 

I  estimate 
led.  Ap- 
aore  per 
T  $45  per 
per  cent, 
lit  double 

I  unjusti- 
Ei  greater 
iths  than 
tivation, 
asouable 

[>reckela- 


IRBIGATION   IN   THE   HAWAIIAN   ISLANDS.  403 

ville  plantation,  to  quote  him  as  giving  his  deliberate  opinion  that  on  good  sugar 
land,  by  which  is  meant  laud  that  will  yield  good  average  crops  of  sugar,  one  can  af- 
ford to  pay  as  much  as  $100  per  acre  per  aunnm  for  water  sufficient  to  irriuate  it 
abundantly.  " 

With  sugar  at  6  cents  per  pound  and   an  average  yield  of  but  4  tons  per  acre  per 
crop,  the  gross  yield  would  be  $480  per  acre,  and  the  net  results  about  as  follows : 
Cost  of  irrigating,  stripping,  weeding,  cutting,  transporting,  grinding,  and 
manufacturing,  say  $50  per  ton.    (Mr.  Morrison  states  that  thje  average 
cost  of  his  entire  crop  of  1888,  landed  in  San  Francisco,  was  but  $44  per 

ton.)    Four  tons,  at  $50 toon  nn 

Water,  lifted  100  feet hi-h '.'.-!!"1I!.'!! 46*00 

Interest  on  pumping  plant  for  2,800  acres,  costing  illOO.o'oO.'at  10  n'eVcent.  for 
fifteen  months  — $37,500  =  $13.40 13.40 

Total 258.40 

This  leaves  a  net  return  per  acre  of  $221,60,  or,  on  a  plantation  of  2,800  acres,  a  net 
yield  of  over  $600,000  per  annum.  Even  with  sugar  at  4  cents  per  pound,  the  net  re- 
tnrns  on  a  yield  of  4  tons  per  acre  would  be  over  $60  per  acre  per  annum,  or  $15  per 
ton.  »       ■»     r 

x-^*jrS"**^  be  advisable  to  develop  all  the  land  that  is  irrigable  below  an  elevation 
of  100  feet  betore  planning  pumping  works  for  a  higher  lift.  As  we  have  seen,  the 
area  below  that  level  is  sufficient  for  the  establishment  of  a  greater  plantation  than 
IS  now  in  existence  on  any  of  the  islands,  with  water  in  abundance  for  it. 

STORAGE  RESKBVOIUS. 

There  is  abundant  evidence  to  show  that  during  heavy  storms  all  of  the  main 
streams  from  the  mountains  carry  large  volumes  of  water  to  the  sea,  notwithstanding 
the  fact  that  a  very  large  percentage  of  the  rainfall  is  absorbed  by  infiltration  into 
the  porous  earth.  This  infiltration  would  be  much  greater  than  it  is  if  all  the  rain- 
fall came  in  gentle  showers,  evenly  distributed  through  the  year ;  but  whenever 
storms  occur  m  which  the  precipitation  exceeds  1  or  2  inches  in  24  hours,  absorption 
can  not  take  up  the  water  as  fast  as  it  comes,  and  the  excess  finds  its  way  rapidly 
into  the  streams  and  flows  away.  Every  stream  shows  high-water  marks  that  indi- 
cate the  frequency  of  such  storms,  which  are  said  to  occur  with  more  regularity  in 
the  winter  months,  but  may  be  expected  throughout  the  year  at  any  time.  These 
high-water  marks  also  indicate  that  very  small  watersheds  may  vield  a  large  quan- 
tity of  water,  and  though  there  is  no  guide  as  to  the  duration  of  the  freshets  or  the 
intervals  between  them,  they  show  that  the  rainfall  on  the  mountains  must  at  times 
be  very  great.  The  only  rainfall  records  available  as  an  indication  of  what  the 
mountain  precipitation  may  be  are  those  kept  for  19  years,  from  1867  to  1884  by  J 
II.  Woods,  in  Nunanu  Valley,  2i  miles  back  from  the  seashore,  and  at  an  elevation 
of  554  fev,t  above  tide,  and  by  Mr.  J.  K.  Wilder,  in  the  immediate  neighborhood  of  the 
former,  for  6  years,  from  lb<9  to  1884.    Mr.  Wood's  record  is  as  follows : 


Year. 

KAinfaU. 

Tear. 

RainfalL 

1867 

IncTiet. 
75.21 
77.10 
53.87 
80.29 
67.14 
65.46 
67.03 
80.16 
65.89 

1876 

Inohet. 
88.  »7 
64.12 
49.12 
96.94 
95.28 
7a  86 
64.69 
50.62 

1868 

1877  ..  .                     

1869 

1878 '.'. 

1870 

1879 

1871 

1880 "' 

1872 

1881 

1873 

1882 " 

1874 

1883 " 

1875 

The  mean  rainfall  for  this  period  was  62.6  inches.    For  6  years,  from  1879  to  1884 
the  mean  rainfall  was  69.48  inches,  distributed  as  follows:  ' 


Tear. 

KainfalL 

Tear. 

KainfalL 

January 

Inchet. 
9.69 
3.82 
8.12 
6.20 
3.28 
6.52 

July 

Inohet. 
5.55 
6.38 
3.88 
4.02 
5.06 
6.78 

February 

August 

March 

8eT)t6iiibBr 

April 

M^y 

No vp  in  her 

June 

- 


404  IRRIGATION   IN   THE   HAWAIIAN   ISLANDS. 

The  greatest  rainfall  in  the  different  months  during  this  period  waa  as  follows: 


Tear. 


JmnMj 

February... 

Uaroh 

April 

May 

Jnae 


Katnfall. 


lneh»i. 

27.  U 
6.4i 

14.01 
7.69 
8.44 
0.73 


Tear. 


Jnly 

Aaifnst.... 
Heptember. 
October... 
Kovombor. 
Decern  bur  . 


RalnfUI. 


IntKtt. 
7.U 
7.64 
0.40 
10.12 
7.  S3 
0.03 


The  records  of  Mr.  Wilder  practically  agree  with  those  of  Mr.  Wood. 

The  well-known  fact  that  the  rainfall  increases  in  more  or  less  direct  ratio  wJ«. 
}5S  fi7^**°°'  *"^.  *''"  '■"'*^1'  '"«=*  "'»*  tb«  "°"d«  here  quCted  show  an  increaTe  S 
}S  {^H^fl?^T^«"^'"  *5'*'^  *^**  "*  °'  "«»'  sea-level  in  HonXu,  would  Kifv 
ahrtl?rt?r.tt'5^^^^^ 

s^r;ete:'ertT;^;?iu^m^rAir^" 

WaiawaOuhh  iJeserwir. --Tho  first  reservoir  site  surveyed  waa  on  Waiawa  Giilnh 
nf  Q-fr'"/''  "!]''  ?^"\''  ♦»»«Ewaroad.cro88ing,  wherea.l.ml^  ha^i^^l »"  extr^ne  hS 
of  93  feet  and  a  length  on  top  of  e07  feet,  will  store    S'l^uSo  iaKof  waffir 
making  a  reservoir  covering  :i76  acres,  with  an  extreme  Icngth'ofVmiles'  ' 

-nffl.wf  ".***'l*^  ayai  alile  is  an  excellent  quality  of  red  earth  o^clair  which  is 
snlflciently  abundant  in  the  imu.ediate  vicinity.  An  earthen  dam  wUh  a  width  of 
20  feet  on  top,  npper  slope  2*  to  1,  lower  slope  2  to  1,  would  contiir25P  700  oiThfn 
yards,  and  sfiould  be  built  with  all  accessories  for  $175  000  to  $200  000  ""  *"****" 

Its  area  and  capacity  at  different  levels  are  given  in  the  following  table : 


Elevation 

above  sea 
level. 

Area. 

Total  contents. 

Feet 

Aere$. 

Qailont. 

30 

22 

40 

78 

163, 500,  COO 

60 

110 

485,  062, 500 

60 

147 

019,  312,  500 

70 

170 

1,  437,  843, 750 

80 

198 

2,  039,  343,  750 

00 

250 

2,  771.  718,  750 

100 

276 

3,361,312,600 

lli"i  watershed  area  is  16,500  acres.     With  an  avnrinr«  nf  -i  &«<•  ^e  -„:„r  n  j     •      , 
off  this  area  it  would  furnish  water  enough  to  fiUtKpper  3^feet  of  ?h«  ^^r  °** 
7i  times  during  the  year.    If  it  were  mief  bJLnoia  yX^Twltd  irn>^^^^ 
If  It  were  filled  four  times  a  year  it  would  water  2,200  acres     S  i^Xut  what  w« 

th;  „«?  /     *'"^^'®^  ^''?"^**  ?®  encountered  in  the  foundations.    Our  estimate  show^ 
the  cost  of  a  pumping  plant  for  2,800  acres  to  be  $300,000,  or  $107  per  acre     Th«rt^ 
hvery  of  water  from  the  dam  after  it  was  once  proZriy  constructed  w^^^^  h«  L™' 
qatively  inexpensive-very  slight  as  compared  wfth  t'Lrconstantij^^^^^^^^ 


IRRIGATION   IN   THE   HAWAIIAN   ISLANDS. 


405 


ftctnally  Horve«l  by  it.    The  iniporUnce  of  tlio  subiect  i8iiimri«nt  tr  woi-ra^*  *u^ 
coDStractioa  „f  a  woir  i„  tl.e  hI  Joa.n,  whero  a  record  of  iU    1  uHght  1.?^ Vr  ^ 

Tk«  fVaikakalaua  Reservoir.— A  HUTvey  was  made  by  Messrs.  AJIardt  aixi  Kliieffelnr 
a  reservoir  site  ou  Waikakala.ia  Quloh,  the  .lam  site  beiuK  locatml  abou  1  (Xxf  feet 
below  the  bridgo  on  the  Waialua  roa<l,  at  an  elevation  of  r,80  f^t  above  sea  Syel  at 
base  and  the  reservoir  e.^toudiug  above  the  bridge  abont  threeTrths  mile  T  J 
top  of  the  dam,  as  s.irveye.l,  will  be  m  foot  above  ti.le,  and  tlie  waters  sh  ml  miv 
be  conveyed  to  tho  Ilououliuli  plains  with  about  a  miles  of  oon.lniV  r„a,?i,  .  / 
l^low  500  to  550  feet  elevation.    The  conteiuronilettr^Lrwoui:/  b^.t  u?  i*fol! 


Eluvation 

above  sea 

level. 

Area. 

Total  oon- 
tents. 

Ftet. 
580 

eoo 

020 
040 
000 

Square  Pett. 

50,000 

560, 000 

1,475,000 

2,  775,  000 

4,  325,  000 

OalUmt. 

"'22,'725,'6o6"' 

08,  002,  500 

258,  037, 600 

624,287,6«« 

This  yolnme,  If  the  reservoir  be  filled  once  a  year  only,  would  malnfftln  &  «»».».„* 
flow  of  2i  cubic  feet  per  second,  without  allowLce  fof'lo^by^vap^^^^^^^^^^^ 
need  not  be  regarded  as  the  living  stream  would  probably  be  sufflcifnt  to  suddIv  it 

The  area  of  the  wa  ershed  is  about  4,500  acres,  all  above  600  feet  elevation  and 
having  an  average  rainfall  annually  probably  eiceeding  90  inche,:  Three  feet  in 
d«pth  drained  ofthe  watershed  would  suffice  to  lill  the  reservoir  9  times  a  year  As 
i-?AZ""?  V'  ?,"'  a?  »™««opable  quantity  to  expect,  nnless  we  are  much  dved 
as  to  the  rainfall  and  the  neriodioal  freshets,  it  is  quite  likely  that  the  reservoir  would 
be  filled  once  every  6  wee^s,  as  its  fllUng  would  require  but  4  inches  drained  from 
the^entire  watershed,  which  we  judge  is  not  ordinarily  beyond  reasonable  expect" 

On  this  basis,  therefore,  the  reservoir  may  be  considered  equivalent  to  a  reservoir 

2o!!|,W„*'w  nlr*""""  ^  """'^  ?"''«.''  y**"^-    '^''^'^  ^""I'l  ''"■-"I  aconstant  stream  of 
20  cubic  feet  per  second,  a  supply  adequate  for  1,200  acres  of  sugar  cane. 

The  dam  would  be  tormed  of  earth,  of  which  a  superior  quality  well  suited  for  the 

purpose  IS  at  hand.     A  dam  20  feet  wide  on  top,  with  side  slopesTf  ajo  1  on  the 

iXLtd' «^^  ?(£  toX?o'oo7%7?"'^r  ^''^ 

f  ?r\f  H»^„  J  «1^,000  to  «1.W,000.     Its  length  on  top  would  be  but  400  feet.    The  site 

tL  «l?ir  *  ^''.^"'-aH^  one,  and  the  material  is  as  good  as  could  be  desired. 

The  ordinary  flow  of  the  stream  as  we  fouud  it  is  about  H  cubic  feet  per  second 
which  18  considerably  less  than  the  flow  3  miles  above.  This  is  in  aseason  of  droS' 
and  18  represented  to  be  far  below  the  normal  flow  "oason  oi arougdt, 

If  our  estimate  of  the  regularity  and  frequency  of  the  filling  of  the  reservoir  is  cor- 
rect,  It  would  appear  to  be  a  very  desirable  location  for  a  work  of  this  kind  But^ 
much  depends  upon  meteorological  data,  which  is  not  obtainable  except  bvcoutinr 
the  Jrovir-ff       P'^"*'^^''*^^*  observation,  that  we  can  only  submit  our  flgVreswUh 

In  this  case,  as  in  that  of  the  Waiawa  reservoir,  we  re.  -mmend  further  observation 
and  measurement  of  the  stream  before  definite  piana  are  decided  upon. 

THE  KAHUKU  RANCHO. 

™8  well-known  rancho  occupies  the  extreme  northerly  point  of  the  Island  «» 
S?f  Z'"""  ^^^^'"'^  f  *^«  niountains  to  the  sea,  and  from  Waimea  River  ou  the 
rtL*P»r'^°°.*''®Tf*^*-  .}^  '«  ^  miles  distant  from  Honolulu,  either  by  the  Waialua 
To  h^^  ^^'  '■°?,^- ,  Its  position  on  the  windward  side,  with  high  mountains  rearine  up 
rapidly  from  the  level  ofthe  belt  of  valley  land  along  the  coasTg"ves  it  abunfau? 
Zi  «™lti°^  .°'°*5^',  '\  ""  P^^P^t"**!  verdure.  Cattle  roaming  ovef  its  hills  and  val- 
leys are  all  fat  and  sleek,  and  water  is  bursting  out  in  places  all  alone  the  coast  Jen 

ocflrZZitrT*'^^'^'  ^'^\''  ^^«"*  midway  between  the  ffothXan/the 
fSin^ke^^SStorth^^^^^^^^^^^ 

West  of  Promontory  Point  (a  bold  clififputting  out  into  the  valley  about  midwav  of 
the  rancho)  this  character  of  springs  is  met  with  at  intervals  nearly  2u  the  wa  J  to 


406  IBBIOATION   IN   THE   HAWAIIAN   ISLANDS. 

the  eiwt.  are  a  numbor  of  flowing  wcHh  yi.iding  a  oonsiderabli  volume  ot  wSter 

5  ^Lr^*  auTvK  &l7«f  "'/",'""•  r."«"^  °f  "''  ""'^"^  '"  Keen  4  0(5i  and 
««!-:^  4^'  1     'yinR  j'*'"^  f>0  f«nk  olevation  and  mostly  lower  than  25  feet    The  flat 

Bn^LLn'ir^l'"'  .  *'i''T  *  "P««^'«"y  adaptable  to  rice,  and  more  eiw  inr^luate*!  ?»; 
ot^^ml^ng  """*  "'  "^^P^"^  "'"P*'  ^^"«  **«  '«^  «J«^«*'«"  would  cllLpon  "he  co»[ 
i.A*'' ^i"*"  ^'i  no  qneatlon,  we  think,  of  the  abundance  of  witor  buddIv  available 

tio^*'wn!!w'^Sli'  ^®'"**  "**  much  greater  than  at  Hononlinli  the  water  needed  for  irriira- 

Walmea River *  ^,    ^     Perseoond. 

Springs  east  of  KawailoaBiver'.::::::::;; cubic  feet..  8 

Kawalloft  Biver 'J° —         25 

do 60 

JSrSt™  A  *  ■"^.'""'■'""''"'"""''y  '"""'^  »"'  ■"  'Inost  every  oHo"  ciTilhid 
Sj'^.^'T  '"'B»''»''  '»  PMoticed.    Where  wMer  i.  so  valelblj  as  it  is  here  It 

sol^et-^r^^^^^ 

ing  the  lands  and  the  available  water  supply.    And  we  can  oheeXlTv  »?i^ +1^^  • 

pipfo^ewfoxv^^^^^^^^^^^ 

ready  graded  almost  to  the  limits  of  Honoluh;,  and  projected  to  reach  Kahuku^m 
i^«irH«  il!°tr*^  *^^  "^^^  **'^««"y  ^^""^  *»»«  piantationi  to  thrprEpal  port  ofThe 
w?£;«T^''"^  **^®  sugar  to  be  placed  on  shipboard  at  HonXlu  from  the  Va™ 
withoutexpenwve  transshipment,  rehandling,andl[ghterage,andgivSgS^nalfacmty 


IRRIOATION   IN   THE    HAWAIIAN   ISLANDS. 


4C7 


to  be  op,.reciat.'.l  ^  "'''^'"'"  *'"'  '"'."rUnoo  of  which  can  n.it  full 

dala  rvailTir."''"'"'  '"""  "'  """"'"'"  "'"^  ^'-"'"^y  ^an  been  cu.pile.l  ft-o...  the  best 


Ja8.  D.  Schuyler,  C.  E, 
0.  F.  AlXABDT,  C.  E. 


CONTINENT  OF  EUROPE. 


AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 


BEPOJtT  ST  CONSVLGENEIIAL  GOLDSOnMIDT. 
INTitODUOTOBY  BEMAEKS* 

ia«'^^ST/i'n'"*^"^*-''*^^''*f  ""-P"^^  ^^^  considerably  increased  within  the 
last  30  or  40  years  m  Austria,  agriculture  still  forms  by  far  the  princi- 
pal occupation  of  its  inhabitants,  no  less  than  13,025,099  of  people  of  a 
^onni?P?'^-;r  «f  .22  144,244  being  engaged  in 'the  diffeJenrpursults 
of  1880  ^^"^"It'ire  and  forestry  according  to  the  last  census. 

The  soil  is  as  a  rule  fartile,  although  the  different  districts  widely 

ISJ?.^''??"''^'/®"®®®'.^''*''*'"'^*"^***  *^®^^  geographical  position,  their 
elevation,  their  temperatnre,  rainfalls,  etc.  ' 

In  Austria  about  94.29  hectares  of  every  100  are  productive  soil. 
There  IS,  however,  a  considerable  difference  in  the  distribution  of  unpro- 
ductive  soil  between  the  western  districts  and  those  of  the  east. 

By  diligence  and  exertion  the  entire  cultivable  soil  of  the  western 
couiitry  IS  effectually  cul ti  vated,  and  the  still-existing  uncultivated  areas 
may  therefore  be  considered  as  actually  uncultivable:  in  the  east  how- 
ever  there  are  large  areas  which  still  count  among  the  uncultivable 
but  which  with  sufficient  and  cheap  labor  and  by  rational  treatment 
might  be  transformed  into  cultivated  lands.  w««iwuenii 

(7rop«._The  crops  grown  in  Austria  amount  in  the  average  to  the 
following  quantities :  &      "  mo 

Rye**  hectolitres.,  14,500 

Barley:::::;::::: ^°--       ^i^^^ 

Oats  :.....  ^"■■-  16,500 

Indian  corn  ...:::::: ^"■-  ^3,400 

Buckwheat  and  millet :::::::  :::::::::::::::i::::::::::::  do" '"        \'m 

ferr."/''"*^ ^-to"*-"     ''^':"'« 

Flax ::{ do...  88,300 

Uemn        kilogrammes..        42,500,000 

Sugar  *>'«'«;; .- do...        24,900,000 

ToWo..       do...  4,200,000.000 

Hops!.  :: do...  4.000,000 

Olive  oil. ...::: °"-"    yy^^^'^^^ 

Wine...:     l-VV.^''-"        ",000,000 

heotohtrea..  3,300 

409 


410 


IRRIGATION   IN   EUROPE — AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 


Bohemia,  Gi'i'  "  i,  Moravia,  and  Upper  Austria  also  have  a  K^onsider- 
able  rape-seed  culture,  crops  limountinj?  to  about  (iOO,0()0  bectolitres 
per  annum. 

The  annual  production  of  fruit  amounts  to  about  700  millions  kilo- 
grammes, a  great  deal  of  which  is  exported. 

Austria  has  very  extensive  woodlands,  which  cover  more  than  one- 
thirJ  of  the  entire  productive  area. 

The  crown  and  the  state  own  areas  of  woodland,  principally  in  the 
Bukowina,  in  Galicia,  Salzburg,  and  Tyrol,  amounting  to  898,000 
hectares. 

The  average  product  of  timber  per  annum  amounts  to  27,000,000 
cubic  metres,  a  considerable  part  of  which  is  exported  in  the  form  of 
masts,  staves,  and  lumber. 

Hungary  up  to  quite  recent  times  has  been  almost  exclusively  an 
agricultural  country.  Its  crops  are  about  of  the  same  kind  as  those  in 
Austria,  with  the  addition  of  melons,  poppies,  chesnuts,  and  mulberries 
for  silkworm  culture.  Wine  is  one  of  the  chief  staples  of  Hungary, 
the  annual  production  of  which  amounts  to  9,000,000  and  in  good  years 
up  to  16,000,000  hectolitres. 

CiilHvation.—A  general  representation  of  the  state  of  culture  in  the 
different  provinces  of  Austria  and  in  Hungary  is  given  in  the  following 
talile: 


Province. 


Lower  Austria 

Upper  Anetria 

Suzbnrg 

Styrlft 

Corlnthia 

Camiola  

Trie8te,Gori7,,Gra- 

dlsca,  and  Istria 
Lyrol  and  Voralberg 

Bohemia 

Moravia 

Silesia 

Galiola 

Bukowina 

Dalmatia 

Hungary 

Crotia  and  Slavonia 

Transylvania 

Hilitary  Boundary 

District 


PercbfltBge  of  productive  area. 


Grain, 
etc. 


41.96 
38.13 
11.88 
19.89 
.15 
U.  42 

18.58 
7.27 
49.  m 
52.50 
48.62 
48.00 
28.14 
11.20 
40.43 
30.68 
26.16 

29.63 


Bice- 
fields, 


Vine- 
yards, 


.08 


2.34 


1.63 

.01 

1.02 

2.48 
.44 
.02 

1.07 


5.58 
1.61 
1.97 

.57 

1.07 


Mead- 
ows 
and 
gar- 
dens. 


13.84 
20.39 
13.  25 
12.77 
12.48 
17.40 

13.42 

15. 06 

42. 47 

8.90 

7.67 

13.04 

13.19 

.97 

13. 87 

12.92 

19.07 

17.86 


Pas- 
ture 
lands. 


Olive, 
laurel, 

and 
chesnut 
groves 


7.88 

5.43 

38.12 

16.75 

26.38 

21.69 

41.04 

.3 

.■iO.  99 

.3 

7.95 

10.  32 

10.91 

10.40 

12.  71 

59.00 

125 

17.10 

11.23 

11.06 

16.69 

W.^od 
lai.  ''J. 


Total  pro- 
ductive 
area  in  Aus- 
trian acres 
(joch). 


33,98 
3tJ.05 
36.75 
49.00 
46.13 
45.47 

24.37 
46.21 
29.97 
27.21 
32.80 
27. 09 
45,  06 
21.91 
26.90 
43.20 
4:1. 14 

34.75 


3,  233,  986 
1,893,702 
997,  448 
3,  575,  5S8 
1,  581,  029 
1, 642,  323 

1,  302,  050 
4,079,160 
8,  750,  063 
3,  704,  503 
86.5, 980 

13, 101,  255 
1,761,856 
2, 164,  9;i8 

31,297,991 
2,901,403 
8,261,2r.5 

4, 672, 729 


Total 
perceut- 
age  pro 
ductive 

area 


93,88 
90.84 
80.10 
91.64 
87.71 
94.67 

93.79 
80.04 
90.92 
95. 90 
06.81 
92.23 
89.44 
90.31 
83.96 
86.  63 
86.52 

80.15 


Total 
percent- 
age un- 
produc- 
tive 
area. 


6.12 

9.16 
19.90 

8.S6 
12.29 

5.33 

6.21 

19.96 

3.08 

4.10 

3.19 

7.77 

10.56 

3.09 

16.01 

13.37 

13.48 

19,86 


As  a  summary,  the  foregoing  table  contains  in  its  last  three  columns 
the  actual  measurement  of  productive  soil  in  Austrian  acres  (joch) — 1 
joch  being  3quivalent  to  0.57646  hectares— and  the  percentnai  propor- 
tions of  the  productive  and  unproductive  areas. 

As  will  be  seen  from  the  foregoing  table,  Bohemia,  amongst  all  Aus- 
trian provinces,  has  by  far  the  most  meadows  and  gardens,  viz,  42.47 
per  cent.,  whereas,  Dalmatia  shows  the  least,  with  only  0.97  per  cent, 
on  account  of  the  poor  Karst  soil  (Karst  Mountains).  Of  grass  land  in 
general,  that  is,  pastures,  meadows, -and  gardens  together,  Dalmatia, 


%VT^\\Tg\W* 


argest  proi)ortiuij,  viz,  59.07  per  cent. 


In  order  to  prevent  any  misunderstanding  of  this  statement,  it  must 
be  borne  in  mind  that  this  entire  percentage  in  Dalmatia  represents 


al 
lit' 

Total 

percent- 

age un- 

ive 
1. 

produc- 

tive 

area. 

88 

6.12 

!4 

9.16 

10 

10.90 

M 

8.86 

71 

12.29 

57 

5.33 

n 

0.21 

)* 

19.90 

12 

3. 08 

)0 

4.10 

?1 

3.19 

23 

7.77 

4 

lO.fiO 

il 

3.09 

)6 

10.04 

i3 

13.37 

>2 

13.48 

5 

19,86 

IRRIGATION   IN   EUROPE — AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.  411 

meager  pasturo  hind  only.  If  the  meadow  land  alone,  without  tlie 
meadows,  only  intermittently  used  as  such,  be  included  in  the  area  of 
soil  employed  in  agriculture,  and  not  counting  the  permanent  pastures. 
It  becomes  evident  that  the  former,  the  meadow  land,  amounts  in  the 
maximum,  in  the  mountainous  part  of  the  Voralberg  district,  to  92.8 
per  cent,  of  the  entire  area  of  agriculture,  while  its  minimum,  viz,  0.2 
per  cent.,  exists  in  the  most  southern  coast  district  of  Dal matia. 

The  hay  crop  of  the  (perennial)  meadows  is  largest  in  the  upper 
J^lu^^  V.*"®y.^^^*"^*  ^^  '^y^**''  ^"  central  and  lower  Styria,  and  south 
of  the  Danube  in  upper  Austria,  as  well  as  in  the  neighboring  part  of 
lower  Austria,  and  amounts  to  3,200  to  4,200  kilogrammes  per  hectare. 
In  most  of  the  other  parts  of  the  above-named  provinces  and  districts, 
further,  almost  in  the  whole  of  Bohemia  and  Moravia,  the  hay  crop 
amounts  to  2,200  to  2,700  kilogrammes  per  hectare.  The  poorest  hay 
crop  18  in  Salzburg,  Oarniola,  in  the  coast  district,  in  southern  Tyrol, 
and  m  east  Galicia,  where  it  does  not  amount  to  more  than  from  1,400 
to  1,800  kilogrammes  per  hectare. 

Rain/all.— In  comparison  to  the  above-quoted  proportion  of  crops, 
the  mean  quantities  of  rainfall  in  the  different  districts  shall  be  given 
expressed  in  millimetres,  and  for  the  four  seasons,  viz,  winter,  Decem- 
ber to  February ;   spring,  March  to  May;  summer,  June  to  August; 
fall,  September  to  November.  ' 

The  following  figures  show  the  rainfall  in  the  southern  part  of  Tyrol, 
the  central  and  northern  part  of  Styria  and  Oarinthia,  the  Bohmerwald 
Mountains,  and  the  northeastern  slope  of  the  Carpathian  Mountains: 

.^^,    ,  Millimetrea. 

Ef 100-150 

llu         - 300-400 

'*" 200-300 

According  to  this  the  annual  quantity  of  rainfall  in  the  above  dis- 
tricts amounts  to  750  to  l,OoO  millimetres. 

In  lower  Styria  and  south  of  the  Danube,  in  upper  Austria,  the  rain- 
lall  IS  about  the  same,  only  in  winter  and  spring  it  is  somewhat 
larger,  viz :  r     o 

.|^.    .  Millimetres. 

l^??™^'^ ■ 300-400 

'*" 200-300 

The  central  basin  of  Bohemia  and  the  lowlands  of  Moravia  she  vthe 
following  quantities : 

-_.    .  Millimetres, 

Winter rn  mn 

Spring ..    :. 50-100 

"-n 150-200 

**^'— ■• 50-100 

That  is  300  to  550  millimetres  per  annum. 

The  greatest  summer  rainfall,  with  500  to  600  millimetres,  takes  place  in 
Voralberg,  on  the  sloiies  of  the  Dachstein  Mountains,  in  upper  Aus- 
tria, and  on  those  of  the  Predi*  Mountains  (Carinthia  and  Goriz),  while 
it  IS  smallest  in  the  northern  part  of  Dalmatia,  where  it  only  amounts 
to  100  to  150  millimetres.  On  an  average  it  may  be  supposed  that  the 
greater  quantities  of  summer  rainfall  of  300  to  400  milHinofrfis  nnrr/>. 
Bponds  to  the  hay  crop  of  3,000  to  4,000  kilogrammes  per  hectare,  and  the 
smaller  quantities  of  150  to  200  millimetres  to  the  hay  crop  of  2,000  to 
2,500  kilogrammes  per  hectare. 


412 


I'  I- 


IRBIGATION   IN   EUROPE — AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 


In  this  calculation  it  must  be  considered  that  for  the  crops  of  4,000 
Jjilograinraes  per  hectare  generally  a  more  or  less  copious  irrigation  ia 

Temperature.— The  following  table  shows  the  mean  temperature,  in 
degrees  K6aumur,  of  some  of  the  principal  places  in  Austria : 


Towns. 


Laybitoh 

Trieste 

KaftaB« 

Bladenz 

iDDBbrack  . . . 

Isobel 

Kliwenfarth  . 

Budweis 

Vienna 

Prague 

Lemborg 


Deo. 


.95 

4.35 

7.97 

.81 

2.  U 

1.21 

3.61 

1.25 

.20 

.18 

2.30 


Jan. 


2.07 
B.63 
a.  97 
1.04 
2.S<i 
2.11 
4.80 
2.21 
1.35 
1.18 
3.03 


Feb. 


.68 

4.66 

7.78 

1.28 

.14 

.26 

2,40 

.61 

.53 

.34 

2.15 


Mar. 


3.02 
0.65 
8.96 
3.10 
2.85 
1.40 
1.27 
1.95 
3.51 
2.71 
.73 


April  May. 


7.80 
10.81 
11.69 
7.37 
7.24 
6.30 
6.85 
6.34 
8.16 
7.27 
5.94 


11.43 
14.39 
U.94 
10.57 
10.54 
10.11 
10.83 
10.03 
12.54 
11.30 
11.39 


Juno. 


14.88 
18.08 
18.18 
12.71 
R02 
12.95 
14. 32 
13.38 
15.14 
14.78 
14.77 


July 


15.74 
19.30 
20.20 
13.80 
13.79 
13.76 
16.03 
14.37 
16.44 
1,5.68 
15.57 


Aug. 


15.  31 
19.12 
20.35 
13.64 
13.76 
13.58 
14.31 
14.08 
16.10 
15.41 
15.45 


Sept. 


12.01 
15.1-4 
17.96 
11.37 
11.13 
10.92 
11.00 
10.89 
12.60 
12.21 
11.37 


Oct. 


8.65 
12.47 
15.25 
7.84 
7.58 
7.39 
7.18 
6.79 
8.33 
8.12 
7.82 


Nov. 


3.21 
7.40 
11.08 
2.66 
1.97 
1.98 
1.10 
1.M 
3  43 
2.62 
1.70 


Aver- 
ago. 


7.48 
11.38 
13.44 
6.87 
6.45 
6.24 
5.93 
0.28 
7.97 
7.43 
6.44 


AREA  IRRIGATED. 

How  great  a  part  of  the  existing  meadows  is  actually  watered  bv 
special  irrigation  can  not  be  ascertained,  as  no  statistics  exist  on  this 
subject;  it  may  be  safely  supposed,  however,  that  the  area  under  arti- 
flcial  irrigation  does  not  exceed  10  per  cent,  of  the  whole. 

Only  quite  recently  attention  is  beginning  to  be  paid  to  amelioration 
ot  the  soil  by  artifacial  irrigation,  which  movement  is  essentially  assisted 
by  the  "agricultural  offices  »  that  have  been  established  in  the  different 
provinces. 

Meadow  irrigation  on  a  larger  scale,  although  generally  in  an  imper- 
fect state  of  construction,  may  be  found,  for  instance,  on'the  Schwarza 
Creek,  on  the  Pitt  en  Eiver,  and  on  the  Fischa  Creek  in  the  southern 
part  of  lower  Austria;  m  the  Mattig  Valley  in  Upper  Austria:  near 
Klagenfurth  in  Cannthia;  in  the  upper  and  central  Lun  Valley,  as  well 
as  m  the  upper  Etsch  Valley  in  Tyrol;  further  on  the  farms  of  Prince 
Schwarzenbergat  Wittingau;  at  the  imperial  and  royal  stud  farm  at 
S??"^,i  '\r^u  B'stntz  Valley  near  Horitz,  west  of  Koniggratz,  and 
in  the  Elbe  Valley,  near  Pardubitz,  in  Bohemia. 

WATER  SUPPLY. 

The  water  required  for  irrigation  purposes  is,  according  to  local  cir- 
cumsta      s,  taken  either  from  rivers,  creeks,  springs,  ponds,  or  other 

As  a  rule  the  water  is  conducted  from  rivers  or  creeks  with  its  natural 
head  into  channels  or  ditches.  This  is  the  case,  for  instance,  in  the 
water  conduits  from  the  Sil  Creek  near  Innsbruck,  from  the  Glan  Eiver 
above  Klagenturth,  from  the  Elbe  Eiver  near  Opatovic,  south  of  Konig- 
gratz,  in  Bohemia,  etc.  The  water  course  is  generally  stemmed  more 
or  less  high,  at  the  place  where  the  conduit  is  to  be  started,  by  a  suit- 
able  dam,  which  will  cause  the  water  to  flow  into  the  irrigation  channel. 
Ihe  latter  is,  at  its  source  or  beginning  generally  provided  with  a  gate, 
which  serves  to  protect  it  from  floods  and  to  permit  of  its  being  laid 
dry  when  required.  e      »* 

For  the  irrigation  of  comparatively  small  meadows  there  arn  in  manv 
places  lound  water  wheels  for  raising  the  water  from  the  natural  water 
course  (creek  or  river)  to  the  higher  border  laud.    These  wheels  are 


■^  I 


IRRIGATION   IN   EUROPE — AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 


413 


at. 

Nov. 

Aver- 
age. 

65 

3.21 

7.48 

47 

7.40 

11.38 

25 

11.08 

13.44 

84 

2.66 

6.87 

58 

l.»7 

6.45 

69 

1.08 

6.24 

18 

1.10 

5.93 

79 

1.4« 

0.28 

d3 

3  43 

7.07 

12 

2.62 

7.43 

82 

1,70 

6.44 

suitably  mounted  and  placed  in  the  creek  or  river,  by  whose  current 
they  are  rotated  li'  o  any  common  water  wheel,  and  being  provided  with 
suitable  buckets  they  raise  the  water  from  the  river  ami  discharge  it 
into  a  sluice,  by  which  it  is  conducted  into  the  irrigating  ditches. 

Such  wheels  for  raising  water  are  found  in  large  numbers  on  the 
Eisack  River,  in  Tyrpl,  above  Bozen. 

rolw  ?*^?''  fc^Pensive  devices  for  raising  water  by  machinery  are  but 
rarely  employed.  For  irrigating  the  extensive  meadows  at  Kladrub. 
in  Bohemia,  for  instance,  a  30-centimetre  centrifugal  pump  is  put  to 
work,  when  the  Opatovic  Canal  contains  too  little  or  Ko  water.  This 
pump  IS  then  operated  by  a  12  horse-power  portable  engine,  and  raises 
the  water  Irom  the  Elbe  River  to  a  height  of  5.5  metres 

Wells,  tanks,  or  cisterns  are  generally  employed  for  the  irrigation  of 
kitchen  gardens  only.  Arrangements  of  this  kind  may  be  found  in  the 
environs  of  large  cities,  especially  around  Vienna.  In  this  kind  of  irri- 
gation  the  water  is  as  a  rule  pumped  from  the  well,  tank,  or  cistern  bv 
means  of  a  horse-power.  o^om  ujr 

Mode  of  irrigating.— In  localities  where  but  small  supplies  of  water 
are  found  in  creeks  or  springs,  basins  or  ponds  are  formed  by  fhe  erec- 
tion of  suitable  dams.  The  basins  thus  formed  permit  the  use  of  a  com- 
paratively large  quantity  of  water  at  a  time  during  the  short  period 
when  irrigation  18  required.  ^tponuu 

Such  small  basins  or  ponds  have  been  constructed,  for  instance,  at  the 
triflin.T  cost  of  100  florins  at  Guttaring  in  Oarinthia  for  the  irrigation  of 
a  largo  meadow  of  3  hectares,  and  on  the  Saager  farm  in  Carinthia  for 
a  meadow  of  1.7  hectares,  when  the  total  cost  of  construction  amounted 
to  only  35  florins.  In  this  latter  case  the  liquid  stable  manure  is  also 
conducted  into  the  irrigation  pond  for  the  purpose  of  giving  to  the  water 
at^he  same  time  a  fertilizing  efJect.  fe       fe 

The  forming  of  reservoirs  or  basins  by  the  suitable  damming  up  of  a 
valley  by  means  of  an  earth  or  masonry  dam  is  very  frequent  in  Bohe- 
mia, ine  mam  object  in  the  construction  of  such  reservoirs  and  ponds, 
however,  is  the  promotion  of  pisciculture,  and  in  some  cases  also  the 
production  of  a  proper  water  supply  for  furnishing  power  to  sawmills, 
flour  mills,  and  other  works.  Irrigation  from  such  ponds  is  here  in 
almost  every  case  only  a  secondary  consideration. 
A  ^n/n*^restiiig  example  of  a  pond  (or  furnishing  water-power  is  the 
Archduchess  Sofle  pond  near  Pribram,  in  Bohemia,  which  is  formed 
by  the  Pilka  earth  dam. 

Amongst  the  great  earth  dams  in  valleys  that  of  the  largest  fish- 
pond, the  Rosenberg  pond,  near  Wittingau,  in  Bohemia,  is  the  most 
prominent.  »  o  muou 

On  account  of  the  great  security  and  peculiarity  of  construction  of  its 
water  outlet  the  Pilka  dam  is  most  instructive.  Here  the  outlet  is 
ettected  by  a  ine  of  iron  piping  in  form  of  a  siphon,  which  is  placed  in 
a  gallery  cut  into  the  solid  rock.  f  u 

By  this  siphon  arrangement  the  continuity  of  the  earth  dam  is  no- 
where interrupted. 

Water  distribution.— In  Austria  there  exist  no  special  institutions  ft.r 
the  supply  and  distribution  of  water  from  the  main  conduits  (canals, 
etc.,)  for  irrigation  purposes  as,  for  instance,  the  so-called  "  water  mo- 
dule   in  Upper  Italy     Such  arrangements  are  not  known  in  Austria 

lor  tlie  reason  that  hrii»,  no  iiui<m»twioTif  o,.<-ii,.»^».;ox>  .^...:«4-«  * j;_^ 

quantities  of  water  Irom  canals.  The  distribution  of  the  water  into  the 
ditterent  side  ditches  is  ettected  by  simple,  mostly  wooden,  gates,  which 
are  raised  or  lowered  according  to  requirement. 


—  ■^<^,i  ■"■■■Wll"  I 


^:t 


414 


IBEIGATION   IN   EUliOPE — AUSTBIA-HUNQARY. 


In  smaller  water  conduits  still  more  8imi)Ie  moans  iire  employed  for 
reffulating  the  supply.  A  stone  or  piece  of  sod  being  placed  in  the 
narrow  ditch  is  made  to  act  as  a  dam  or  gate  for  obtaining  the  desired 
overflow  or  entrance  of  the  water  into  the  side  ditches. 

Regarding  the  distribution  of  water  on  meadow  land,  it  must  here  be 
mentioned  tliat  artificial  meadow  culture  is  almost  totally  discarded  in 
Austria.  Where  the  inclination  of  the  ground  permits,  that  is,  where 
it  exceeds  2J  to  3  per  cent.,  the  cheap  and  natural  "slope"  culture  is 
employed,  in  which  the  irrigating  ditches  are  made  to  follow  the  forma- 
tion of  the  ground,  with  but  a  very  slight  incline  of  only  2  per  cent. 

In  irrigations  of  older  date  ditches  with  a  greater  incline  are  em- 
ployed, which,  however,  do  not  effect  as  uniform  an  irrigation  as  the 
former. 

Where  the  ground  is  almost  level  (incline  less  than  2^  to  3  per  cent.) 
in  exceptional  cases  only  an  artificial  incline  is  attempted,  otherwise  the 
simple  overflow  system  is  employed  in  forming  suitable  and  shallow 
basins  by  small  earth  dams. 

,  PUBLICATIONS. 

Principal  information  about  irrigation  and  other  ameliorations  of  the 
soil,  carried  out  within  the  lastdeceuniums  as  a  rule  by  the  agricultural 
offices  established  in  the  different  provinces,  may  be  found  in  the  re- 
ports of  these  offices,  as  for  instance  in  "  general  report  of  the  Imperial 
Royal  Agricultural  Society  of  Oarinthia,"  "report  of  the  committee  for 
Lower  Austria  on  the  annual  information  of  the  agricultural  depart- 
ment," "  report  on  the  labors  of  the  agricultural  office  for  the  King- 
dom of  Bohemia,"  "  report  6f  the  agricultural  and  engineering  office  at 
Budapesth  "  (Hungary). 

General  questions  of  irrigation,  the  necessary  quantities  of  water, 
water  duties,  profiles  of  canals  and  reservoirs  are  treated  in  "studies 
on  irrigation,"  by  Dr.  P.  Kresnilc,  in  the  Journal  for  Agriculture,  edited 
by  Prof.  Dr.  Henneberg  and  Prof.  Dr.  Drechsler,  1881.  "  General  cal- 
culations  for  water  profiles  and  proportions  of  incline  for  rivers  and 
canals,"  by  Dr.  P.  Kresnik  (Spielbagen  &  Schurich),  Vienna,  1885. 
"  Safety  and  utilization  devices  for  water  reservoirs,"  by  Dr.  P.  Kresnik 
(Spielhagen  &  Schurich),  Vienna,  1889. 

Of  important  works  on  irrigation  in  general  may  be  mentioned 
"Ameliorations  of  the  soil  in  Bavaria  and  Hanover,"  by  A.  Priedrich 
Brumi,  1885.  "  Irrigation  in  the  department  Bouches  du  Rhone,"  by 
E.  Markus,  Vienna,  1886. 

Systematic  treatises  on  irrigation  and  amelioration  of  the  soil  in  gen- 
eral are  found  in  Agricultural  Hydraulics  and  "  treatise  on  technical 
agricuK  (re,"  both  by  Dr.  E.  Perels,  Jena,  1M84. 

The  as  yet  only  projected  irrigation  of  "Marchfeld"  plain,  near 
Vienna,  is  treated  in  the  "project  of  the  irrigation  of  the  Marchfeld," 
by  Podhagsky ;  further  in  "agricultural  success  of  the  irrigation  of  the 
Marchfeld,"  by  F.  v.  Podhagsky,  Vienna,  1877. 

Water  distribution. — No  special  industrial  enterprise  or  company  ex- 
isting in  Austria  for  furnishing  water  for  irrigation  purposes;  special 
dues,  fees,  or  rents  are  out  of  the  (piestion.  All  now  existing  irrigation 
systems  either  belong  to  private  persons  or  parties  for  their  own  use  or 
jointly  to  several  land  owners.  The  respective  judicial  questions  are 
rfgnhitod  by  the  law  of  May  .3(K  18G9  /Edition  of  Laws  ReichH  Gesetz- 
blatt  No.  93),  on  water  use,  direction,  and  [)r()te(;tion. 

Connected  with  this  general  state  law  there  exist  provincial  laws  for 
Uie  17  provinces. 


IliUIOATION    IN    EUIIOPK— AUSTUIA-IIUNaARY. 


415 


inna,  1885. 


mpany  ex- 


il  laws  for 


Acwnlmj^  to  those  lasva  water  corporatio.iH  may  bo  fbrmwl  bv  Iron 
(.n.aui,u..,Ks   agreement  or  by  majority  resoh.tions  ai ul  by  on  or  of  tte 
comi>eteut  board  of  u.lmiiMstratiou   for  the  purpose  ot'cTrrvni-  nnl 
bydrauhc  constructions,  tbr  tbe  protection  of  V  o  erty  or  for^l  "U 
lation  of  water  courses ;  further,  for  .Irainage  a.ul  irrS\?i^n  purm,ses 

The  roaohitions  passed  by  a  .najority  have  the  eonse^i  JmI  irtl^^^ 
minority  is  forced  to  join  the  corporation  if  the  boml^oradm  dstm 
tion  decides  that  the  constructions  proposed  by  the  major  ty  are  of  in" 
deniable  benefit  and  that  such  coastruitions  can  .lot  KSr  ed  out   o 
purpose  without  encroaching  upon  the  territories  boloninf  to  the 
nunonty     The  majority  is,  however,  not  decided  upon   S,l  nir    o 
munber,  but  by  the  extent  or  value  of  territory.    Thus  fo    doSL  a 
(luestiou  repudmg  irrigation  a  majority  of  more  thu,  two  thir  i^is 
required,  whereat  for  deciding  questions  of  drainage  iZe  tluu  half  if 
the  area  interested  is  sufficient  for  a  majority,  whife  for  protSve  and 
regulation  coustructions  more  than  one-half  of  the  valine  o'th™ 
to  be  j.rotected  constitutes  a  majority.    lu  this  latter  case  t  le  eventivU 
increase  in  value  of  the  property  to  be  protected  by  the  plannid  con 
striictions  is  to  be  taken  into  calculation.  Pi.tnneu  con- 

The  corporation  causes  the  construction  of  the  respective  work  firrl. 
gation  for  instance    undertakes  the  care  and  administration  of  the  same 
and  the  work  and  fixtures  remain  the  property  of  said  corporation?     ' 
A  successful  impulse  to  a  more  numerous  formation  of  water  oor 

rn?30  \8S4'roHf  "f  "^^  T'  "'1  ^'^^«"  ''y  '^'  mdioltlon  la^of 
June  .5 0  1884,  according  to  which,  such  corporations  may  receive  non- 

These  subventions  amount  to  30  i)or  cent,  from  the  State  and  30  ner 
ri;;nSctio.r'"''''  ''''  *^'  "  '^"'  ''  ''  ''''  ''''''  ^'  tl^e  total  cJX 

The  vay  and  manner  of  employment  and  distribution  of  the  water  is 
regulated  in  every  irrigation  district  by  special  water  regulations  aud 
8t^u?e"?  '  respective  corporations  are  governed  by  special 

QUANTITY  OF  WATER  FOE  IRRIGATION. 

The  quantity  of  water  required  for  the  irrigation  of  one  hectare  ner 

r"m'-if  KrS  '"'.  ''r  'r'  ^i^^^^^^^^  <l»rrng  the  period  ot-vegeto- 
tion,  may  be  Axe    at  about  one  litre-that  is,  O.OOl  cubic  metre  of' con- 

Supposing  irrigati^on  to  take  place  once  every  2  weeks  (14  days  of  24 

ZaI^I^TIZ'  t''^  f  '"  ''T'  ^^«^«  ^"^  ^«  «»  t^^t  liay  a^lctual 
supply  ot  14  litres  of  water  per  hectare. 

t..nrrJ»,M''V'"^*^'l^'j'*"''V*'*T''^  stemmed  over  tiie  surface  of  one  hec- 
tare, wbuld  amount  to  a  dei)th  of  12  centimetres. 

whA.TLnr'''''/^''^''''.'^^'''^*'^*''''  '''^  «ustomary  in  Austria,  where  and 
on  f  H  '"f  quantities  are  at  disposal,  is  a  so-called  fertilizing  irriga 
,  m  L.i  V  "^  ,  *"/  '  ngation  a  minimum  continuous  supply  of' 5  litres 
in  niv  n""^  ^"*^  per  hectare  is  r.  ckoned  upon,  and  with  p  enty  of  wate? 
di  v^n  r"  ^''  '""f.",*?  ^  "'^'^^  ^"^  •°°''«-  ^'^'^  '^"er  is  the  case  espe' 
wfii?  Z^^,:^t!:''^^'!^?::^^  -«^,  trom  1  to  2  monlhs 


416 


IRRIGATION    IN   EUROPE — BELGIUM. 


i    ' 


ANTIQUITY  OP  IRRIGATION. 

lu  the  valleys  of  the  mountaioous  districts  meadow  irrigation  has 
already  been  introduced  hundreds  of  years  ago ;  as,  for  iustauce,  in  the 
Inn  Valley  in  Tyrol.  In  recent  times  many  of  the  old  irrigation  works 
have  been  reconstructed  and  improved  according  to  the  rules  of  science 
and  new  irrigation  works  have  been  constructed  in  greater  number ;  as, 
for  instance,  the  already  mentioned  irrigation  works  at  Eladrub,  Kla- 
genfurth,  etc.  Irrigation  of  grain  and  other  fields,  which  does  not  as 
yet  exist  in  Austria  (except  in  the  rice  fields  in  the  Goriz  district),  is 
planned  in  the  proposed  irrigation  of  the  Marchfeld  plain  near  Vienna. 

The  management  of  all  irrigation  works  is,  as  before  indicated,  in  the 
hand  of  private  parties  or  of  corporations. 

CANALS. 

Special  canals  for  irrigating  purposes  on  a  larger  scale  do  not  exist 
in  Austria.  Here  all  the  existing  larger  canals  have  been  constructed 
for  leading  the  water  from  rivers  for  industrial  purposes.  In  some  in- 
stances only  these  canals  are  at  the  same  time  employed  for  irrigation. 

Among  the  more  important  canals  of  this  kind  may  be  mentioned 
the  Opatovic  Canal,  near  Opatovic,  south  of  Koniggratz,  in  Bohemia, 
which  supplies  about  4  cubic  metres  of  water  per  second.  This  canal 
branches  oflt'  from  the  right  border  of  the  Elba  River,  which  it  enters 
again  after  a  course  of  31  kilometres  below  Semin,  near  Kladrub. 
Then  there  is  the  Neubach  Canal,  near  Wittingau,  in  Bohemia,  which 
was  built  as  early  as  1585  for  the  purpose  of  turning  off  the  floods  of  the 
Luschnic  River  from  the  great  Rosenberg  Pond.  This  canal  branches  off 
from  the  right  border  of  Luschnic  River,  crosses  the  rather  low  divide, 
and,  after  a  course  of  14  kilometres,  enters  into  the  Nezarka  River. 

Finally  the  Goldbach  Canal  may  be  mentioned,  which  branches  off 
from  the  left  border  of  the  Luschnic  River,  near  Chlumetz,  north  of 
Guctiud,  in  Bohemia,  and  serving  principally  for  supplying  namerous 
ponds,  enters  again  into  the  same  river  somewhat  above  Wessely.  This 
canal  is  46  kilometres  long  and  was  built  in  the  years  1506  to  1520. 

Julius  Gobdschmidt, 

Consul- General. 

United  States  Consulate-General, 

Vienna,  January  8, 1890. 


BELGIUM. 


REPORT  BT  CONSUL  STEWART,  OF  ANTWERP. 

A  report  was  made  in  April,  1889,  by  Engineer  Theodore  Lebens,  di- 
rector of  the  service  of  the  irrigation  of  the  Campine  at  Neerpelt,  Bel- 
gium, in  reply  to  a  demand  from  Mr.  Cotard,  vice  president  of  tl,  a 
international  congress  for  the  utilization  of  waters,  for  information  upon 
the  future  of  canals  for  irrigation,  and  I  herewith  offer  the  following 
translation  of  extracts  from  said  report  as  being  of  interest  upon  this 
subject : 

The  principal  irrigating  canals  created  in  Belgium  consist  of  the  net- 


work of  the  Catialo  "  do  la  Ciiuipine,' 


wuiuu  server  uxo  putpuoc  -.jxniii. 


navigation  and  irrigation. 
The  river  Scheldt  and  its  smaller  affluents,  especially  where  they  are 


irrigation  has 


isist  of  the  net- 


where  they  are 


IBEIQATION   IN  EUROPE— BELGIUM.  417 

jSLh^V^^"®"*'®.^-^**®  *'*^®'  8'^^  ""'^  to  abundant  irriffation  of  the 
land  which  1,08  on  their  conrse.  The  river  Meuse,  and  a  large  nnmber 
of  the  running  waters  of  Belgium,  have  been  utilized  with  an  object  to 
benefit  agricultural  lands.  ^  ^  ^" 

The  construction  of  the  group  of  waters  »de  la  Campine,"  serviug 
lit  FJiir^^  **^  irrigation  and  transportation  by  boats,  bSt  principally 
w^  flnfshedin  iS^"  '^^  ^^*'  ^^^^'  *°^  cdntinn^ed  until  it 

The  above-named  group  comprises— 

The  "Canal  deJonction,"  from  the  river  Mouse  to  the  river  Scheldt, 
fn  length    ''"'  ^        ""'^^  ""^  Herenthals,  to  Antwerp,  128J  kilometres 

The  canal  from  Hasselt,  by  way  of  Turnhout,  to  connect  with  the 
above-described  cs  .al  near  Antwerp,  102  kilometres  in  length 

A  branch,  from  the  principal  canal  to  the  canal  at  Beverloo,  15  kilom- 
etres m  length.  ' 

Another  branch  (the  canalized  bed  of  the  river  Petite  Nethe),  from 
the  Kbove-named  principal  line  to  Sierre,  18  kilometres  in  length. 

This  shows  the  group  to  have  a  course  of  navigable  and  irrigatinc 
waters  m  connection  with  each  other  203^  kilometres  in  length 

In  order  to  complete  the  system  it  would  be  necessary  to  canalize  the 
principal  water  streams  of  the  northeast  of  Belgium,  which  could  be 
brought  in  connection  with  the  existing  canals. 

The  projector  of  the  works  which  have  been  executed,  Engineer  Kum- 
mer,  now  deceased,  called  attention  to  this  desired  object. 

The  fertilization  of  the  unproductive  soil  of  the  northern  parts  of  the 
provinces  of  Antwerp  and  Limbourg  can  be  assured  only  by  the  utili- 
zation of  the  waters  available  from  all  sources. 

The  canals  were  executed  by  order  and  at  the  expense  of  the  Belffiau 
Ixovernment,  which  insures  their  proper  administration  and  good  condi- 
tion and  enjoys  the  benefit  derived  therefrom. 

The  cost  of  constructing  the  said  navigable  and  irrigating  waterways 
amounted  to  over  25,000,000  francs.  &        »     rtteiwd;>s 

The  following  is  given  as  an  average  economical  result  of  irriffation 
per  hectare  of  pasture  land : 

1.  First  expenses. 

T>       V  ^  .     .      ,  .  FrancH. 

Purchase  of  irrigable  moorland ..r/j 

Expenae  of  alinieiitatioa  aud  evacuation .'.'."'. iVn 

Expense  of  breaking  up  the  ground ir^ 

Expense  of  ground  works  of  the  parts  under  immediate  inttuenJe'  of 'i rrf«ation '  100 

Various  tubes  and  bars  tor  interior  distribution  of  water                                     '  -m 

Manure ...r 

Sowing :":::::";;:::::::; £ 

Furnisliing  and  planting  fifty  Canada  poplar  trees  ....!.".'.'.'.'!!!!!!!!!!!!!;;.';        50 

Initial  value  per  hectare  of  pasture  land TTlJio 

Annual  results  of  cultivation. 

EXPENSES. 

Interest  on  capital  invested,  at  4  per  cent 4^ 

Ordinary  running  expenses  for  keeping  in  good  order  ..". -iri 

Addition  of  manure '".'.'. 75 

Mowing,  first  hay  making,  storage  of  same,  and  "loading  same  into  boat,  ii'JioO 

kilometers,  at  I'i  francs  per  1,000  kilomoters. 42 

Kciiairs  of  barn,  insurance,  Hud  incidental  oxpensesr '."."."..".  28 

Total  expenses ^ 

H.  Ex.  45 27  """^^ 


1»| 


^■■jjyy  .1  ,-t^m 


418 


IRBIOATION   IN   EUROPE — BELGIUM. 


t  ^ 


l> 


!  !■ 


Annual  rcitultB  of  ou/({Ka«on— Continued. 

J  PRODUCTION. 

Fraoei. 

3,500  kilometors  hay,  at  70  franoa  per  1,000  kilometers 245 

Aftergrowth  sold w 

Increase  in  value  of  the  fifty  Canada  poplar  trees '0 

Total  production 335 

This  Bhows  the  annual  result  to  be  a  net  profit  of  109  francs  per 
hectare. 

The  expense  incurred  for  establishing  connection  with  the  canals,  for 
constructing  irrigation  trenches,  principal  and  secondary  ones,  origi- 
nating at  the  main  canals  for  the  work  necessary  for  the  distribution  of 
the  water  and  for  the  construction  of  collecting  and  excavating  trenches 
is  borne  by  the  owners  of  the  laud  benefited  thereby. 

In  the  beginning  and  with  an  object  to  popularize  the  system  of  irri- 
gation by  means  of  the  canals,  the  Government  had  the  preliminary 
works  to  such  an  end  executed  at  its  own  expense,  afterwards  selling 
the  land  so  improved,  without  however  deriving  any  important  profit 
from  the  operation. 

Later  permissions  were  granted  to  owners  of  land  to  connect  with  the 
canals  for  irrigating  purposes. 

The  increase  in  value  of  the  land  so  improved  may  be  appreciated 
when  irrigable  moor  land,  which  was  sold  for  250  francs  per  hectare, 
brought  from  2,500  to  3,000  francs  after  having  been  subjected  to  irri- 
gation and  general  improvements. 

Present  prices  are  30  per  cent,  below  these  figures,  however. 

In  establishing  the  irrigating  system  of  the  Gampine  the  Belgian 
Government  had  the  following  objects  in  view,  viz :  As  an  immediate 
result  to  procure  occupation  for  the  needy  classes  p*^  a  time  of  want ; 
as  a  permanent  result  to  favor  the  production  of  forage  in  the  Camping, 
the  part  of  the  country  where  the  soil  is  most  unproductive,  permitting 
the  raising  of  cattle  on  a  more  extensive  scale,  and  thereby  producing 
manure,  which  would  tend  to  hasten  the  fertilization  of  the  naturally 
barren  grounds  referred  to. 

The  water  which  is  required  to  supply  the  needs  of  navigation  and  irri- 
gation in  the  canals  of  the  Campineis  drawn  from  the  river  Meuse,  near 
Maestricht,  upon  Dutch  territory. 

The  following  approximative  quantities  of  water  Are  distributed  over 
the  irrigated  land,  in  liters,  per  second  and  per  hectare :  In  summer, 
the  latter  part  of  June,  July,  and  August,  three  fourths  liter,  and  in 
autumn,  winter,  and  spring  (from  the  early  part  of  October  to  the  early 
part  of  June),  3  liters. 

At  the  time  when  the  project  of  these  canals  was  submitted  to  the 
appreciation  of  the  Government,  its  author,  Civil  Engineer  Kiimmer,  ex- 
pected to  keep  under  irrigation,  by  this  means,  a  surface  of  25,000  hec- 
tares of  moor  land. 

Unfortunately  the  limited  quantity  of  water  obtainable  from  the  river 
Meuse,  the  small  extent  of  the  canals,  the  requirements  of  navigation, 
the  loss  from  the  canals  and  other  circumstances  have  not  permitted  to 
realize  the  irrigation  of  one-tenth  of  the  above  surface. 

Two  thousand  and  thirty-two  hectares  are  watered  from  fifty-two 
trenches  established  from  the  canals  of  the  Campine.  Ninety-seven 
hectares  are  submerged  by  means  of  twenty-seven  trenches  estab' 
lished  from  the  canalized  river  Petite  N6the. 


J  IT 


IRRIGATION    IN    EUROPE—HELOIUM. 


419 


Franei. 

245 

60 

30 

335 

>f  109  fraucs  per 

th  the  canals,  for 
idary  ones,  origi- 
be  distribution  of 
javating  trenches 

he  system  of  irri- 

the  preliminary 

fterwards  selling 

'  important  protlt 

)  connect  with  the 

ty  be  appreciated 
ancs  per  hectare, 
subjected  to  irri- 

however. 
pine  the  Belgian 
As  an  immediate 
a  time  of  want ; 
ein  the  Campine, 
iictive,  permitting 
hereby  producing 
I  of  the  naturally 

ivigation  and  irri- 
river  Meuse,  near 

e  distributed  over 
tare:  In  summer, 
rths  liter,  and  in 
jtober  to  the  early 

submitted  to  the 
neerKiimmer,  ex- 
ace  of  25,000  hec- 

ible  from  the  river 
its  of  navigation, 
e  not  permitted  to 

B. 

Bd  from  fifty  two 
le.  Ninety-seven 
I  treuches  eetalv 


fmt  itf  .  •  H  '''""*'*'^  '^'^  "'"^  double  object  of  navigation  and  irriga- 
tion, whch  is  the  principal  cause  that  the  irrigation  can  n<.t  be  .ore 
effectively  extruded  from  iJu,  artiHoial  water  routes  of  the  Campine 

The  agricultural  intoreHtH  should  always  be  guarded  in  such  a  man 
iT^SllwH^bediffl^^it"'  ';'  '•"  «^T^'  iud^nstry of  tiU" por'itlol ! 

It  18  to  be  feared  that,  in  view  of  future  improvements  by  all  moans 
desirable,  ten.ling  to  cheapen  the  transportation  by  theca.fa Is  tK  o 
of  the  two  purposes  they  serve  has  to  be  sacrittced^to  the  oSr,  mid  it 
IS  evident  that  this  will  be  the  case,  in  course  of  time,  when  tl  e  reS- 
raents  and  demands  of  navigation  have  become  preponderant 

No  tax  of  any  kmd  is  collected  for  the  use  of  the  water  of  the  canals 
for  irrigating  purposes,  and  no  engagement  of  any  kind  exi,st«  between 
the  parties  interested,  i.  e.,  the  State  and  the  proprietors  of  t  le  land 
under  irrigation.  Such  proprietors  have  a  uniform  right  to  the  water 
available  from  the  canals,  the  requirements  of  navigation  having  beeri 
previously  satisfied.  ^  i>»vuij,  utou 

Permission  to  establish  trenches  from  the  canals  for  irrigation  are 
generaly  granted  under  certain  conditions.  Thev  have  to  be  coii^ 
structed  according  to  plans  sent  in  with  the  application,  and  approved 
by  the  Government.  The  applicant  will  be  held  to  keep  the  iLid  irr^ 
gated  under  cultivation,  and  not  use  it  for  any  other  purpose 

In  case  the  Government  should  find,  in  course  of  time,  that 'the  imb- 
he  interests  require  a  change  in  or  a  demolition  of  the  trenches  con- 
structed,  with  its  permission  the  proprietors  of  such  will  be  obli"^ed  to 
make  the  change  at  their  own  expense,  and  without  receiving  anv 
indemnity  lor  any  oss  they  may  thereby  incur,  or  for  the  work  done 

Ihe  Pa'opWet,  which  is  sent  under  separate  cover,  contains  a  copy  ot 
the  aw  of  the  20th  of  June,  1855,  governing  the  irrigating  system  o f 
the  Campine.  The  proprietors  are  held  to  abide  by  any  law  which  mav 
be  enacted  in  the  future  concerning  the  subject.     ^      ^  ""^"  ""^y 

In  case  of  noncompliance  with  the  law"  any  authorization  granted 
may  be  revoked,  and  the  work  done  demolished  at  the  owner's  ex- 
pense. 

There  are  many  causes  which  prevent  the  eflFective  utilization,  for 
fertilizing  purposes,  of  the  numerous  public  and  private  natural  run- 
mng  waters.  ^  " 

1.  The  unfavorable  condition  and  the  state  of  neglect  of  these  waters 
J.  ihe  presence  ot  works  or  manufactories  under  water  power  for- 
merly installed  under  unfavorable  conditions,  on  barren  ground,' in  a 
deserted  part  of  the  country,  at  a  time  when  there  was  no  reiular 
administration  or  supervision,  and  in  the  absence  of  communication. 
All  local  motors  were  then  taken  advantage  of.  no  matter  how  much  to 
been     ""^^^         agriculture  the  use  of  such  water  power  may  have 

<.i,^*-^r?^^  ^^"?  of  pecuniary  resources,  and  the  individual  tendency  of 
the  inhabitants,  although  good  workmen  and  sober,  to  regard  everv  in- 
°^7*mu°  ®^  '^^^sociation  with  suspicion,  and  to  oppose  them. 

4.  The  mode  of  watering  employed.  The  very  abundant  and  expen- 
sive irrigation  by  means  of  boards  arranged  in  gutter  form,  the  rectan- 
gular form  of  tlie  trenches,  which  is  an  impediment  to  grazing. 

5.  The  opposition  of  the  inhabitants  to  any  exchange  for  th-  ^ino^e 
of  reerulatinfr  find  rAPonHtrn/.fiTiiT  T»f.n/w»u,  Utt  ;.,.i;,,: ^ 

Xhe  irrigation  by  standing  water,  which  was  formerly  propt         ..ves 


II 


■j    'i 

1 

it 

. 

•:l      i 

i 

t 

420 


IRRIGATION   IN   EUROPE — BELOJUM. 


rise  to  tlio  Hamo  diHAdvaiitageH.  A  smaller  consumption  of  water  and 
the  fact  that  the  mode  is  less  expensive  are  in  its  favor,  but  as  to  the 
quality  and  quantity  of  the  production  of  such  soil,  they  are  very  in- 
ferior. Til  in  system  is  little  used — only  near  the  banks  of  the  uanaii/.ed 
river  Petite  N^^tl^e. 

Important  results  could  bo  obtained  by  arranging  for  the  small  run- 
ning waters,  and  specially  rain  water,  in  such  a  manner  as  to  collect 
them  in  the  valleys. 

To  this  end  several  measures  would  be  necessary. 

It  is  evident  that  the  result  would  be  obtained  with  more  difficulty 
in  parts  where  there  is  little  declivity  of  territory  than  in  parts  where 
it  is  more  marked. 

In  the  former  case  the  way  of  proceeding  would  be  to  rectify  the 
stream  of  the  said  waters  in  such  a  manner  as  to  reduce  their  course  as 
much  as  i)08sible,  while  it  would  be  necessary  to  give  them  as  much 
slope  as  possible;  to  establish  or  expropriate  any  stoppages  which  may 
have  been  made  to  create  water-power  for  industrial  purposes,  or  at 
least  to  arrange  the  waters  in  a  way  to  serve  both  industry  and  igri- 
culture. 

The  course  of  the  waters  having  been  rectitied  as  suggested,  locks 
would  be  established  at  intervals,  so  as  to  check  the  water  and  ci  \ne 
it  to  derive,  thereby  distributing  it  over  the  territory. 

The  locks  would  be  placed  in  positions  depending  upon  local  circum- 
stances, as  the  slope,  the  extent  of  the  course,  and  the  climatical  condi; 
tions.  The  alimentation  of  the  irrigated  parts  may  be  alternated  as 
circumstances  depending  upon  the  same  bases  may  require ;  the  liquid 
would  be  gathered  up  one  or  several  locks  lower,  checked,  and  dis- 
tributed, and  again  brought  back  into  the  trench  to  be  checked. 

The  system  of  submersion  in  streams,  already  used  by  Mr.  Baurath 
Hess,  of  Hanover,  and  particularly  adapted  to  valleys  of  slight  decliv- 
ity, has  the  advantage  of  being  compatible  with  the  disposition  of  any 
property,  however  divided  it  may  be,  of  requiring  little  preliminary 
expenses  to  prepare  it  for  forage  growth,  and  only  little  to  cover  run- 
ning expenses. 

Employing  this  system,  a  piece  of  land  of  several  hectares  is  sur- 
rounded by  small  ditches,  the  water  to  which  is  brought  from  the  most 
elevated  part  of  the  perimeter,  and  distributed  uniformly  by  means  of 
small  dams,  which  latter  are  assisted,  if  necessary,  by  small  ditches, 
adapted  lengthwise. 

When  a  thorough  submersion  has  been  produced,  the  water  which 
was  brought  in  at  the  parts  most  elevated  is  again  evacuated  by  in- 
stallations made  to  that  effect  at  the  points  situated  lowest,  thus  hav- 
ing the  advantages  of  diversion  and  running  water,  without  the  incon- 
venience of  any  geometrical  division  with  boards,  trenches,  and  many 
other  installations  for  watering  purposes,  moisv         (f;  costly. 

As  above  would  be  the  manner  of  irrigatir,j  at  iuui^w  when  vi  ittt  is 
plenty ;  in  the  dry  season,  the  summer,  it  w  ni  ho  ne.;e88ary  to  estab- 
lish a  number  of  small  trenches  for  intiltratiou. 

In  the  period  of  the  rise  of  the  waters  the  dams  might  be  dispensed 
with  entirely.  In  case  of  heavy  rains  there  is  nothing  to  prevent  the 
keeping  of  the  water  so  gathered  for  several  days,  and  to  evacuate  it 
af»erv;'ards.  Only  at  mowing  and  hay" making  time  this  would  not  be 
praf.i.'fc-.ble. 


'^^ijation  of  the  fore 


COi 


ig  suggesLioQS,  Oi  incoHi-esLttOiP'  neces- 
V  'I  the  future,  could  be  made  possible  only  under  the  following 
editions: 


iRRrOATION   IN  EUROPE — BELGIUM. 


421 


arposes,  or  at 
Jtry  aiul    igri- 


re ;  the  liquid 


from  t'lo  8tat«  and  th«  provmce,  have  the  coiirNo  of  the  runuiuff  watore 
correcitiH  .  The  geuen.1  interest  wouhl  induce  such  an  expe  difuie  and 
intervention  on  the  part  of  the  authoritieH.  eApemmure  ana 

Ma?;  Ti*M  ^""*'"''  «««o'''*a''y  associations  be  formed,  which  would  defray 
part  of  the  expenses  ot  correction,  on  account  of  the  advantajres  to  l)« 
derived  therefrom,  establishing  or  constructiufj,  accorZg^o  .daS 
made  or  approved  bv  the  government,  such  ,lams'  sluices  renches  « 
"^Z^^SZ^^Jr^  abundant  irrigation  al,d  .^Z^Z^^^Z 

culture,  public  health,  and  the  general  welfare  would  be  soon  felt.^ 
hJVar  %l       1   correction  of  the  lines  of  the  smaller  streams  of  water, 
„I.S  iLV     ""1  "umerous,  can  naturally  be  applied  also  to  the  navi! 
gable  waters;  but,  as  belore  stated,  the  interests  of  both  agriculture 
and  shipping  would  be  better  served  by  keeping  them  separate. 

J  need  not  call  attention  to  the  beneflt  to  agriculture  which  the 
occSned.''  '^***^'^  ^*"'  irrigating  puriwses,  such  as  it  was,  has 

1 1^^^  the  land  properly  irrigated  and  used  for  pasturage  and  forage 
of  this.  '"  ^*''*''  *''^"  ^"^'■"P*^^'  ^»  ^al"«  i«  sunicient  proof 

reS™  ^^^  P^^ce^ling  explanations  the  following  conclusions  would 

fr^nlTr.  ^^'f  ""^  '^  f*  ^'^^  •  ^f  ^°''  ^^  ^^^'^^  navigatiou  it  is  always  best  not 
tLseTshtppfng  ^'^  ^"^  "'"'''^  agricultural  interests  besides 

In  some  cases  only  it  would  be  possible  to  conciliate  the  two  interests. 

It  18  undoubtedly  forwarding  the  general  welfare  to  create  irrigation 
fh«m  wnn"."?  -^^^  non-navigable  running  waters.  Such  disposition  of 
them  would  insure  a  drainage  where  required  and  the  utilization  of 
the  waters  in  the  regions  where  they  are  needed  for  fertilizing  purposes. 
The  general  sanitary  condition  of  the  public  would  be  improved  thereby 
inundations  would  be  less  frequent,  the  rise  of  the  waters  could  be 
checked  in  a  measure;  in  a  word,  the  result  would  be  a  considerable 
gain  m  a^icultural  productions  and  public  wealth. 

The  machinery  established  upon  these  waters  for  industrial  purposes, 
ata  time  when  the  necessity  of  obtaining  a  motor  was  preponderant 
must  be  taken  away  or  its  disposition  changed  in  a  manner  not  to  be 
an  impediment  to  the  effective  utilization  of  the  waters  of  these  streams 
for  agricultural  purposes. 

John  A.  Stewart, 

United  States  Consulate,  ^^^^^^ 

Antwerp,  December  6, 1889. 


;establ«  neces- 


:  ,!;  -I 


422 


IRRIGATION  IN  EUROPE — FRANCE. 


ti 


\l 


!  t 

1! 


I 


FRANCE. 

REPOUT  by  OOJiSVLQENERAL  RA1BB0N2,  OF  PARIS. 
AREA  IRRIGATED. 

The  surface  of  irrigated  lands  is  roughly  estimated  at  2,360,000  hec- 
tares. As  cultivated  lands  are  not  generally  irrigated,  it  is  not  easy  to 
compare  non-irrigated  with  irrigated  lands.  Pasturesare  the  only  lands 
generally  irrigated. 

The  average  production  per  hectare  of  irrigated  and  non-irrigated 
pastures  is— irrigated  pastures,  37  quintals ;  non-irrigated,  31  quintals. 
This  difference  of  6  quintals  represents  a  total  value  in  the  first  case  of 
230  francs,  in  the  second,  of  190  francs,  per  hectare.  Among  the  areas 
devoted  to  cultivating  the  vine,  some  are  submerged,  svhile  others  are 
irrigated.  But  the  value  of  their  product  depends  upon  other  causes 
than  irrigation. 

WATER  SUPPLY.  ' 

The  canals  cnt  for  purposes  of  irrigation  all  flow  from  rivers.  In 
some  instances  attempts  have  been  made  by  means  of  artificial  reser- 
voirs to  increase  the  quantity  of  water  yielded  by  the  river.  It  was 
for  thie  purpose,  for  example,  that  the  reservoir  of  OrMon  was  con- 
structed in  the  department  of  the  Haute8-Pyr6n6es.  Its  object  was  to 
increase  the  volume  of  water  in  the  river  Neste,  from  which  flows  the 
canal  of  the  same  name. 

IRRIGATION  WORKS. 

The  number  of  reservoirs  above  mentioned  is  still  somewhat  limited. 
The  works  carried  out  in  view  of  distributing  the  water  generally 

consist —  .  ,    , 

First,  of  a  principal  canal,  or  chief  branch,  through  which  the  volume 
of  water  to  be  distributed  flowi?  from  the  river;  second,  of  a  smaller 
canal,  fed  by  the  principal  one;  third,  of  a  network  of  streams,  drains, 
and  ditches,  which  provide  each  landowner  with  the  quantity  of  water 
to  which  he  is  entitled. 

WATER  DISTRIBUTION. 

The  use  of  water  for  irrigating  is  regulated  by  the  French  Code. 
The  articles  of  the  cod©  bearing  particularly  on  this  point  are  the 
following: 

643.  The  owner  of  the  spring  can  not  change  its  course  when  he  provides  the  in- 
habitants of  a  commune,  village,  or  hamlet  with  the  water  necessary  for  them,  but 
when  the  inhabitants  have  not  acquired  or  prescribed  the  use  of  the  same  the  owner 
may  demand  a  compensation,  the  exact  amount  of  which  is  to  be  fixed  by  an  expert. 

644.  The  ownar  of  a  property  skirted  by  a  running  water  which  is  not  national 
property,  according  to  article  538,  has  a  right  to  the  use  of  the  water  for  irrigating 
his  lands  while  it  ilows  past  them.  The  owner  of  ancestral  lands  traversed  by  this 
water  may  use  it  within  the  full  limits  of  his  lands  on  condition  he  restores  it  to  its 
proper  bed  before  it  leaves  his  estate.  .  .  ^ 

645.  If  a  dispute  arises  between  the  landowners  to  whom  this  water  may  be  useful,  M 
fUx.  4.j.;k.;^<>,i  <>.a!!ed  nnnu  to  scive  its  decision  in  the  inattet'  Hiiall  conciliate  the  inter-  ^^ 
ests'of  agriculture  wHh  the'respect  due  to  the  rights  of  property,  and  in  every  case  ■" 
with  the  particular  and  local  customs  and  regulations  which  pertain  to  the  passage 
and  use  of  water. 


IHBIGATION  IN  EUBOPE — PRANCE. 


423 


The  works  exeicuted  for  purposes  of  irrigation  may  be  divided  into 
two  classes : 

(1)  Those  undertaken  and  cairied  out  by  companies  called  syudical 
associations. 

(2)  Those  undertaken  and  carried  out  by  a  contractor. 

When  a  syndical  association  carries  the  works  into  execution  its 
statutes  usually  determine  on  what  lines  the  distribution  of  water  shall 
be  regulated.  But  when  the  works  are  taken  in  hand  by  a  contractor 
the  distribution  is  fixed  either  by  t  decree  published  after  the  council 
of  state  has  recorded  its  decisio  ,  or  by  a  decree  signed  by  the  prefect 
or  chief  magistrate  of  the  department  in  which  the  works  have  been 
or  are  to  be  executed.  The  prefect  is  empowered  to  sign  these  decrees 
since  August,  1886. 

The  syndical  associations  are  composed  of  landowners  whose  inter- 
ests are  affected  by  the  want  of  irrigation.  Their  powers,  privileges, 
etc.,  are  more  or  less  determined  by  common  law. 

The  French  Senate  is  at  present  discussing  a  projected  rural  code 
which  will  contain  a  certain  number  of  articles  relative  to  irrigation. 

In  a  general  way,  the  quantity  of  water  required  to  irrigate  a  hec- 
tare is  equal  to  an  out  flow  of  one  litre  per  second  all  the  year  round. 
The  cost  per  hectare  is  apt  to  vary  considerably  if  the  works  are  exe- 
cuted by  a  syndical  association.  In  that  case  the  average  cost  may  be 
set  down  at  40  francs  per  annum  for  a  supply  of  water  equal  to  about 
one  litre  per  second.  If,  on  the  contrary,  the  works  are  carried  out  by 
a  contrrtctor,  the  cost  is  always  a  fixed  one;  it  can  never  vary,  inas- 
much as  it  has  been  determined  by  the  deed  of  concession. 

The  following  table  shows  the  figures  of  the  tax  raised  for  some  of 
the  leading  irrigating  canals : 


Canals. 


Plerrelatte ... 

Uourne 

Vdsnbie 

Verdon 

Saint-Martory 


nnpartuienta. 


Brdme,  Vaucluse . 

Drdme , 

Alpes-Marltinius  . . 
Benches  da  Bhdne 
Hante-Saroune 


Cost. 


Franet. 
50 
60 
80 
70 
35 


Franet. 
60 
flO 


63 


When  two  flf^ures  are  given  for  a  single  canal,  the  figures  in  column 
A  show  the  tax  due  by  the  landowners  who  subsoribed  before  the 
water  of  the  principal  canal  {see  Irrigation  Works)  was  turned  into  its 
destined  channel ;  while  the  figures  in  column  B  denote  the  amount 
paid  by  those  who  subscribed  afterwards.  In  the  case  of  the  last- 
mentiont  i  canal  the  figures  show,  in  column  A,  the  sum  paid  by  land- 
owners  who  subscribed  before  the  deed  of  concession  was  promulgated : 
and  in  column  B  the  amount  paid  by  those  who  subscribed  after  its 
promulgation. 

Springs  only  may  be  owned  either  by  private  individuals,  by  the 
state,  or  by  the  small  districts  called  communes.  Running  waters  are 
considered  res  nullius,  but  the  use  of  them  is  regulated  according  to  law 
on  the  nonnavigable  water  courses. 

The  water  of  navigable  water  courses  is  considered  national  prop- 
erty. *^    *^ 

AlthoUC'h  thpi  nrn,plip.A  nf  irvlctatincr  ia    Qo    nri/1<ilTT  ci.%..»»^  {»  4-Ur. i.1. 

as  in  the  south  of  France,  it  is  chiefly  in  the  regions  bordering  on  the 
Mediterranean,  where  the  summer  rains  often  fail,  that  the  most  impor- 


(II     11    III  II  1*11 


424 


IRRIGATION   IN  EUBOPE — PRANCE. 


11 


11 


tant  irrigating  canals  have  been  cut.  In  the  north,  east,  or  west  the 
works  designed  to  promote  irrigation  are  nearly  all  carried  out  by  pri- 
vate individuals.  This  is  especially  the  case  in  the  department  of  the 
Vosges.  In  the  south  they  are,  for  the  most  part,  the  result  of  the 
combined  eflForts  of  a  certain  number  of  individuals.  They  are  mainly 
undertaken  where  the  soil  is  of  a  chalky  nature,  and  in  lands  farmed  by 
alluvion. 

Among  the  systems  adopted  to  distribute  the  water  may  mentioned 
an  interesting  one  practiced  in  the  department  of  the  Douches  du  Rhdne. 
It  is  a  kind  of  iirigation  by  submersion.  The  lands  subjected  to  this 
method  are  constantly  increasing  in  extent. 

The  landowners  whose  properties  are  situated  on  the  banks  of  the 
Rhdne  obtain,  when  they  require  it,  and  by  means  of  elevating  ma- 
chines, the  quantity  of  water  necessary  for  the  process  of  submersion, 

whichlastsG'Jdays  and  consumes  no  fewerthan  1,500  cubic  metres  per  hec- 
tare. The  estates  in  the  center  of  the  island  of  Camargue,  in  the  same 
department,  are  less  favored  than  those  seated  on  the  river  banks.  The 
water  has  to  be  conveyed  to  them  from  the  river  by  means  of  small 
canals  and  side  channels  which  generally  be.ong  to  syndical  associa- 
tions of  a  very  remote  origin.  These  side  channels  work  during  the 
rising  of  the  Rhone.  As,  however,  the  framework  of  their  flood  gates 
is  almost  on  the  same  level  as  the  low-water  mark  of  the  river,  when 
it  is  not  higher,  it  often  happens  that,  when  the  Rhdne  is  low,  the  side 
channels  become  dry.  Besides  this,  the  season  for  submerging  the 
land  often  coincides  with  this  autumnal  fall  of  the  river,  and  irrigaiion 
is  practically  brought  to  a  standstill. 

Numerous  plans  have  been  formed  to  feed  these  side  channels  by 
means  of  large  canals  cut  in  the  north  of  the  island.  But  none  of  them 
have  yet  been  carried  out.  Pending  the  execution  of  a  plan,  a  society 
of  landowners,  headed  by  the  Coun^  of  Chevigu6,  recently  set  an  ex- 
ample well  worth  following.  Their  project  is  no  less  remarkable  for 
the  way  in  which  it  was  conceived  than  for  the  results  which  may  be 
expected  from  it.  They  are  thirteen  in  number,  and  their  combined  es- 
tates contain  some  1,500  hectares.  In  order  to  keep  their  side  channel 
constantly  supplied  with  water,  they  applied  to  several  mechanical  en- 
gineers for  machines,  and  finally  adopted  an  apparatus,  presented  by 
one  of  them,  and  which  has  given  the  most  satisfactory  results. 

Its  chf^racteristic  feature  is  that,  instead  of  being  a  fixture,  it  floats 
and  can  be  conveyed  from  one  place  to  another.  Thus  it  can  be  made 
to  work  anywhere.  It  consists  of  a  boat  built  wholly  of  iron,  and 
equally  adapted  to  fluvial  and  maritime  navigation.  Its  length  is  24 
metres,  its  breadth  f^  metres,  and  its  draft  of  water  nearly  IJ  metres. 
It  carries  three  engines  on  the  compound  system.  The  engines  are  of 
equal  force,  placed  in  juxtaposition,  and  of  200  horse  power.  Two  of 
them  each  turns  a  rotary  pump  by  bearing  directly  on  its  beam.  The 
third,  which  can  be  made  to  work  either  of  the  two  pumps,  is  used  only 
when  one  of  the  other  engines  is  out  of  order.  On  the  one  hand  these 
machines  are  condensing  engines,  on  the  other,  their  steam  is  provided 
by  boilers  on  the  Bigot  system.  These  latter  are  used  in  the  French 
navy,  and  possess  a  collective  warming  surface  of  80  square  metres. 
Their  consumption  of  fuel  is  therefore  comparatively  small.  The  pumps 
fixed  up  on  board  are  on  the  DecoBur  system.  They  raise  the  water 
from  a  depth  varying  between  1^  and  2J  metres,  according  to  the  level 
of  the  Rhone,  and  distribute  the  water  at  the  rate  of  from  750  to  1,500 


The  following  table  gives  more  ample  particulars.    To  understand 


'1    ii 


IRRIGATION  IN  EUROPE — PRANCE. 


425 


its  figures  rightly,  it  is  necessary  to  kuow  beforehand  that  they  are 

fnn^i"/®^  ^^"^^^  """^^l  ^'°'^  engines  are  working  together  and  distribiitibg 
500  litres  per  second.  ^ 


Horse-power — 

Number 
of  turns. 

Consumption. 

Height  above  river. 

In  (jnantity 

ot  water' 

brought  up. 

On  tlie 
beam  of 

the 
pump. 

On  the 
Buclcer. 

Total 
per  hour. 

~ — ——  — L 

Per  herse- 

power 

of  water 

brought  up. 

1 

15.0 
22.5 
30.0 
37.5 

24 

36 
48 
60 

32 
48 
34 
80 

140 
150 
160 
170 

36.20 
46.86 
70.40 
88.00 

1.60 

2.340 

2 

2.348 

2.60 

2.340 

2.340 

When  the  pumps  distribute  1,500  litres  instead  of  500,  these  fiffurea 
remain  proportionately  the  same.  The  suction  is  performed  in  a  special 
division  provided  with  roses,  and  the  water  is  thrust  back  into  a  col- 
lecting pipe  which  serves  lor  both  engines  at  the  same  time.  While  the 
boat  18  working  it  is  moored  on  the  spot  from  which  the  water  is  drawn 
up.  The  collecting  pipe  has  a  weir  provided  with  a  flat  spout.  It  runs 
into  a  sheet  iron  reservoir  placed  at  the  head  of  the  side  channel  and 
outside  the  river  dam.  The  connecting  of  the  weir  with  the  collecting 
pipe  IS  accomphsheil  by  means  of  a  link  with  a  hinge  to  it  which  enables 
the  spout  to  remain  constantly  in  position  on  the  edge  of  the  reservoir 
whatever  the  motion  of  the  boat  may  be.  By  this  arrangement,  the 
work  done  by  the  pumps  is  limited  to  a  height  corresponding  with  the 
difference  in  the  level  of  the  water,  and  with  that  fixed  for  submergine 
the  land.    This  second  level  is  slightly  below  the  height  of  the  reservoir 

The  annual  rainfall  for  all  France  is  estimated  at  about  77  centi- 
metres. 

ANTIQUITY  OF  IRRIGATION. 

The  cutting  of  a  certain  number  of  canals  for  irrigation  in  the  south- 
ern districts  dates  back  several  centuries.  The  more  important  works 
however,  are  of  comparatively  recent  origin.  During  the  last  10  years' 
especially,  a  great  impulse  has  been  given  to  the  construction  of  works 
devoted  to  irrigation.  Subjoined  is  a  list  of  the  most  notable  enter- 
prises of  this  kind.  It  is  taken  from  the  "Journal  d'agrieulture  pra- 
riQue. 


,■1*1 


Departments. 


»  understand 


DrAme 

Alpes-Maritimes 

Aude  aud  Hgranlt . . 

DrAme  and  Yanoluse 

Basses-Alpes , 

Ilautes-A^es 

Aude 

Bonohesdu-RhOne . . 

Herault 

Loire 

Alpes-Haii  times 

Ande 

tnr ,,,.,.,  ... 

Do 


Description  of  works. 


Canal  de  la  Bourne 

Canal  de  la  V6siibio 

Canal  to  bo  used  fur  aul)mer{^ng  both 

departments. 

Canal  de  Pierrelatto 

Canal  de  Manosque 

Canal  do  Ventavon ', 

Canal  de  Canot '...'.'. 

Drying  up  th«  Fos  iiiurghes.and  purl- 

fyine  the  waters  of  the  Cran. 

Canal  de  Gignao 

Canal  de  Forez [' 

Canal  de  Foulon ..'. 

Canal  de  Cuxao ..' 

Caual  de  Luo 

Canal  de  Fabrezan '.'..'." 


Cost 


Frane$. 
13,000,000 

7,  000, 000 
2, 400,  OCO 

8,  000, 000 
4, 500,  OOO 
'A  000,  000 
1, 000, 000 

18,  000, 000 

4,  200, 000 
7,  000, 000 
1,200,000 
2, 000, 000 

j  1,160,000 


^ii 


iii 


426 


IRRIGATION  IN   EUROPE — PRANCE, 


The  public  treasury  generally  contributes  one  third  of  the  cost  of 
the  works;  the  landowners  interested  in  them  defray  the  remaininir 
two-thirds.  In  the  case  of  the  most  important  works,  the  state,  besides 
contributing  its  third,  has  guarantied  for  the  space  of  60  years,  to  the 
parties  who  covered  the  loan  raised  for  the  purpose  of  carrying  out  the 
works,  the  interest  due  on  the  sums  lent  to  the  contractor. 

J.  L.  Rathbone, 

TT,, „  „  Consul- General. 

United  States  Consulate-General, 

Paris,  France,  September  6, 1889. 


I    M 


bouches-du-rh6ne. 

REPORT,  IN  FIVE  PARTS,  BY  CONSUL  TRAIL,  OF  MARSEILLES,  ON 

IRRIGATION  IN  THE  DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  BOUCHES-DU-Rh6ne.* 

[Based  on  the  Government  report  of  1876. 1 

'    Part  L— Peeiero. 

Much  attention  has  been  given  to  irrigation  in  France  during  the  past 
century,  and  the  Government  has  from  time  to  time  sought  to  increase 
the  public  interest  in  this  most  important  subject  by  publishing  scien- 
tific reports  on  the  same,  and,  more  recently,  by  instituting  "concours  " 
and  oflering  prizes  to  those  adopting  the  best  methods  and  securinff  the 
best  results  from  irrigation.  In  the  north  of  France  irrigation  is  accom- 
plished by  simply  inundating  the  land,  and  is  confined  principallv  to 
submerging  meadow  lands  in  the  autumn  by  turning  off  large  quantities 
ot  water  from  the  rivers  and  streams;  in  the  central  portion,  by  the 
use  of  water  from  springs  and  wells,  distributed  over  the  land  by  hand 
and  machinery,  and  in  the  south,  Provence,  the  Department  of  the 
Uouches-du-lihone,  and  its  neighbors,  by  irrigating  canals.  Iirigatine 
canals  of  any  importance  are  confined  to  the  valley  of  the  Rhdne,  the 
toot  ot  the  Pyrenees,  and  to  only  a  few  other  localities  in  France.  The 
canals  of  northern  and  central  France  are  only  used  for  transportation. 

Given  suflicient  water  there  is  no  reason  why  a  canal  should  not  serve 
tor  both  transportation  and  irrigation.  This  is  done  in  Italy  with  the 
addition  of  obtaining  motive  power  from  the  current  as  well ;  but  in 
France  the  canals  only  fulfill  one  function  at  a  time,  with  but  a  few 
exceptions.  ' 

The  use  of  canals  for  irrigation  is  of  very  ancient  date  in  France. 
The  first  canal  in  Provence  that  we  know  of  was  constructed  by  Marius, 
the  consul,  in  103  B.  C,  for  the  purpose  of  transporting  supplies  to  the 
Roman  army,  then  encamped  near  Aries,  and  it  is  probable  that  it 
afterwards,  when  abandoned  as  a  water  way,  served  to  irrigate  the  land 

ZST   '','*''  '^;.,^^^^r    ^°"°^'   *^^^^""*?    through    Provence 
towards  the  close  of  the  last  century,  was  particularly  interested  in  the 

'Metric  denomination,  and  their  equivalents!  ' 

Metre,  39.37  incbes. 
Hectare,  a.  471  acres. 
Litre,  .908  quart,  dr.v  measure. 
Litre,  1.056  quarts,  liquid  measure. 
,  Hoctoiitre,  2  busLels,  3.3.'>  peciis,  dry  measure. 

Hectolitre,  26.44  gallons,  liquid  measure. 


IRRIGATION  IN  EUROPE — ^PRANCE.  42T 

'''''lf?*V"l  canals  he  there  saw  and  expressed  his  surprise  that  other 
parts  of  Fran(*  did  not  imitate  the  Midi  in  this  most  important  of  rural 

Arrosage  of  some  sort  is  indispensable  in  the  Midi.    Without  its  aid 
agriculture  would  have  to  be  abandoned.    Three  months  and  occasion 
ally  nine  pass  by  without  rainfall.    The  summers  are  long  and  the  heat 
great  and  continuous,  while  the  sun  shines  through  an  intensely  clear 
air,  uuobscured  by  a  single  cloud,  subjecting  the  land  day  afSay  to 

The  Department  des  Benches  du  Rhdne,  to  which  this  report  is 
limited,  forms  the  northeast  of  France  bordering  on  the  Mediterranean 
and,  as  its  Jiame  implies,  comprises  the  territory  surrounding  the 
mouths  of  the  Khdne.    Its  northern  boundary  is  the  river  Durance 
which  rising  in  the  Alps  flows  westwardly  and  empties  into  the  Rhdne 
not  far  below  Avignon.    From  the  Durance  the  irrigating  canals  are 
principally  drawn.    The  area  of  the  Department  is  510,487  hectares 
The  entire  surface  artificially  watered  embraces  35,091  hectares,  and  of 
this  the  Durance  contributes  water  for  26,880  hectares.    Or— 

Irrigation  from  the  Durance °  oT^ 

Irrigation  from  Huveaune,  Arc  La Touboulu,  etc" "'.'.'.'. o' StV 

Irrigation  trom  the  Rhfine c'oiA 

• 0,dW 

35, 091 

Aglance  at  the  map  on  page  12  of  the  "Rapport  sur  le  Concours 
ouvert  en  1875"  accompanying  this  report  explains  why  it  is  that  the 
Durance  has  been  so  heavily  tapped  to  supply  irrigation  for  this  de- 
partment. 

Provence  is  composed  of  mountains,  hills,  and  plains.  The  greater 
part.of  the  soil  18  naturally  very  poor,  it  being  detritus  brought  down 
from  the  Alps  by  the  Durance,  and  in  flood  times  spread  over  the 
plains.  Strong  winds  sweep  over  it  at  times.  The  soil  naturallv  pro- 
duces only  stunted  trees  and  coarse  grasses;  but  by  irrigation  and  the 
liberal  use  of  manure  a  maximum  of  fertility  is  obtained  where  from 
tUe  want  ot  water  absolute  sterility  reigned. 

Geographically  speaking,  the  Department  des  Bouches  du  RhOne  pre- 
sents three  distinct  features.  First.  A  mountainous  section  to  the 
north  and  east  composed  almost  entirely  of  limestone  of  a  dull  erav 
color  and  m  part  quite  naked  of  vegetation,  and  in  part  covered  with 
wood.  Streams  from  the  mountains  descend  to  the  Durance,  to  the 
KliOue,  and  to  the  Mediterranean.  Second.  Two  plains,  la  Orau,  in 
the  center  of  the  department,  very  stony,  and  la  Camarque,  to  the 
west,  composed  of  mud  and  sand.  Third.  Marshes  and  ponds,  shallow 
reservoirs  whose  waters  flow  slowly  to  the  sea. 

There  was  an  old  French  proverb  that  said  Provence  had  three 
curses  to  contend  with:  Parliament,  the  river  Durance,  and  the  mis- 
tral. J  arliament  was  swept  away  by  the  Revolution.  The  Durance, 
whose  waters  at  times  overflowed  its  banks  and  carried  destruction  in 
their  wake,  has  been  tamed  by  man's  ingenuity,  and  from  a  curse  its 
waters  have  become  a  blessing,  whilst  the  mistral,  the  northwest 
wind,  tha  great  drawback  to  life  in  Marseilles  and  in  all  Provence,  that 
at  times  sweeps  with  terrible  force  over  the  country,  uprooting  trees 

Ot  the  atmosphere,  caused  by  the  irrigatiqns  from  the  Durance,  lost 
much  ot  its  former  force,  is  less  frequent,  and  of  shorter  duration.  '  It 


>  fh 

•V- 


;al 


rsr*" 


mm^rn 


It         .V   ' 


428  IBBIGATION  -  IN  EUEOPE — FRANCE. 

is  supposed  that  the  nwrnntains  here  were  once  covered  with  timber, 
the  rainfall  regular,  and  the  land  fertile;  but  their  denudation  of  tim- 
ber deprived  the  country  of  a  storage  for  hutnidity ;  the  rainfall  becom- 
ing irregular  caused  the  volume  of  water  in  the  streams  to  vary  greatly 
mountain  detritus  was  spread  over  the  formerly  fertile  plains ;  the  heat 
and  duration  of  summer  became  greatly  augmented,  and  the  hot  air 
arising  trom  the  parched  arid  earth  originated  the  mistraL 

There  are  five  groups  of  mountains  and  they  take  up  three-quarters 
ot  the  department.    The  topography  in  this  section  is  the  most  varied, 
the  mass  being  twisted  into  peaks  and  chains,  .between  which  lie  valleys 
lakes,  and  ponds.    The  r^ains  La  Crau  and  La  Oamarque  take  up  the 
remaining  superflces  of  tlie  department.    They  incline  slightly  towards 
the  sea  and  the  large  rivers.    La  Orau,  comprising  35,000  hectares,  of 
which  15,000  are  cultivated  and  irrigated  (1875),  is  formed  mainly  of 
pebbles  brought  down  from  the  Alps  in  the  Glacial  period.    Before  the 
construction  of  the  Canal  de  Orapponne,  La  Orau,  was  one  vast  uncul- 
tivated tract,  affording  but  a  scant  And  coarse  pasturage  enioved  in 
common  by  the  inhabitants.    Since  the  coming  of  the  canal  this  region 
has  been  metamorphosed ;  rich  farms  spread  over  what  was  once  but  a 
desert.    La  Oamarque  is  that  vast  delta  comprised  between  the  two 
great  branches  that  the  Rhone  divides  itself  into  before  entering  the 
sea.    It  keeps  growing  constantly  from  the  additions  made  to  it  bv  the 
•   ^o^ln^^I"*"®'  carried  down  by  the  river  in  suspension.    In  area  it 
18  88,d00  hectares;  50,000  are  wild,  uncultivated  pasturage;  23,000 
marshes  and  ponds,  and  15,300  under  cultivation.    There  are  several 
canals  in  this  section,  but  the  figures  above  show  how  much  remains  to 
back  to  400  B  0^***''^  **^  tl^e  formation  of  this  plain  by  the  river  dates 

From  statistics  of  1855  it  appears  that  of  the  whole  area  of  the  de- 
partment about  7  per  cent,  is  water : 

Ponds  and  irrigating  canals 4»u?  tr 

Transportation  canals ^i'-im 

Lagoons " .     <Jk'o? 

Rivers,  lakes,  streams !!.'!!!*!.'!."""."! 23  270*64 

Total  water  area ~35"337~11 

Considerable  tracts  of  land,  formerly  under  water,  have  been  re- 
claimed.  In  some  cases  a  canal  for  drawing  off  the  water  from  swamps 
and  marshes  has  also  been  used  for  irrigation.  These  reclaimed  lands 
when  properly  drained  and  watered,  have  proved  fertile  enough  to  pay 
handsomely  those  who  had  the  foresight  to  plan  and  execute  the  neces- 
sary work. 

When  we  come  to  examine  into  the  quantity  and  quality  of  crops  grown 

?h.  i-ffl  '"7®T  i"."^".^  ""il^^  ^*'"®'  ^"«  to  irrigation,  we  are  mit  with 
the  diflBculty  ot  statistics  that  are  conflicting  and,  at  times,  irreconcil- 
able.   Even  in  the  extent  of  the  department  we  find- 
Area  of  department,  statistics  of-  Hectares. 

1§67. ■ " 512,232 

18?0   496,464 

510,487 

a  difference  for  which  no  explanation  is  given. 

le:^**^^?  ^^  agricultural  statistics  was  prepared  by  M.  Villeneuve  in 
18J0,  and  one  by  the  government  in  1870,  which  are  taken  as  roliahiA 
ic  win  D«  «eeii  tiiafc  both  these  tables  make  the  departmental  area  about 
the  same.    In  1820  the  cultivated  land  was  169,000  hectares,  to  341  000 


sa  of  the  de- 


8,  irreconcil- 


lERIGATION  IN   EUBOPE—PfiANCE.       .  429 

309,000,  or  a8  2  is  to  3,  inot^tZTl^'^'un^S^STl^'^ 

Cultivated  :  AgHcuHural  atatiatios  for  1820. 

Arable  land...  .  Hectares. 

Meadows 105,000 

Vineyards....  16,000 

Olives .'!.'.".'.'.'."!.".'!;.■".■ 20,000 

Gardens  and  pleasure  ground. !"!!."!"] .'] 24,000 

*****""••■"■•-••••••        4,  IHXl 

Uncultivated  :  169, 000 

Waste  land 

Lagoons  and  swamps 233,000 

Woods,  bush,  and  scrub 47,000 

61,000 

341, 000 

Total  area • 

510,000 

Agricultural  atatiaticsfor  1870. 

Wheat 

Bye 70,200 

Barley 390 

Oats 1.000 

Corn  '".".'.'.'."".'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.". ^''•^0 

Seeds  and  dry  vegetables. ^ 

Potatoes....;...:. .".'.■.■; -•■  6,650 

Cabbages,  carrots,  beets,  etc'.!..!.'. 5*^ 

Madder o,000 

Tobacco !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ^'^^ 

Hemp  and  teasels ^0 

Fallowland 980 

20,000 

Arable  land 

Olives - 121,140 

.  Vineyards ...::  12,000 

Mulberries !!!!!!!!*.:; ^^^^^^ 

Almonds  and  other  fruits !.'! ,^'92? 

Oqjhards !!!!!!! ^'?^ 

Gardens  and  pleasure 1,300 

4,000 

Total  tree  cultivation ~ 

Meadows  dry !!!! r 62,600 

Meadows  irrigated ■ " 3,400 

Clover  and  other  fields....!!!!!!!! !!!!!! !!!!.".' Z'?^^ 

Total  grazing  and  fodder „  ,„ 

Woods  and  forests er'oA"     "'^^ 

Willows  and  wicker  .  °J.'  °^^ 

3,200 

Total 

Heath  and  wild  pasture 'inVoo     ^^'^OO 

Taxable  built  property .'!!.'."!' i  oXa 

Lagoons 1,buO 

Marshes !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 35,000 

Boads,  water  courses,  and'  uncu'l ti vat'e'd  lands ! ! !!!!!!!!!! ! '. ! !  J ',  \"[    59'  ^7 

Total 

218,247 

Total  area ■ 

510,487 


MM 


430 


IRRIGATION   IN   EUROPE — PRANCE. 


Statistics  iu  France  are  not  obtainable  for  periods  of  more  than  15 
or  20  years  at  a  time,  then  a  break  of  a  year  or  two  occurs  caused  by  a 
revolution  and  a  change  in  the  form  of  government;  so  that  we  have 
uo  statistics  covering  very  long  periods;  we  have  them  only  in 
sections. 

Taking  up  the  agricultural  products  somewhat  In  detail  and  making 
a  comparisoi  of  ceitain  years  as  obtainable  from  statistics,  we  have 
for  cereals,  in  1840,  70,312  hectares  devoted  to  their  culture,  and  after 
a  period  of  32  years,  1872,  82,223  hectares  employed  in  the  same  cul- 
ture. Wheat  shows  an  increase  of  over  30  per  cent.:  oats  remain 
about  the  same;  rye,  which  in  1840,  was  2,711,  in  1872' falls  to  380; 
barley,  in  1840,  4,'Jll  to  2,507  in  1872;  corn,  in  1840,  56  to  30  in  1872. 
The  table  showing  an  increase  iu  area  sown  in  cereals  of  16J  per  cent, 
iu  32  years. 


!     ill 


Wheat 

Maalin  (wheat  and  rye) 

Bye 

Barley , 

Oats 

Corn  and  millet 

Total  cereals 

Vineyards 

FotAtoes 

Dry  vegetables  (beans,  etc.) 

Gardens '. 

Beetroot 

Olives 


1840. 


Heetareg. 

63, 232. 00 
1, 135. 00 
2,  711. 00 
4,  211. 00 
8, 967. 00 
SO.  00 


70,  312.  00 


21.991.00 

2,415.00 

2,207.00 

2, 042. 00 

307. 00 

24, 475. 00 


Madder 

Tcnsels 

Honip  

Mul'jorries 

Natural  ineadowH 

Clover  and  other  fields 

Pasture  land 

Fallow  land  

Woods  (commons  and  private) 
Orchards  and  plantations 

Total  aKrioultural  area. . . 
Roads,  water  courses,  etc 

Total  area 


1840. 


Bedtarei. 

4, 143. 00 

1,112.00 

31,00 

1,466.00 

5,476.43 

5, 470. 60 

147,  280.  .56 

62, 432.  00 

103, 421. 00 

6, 126. 18 


463,697.17 
49,  293. 83 


512, 901. 00 


Wheat 

Bye 

Barley 

Corn  (maize) 
Oats 


Total  cereals. 


Dried  vegetables   (beans, 

peas,  etc 

Potatoes 

Tobacco , 


1871. 


Heetareg. 

70,  858 

,290 

,650 

,40 

7,346 


3,500 

6,669 

,100 


1872. 


Hectares. 

71,119 

,380 

2,507 

,30 

8,187 


82,  223 


3,650 

5,729 

,217 


Beet 

Madder 

Heaip 

Olive  orchards 

Vineyards 

Fallow  land 

Natural  meadows 

Clover  and  other  fields  (sown) 

Woods  and  forests* 

AVild  pasturage 

other  lands 


Total  are"* . 


1871. 


Hectare*. 

,129 

1,490 

.3 

12,000 

29, 397 

23,000 

9,000 

10,000 

lis,  000 

140, 000 

138, 206 


610,487 


1872. 


Hectares. 

.400 

1,400 

-      ,3 

12,000 

28,897 

•s 

eg 

a 
1 

A 


♦Woods  and  forests  belong  to  the  department,  to  public  establishments,  to  communes,  and  to  indi- 
vidual owners. 


I 


The  increased  area  devoted  to  wheat  was  obtained  from  cultivating 
waste  land.  From  1820  to  1839,  65,000  hectares  were  annually  sown  in 
cereals ;  from  1840  to  1859  a  mean  annual  of  76,000 ;  from  1860  to  1874 
a  mean  annual  acreage  of  over  78,000. 

As  for  the  yield  of  wheat  per  hectare,  it  varies  not  only  on  different 
farms  but  on  the  same  farm  in  different  years.  A  good  year  returns 
about  15  hectoliters  to  the  hectare,  or  about  16|  bushels  to  the  acre. 
In  1868  the  yield  per  hectare  was  only  8.05  hectoliters,  or  about  9  bush- 
els to  the  acre.  The  wheat — wiittcr  wheat  almost  eAolusiveiy — is  sown 
two  consecutive  years  on  the  same  land,  which  is  then  given  a  year's 
rest. 


IRRIGATION   IN   EUROPE — FRANCE. 


r  more  than  15 

iirs  caused  by  a 

0  that  we  have 

them   only  in 

;ail  and  making 
istics,  we  have 
iture,  and  after 
the  same  cul- 
t.:  oats  remain 
2' falls  to  380; 
6  to  30  in  1872. 
of  16J  per  cent. 


431 


1840. 

Seitaret. 

4, 143. 00 

1,112.00 

81.00 

1,466.00 

6,476.43 

5, 470. 60 

147,  280.  56 

62,432.00 

103, 421. 00 

6, 126  18 

te). 

463,697.17 
49,  293. 83 

512, 901. 00 

1871. 

1872. 

Hectares. 

,120 

1,490 

,3 

12, 000 

.       29, 397 

.       23,000 

9,000 

)       10,000 

lis,  000 

.      140, 000 

.      138, 206 

4 

Beetarei. 

.400 

1,400 

•      ,3 

12,000 

28,897 

-s 

.      610,487 

Of 

mrannes,  and  to  indi- 

om  cultivating 
inually  sown  in 
m  1860  to  1874 

ily  on  diflforent 
id  year  returns 
els  to  the  acre, 
'about  9  bush- 
iiveiy — is  sown 
given  a  year's 


Theslatat,c8  for  the  eereal,,  1860-'74, 15  yeafs,  referred  to  above. 


are: 


Area  sown  with  cereals,  1860-1874. 
lln  hectares.] 


Tears. 


I860...., 

1861 

1882 

1863 

1864 

1865 

1866 

1867 

1868 

1869 

1870*.... 

1871 

1872 

1873 

1874 


Wheat. 


Average  of  fifteen  years. 


78, 900 
63,  054 
61,  662 
62,639 
07,040 
63, 875 
67, 418 
70,100 
68, 200 
70, 000 

'76,'868 
71,110 
09, 975 
68,  775 


Ityo. 


68, 107 


1,294 
515 
619 
646 
605 
462 
648 
350 
300 
300 

"296' 
380 
450 
430 


Barley. 


527 


1,9  37 

1,044 

1,  0,19 

2,072 

1,075 

1,200 

2,133 

500 

600 

492 

650 

2,507 

505 

598 


Maize. 


1,160 


*No  statistics  by  reason  of  the  war. 

Cereal  crop  for  1860-1874. 
[In  hectoliters.] 


40 
30 
65 
70 


OatH. 


9,000 
8,066 
7,667 
7,801 
6,717 
8,886 
8,042 
8,500 
8,100 
8,100 

7,316' 

8,187 

11, 4n 

6,582 


Total. 


51       8, 170 


91, 131 
72,670 
70,807 
73,148 
7.5,497 
74,423 
78, 241 
79, 460 
77,100 
78,802 

79,084 
82,  523 
82,  510 
76,  365 

78,"oi5 


Years; 

Wheat. 

Bye. 

Barley. 

Oats. 

Aggre- 
gate. 

Per  hoc- 
care. 

Aggre- 
gate. 

Perhec 
tare. 

Aggre- 
gate. 

Perhec- 
tare. 

Aggre- 
gate. 

Perheo- 
tare. 

1860 

1, 218, 853 
731,426 
600,490 
750,458 
905, 040 
818,878 
968,122 
820,  984 
651,050 
033, 100 

'i,"i69,'045' 

1, 101, 795 

984,548 

1, 152  732 

15.43 
11.60 

9.74 
11.45 
13.50 
12.82 
14.36 
11.84 

8.05 
13.33 

"is."  64 
15.50 
14.07 
16.75 

11, 888 
5, 834 
7,353 
5,043 
8,795 
,   0,929 
9,849 
9,320 
3,990 
4,500 

'3,' 626' 
4,866 
5,  301 
6,536 

0.20 
11.33 
11.33 

8.93 
13.22 
15 

16.20 
15. 20 
13.30 
15 

ii'.u 

12.78 
11.78 
15.20 

41,916 

5,971 

16, 886 

38, 669 

19,611 

21, 648 

30,812 

7,310 

5,950 

10,  027 

ii,880 

44, 488 

0,878 

21.65 
5.72 
10.  25 
18.60 
18.18 
18.03 
14.44 
14.62 
11.90 
21.60 

180,000 
141. 558 
115,647 
133,674 
134,407 
176,  920 
141,450 
159,800 
110,  573 
110,  .573 

1861 

20 

1862 

17.55 

1863 

15.28 

1864 

16.94 

1865 

20.04 

1866 

19.  91 

18G7 

17.50 

1868 

18.80 

1869 

1870'- ;;; .; 

1871..                                  

13.65 
13.65 

1872 ;.■;.■;; 

21.60 
17.74 
11.  55 

189,622 
195, 424 
317, 096 
196,909 

25.80 

1873 

23.87 

1874 

27.74 

Averagecrop  perheotare. 

8,  999       15.  05 

30 

13.14 

12.61 

16.20    

20.06 

*  No  Stat 

sties  h^ 

reason  c 

>f  the  wa 

r. 

- 

rrl^?^^^^''?'^''^  important  products  of  the  department  are :  Potatoes 
vegetables,  dried  and  fresh;  the  olive^dne^ruits,  and  tobacco     In 

*  The  prizes  referred  to  were  offered  by  the  French  GovnmmAn*^  in  nwti  ♦„  „ ' 

ago  the  advancement  of  agriculture  by  L  igation  Fkst  p7i™  farm  SoTJTZl' 
frar^tS  So?f;n""''¥'";"''«"*V°?'  4oldmed;r:;ufl"oobSc8    Tond.^'^D'o 

the  second  prizes  and  a  bronze  one  the  third.  Tt  wn«  int«tZ,i%™  A\ „''/;''.''- -?*°'^^ 
snouia  last  for  5  years,  but  it  seems  that  it  was  given "un  after  2'' vea«.  """ThTrt^^f 
year  39  farmers  contended  for  the  prizes,  and  the 'Mury^'^who  visitXth  Jr  ?*r^^^^ 

f^?th„^  af.  ''P°'*-  ""M^'^  ^"^•.  '^^^'^  '«P«^t  '«  to  be  found  in  ^h^^rippopf"^^^^ 
1875that  accompanies  this  brief  investigation.  i"  "u"     rapporc    lor 


viiip»  j-jii^iiaiiiwpMapMM 


■Ma 


432 


IBBIGATION  IN  EUROPE — PRANCE. 


I      !  !l 


illl! 


their  cultivation  arrosage  from  the  caoals  is  being  used  more  and  more 
every  year,  as  will  appear  later  on. 
For  potatoes  we  have : 

Heotares. 
1840 y,4lG 

;85J 31446 

1871 0,569 

5,729 


1872 


^o  Statistics  as  to  yield  per  hectare. 
For  dried  vegetables,  beans,  peas,  lentils 


1840 

1852. 

1862 

1871 

1872, 


Heotarea. 
...  2,207 
,..  2,608 
...  3,407 
...  3.509 
...  3,650 


Fresh  vegetables,  market  gardening  in  1862,  4,117  hectares.  Since 
that  time  the  raising  of  "  primenrs "  for  the  London,  Paris,  and  Mar- 
seilles markets  has  greatly  increased,  so  that  the  acreage  now  given  to 
fresh  vegetables  exceeds  6,000  hectares. 

The  olive  fell  off  from  24,000  hectares  in  1840  to  half  that  figure  in 
1872.  This  was  caused  by  the  large  importation  of  Italian  oliveoil  and 
also  to  serious  losses  sustained  by  the  French  olive  farmers,  due  to  a 
succession  of  heavy  frosts. 

The  vine  has  experienced  many  vicissitudes  and  shows  great  fluctu- 
ations. 


He«tare«. 

..  24,991 

44.069 


1840 

1855 

]^l :::::::;::::::::":::::::;::::::  eii^i; 

lo"-* ' 28,897 

The  old  method  of  sowing  wheat,  etc.,  in  the  spaces,  1  to  2  metres, 
between-  the  rows  of  vines  is  now  regarded  as  very  bad  farming; 
neither  harvest  being  up  to  the  full  yield,  and  the  land  is  rapidly  im- 
poverished by  the  double  work  exacted  of  it.  In  1866  a  new  enemy  of 
the  vine  made  its  appearance  in  Vaucluse,  and  from  thence  gradually 
spread  over  the  greater  part  of  France,  threatening  the  total  destruc- 
tion of  vine  culture.  This  was  th6  phylloxera,  a  microscopically  small 
bug,  prodigiously  fecund,  multiplying  itself  by  myriads  in  the  roots  of 
the  affected  vines  and  exhausting  the  sap  until  the  plant  died.  This 
insect  after  destroying  one  yineyard  migrates  to  the  next  to  continue 
its  work.  Various  expedients  were  tried  to  kill  the  enemy,  the  object 
being  to  find  some  substance  that  mixed  with  the  earth  would  destroy 
the  insect  without  injury  to  the  vine;  but  these  efforts  were  not 
crowned  with  complete  success.' 

A  viticulteur,  M.  Faucon,  of  the  Benches  du  Rhdne,  conceived  the 
idea  of  drowning  the  pest,  and  it  now  appears  that  if  the  afflicted  vines 
are  submerged  under  water  for  a  sufficiently  long  time  they  are  com- 
pletely freed  from  it.  M.  Faucon  submerged  his  vines  for  thirty  con- 
secutive days  immediately  after  the  vintage  and  killed  the  phylloxera 
without  injuring  the  vine.  The  quantity  of  water  necessary  to  sub- 
merge a  vineward  depends  on  the  permeability  of  the  soil ;  about  864 
cubic  metres  of  water  every  24  hours  for  each  hectare  was  sufficient  in 
M .  Faucon's  case.  The  earth  must  be  completely  saturated  to  the  depth 
of  the  roots;  the  submersion  being  accomplished,  the  vines  slinuld  be 
pruned  and  manured;  this,  of  course,  in  the  autumn  e^fter  the  yiqtage. 


uore  aocl  more 


IBRIOATION  IN  EUROPE— FRANCE.  433 

Other  Plaatationrof  Z  ei?«,u  and^^^^  '"^'"•^•"  ^«7o! 

jujube,  pi«tache,  peach,  apple  peTrs  ^^11?^'*^°^  ^'S^^'  «»l>er8, 

Iar8,  quince,  walnut,  prunerai  rafferolo^^^S 
planted  in  arable  land.    Muc    Slr'^Jl  ''^  f  }^T^.  «''«»'«rd8  are 

tics;  none  as  to  cost  of  prol^jor  Rp^. J^"'®  ^^^  ^'^^  '»«t  statis- 
«rmai,e  are  required.  Th^ded  ne  in  e^h^IL""""?""^  ^^''^  Sequent 
plainedby governmentalinterference    AspSSSf''^"/?  ^^^^'^  «^- 

government  regulation.    It^.'roClT^tL^lX^S^^^^ 

^.^TX:i  leeTarcrar 'a^d^^^sr tr *'  ^h?^^-«-  ^^^^  ^^^ 

even  a  greater  variety  of  fruits  in  add^Hnn^n'r''^''"^.  '^  ^  P^o<l"c« 
ern  France.  It  is  stated  thSfhl  «?,.•''*"  .***r'*^*^  cereals,  than  south- 
bara,  Ventura  sLB,^nSdino  ami  ^^^'^^  ^^'  '^"^^'*''  '^^"ta  Bar- 
producing  all  Ihe  figs  grape  ,  Sives  oraL^s'fl""'  ^^T  '^^''^^'^  ^^ 
imported  from  France,  Spafn,'  S  I^aT/"^"''  ^"'°°"«'  ""*«'  ^"^  prunes 

brS'?r!:?n"  |/(!it  lUTe^'^te^fhilLTn^^Vr'^H ^ ^^^"'^  ^--  ^^ 
for  one-fifth  that  price.  UnimZVld  LcrKo.Tfi^*"^  '^"  ^«  ^^^^ 
nonirrigable  land,  and  can  h«  hari  fnS  4 1  ?  southern  France  means 

ticallyfhe  same  soil  thJt  are  f/i^^^^^^^^  iden- 

m  French  farmingandneedinff  but  o?«  IS    •   ^    l^®  l^eaviest  items 
whole  country  as  woduptivi  £.  vil        th'Dff— irrigation— to  make  the 

capable  of  s/ppmng  an  immense  ZZZlT' '^T'''''''  "«^  ^'^  ^"^ 
question  for  siithernCaHfZTaTtrJ^^Sn?-    ^^«  °^««t  important 

turY^t^t  nHSlVrair^^^^^^  ^^  large  farming  la  grande  cul- 

small  scale  (la  pSe'cuTure^  sAnilVrr^^  better  when  produced  on  a 
up  into  thousands  of  S  fruit  farm«i/^^''^K™^''  '^°"'d  ^^  '^i^ided 
are  frequently  not  L?rthaSf?rS"^T^^  properties  of  this  sort 
all  the  lar,d  one  Tv^rZ  familv  can  p^iS^  ^''''  *^'^^  ^^'^S 

of  hired  labor.  ThSSSaJch  "Jfr^^f  ''•^^•'^*  ^^^  e>nployment 
One  frequently  sees  b^l  acre  ff?ven  to  wh.I?  '^''1^''  '"^^"  P^^^^^^^' 


'j.i 


t .  Jii ■irnii|-.iir  n.  tWiiiWMUMii 


ammmmmm 


434 


IRRIQATION   IN   EUBOPE — FRANCE. 


to  but  ont».  The«e  small  faruiB  require  little  or  no  mftoliinery  !n  the 
American  .sense  of  tlie  word. 

Southern  California  should  be  covered  with  a  network  of  irrigating 
canals  as  in  the  lJouchea-du-Rh6ne.  It  appears  that  the  Santa  Anna  Is 
tapped  to  such  an  extent  that  i»  summer  the  river  bed  is  perfectly 
dry  and  the  irrigating  value  of  its  waters  quite  limited.  By  the  cou- 
Btrnotion  of  reservoirs  for  the  storage  of  the  waters  that  are  allowed  to 
escape  to  the  sea  in  winter  the  irrigable  area  can  be  increased  to  any 
desired  extent. 

It  is  interesting  to  note  that  just  as  the  water  supply  for  arrosage  in 
the  Midi  was  and  is  managed  by  companies,  so  we  read  in  the  San 
Bernardino  Times  that — 

The  Ontario  Land  Company  has  driven  a  tunnel  in  under  San  Antonio  Creek,  a  dis- 
tance of  nearly  1,800  feet,  at  a  cost  of  about  |32,000,  and  they  have  about  250  inches 
of  water,  >vorlh  a  (quarter  of  a  million  dollars. 


tl 


I         ! 


Part  XL— Irrigating  Canals— Their  Origin  and  Management. 

As  far  back  as  when  France  was  under  Roman  rule  that  part  of  it 
lying  between  the  Durance  and  the  sea  presented  a  surface  so  irregular, 
a  water  supply  so  uncertain,  and  a  soil  so  arid  that  the  inhabitants,  in 
order  to  insure  their  continued  existence  there,  were  forced  to  turn 
their  attention  to  irrigation,  even  at  that  early  period,  so  they  dug 
canals  to  conduct  the  waters  of  the  Durance  southward,  to  Aries  and 
and  Salon  Some  of  these  existed  in-  the  twelfth  century,  but  were 
afterwards  destroyed  during  the  wars  of  invasion. 

The  Department  of  the  Bouches-du-Rh6ne  oflfered  all  the  difficulties 
imaginable  in  connection  with  the  supply,  control,  and  distribution  of 
water.  The  Alps  furnish  an  ample  «upply,  but  it  came  in  torrents, 
or  not  at  all:  a  succession  of  floods  and  droughts.  The  Durance  that 
carried  the  melted  snow  and  ice  to  the  sea  had  to  be  confined  within  its 
banks,  the  sea  at  times  encroached  upon  the  land,  anf'  in  the  interior 
were  large  marshy  tracts  that  had  to  be  drained,  and  there  were  other 
tracts,  where  no  streams  were  to  be  found,  that  had  to  be  irrigated.  To 
correct  these  natural  errors,  associations  of  individuals,  called  syndi- 
cates, were  formed.  They  obtained  permission  from  the  general  Govern- 
ment to  protect  themselves  from  the  water  where  there  vas  too  much, 
and  to  supply  themselves  with  it  from  the  large  rivers  where  there  was 
little  or  none  at  all. 

These  associations  were  divided  into  syndicates: 

First,  for  defense  against  the  sea ;  second,  for  defense  against  the 
rivers;  third,  to  drain  lagoons,  marshes,  etc.;  fourth,  to  irrigate  the  laud. 

In  1876  there  were  only  two  syndicates  for  defense  against  the  sea 
existing,  with  their  headquarters  at  Aries.  They  protect  only  a  short 
coast  line  and  are  not  very  important. 

For  defense  against  ihe  rivers:  Against  the  ravages  of  the  Durance 
and  the  inundations  of  the  Rh6ne  there  were  fourteen  syndicates,  com- 
posed of  proprietors  whose  lands  are  contiguous  to  the  rivers,  who  con- 
tribute to  the  expense  of  embankment,  etc.,  according  to  the  magni- 
tude of  their  respective  interests,  the  state  likewise  lending  a  hand. 

The  concessions  enjoyed  by  these  associations  were  granted  by  the 
general  Government  through  its  minister  of  public  works. 

Each  association  is  governed  by  a  syndic  composed  of  five  members 
appointed  by  the  pr6fet  of  the  department,  and  selected  from  among 
the  most  important  {i.  e.,  paying  the  most  taxes)  landlords.    This  board 


aolihiory  fn  the 

rk  of  irrigating 
i  Santa  Anna  is 
bed  is  perfoijtly 
[1.  By  the  cou- 
.t  are  allowed  to 
ncreased  to  any 

'  for  arrosage  in 
Bad  iu   the  San 


itonio  Crook,  a  dU- 
re  about  V50  incbos 


•  Management. 

that  part  of  it 
ace  so  irregular, 
B  inhabitants,  in 

forced  to  turn 
od,  80  they  dug 
:d,  to  Aries  and 
itury,  but  were 

11  the  difficulties 
il  distribution  of 
inie  in  torrents, 
lio  Durance  that 
nflned  within  its 
'  in  the  interior 
here  were  other 
>e  irrigated.  To 
Is,  called  syndi- 
general  Govern- 
e  \7as  too  much, 
where  there  was 


mse  against  the 

rrigate  the  laud. 

against  the  sea 

ect  only  a  short 

of  the  Durance 
syndicates,  com- 
rivers.  who  cou- 
g  to  tne  magni- 
mdiiig  a  hand, 
granted  by  the 
rks. 

of  Ave  members 
ted  from  among 
rds.    This  board 


IRRIGATION   IN    EUROPE— PRANOB. 


.  "•  486 

prc-^fet.  The  director  in  pros Llent  of  «  l  '  "f  ""* .  ««  •'•r««'«r  I'V  the 
has  general  charge  of  the  uttk  rS  nf  ?L  "•""''  ^""«  ^he  meeting/ ami 
arroandiHsemontl.as  otrg^^oa  e  w,^"''^^^'!'  Theongi„ee?:;fZ 
pointed  by  the  prdfet,  it  will  be  seen  at  VluU?  ^^^^  ^"^"'"  '^>'"'»«  i«  ap- 
control  of  the  association.  '"^  **""  Government  has  comi)lete 

Hyndicates  have  vaiid  f  onrtime  to  tS'''^*"*^ ^?r '"^^ 
pears,  they  elected  their  own  offlcer«  Rmi       ^rom  1805  to  1851,  it  ap- 
selyos.    From  1851  to  ISoHhe  svndiL  l"*''"''^*'*'  *^«'^  affairs  them - 
and  their  resolutions,  to  be  eftLnva  f  w '^^  »^PPointed  by  the  prdfot 
prdfet.     In  1865  a  n'ew  law  w,m  made  a!  ttrf '''"". '''«  apJroval^Tt"  h J 

for  a  large  outlay  of  canital  1  h.«  "'^'  T^^°  ^^^  ^^^^^  was  one  calHiur 
and  othels  the  privat^^^t s  «^^^«,^^^^^^  de«  Al^ 

rumed,  and  the  enterprises  hadTo  pSthrm,Th?'^''\'"""^  universally 
fore  the  completion  of  the  work  it  11  through  a  number  of  hands  be- 
while  the  beieflt  to  the  Midrfrom  the  canals'hr">  '"  '^"^''''^  ^^^^  '^t 
canals  themselves  have  been  managed  in  s.  nh  n'  ^^'^'^  '"?«t»raable,  the 
few  cases  have  they  been  deS>1f  invlf  f  "^^^  ^«  '"  ^^^'^  a  Very 
conducted  for  years  at  a  heavvTosi  I  .iir"^'  T^^  ^^  *^«'°  ^^^^ 
18  a  hard  customer  to  deal  with     He  iLlT  ^^^^^"^^  ^^«"«»»  f^rme? 

swamps  have  added  that  mucl  alhSi^^t^  '>  "'°^  ^^^  ^^^«he«  and 

careful  maintenance.     This   rth«  V?;^  ^-    ,^^^*>snow  required  is  its 
syndicales.  ^'^  '^  ^^^  principal  task  of  the  associations 

^^"t^Z^ZTar'U^^^^^  --t  important  are  the  Canal 

canals  in  man}  respect^am  alVuLn  fmTt'ft^^^  '^'^  other 

supplies  by  far  the  greater  part  of  f h/Tf f^  I>urauce.  As  this  river 
department,  some  additiona  flcf«  nn.f.^^'"  ^f^P^oyed  to  irrigate  the 
Its  length,  then,  in  theCartment  be  w^^^^^  it  may  not  come  am  ss! 
18  96  kilometres  It  is  a  tZtntT«i  «. lo  ^^  'm**'^^®^^"^  an^l  the  Khone 
kilometre  in  the  upper  pa?t  to  ^^^^^^^^ 

ower.  In  volume  ft  vaSes  from  40  ?o  6  ZZZF''  V^'^'"^^'^  '°  ^he 
Its  greatest  rise  (crue)  was  f  h«f  nf  vl^  '  k  ^^^.^^  ^^^res  per  second. 
6.20  metres  at  th^  b?idgrof  M 'rabeaf  The  avL'"'"'  7""'^ ''  ^«««hed 
106  cubic  metres.  The  river  s  ft,  na«f  ,•  ^T^ge  volume  of  water  is 
waters  are  net  much  needed^^'d  mns  vi"  T"*  •'  ^"^  'P"»^'  ^^en  its 

dnrintv  f»,^ .--J      „   .  "^V  '*^"»  '*'"l  runs  Verv  low  in  snmi«o«  .,^.1  ,.-0-.- 

"""•■s  ^"^- yx:iiwi  oi  irrigation  "  — "^^«"uauuimn 


1!'      ! 


436 


IRRIGATION   IN  EUROPE — FRANCE. 


ter  and  spritrg,  so  that  tbe  supply  may  not  fnil  when  it  is  most  needed. 
This  is  the  question,  it  seems  to  me,  that  Cills  for  most  study  in  Cali- 
fornia, not  simply  the  construction  of  canals  and  ditches,  hut  of  canals 
with  reservoirs  and  basins  of  such  size^and  location  as  will  furnish  a 
regular  water  supply  for  the  entire  irrigating  season. 

As  the  Durance  comes  rushing  down  from  the  mountains  in  winter 
it  spreads  over  a  very  large  surface,  four  or  Ave  times  larger  than  a 
river  of  its  volume  takes  if  confined  within  its  banks,  changes  it«  bed 
if  left  to  itself,  carrying  pebbles  and  sand  over  fertile  fields  and  render- 
ing them  valueless.  The  syndicats  dc  defense  now  prevent  this.  For 
the  expense  of  embankment  the  8tat<>  contributes  one-third,  the  de- 
partment one-sixth,  the  syndicats  one-half,  and  the  work  is  in  charge  of 
the  engineers  of  the  department. 

The  river  at  the  Pont  de  Mirabeau,  where  observations  are  made, 
showed  that  the  amount  of  mud  carried  down  the  river  in  suspension 
at  that  p>  int  in  the  summer  and  winter  was : 

Weight  of  mud  obtained  in  10,000  liters  of  water. 


Years. 

Summer.* 

Winter.l 

lg(57 

Kilo». 
10 
45 
9 
10 
10 
15 
11 
12 

Kilos. 

8 

1H6S 

26 

1889 

10 

1870 

23 

1871        

16 

1872               , 

30 

1873  

24 

1874           

21 

16.4- 

19.6 

♦April  1  to  September  30. 


lOctober  1  to  March  31. 


These  weights  are  obtained  from  a  measure  of  muddy  water,  first 
drained  of  the  water  and  then  dried  in  .^  kiln  at  100°  C. 

While  the  pebbles  and  sand  are  very  injurious  to  the  land,  the  mud 
carried  along  in  suspension  is  regarded  as  of  great  fertility,  and  the 
muddy  water  is  turned  on  to  cover  the  fields  to  enrich  them.  The 
water  is  used  for  this  purpose  when  yellow  in  color,  dark-brown  and 
red  being  considered  pernicious. 

An  analysis  of  the  river  mud,  made  of  the  same  taken  from  two 
somewhat  distant  points  of  the  river,  shows : 


Analyses, 


PhyBloal : 

°  Sand *. 

Impalpable  sand 

Total 

Chemical : 

Part  not  affected  by  aqua  regales,  calcined 

Carbonate  of  lime 

Carbonate  of  maKuesia 

Potash 

Sesquioxide  of  iron 

AInminnm  

Water  in  combinntiou  witli  gosqiiioxido  .. 

FhuHphuriu  uuiii 

Organic  matter 

Total 


Crtpit 
Ville  Lome 
Va-joliise. 


Per  cent. 
27.70 
72.30 


100.  000 


Diipflt  du 
Canal  des 
Alpines. 


Per  cent. 

60.60 
49.  BO 


100.00 

100.  00 

46.210 

47.280 

44.060 

42.580 

1.443 

1.040 

.188 

.072 

d.680 

5.926 

2.070 

1.489 

1.368 

1.555 

.020 

.  0*1 

1.971 

.038 

100.000 


I 


mmer.* 

"SVinter.l 

Kiloi. 

Kilot. 

10 

8 

45 

25 

9 

10 

19 

23 

10 

16 

15 

30 

11 

24 

12 

21 

16.4- 

19.6 

ly  water,  first 


ken  from  two 


)it 

DopAt  du 

jomo 

Canal  de» 

use. 

Alpines. 

ent. 

Pet  cent. 

27.70 

60.60 

72.30 

49.60 

00.00 

100.  00 

5.310 

47.280 

4.060 

42..'i80 

1.4-13 

1.040 

.188 

.072 

d.  680 

5. 926 

2.070 

1.489 

1.368 

1.55.') 

.020 

.  Oi-i 

1.971 

.038 

0.000 

100.000 

IRRIGATION   IN   EUROPE— PRANCE. 
THE  CANAL  DE  CEAPPONNE. 


437 


of'prol^nT^St^^^^^^^^  Pl--and  valleys 

and  daring  displayed  in  their  construction.  '  "'  "■*  *'" 

J'™  jZL'^d  iK™  d41t^^^^^^^         /^•'"'r  ''«'"<'^-  St. 

has  a  length  of  «  kilometres  and  a  fall  of  70  metres  '  '"'°' 

jntntrrirtraiiTerter^*iKzv'''''»'«i''- 

rmo^Vdti'II.Sel  r^nee'JvIS-^^^^^^ 

struct  and  comflete  Se  canThe  devoteThU  ii?„'''ii^  ""  "f.f '  '»  T"- 

to  bis  majesty  that  the  ^oAw^^Sr^T^^Z^'^SroZS^'''^ 
the  great  engineer  wL  unveiled  atSatorhS  his°m?m*o?y!i"*"'' »' 

regnaient  la  st^rilit^  et  la  niis^re  *  "^^"^  **°*  **«  contr^ea  on 

ingl^lToTthe^^^         Zf\l'  ^-  ^"  Cr«PP««"e  made  a  lateral  open- 
thf  rfveTit  ?hat  noht  1^^^ .    *^^  "''^';'  "*"  ^^^^«  ^«  *b«  "o^mal  width  of 

to  h,s  rescue  h,s  creditors  took  the  canal  and  associated  ZmS 


i'l 


Ul 


"'HKia 


438 


IBBIGATION   IN  EUROPE — ^FRANCE. 


together  under  the  name  I/CEuvre  de  Salon.   After  Crapponne's  death 
the  Ravel  brothers,  of  Salon,  obtained  from  his  heirs,  who,  it  seems, 
still  had  a  certain  interest  in  the  original  concession,  the  right  to  con- 
struct a  branch  canal  from  Lamanon  to  Aries.    In  1583  these  Ravel 
brothers  and  the  creditors,  i.  e.,  the  association  L'CEuvre  de  Salon, 
combined  their  interests  and  the  administration  of  the  canal  was  man- 
aged by  these  two  sets  of  proprietors,  whose  shares  and  votes  are  given 
in  the  following  table.    It  is  interesting  to  note  that  it  was  the  mill- 
owners  who  secured  possession  of  the  canal  to  use  it  lor  water  power, 
while  the  farmers  were  either  too  poor  to  put  money  into  it  or  too  igno- 
lant  to  appreciate  what  it  would  do  for  them  and  so  did  not  interest 
themselves  about  it.    The  canal  was  managed  by  a  syndic  elected  by 
the  shareholders.    This  corporation  was  free  from  government  control, 
and  the  successors  of -the  original  shareholders  manage  its  affairs  now 
in  about  the  same  way  the  syndic  of  1583  did.    According  to  the  Gov- 
ernment report  the  canal  has  been  always  badly  managed,  with  a  long 
list  of  lawsuits,  and  has  caused  the  public  administration  no  end  of 
trouble.    The  whole  area  effectively  irrigated  by  the  canal  and  its 
branches  amounts  to  10,000  hectares.    Here  are  the  tables  referred  to 
above : 

(EUVRE  DE  SALON. 


Description. 


The  Mill  de  Lan90D 

The  Mill  des  Quatre  Tonmauts > 

The  Mill  d'Eygui6re8 

The  Mill  de  Malleinort  

The  Mill  d'AUeina .......;..._ 

The  Town  of  Salon  Ur^s  and  Vionges  for  irrigating 

The  Proprietor  o     Irfes • 

TheCommuno       AUeins,  irrigation ■j.iV^^"'' 

The  Hospital      Ste.-Martha,  D'Avignou,  for  irrigating  Mirjkraas  and  St.  Chamas. . 


Shares.* 


Eaug.  s.  d. 
230 
385 
151  21  2 

50 

20 

60 

25 

30 

30 


981  21  2 


Votes. 


2 
4 
1 
1 

i 


CEDVRE  D'ARLBS. 


The  mills  and  irrigation,  Arlos .................•--_-.--•--■ 

The  Corps  des  Arrosauts  de  la  Crau  d' Arlos  lor  irrigating  Bois- Vert 
The  Mill  <lo  Chatubreniout 

Total 


*  Values  of  1583. 

The  cost  for  irrigation  from  one  of  the  branches  of  this  canal  for  the 
season  April  to  October,  0  hours  a  week,  per  hectare,  was : 

*  Francs. 

Forfeardeufl J|-g 

Fornieadows ^^-^o 

For  orchards "•  ^'^ 

This  was  the  rate  established  by  the  company  in  1802,  and  it  appears 
that  the  company  endeavored  to  increase  it  at  different  times,  and  in 
1 875  the  tribunal  of  Tarascon  decided  that  the  rates  of  1802  were  all  that 
the  company  was  entitled  to  demand. 

Without  entering  into  details  couceruing  the  Canal  des  Alpines, 
ivi.ich  ia  take"  from  the  Durance  at  Mallemort,  using  22  cubic  meters 
of  water  per  second,  with  a  length  of  313  kilometres,  irrigating  8,000 
hectares,  and  resembling  the  Canal  de  Crappone,  we  come  to 


barea.* 

Votes. 

us.  s.  d. 

!30 

2 

;85 

4 

5121  2 

1 

50 

1 

20 

}        i 

60 

[ 

25 

S 

30 

■ ; 

30 

981  21  2 

9 

084  20 
17  31 
58 

8g 

160  12 

9 

sanal  for  the 


IRRIGATION  IN  EUROPE-PRANCE.  439 

THE   OANAL  DE  MARSEILLE. 

^cVtTaUtiS^^^^^^^  .Of  an  the  canals  in 

and  power  for  mill«  and  fLSs    but  ?n  L^?^'"^  ^^^  "^^^ti-J^ 

nearly  400,000  inhabitiints  w  ?h  a'  constanfnii'''"  >t  supplies  a  city  of 
water,  and  it  pays  a  dividend  of^CfaTr'^lS^^^^^^ 

iatl;rf:.?etr:s4*o^^^i?s'Js^ 

to  the  city  if  it  continued  to^rncrease  7n  ln^,f J""''''^  sufficient  water 
being  forced  to  this  matter,  a  cSSsUw'/^H^?*^^"',^^  ^-^^^t,  attention 
of  the  Durance  to  MarseSles  eC?8  To  «o«'^'"f^*^?«°^"«^ 
made  by  private  parties  in  1770  1818  anS  i«S""^''f^  ^^^  ^^^^  were 
At  last  in  1837  the  municipal  council  of  ?h«pffl^''*=/l^^7'<'  «"«««««• 
and  intrusted  its  execution  to  M  de  MontnL""^®'*^^?''  ^^^  ^o^k, 
engineer  and  in  1848  the  work  wafcompS^^  a  distinguished 

^^^^XZ:^CTt^^^^^^^  f  '^'00  litres  per 

sea  of  187.25  milimetres.  The  Serai  ^m/L^^V'^''^'*°°  ^^'^^e  the 
west  until  what  remains  of  if  i?  firfoii  v^^®  ^^  *^®  «^nal  is  south  and 
length  of  the  main  ?anaf  is  125  kiloreK'l'ff  ^  ^"'^  '^^  ««^-  ^Se 
make  34  kilometres  more.  The  Wtwkn^hi^^  ?"°.'*P^l  ^'''''^^^^ 
what  is  called  periodic  water  7th at  ns^  A"  ^  '">«»*'"&  ditches  for 
kilometers,  the  length  orclosedconduU^^^^^  to  October)  is  230 

from  the  canal  all  the  year  round  fean^nnf-  ^'^f'^^uting  water  taken 
the  country  and  180  in  the  dty  iZuZlTt^  '"  ^^^  kilometers  in 
from  April  to  October  is  2  Ofi5^'  fni  ft^  ^^"^  of  permits  for  irrigating 
county/5,700,forircoitinS'us^^^^^^^^^^  ^^7^*^^  fn  thf 

alls  of  the  canal  supply  p;)werf?r]07  minion'?/  J^^^'^es  which  the 
lug  equivalent  to  1,502  LiC-power  fS  nf  ^  lactones,  the  force  be- 
water  is  allowed  to'turn  it  on^6  ho^r.  n«r  ^".^  of  irrig  ting 

ulation  so  arranged  as"o  make  the  draFn\7he'^^         '"  %'*°^«  ''^ 
and  time  as  light  as  possible  °*^  *^  *  certain  point 

^^^or'l^tl^t^^^^^^^^^  expenditures  of  every 

aqueducts,  ^nd  dTs?r?bution  fn  cZtrv  S^i^"'"'''''''  ^^'^°''  *""°«^«^ 
francs.  country  and  city,  amounts  to  44,820,000 

The  receipts  for  1876  were: 

City  permits Francg. 

Kiiral  permits 335  000 

Power  permits 625,000 

lirst  expense  of  introduction  paid  by"  new  suLVc'rib;™ T^^rSP. 

Total : ___115^ 

as  folloCr"'"  '''^'''  "^^^«  ^«ken"f;;m  ;h;Du;a;;7i.' disp^erof 

iters, 

,000 

,500 

.,  .= " .     500 

F::r SgSri^"*^'^ "-^^ »" ^^'y^^^)' :::::: -:::::::::::::::: ::::::::::  IS 

l*or  loss  by  infiltration.  evan^miimV"i:;:.; ";;••.•••:.: 2.91fi 

Total _^ 

Leaving  500  litres  to  be-ai^o^ed-oi  whlch-nowVun^-iV^ihVsoa: ''''' 


rl 


511 


440 


.IRRIGATION   IN   EUROPE — FRANCE. 


The  canal  and  its  branches,  as  it  proceeds  from  the  river  to  the  sea 
passes  through  a  very  uneven  country.     For  16  kilometres  it  is  carried 
under  tunnels,  three  in  number ;  then  it  is  carried  across  rivers  and 
over  valleys  and  ravines  by  means  of  aqueducts,  viaducts,  and  siphons. 

The  most  important  of  these  works  is  the  aqueduct  of  Roquetavour, 
which  required  6  years  in  building.  It  is  composed  of  eighty  arches 
m  three  tiers,  with  the  following  dimensions : 

Total  lengtli  of  aqueduct ,a„"' 

Heieht ti'~i 

Width  at  the  base  of  the  pillars ".!i!!"""!'. ?o5x 

Width  at  the  tup  of  the  pillars ^J™ 

Width  ot  the  water  course  or  channel oo„ 

Depth  of  water  in  channel ' "."'.'.'.'."""" ,  jn 


Fall  or  inclination  of  aqueduct  per  metre, .  004  metres 


The  aqueduct  is  about  30  kilometics  from  Marseilles,  and  is  justly 
regarded  as  one  of  the  most  interesting  points  to  visit  in  France. 

The  basin  of  Realtort,  where  the  canal  water  is  filtrated  and  made  un- 
objectionable for  drinking  purposes,  is  another  work  demanding  atten- 
tion. It  covers  28  hectares  and  has  a  capacity  of  2,300,000  cubic  metres. 
By  means  of  this  basin  and  its  appliances  all  the  mud  and  sediment  are 
extracted  from  the  water,  so  that  it  enters  Marseilles  iu  a  perfectly  clear 

SI/Rt6a 

The  regulation  adopted  by  the  municipal  council  concerning  the  use 
of  the  Marseilles  Canal  water  shows  that  it  was  decided  in  1853  that  the 
concessions  or  permits  should  run  for  60  years  from  that  time  and  that 
all  permits  should  expire  in  1903 ;  that  a  concession  for  irrigation  should 
be  granted  upon  the  payment  of  the  expenses  incurred  in  makint^  the 
ditches  and  an  annual  rent  to  conform  to  the  annexed  tariflf. 


Quantity  of  water 
per  second. 

Cost  of  the 
ditches. 

Annual  rent. 

LUre». 

100 

50 

Francs, 
4f0 
200 

Franet. 
80 
46 

No  permit  is  given  for  less  than  half  a  litre  per  second. 

For  water  in  the  country,  to  be  used  all  the  year,  the  tariff  is ; 


Quantity  of  water- 

Cost  of 

conduits  or 

pipes. 

Annual  rent. 

In  modules. 

In  litres,  por 
24  hours. 

2.00 

1.00 

.50 

.20 

.10 

17, 28f) 

8.640 

4,820 

1,  728 

864 

Franet. 
500 
250 
125 

65 

35 

Franet. 

190 

115 

72 

44 

27 

Foiiuits  for  two-tenths  of  a  mmlule  are  only  granted  to  proprietors 
whose  lands  are  less  than  20  ares  (an  are  is  1 19.0  square  yards),  and  of 
one-tenth  of  a  module  to  those  whose  properties  are  10  ares  or  less. 


IBBIGATION  IH  EnsoPE— PBANCE.  441 

For  the  city  a„..  its  ^ubarbs,  for  the  u.e  of  eau,  coutinue  the  tarifl'a : 


Quantity  of  water— 

In  Djoiluleg, 
a  (locilUre 

In  litres, 

per  seooud. 

per  24  liours. 

1.00 

8,640 

.90 

7,776 

.80 

0,912 

.70 

6,048 

.60 

8,184 

.50 

4,320 

.40 

3,456 

.30 

2,602 

.20 

1,728 

.10 

864 

.05 

432 

Co8t  of  pipes, 


Frane$. 


1 


000 
94U 
880 
820 
760 
700 
640 
680 
S2U 
300 
150 


Anonal  rent. 


Prancf. 
100 
04 
88 
82 
76 
70 
64 
58 
52 
40 
30 


volume  of  100  litre.  oTT^teTi^er^^^^^  represented  by  a 

metre.  ^      second  falling  from  a  height  of  a 

pays t^  re'ru^StX'or^fKur  'TfZ  Vr-^^P-j-nt  that 
construction  it  carefully  cauvaipd  /£'«.?  f'^®..*''®  ""'^^  undertook  its 
pass  and  thus  seS  ki  advauo«lnl?"^^'^^  ^  ''^"^^  ^'"«^^  i*^o«W 
cial  success.  advance  enough  subscribers  to  make  it  a  finan- 


Paet  hi.— Weather  Observations.  * 

thIt''o?&^lts:t2^^^^^^^^  -d  more  particularly 

tics  concerning 'tLlXeratur^^^^^^^^ 

low  on  temperature  and  rain  cover  a  nPr^^riS  rr  *^H®^  ^^®"  ^^^ 

1888:  that  on  winds  a  neriml  n?I^  ^f.^  **".^o^,?^  ^^^^^^  or  from  1823  to 
the  observaL^s  were  taket  ft  ti^^^^^^ ""  k^^^*  ^'^  ^^^^'  ^"^'^  ^«  1865 
conditions.    SeruTn?to?haf  d^^^^^^^^^^  observatory  under  one  set  of 

yel?.*  '*'"'"  """'  ■"  """  ""  «»"'»'«  «  »  very  eveu  one  from  year  to 


1  ^1 
I    I 


Monthly  averages  of  temperatures  in  the  D4partement  des ' Bouohes  du-BhSne. 

MAXIMA. 
[Degrees  centigrade.    Forraala:  Fahrenlieit  =  9 -SfHiie'^'les     .001 


,823  to  1832 
,833  to  1855 
'8.16  to  lt<85 
l8«a  to  1888 


Jan.      Feb.    March. 


Apr.     May.  ,  June.    July.    Aug.    Sept, 


U-  00  17. 54 

13.  68  16.  67 

14.  00  17.  81 
14.  95  18. 10 


20.68 
20.89 
21.  37 
21.93 


23.42 
24.88 
25. 25 
25.36 


26.48 
26.60 
27.73 
28.16 


25. 99 
26.5' 
27.28 
27.84 


23. 3,-. 
23.42 
24.28 
24.86 


Oct. 


19.25 
19  33 
20.65 
19.65 


Nov.     Dec 


14.33 
14.44 
14.79 
14.90 


11.61 
11.31 
11.71 
U.SO 


'  '^'^«'-'"«'"<5triq«o,  ^^^y'o^n6tvU^:^e~^yonto,e'^^^^^^:^,^^ 


ll 


!  ifi 


442  IBRIGATION   IN  EUROPE— PRANCE. 

Month!,,  avci-agee  of  ten^peratures  in  the  Mpartmrnt  des  Douches  du-Mhue- 

MINIMA. 


Contiuued. 


1823  to  1832 
18;)3  to  IS.-.,'. 
18J0  to  1HG5 
1800  to  1888 


2.72 
8.  HO 
8.  US 
2.51 


4.28 
3.68 
3.32 
3.85 


6.11 
4.77 
6.0!) 
4.80 


9.17 
7.81 
9.17 

7.74 


12.34 
11.71 
12.  22 
10.70 


14.80 
16.63 
16.07 
14.01 


17.83 
17.41 
17.94 
16.29 


17.18 
17.21 
17.76 
16.89 


16.09 
14.71 
16.00 
13.87 


11.67 

11.34 

12.36 

9.64 


7.86 
0.93 
0.96 
6.69 


HJBAN. 


;823  to  1832 
1833  to  1865 
1850  to  1865 
1866  to  1888 


6.98 
7.05 
7.01 
a  90 


7.90 
7.70 
7.42 
8.60 


10.06 
9.22 
9.85 
9.91 


13.  3-. 
12.24 
13.46 
12.92 


10.56 
16.30 
10.79 
10,32 


19.  U 
20.20 
20.47 
19.08 


22.16 
21.99 
22.83 
22.22 


21.50 
21.87 
21.51 
21.86 


19.22 
19.07 
19.06 
19.36 


16. 46 
15.34 
16.62 
14.64 


11.00 
10.68 
10.89 
10.30 


6.40 
3.79 
3.90 
2.07 


8.66 

7. 66 
7.82 
7.28 


Mean  annual  te*-!-  '"'^ture, 
ANCIEN  OBSr.i  '    •,    'B, 
[Degrees  oentljj  ■     ..] 


Mean 
t<!niper- 
atnre. 


15.04 
13.42 
43. 20 
13.10 
13.42 
14.04 
13.  70 
14.34 
13.88 
13.81 
14.08 


Year. 


UU5. 
18\0. 
1847. 
18411. 
1849. 
1850. 
1851. 
1852. 
1853. 
IS.'il. 
1855., 


NOUVEL  OBSERVATOIRE.. 


1«I7... 

14.64 
14.65 
13.81 
13.80 
13.49 
14.82 

1868 

1869 

1870 

1871 

1872 

1873.. 

1874.. 
1875.. 
1876  . 
1877. . 
1878.., 


14.63 
13.72 
13.01 
14.66 
14.64 
14ri7 


I  1870... 

li  18H0.., 
I  1881... 

1882... 

1883... 

18f4... 


13.  no 
14.75 
14.45 

14.  35 
13.77 
14.26 


1885. . . 
1880... 
18fi7... 
1888... 


Mean  average  for  sixty-slx  years,  14.22°. 


14.36 
14.16 
13.09 
13.37 


the  average  or  mean  lowest  temperature  fell  on  December  11  tht'r,  ?h  *^ 

perature  li.40  n  or  lo  f;o  p'  n^  10  nau^  ;  . '  '*°^  ^^®  lowest  tem- 
The  vear  isa?  ■>««  Jo"  "  ?-^  ^^;?  ^^^^"^  freezing  point  Fahrenheit, 
-ine  .^ ear  l8o7-'88  was exceptiona  y  cold.    The  niR-in  nnnn-.i  1  q  qo /^ 

As  to  thfi  rainfall    H^a  f^Ki^   k„i _i  .,     .    _ 

i«>ie  fi,  .  '    ■"  '""^^  uciuw  «uows  rnat  lur  the  Dpriorl  1X9'^ 


IBEIGATION  IN   EUKOPE— PRANCE. 


443 


7.86 

6.40 

0.  0:j 

8.79 

6. 06 

3.90 

6.69 

2.07 

)     11.09 

8.66 

1     10.66 

7. 68 

!     10. 89 

7.»a 

I     10.30 

7.28 

Afpsn 

temper. 

aturo. 

0 

14. 6S 

11 36 

.... 

;      14. 17 

14.98 

13.70 

15.21 

14.77 

14.08 

14.43 

14.81 

••♦■ 

14.04 

14.36 

14.16 

.... 

13.09 

13.37 

annual  rainfall  there  being  about  520  inillimfitrAa      rf  ic  «,^ii  i 
that  the  climate  of  Trovence  is  LXdderThin;i...ijffr    ,''"*''? 

r^  ^'1? ""^  «  little  or  no  rain  May,  June,  and  July,  June  being  the  driesf 
month;  September  is  the  dampest.  The  r^iifeU  Sx)m  ?far  to  vS5 
varies  considerably.  Some  years,  with  a  larg.^r  nurabS  of  rlinv  davs 
than  the  average,  give  a  rainfall  (quantity)  considerably  under  the 
av^erage.    Eains  are  more  frequent  ciuring  thi  nighrthaTin  the  day 

Pluviometrical  observations. 


Years. 


1823... 

1824... 

1826... 

1826... 

1827... 

1828... 

1829... 

1830... 

1831... 

1832... 

1833... 

1834... 

1836..., 

1836.... 

1837.... 

1838.... 

1«39.,.. 

1840.... 

1841.... 

1842.... 
1843.... 
1844.... 
1845.... 
18*6.... 
1847.... 
1848.... 
1849.... 
1850.... 
1851.... 
1852,... 
1858.... 
IS.M.... 
1855.... 
1836 


Rainfall. 


Number 
of  days 
of  rain. 


Mm.* 
402. 30 
413.90 
432.00 
630. 30 
620.  SO 
484.30 
637. 40 
322.90 
354. 50 
838.90 
399.30 
540.48 
497.  06 
722. 19 
268.19 
489.  d5 
906.21 
538.  00 
606.37 
745.05 
679.  68 
610. 40 
452. 37 
631.  69 
401.24 
637.26 
376.  26 
359.06 
502. 79 
414. 49 
804.  52 
208. 52 
480.41 
523.07 


Number 
of  days 
of  snow. 


73 
67 
42 
39 
40 
52 
84 
63 
59 
68 
70 
55 
68 
70 
06 
74 
76 
75 
69 
87 
74 
97 
86 
73 
63 
85 
66 
66 
73 
78 
102 
63 
85 
86 


Years. 


1857 

1858 

1859 

1860 

1861 

1862 

1863 

1864 

1865 

1866 

1867 

1808 


Kaiufall. 


1870. 

1871. 

1872. 

1873. 

1874. 

1875 

1876. 

1877. 

1878.. 

1879  . 

1880.. 

1881.. 

1882.. 

1883.. 

1884  . 

1885. . 

1866.. 

1887.. 

1888.. 


Mean  average. 


Mm. 
604.30 
486.73 
421.40 
472.  08 
3U6. 27 
783. 02 
6f>4. 80 
068.00 
438. 80 
463.86 
371.  38 
741. 50 
303.  20 
406.  25 
531. 05 
1,093.15 
483. 95 
604. 22 
438.  78 
466.55 
311.  80 
487. 70 
727.  35 
611.76 
391.  95 
476.  70 
438.  80 
478. 15 
621. 60 
821. 60 
651. 97 
650. 20 


Number 
of  days 
of  rain. 


528.65 


78 
72 
76 
94 
60 
78 
80 
74 
82 
81 
04 
91 
73 
70 
84 
131 
94 
67 
66 
93 
105 
91 
94 
88 
91 
96 
117 
86 
108 
102 
87 
107 


Number 
of  days 
of  snow. 


78.7 


3 
3 
3 
2 

4 
3 
1 
2 

1 
4 


1 
1 
S 
5 

1.56 


*  Mm.=  millimetre  =  .0393  inches. 

There  were  in  all  103  days  when  snow  fell  during  the  66  years.    If 
we  divide  this  time  into  periods  of  22  years  each  we  see  that  for  the 

,^«rfi  fil^'^'^i^^''*'  "^^""^  ^^^  ^''''''^^  *"«^  ^^^  «««o»'l  l^»  ^^fl  for  the  third 
period  6J.  These  snows  are  very  light  and  rarely  remain  on  the  ground 
more  than  an  hour  or  two  after  sunrise.  ^^""uu 

It  snowed  on  the  average  for  the  66  years  1.56  days  per  year. 

ay  reternng  to  the  table  for  mean  annual  temperature  for  the  66  years 
we  see  that  with  the  increase  in  the  number  of  snows  in  the  last  22  years 
there  was  a  slightly  lower  thermometer.  The  general  average  for  the 
"^     T/o'iT-r'J  ''^  <^p-.y«ai-s  was  14.220  0. ;  for  the  period  1823  to  1865  it 

— .      — ,     ..j..    luu  i^-ctiuu   xouL?    LU  Idoo  IC  was  14.10'-'  U.     'I'llft 

years  1887  to  1888  gave  13.23°  0.  The  gradual  change  going  on  in  the 
dunate  ol  the  Midi  is  attributed  to  the  increased  area  subjected  to  irri- 
gatiou. 


■    4 

f! 


I 


i 

i  j 


Vl'    i 


444 


IRRIGATION   IN   EUROPE — FRANCE. 


The  tlepartmeut  des  Bouclies-du-RUone  must  not  be  confounded  with 
"the  sovith  of  Prance,"  to  which  invalids  are  sent  from  the  States, 
England,  and  the  north  of  Europe,  and  where  the  leisure  class  go  to 
enjoy  a  perfect  climate — one  continual  spring,  amid  the  loveliest  sur- 
roundings that  nature  and  art  can  produce ;  that  "  south  of  France  " 
is  several  hours  by  rail  from  Marseilles,  beginning  with  Hy6re8,  then 
Cannes,  St.  Raphael,  Nice,  Monaco,  and  so  on.  The  "Rives  d'Or" 
enjoy  a  milder  climate  by  two  or  three  degrees  centigrade  than  Marseilles. 
The  Mistral  does  not  extend  that  far,  and  these  resorts  are  so  located 
that  they  are  protected  by  the  configuration  of  the  coast  and  the  hills 
from  the  local  winds  in  winter. 

The  winds  that  blow  at  Marseilles  and  its  vicinity  have  a  direct  bear- 
ing on  the  irrigation  question.  Prom  their  frequency  and  force  an  ex- 
planation is  obtained  of  the  dryness  of  the  climate,  notwithstanding 
the  number  of  rains  per  annum  and  the  quantity  of  water  contributed 
by  the  clouds. 

Statistics  supplied  by  the  city  observatory  give  the  number  of  winds 
from  the  eight  principal  points  of  the  compass  for  each  year  from  1874 
to  1888,  their  average  annual  force  computed  in  metres  per  second,  in 
kilogrammes  per  hour,  and  the  wind  pressure  in  kilogrammes  per  square 
metre.  I  regret  that  I  have  not  the  time  to  give  the  tables  for  the 
15  years ;  a  general  r^8um6  of  all  the  observations  must  suflSce.  A 
study  of  the  table  below  shows  how  frequent  certain  winds  are  at  fixed 
times  01  the  day,  and  how  seldom  it  is  that  there  is  not  some  one  of  the 
eight  winds  blowing  in  this  vicinity.  Just  how  far  these  observations 
apply  to  the  whole  of  Provence  I  am  unfortunately  unprepared  to  say. 

The  observations  were  taken  six  times  daily  from  7  a.  m.  to  10  p.  m., 
and  indicate  the  number  of  days  on  the  average  each  year,  for  15 


years,  there  was  a  wind  blowing  from  the  given  direction ;  also  the  force  [ 
or  swiftness  of  the  winds,  they  having  values  generally  adopted  by ' 
meteorologists  as  follows : 


Character  of 
wind. 

Velocity. 

Pressure  per 

Per  second. 

Per  liour. 

square  metre. 

0 

None 

Weak 

Moderate... 
Strong 

Metret. 

0      to    O.o 

0.6         5 

5           10 

10           15 

Kilovuitrea. 
0      to    1.8 
1.8        18 
18           30 
30           54 

Kilogrammeg. 
0       to    0.1 
0  1            3 

1 

2 .  ... 

rt          19 

3 

12             27 

Ventose  observations  ;  mean  of  1874-1888. 


7  a.m. 

10  a.in. 

^P 

.  m. 

*P 

.  m. 

7p 

.  lU. 

10  p 

m. 

Average. 

Direction  of 

^ 

t^ 

tA 

^ 

k. 

k> 

>> 

wind. 

•^ 

."S 

^ 

& 

M 

^ 

1 

o 

^ 

u 

^ 

t 

g 

« 

0) 

s 

.* 

^ 

V 

« 

« 

W 

"ciJ 

M 

> 

« 

> 

P 

> 

H 

t> 

P 

> 

« 

> 

P 

> 

North 

.8 

1.1 

9.1 

1.7 

4.8 

2.0 

6.3 

1.8 

7.4 

1.5 

6.7 

1.1 

a.H 

1.6 

Ifortheast . 

96.5 

.5 

21.2 

.6 

6.6 

1.0 

5.8 

.9 

52.3 

.5 

125.6 

.6 

51.3 

.6 

East 

83.5 

1.1 

48.8 

1.3 

25.1 

1.9 

23.8 

1.7 

49.6 

1.2 

61.9 

1.2 

4^8 

1.3 

Southeast  .. 

25.6 

1.2 

40.8 

1.8 

41.8 

2.0 

39.4 

1.8 

39.1 

1.5 

29.1 

1.5 

36.0 

1.7 

South 

7.1 

J. 6 

16.9 

1.4 

28.7 

1.7 

33.1 

1.4 

15.0 

.8 

4.9 

1.1 

17.8 

1.4 

Southwest. . 

6.5 

.5 

32.9 

.9 

50.8 

1..T 

58.4 

1.2 

29.9 

.0 

8.1 

.8 

31.  H 

1.0 

West 

47.3 

1.4 

00.6 

1.3 

97.0 

1.0 

88.5 

1,5 

67.6 

1.0 

27.8 

1.3 

69. « 

1  4 

Northwest.. 

93.0 

18 

101.1 

2.4 

103.7 

2.0 

108.3 

2.9 

101.5 

2.3 

08.3 

2.2 

101.1 

2.4 

xr  a  .y  3      vu 
which  tliere 

was  no  w'd 

at  the  hour. 

4.1 

3.9 

.2 

1.7 

4 

2.8 

2.8 

lERIQATION   IN  EUROPE — FRANCE. 


445 


nded  with 
le  States, 
lass  go  to 
oliest  sur- 
F  France " 
6re8,  then 
ves  d'Or" 
daiseillea. 
jo  located 
[1  the  hills 

irect  bear- 
rce  au  ex- 
hstaudiug 
vntributed 

r  of  winds 
from  1874 
second, in 
per  square 
!S  for  the 
uflSce.  A 
■e  at  fixed 
one  of  the 
nervations 
ed  to  say. 
>  10  p.  m., 
ar,  for  15 
)  the  force 
iopted  by 


Pressure  per 
square  metre. 


Kilogrammeg. 

0       to    0.1 

0.1  3 

3  12 

12  27 


Average. 

1 

t 

1 

5.8 
51.3 
48.8 
36.0 
17.8 
31.8 

co.g 

101.1 
2.8 

1.6 

.6 

1.3 

1.7 
1.4 
1.0 
1.4 
2.4 

From  the  six  observations  of  the  day  the  eight  winds  can  hp  •r.loi.a^.i 
according  to  their  frequency,  and  omitting  thffr^£sras  follolT 


Oireotlunofwlnd. 

No.»f 

Mean 

days. 

velooltj'. 

Northwest 

West 

101 

2.4 

Northeast 

JSast 

Southeast .'..'.".'.".".'." 

70 
51 
49 

1.4 

.6 

1.8 

Southwest 

3« 

1.7 

South 

82 

1.0 

North • 

18 

1.4 

No  wind 

S 
8 

1.0 

Total 

366 

366  —  the  omitted  fraction  =  866  days. 

The  most  frequent  wind  there  is  the  northwest,  or  mistral-  it  is 
also  the  strongest  having  nearly  double  the  veloc  ty  o? any  one  if 
the  other  wmds.    It  is  this  wind  that  spoils  the  climate  of  MarseiUes 
for  when  it  suddenly  appears,  one  day  out  of  three,  the  tempera  uS 
falls  at  once  and  worse  still,  clouds  of  gray  white  dust  are  driven  into 
the  faces  and  eyes  of  the  unfortunate  individuals  who  happen  to  be  out 
of  doors;  indeed,  the  dust  is  so  fine  that  it  penetrates  the  houses 
throwing  its  gritty  mantle  over  everything.    Lodged  in  the  eveTS 
painful  to  a  degree,  and  settled  on  and  driven  into  dark  clothing  it  is 
their  ear  y  destruction.    In  the  summer  months  when  there  is  little  or 
no  ram  the  trees,  flowers,  and  shrubs  around  the  city  become  completelv 
covered  with  the  dust,  and  as  the  hills  are  of  gray  white  rock  devo M 
of  vegetation  of  any  kind,  and  the  houses  are  of  gJay  stone  or  comS 
tion,  the  aspect  of  Marseilles  and  its  surroundings,  dull  at  the  best  of 
JiSfL"  T1TS  P^^^i^^^'y  mournful.    For  relief  from  the  monotonous 
fnrLTl'"''^  ^'"^Vf  ?.^.  *''^^^'  ^""^y  ^«"««S'  g'^y  everything~the  eye 
SeMed^rrtnea'S:''"^""  ^"^^^^^  in  loveliness  the  intense  blJe 
^J^^  the  table  above  it  will  be  seen  that  none  of  the  winds  are  vio- 
lent, that  the  northwest  ones  do  not  approach  our  western  blizzards. 

The  meterological  table  stops  at  No.  3,  because  in  this  locality  in 
\  elocity  and  force  the  winds  do  not  go  beyond  that  figure  and  its  equiv- 
l!?  oA  ^»i»Jf,|^«:A  in  scientific  language,  means  above  30  metres  a  sec- 
ond,  above  108  kilometers  per  hour,  and  more  than  108  kilogrammes  per 
square  metre.  But  the  table  is  the  average  of  15  years  :  exceptional 
winds,  then,  must  be  those  that  greatly  exceed  the  force  there  given. 
Ihe  northwest  winds  at  times  during  the  winter  have  a  force  sufficient 
to  overturn  cabs  on  the  Oorniche  route,  and  at  certain  exposed  points 
on  the  road  the  pedestrian  has  to  crawl  on  all  fours  to  the  leeward  under 
the  sea  wall  to  save  himself  from  being  blown  into  the  sea.  Inland,  one 
ot  the  agricultural  features  of  the  country  is  long  rows  of  cypre^-a  trees 
so  planted  a^  to  protect  the  crops  from  these  same  north  westerners. 

ihe  least  frequent  winds  are  those  from  the  north,  while  the  weakest 
are  from  the  northeast. 

of^he^w^^  d"'  ^*  *^  <^'^*"^®^'  *»»8  greatly  modified  the  force  and  frequency 


smamtm 


Hi 


I! 


446  IRRIGATION  IN   EUROPE — PRANCE. 


Part  IV.— Methods  of  Irrigation  and  Cultivation. 

DESCRIPTION  OF  SEVERAT,  PROPERTIES  VISITED  RV  THE  FRENOH 
JURY  ON  IRRIGATION  IN  1875  AND  1870,  WITH  SOME  DETAILS  AS 
TO  METHOD  OF  IRRIGATION  AND  OF  CULTIVATION,  THE  COST  OF 
LABOR,  AND  THE  PRICE   OF  PRODUCTS. 

The  jury  appointed  by  the  minister  of  agriculture  to  award  the  gov- 
ernment prizes  to  the  contestants  showing  the  best  methods  of  and  best 
results  from  irrigation,  visited  more  than  seventy  properties  in  all.  As 
their  report  contains  a  description  of  each  property  visited  and  gives  an 
amount  of  information  too  minute  and  extended  for  the  scope  of  my 
report,  I  can  only  describe  one  or  two  of  the  places  visited  in  the  brief- 
est sort  of  way.  The  subject  1  deem  too  important  to  be  passed  by 
without  at  least  giving  some  little  notice  to  it. 

From  inquiry  and  observation  I  learn  that  the  irrigation  problem  in 
the  Midi  has  not  undergone  any  sensible  change  in  the  past  13  years. 
The  methods  adopted  are  about  the  same.  No  material  change  has 
taken  place  in  the  irrigating  canal  companies.  Their  success  or  failure 
appears  to  have  been  decided  at  their  start  to  have  depended  largely 
on  close  calculation  as  to  original  cost  and  guarantied  subscriptions. 

The  cost  of  water  supplied  by  canal  companies  has  been  given  in 
several  instances.  Just  what  it  costs  the  farmer  depends  on  the  prox- 
imity of  his  land  to  a  canal ;  whether  or  not  his  lan<l  is  above  the  level 
of  the  canal,  on  a  level  with  it,  or  below  the  level  of  the  same. 

The  French  law  permits  a  farmer  to  use  all  the  water  necessary  to 
irrigate  his  fields  from  a  river  flowing  through  or  'oy  his  land  free  of 
cost.  When  the  land  is  lower  than  the  river  surface  the  question  of 
embankment  may  be  the  most  important  for  that  particular  property; 
when  above  the  level,  the  cost  of  pumping  the  water  up  to  a  desired 
point  for  immediate  distribution  or  for  storage  in  a  reservoir  takes  a 
most  important  place  in  the  items  of  yearly  expenditure  for  that  estate, 
so  that  the  value  of  rural  property  is  governed  by  the  ease  and  cheap- 
ness with  which  water  can  be  obtained,  or  the  contrary.  Where  nature 
alone  has  to  be  relied  on  for  the  rainfall  the  ,alue  of  land,  as  given 
before,  is  very  low,  as  the  only  products  under  that  condition  are  a 
coarse  and  scanty  grass  and  a  few  trees  of  little  or  no  value. 

Domain  of  the  Masde-Fabre,  the  property  of  M.  Faucon.— The  domain 
of  the  Mas-de-Fabre,  lying  in  the  commune  of  Graveson,  has  a  total  su- 
perficies of  36  hectares ;  2J  hectares  are  on  the  mountain  side.  When 
M.  Faucon  acquired  it,  in  1855,  it  was  let  at  an  annual  rent  of  3,000 
francs,  which  was  often  in  arrears,  and  sometimes  not  paid  at  all.  In 
1858  he  undertook  the  cultivation  of  it  himself,  and  at  once  began  plant- 
ing vines,  which  he  continued  until  1867.  Everything  prospered  to  his 
entire  satisfaction,  when,  in  that  year,  the  phylloxera  made  its  appear- 
ance, and  his  vineyards  were  completely  devastated.  How  the  phyllox- 
era was  treated  has  been  already  described. 

In  1875  the  domain  was  divided  as  follows : 

Hectares. 
Vines  oared  of  the  phylloxera  by  winter  submersion  and  now  in  full  bearing.     16. 00 

Plantation  of  aranions  begin".ing  to  bear 5.  GO 

Plantation  of  1874,  not  yet  bearing 2.00 

Plantation  of  1875 1.00 

Total  for  vineyards '24.00 


IRHIQATION   IN   EUROPE — PRANCE. 


447 


Irrigated  innadovr .,  ,,' 

Sainfoin ;i"2 

Oats .'..■■■..'.■.'.".■ .7^ 

Irrigated  orchard ,  |{J: 

RoadH,  ditches,  etc .1' 

On  tho  mountain  side:  '•"" 

Olives , 

Almonds V^ 

1.25 

Total  area  of  domain ""jjG^ 

The  place  of  the  Vineyards  of  the  Mas  de  Fabre  is  exphvined  as  follows* 
On  the  extreme  left  is  the  Caual  des  Alpines,  one  of  the  important 
irrigating  canals  of  the  department.  Until  1870,  M.  Paucns  made  no 
use  of  the  canal,  because  his  land  was  slightly  higher  than  the  level  of 
the  canal.  In  that  year  he  obtained  permission  of  the  canal  company 
to  put  a  bar  (barrage)  across  the  canal,  and  so  raised  the  level  of  the 
water  as  to  enable  him  to  carry  it  in  ditches  (fosstSs)  over  his  property 
M.  Faucus  has,  from  time  to  time,  planted  almost  all  the  varieties  of 
vines  grown  in  the  Midij  en  voice  la  linte  : 

Clairette,  Espar,  Monrastol. 

Aramon.  Petit-bouschet.  Carignane 

Monstardi^.  Brun-fourcot.  Tenet  noir, 

^''lade.  Cinq-saou,  Tenet-bourret. 

Piflue-poule.  Gros-Guillaume.  Petit-tenet. 

Colamband.  P6coui-tonar.  Tiboureu. 

Grand- teoulier.  Sporau  noir.  Muscat 

Olivette.  Madeleine.  Joanneuo. 

Gbasselas.  Grenache. 

Lot  A,  on  the  placed  adjoining  the  canal,  was  planted  in  1875  in  petit- 
bouschet.    The  ground  had  been  leveled  and  divided  in  compartments 
ready  for  submersion  if  required.    The  blue  line  represents  the  ditch 
by  v^hich  the  water  is  taken  (prise)  from  the  canal  and  distributed  over 
the  vineyards ;  1  hectare. 

Lot  B  was  planted  in  1858  in  clairette.  Vines  nearly  destroyed  by 
phylloxera  in  18G8.  Submersion  began  in  1870  and  continued  to  date. 
From  1872  to  1875  carefully  cultivated  and  manured.  By  this  process 
the  vines  were  restored ;  2  hectares  75  ares. 

Lot  0  is  also  planted  in  clairette  since  1859.    Treated  by  submersion 
etc.,  since  1870,  which  caused  restoration  of  the  vines.    The  ground  in 
this  lot  is  very  uneven,  hence  the  many  small  compartments  to  secure 
complete  submersion ;  3  hectares  80  ares. 

Lot  D  is  composed  of  old  vines  of  1862  and  1863,  a  number  of  varie- 
ties; 2  hectares  60  ares. 

Lot  E  was  planted  in  mouriv^du  in  1864.  Both  D  and  E  were  rav- 
aged by  the  phylloxera,  and  treated  by  submersion  since  1870 ;  2  hec- 
tares 90  ares. 

Lot  F  is  planted  in  aramon  of  different  ages.  Out  of  the  25,000 
plants  in  this  lot  15,000  were  completely  destroyed  by  the  insect.  Sub- 
merged in  1871  and  dead  plants  replaced,  in  1875  bearing  majjaiH- 
cently. 

Lot  G  was  planted  in  aramon  in  1874.  Completely  submerged  for 
65  days  without  injury  to  the  young  vines ;  2  hectares. 

Lot  H  was  planted  in  grenacke  in  1861.  In  1868  so  injured  by  phyl- 
loxera as  to  bo  considered  lost  beyond  all  question.  Treated  by  sub- 
mersion in  1870  and  since.  It  is  now  in  such  a  prosperous  condition 
v.siTv  vuv  itii/vicio  uu  luc  csLittc  uiwi  it  Liiu  luiraciu  Vine. 

Lots  I  and  J  are  irrigated  meadows ;  3  hectares. 


I 


448 


IRRIGATION   IN   EUROPE — FRANCE. 


r 


I 


IIH  I 


Lot  K,  irrij?Hted  onjhard ;  1  hectare. 

Lot  L,  Haiiit'oin  ;  2  hectaroH  50  ares. 

Lot  M,  oats;  2  hectares. 

Lot  N,  vegetable  garden ;  45  ares. 

The  land  given  to  olives  and  almonds  is  not  represented  on  the  above 
plan. 

Ilow  the  vineyards  are  irrigated,  the  construction  of  the  ditches,  banks, 
sluice-gates,  etc.,  is  fully  explained  in  the  diagram  accompanying  the 
plan.    The  measurements  are  in  the  metric  system. 

The  composition  of  the  soil  of  the  Masde  Fabre,  reduced  to  a  per- 
fectly dry  state,  GayLussac  retort,  100°  0. : 

Pnrcent. 

Clay .S8.74 

Bilioate  sand 10.  f)3 

Carbonate  of  lime 43. 'J9 

Snlphato  of  lime 43 

Chlorine  of  sodium 18 

Organic  matter 6.73 

100.00 
Azote,  per  cent 12 

Another  analysis,  100°  0.  (aqua  regalis) : 

Potash,  per  cent 0<)74 

Phosphoric  acid,  per  cent .-. 05(57 

Weak  in  potash,  ordinary  in  phosphoric  acid.  It  is  an  argilo-calco- 
siliceuse  earth,  very  rich  in  lime. 

As  M.  Faucon  has  but  two  horses  and  two  mules  on  the  domain,  the 
ordinary  farm  manure  was  not  sufficient,  and  comment al  fertilizers  were 
used. 

One,  a  mixture  composed  of  90  per  cent  of  rape-seed  oilcake,  which 
cost  16  francs  per  100  kilogrammes  delivered,  and  10  per  cent  sulphate  of 
potash,  Stassfurt  refined,  costing  44  francs  per  100  kilogrammes  deliv- 
ered.   The  mixture  costs,  then,  18.80  francs  the  100  kilogrammes. 

A  second,  styled  chemique  coraplet  No.  4,  manufactured  by  Louis 
Avril,  of  Marseilles,  costingSO  francs  the  100 kilogrammes  delivered,  has 
the  following  formula: 

Per  cent 

Superphosphate  of  lime 40 

Nitrate  of  potash 33 

Sulphate  of  lime 27 

100 

M.  Faucon  treated  half  of  his  vineyard  with  the  first  of  these  fertil- 
izers, giving  as  a  dose  for  each  vine  250  grammes,  or  1,250  kilogrammes 
the  hectare,  an  expenditure  of  235  francs  the  hectare.  The  other  half 
received  125  gra'nmes  of  the  chemique  corplet  No.  4  per  each  vine,  or 
625  kilogrammes  the  hectare,  an  expenditure  of  225  francs  the  hectare. 
The  half  treated  with  the  oil  cake  presented  the  better  appearance. 

The  irrigated  meadow  of  3  hectares,  sown  in  an  assortment  of  seed — 
fromental,  violet  and  yellow  clover,  lucern,  and  several  other  varieties, 
was  treated  at  the  time  the  seed  was  sown  to  3,000  kilogrammes  of 
chemical  fertilizer  So.  1,  composed: 

Per  cent. 

Superphosphate  of  lime 34 

Nitrate  of  potash 17 

Sulphate  of  ammonia 20 

Sulphate  of  lime 29 


100 


IRRIGATION    IN   EUROPE — PRANCE. 


449 


on  the  above 


This  fertilizer  coHtH  33  francs  the  100  kilogrammes,  freight  included. 
TliJM  meadow,  sown  HepttMnber  1,  received  its  flrst  mowing  the  24th  of 
May  following,  and  yielded  7,000  kilogrammes  to  the  hectare.  The  sec- 
ond mowing  occurred  in  July,  yielding  1,666  kilogrammea  to  the  hectare; 
the  third  in  Augu8t,yieldiiig  2,000  kilogrammes  to  the  hactare ;  the  fourth 
in  October,  yielding  800  kilogrammes  to  the  hecitare.  The  total  product 
for  the  llrst  year,  then,  was  11,460  kilogrammes  to  the  hectare.  M.  Fau* 
cea  considered  this  result  quite  satisfactory,  and  calculated  on  a  much 
larger  return  the  next  year,  as  the  plants  ought  then  to  have  greater 
strength. 

The  meadow  was  irrigated  twice  between  each  mowing.  The  anunal 
cost  of  the  water  was  35  francs  the  hectare.  The  grass  was  cut  with 
scythes  at  15  francs  the  hectare.  The  haymaking  is  done  by  two  women, 
in  three  or  four  days,  at  1.25  francs  each.  The  hay  is  then  carried  into 
haylofts  by  men,  paid  from  2.50  francs  to  3  francs  each  a  day,  each 
man  sloringaway  from  1,200  to  1,500  kilogrammes  of  hay  in  a  day.  The 
lofts  are  at  the  side  of  the  meadow.  No  horses  or  wagons  are  employed 
in  this  labor.    Finally,  the  hay  is  sold  at  10  francs  the  100  kilogrammes. 

To  return  to  the  vines.  The  wine  production  at  the  mas  du  Fabre 
for  9  years  gives  us : 


Tear. 

Time  and  character  of  treatment. 

Quantity. 

1867 

Tear  preceding  the  invaglnii  of  the  phylloxera;  vinos  muiittred  but 
not  Hiibnier^ed. 

First  year  of  the  pest ;  vines  man  iired,  but  not  submerged 

Rncond  vear  of  the  iiest:  vines  inaiitiriMl   but  not  snbmerffed 

Ihctolitret. 
025 

1888  

40 

I860 

35 

1870 

120 

1871 

Secontl  year  ot'submernion,  witKotit  fertilizing 

Third  V Afir  of  HuhinorHiou    with  fcrtiliziiii?.  ....■•>•.............  .... 

450 

1872      .... 

849 

1873 

736 

1874 

Fiftfi  year  of  submersion  with  fertilizing  ■..•..•...••.... 

1, 175 

1876 

2,480 

The  quality  of  the  wine  is  "bon  ordinaire,"  and  it  sells  for  from  31  to 
40  francs  the  hectolitre  at  the  vineyard. 

The  use  of  the  Ameri<;au  vine  to  replant  the  vineyards  destroyed  by 
the  phylloxera  is  not  germane  to  this  report,  the  object  being  to  show 
what  irrigation  has  accomplished  in  the  medi  of  France,  and  how  it 
was  done. 

Domain  of  La  Darcussia,  the  property  of  M.  Jules  Imer,  in  the  com- 
mune of  Marseilles. — The  domain  of  La  Darcussia,  19  hectares  (81  acres) 
in  extent,  consisting  of  irrigated  meadows,  and  situated  on  a  hillside  in 
the  commune  of  Marseilles,  was  purchased  in  1850.  At  that  time  the 
hill  was  arid  waste  land.  As  the  Marseilles  canal  did  not  pass  near 
enough  to  the  property  to  make  use  of  its  waters  directly,  M.  Imer 
constructed  a  branch  canal,  which  cost  him  7,500  francs,  thus  brinaring 
the  water  to  his  estate.  Adjoining  property-owners  afterwards  pur- 
chased interests  in  this  branch,  and  so  reduced  the  original  expense  of 
M,  Imer  two-thirds. 

The  branch  canal  is  tapped  (prise)  at  four  points  to  irrigate  the  estate. 
These  prise  measure  30  centimetres  in  width  and  60  in  depth,  and  are 
HO  [)lanned  that  an  abonnement  or  subscription  for  one  litre  means  43 
irrigations  of  3  hours'  duration,  with  a  flow  of  34  litres  per  second  during 
each  period  of  3  hours.  The  table  below  represents  the  arrangement 
in  1875,  the  subscriber  receiving  the  quantity  of  water  due  him  from 
the  4  prises  in  succession  at  intervals  of  17  days  daring  JS3  days  of  th« 
Bummer  season : 

H.Ex.  45 39 


/ 


#  ^ 


w    'I 

3- 


The  four  prise  d'eau,  then,  supply  13  litres.  A  fourteenth  litre  is  used 
for  the  ram  (belier).  The  water  falls  10  metres,  and  the  ram  pumps  it 
up  18  metres  to  a  basin  or  small  reservoir,  where  it  is  stored  to  be 
used  as  occasion  requires.  The  canal  company  permits  M.  Imer  to 
take  this  water  when  the  canal  is  very  full,  i.  e.,  when  there  is  more 
water  in  the  canal  than  is  required  for  the  irrigation. 

In  addition  to  the  above,  3  modules  (three-tenths  ot  a  litre  per  second), 
to  be  used  all  the  year,  are  employed  in  the  domain  for  the  house  and 
garden.  This  water  is  corveyed  to  the  estate  in  an  underground  pipe, 
and  costs  250  francs  a  year. 

One  man  is  employed  to  irrigate  the  fields.  He  receives  25  centimes 
(5  cents)  an  hoar  during  the  daytime  and  50  ceutiuies  (10  cents)  during 
the  night.  Ho  vvorks  at  this  the  whole  year.  A  cartman,  at  100  francs 
a  month,  is  employed,  principally  in  carting  manure  to  diiferent  points  in 
the  domain,  spreading  it,  etc. 

There  ara  3  horses  and  1  cow  on  the  estate.    These  supply  part  of  the 


IBBIGATION   IN   EUROPE. — ^FBANCE. 


Number  of 
ipficH)  d'eau.) 

Quantity 
talcen. 

Duration 

of 
uavigation. 

Total 
quantity  for 
tlie  irrigat- 
ing season. 

1 
2 
3 

4 

Litre*. 

3.0 
4.0 
4.5 
1.S 

Bourt. 

9.0 
12.0 
13.5 

4.5 

47, 868, 800 
63, 158, 400 
71, 053, 200 
23,  684, 400 

13.0 

39.0 

205,264,800 

the  remainder  is  brought  from  the  city.  Total  expenditure 
for  manure,  putting  it  at  3J  francs  the  cubic  metre,  is  2,150  francs  per 
annum.  For  mixing  and  spreading  it  375  francs  .more.  The  canal 
company  is  paid  1,400  francs  a  year.  The  city  of  Marseilles  imposes 
an  octroi  tax  of  1,296  francs  on  the  hay  grown  within  the  city  limits. 
The  growing  hay  crops  (12  hectares)  then  costs  5,470  francs.  Include 
in  the  above  an  item  of  249  francs  paid  the  irrigating  man. 

The  hay  is  cut  four  times  a  year,  and  the  expense  of  cutting,  curing, 
and  putting  it  under  cover  amounts  to  1,050  francs  for  the  four  crops. 
M.  Imer  uses  a  Wood  mowing  machine  and  a  Howard  hay- maker,  also 
a  horse  rake.  M.  Imer  was  one  of  the  first  agriculturists  in  this  vicinity 
to  make  use  of  machinery  in  grass  culture,  and  is  regarded  as  a  very 
progressive  man,  indeed. 

The  total  average  hay  product  is  110,000  kilogrammes,  or  9,000  kilo- 
grammes to  the  hectare  for  the  four  cuttings.  Hay  sold  at  that  time 
for  from  12  and  14  to  18  francs  the  100  kilogrammes.  At  12  francs  the 
year's  crops,  then,  would  bring  13,200  francs. 

The  entire  expenditure,  not  including  value  of  land,  was  6,620  francs. 
Sale  of  product  13,200  francs,  or  net  proceeds  6,680  francs,  or  556  francs 
per  hectare,  or  $45  per  acre. 

The  cost  of  putting  in  pipes,  making  ditches  for  irrigation,  etc.,  is 
not  included,  and  I  am  unable  to  obtain  the  figures. 

The  grass  is  the  common  meadow  grass,  and  was  not  sown. 

Domain  of  Lamotte,  in  the  commune  of  Tarascon. — The  domain  of  Tia- 
motte,  atone  time  the  rendezvous  de  chasse  of  King  Ren6,  is  situated 
4  kilometres  from  Tarascon,  and  is  bounded  on  one  side  by  the  depart- 
meutai  road  Xo.  15,  between  Aries  and  Aviguou,  i\,  yuutaius  132* 
hectares,  divided  up  as  follows ; 


IRRiaATION   IN   EUROPE— FRANCE. 


451 


Chateau  and  gardens. . . . . 

Reserve 

The  Menage  farm 

The  Convent  farm , 

Marsh [. 

Mountain  reserve,  wooda. 


Hectares. 

— .  4 

....  10 

....  28 

....  26i 

....  3 

....  61 


132i 

Two  parts  of  the  estate  are  farmed  on  shares,  the  Menace  and  Con 
vent  farms.    The  agreement  is  for  9  years.    The  fame?  or^md?aver  oan 
eave  at  the  end  of  the  third  or  sixth  year  by  giving  ay  ea^snStn 

He  IS  not  to  tarm  any  other  land.    He  is  to  cultivate,  sow,  aud  harves^t 
at  the  proper  seasons  under  the  direction  of  the  lanS  or  his  over 
seer     The  farm  is  to  be  cultivated  according  to  the  ru  es  of  goid  hi 
bandry  under  penalty  of  damages  and  interest  U>  the  iZuord 

Second.  Wheat,  oats,  and  barley  seed  for  sowing  the  famer  is  to 
supply  at  his  own  expense.    Seed  of  lucern  and  mfadow  graTs  k  Ln 
plied  halt  by  the  farmer,  half  by  the  landlord.    The  farmfr  fa  to  haul 
the  andlord's  share  of  the  crops  to  any  place  indicatedTrt  exceeSfni 
6  kilometers,  without  compensation.  *  exceeaing 

Third.  The  farmer  or  tenant  during  his  tenancy  must  make  at  lA«ef 
f. r'gar'  "'  '"'''"'  ''''''^''  ''''  «^^"'^^' '''''  ''^  aTd  Lre^ftU^ 

Fourth.  Every  third  year  the  tenant  must  set  in  vines  1  hecUre 
leveling  the  ground  so  that  submersion  of  the  roots  can  be  pronerTv 
accomplished.  The  proprietor,  or  laud  lord,  supplies  the  plants.  ^ShouW 
the  vines  bear  during  the  first  3  years  the  tenaiit  is  to  have  he  grapes  • 
""  S-..?^n>r!  ^^'"^'^estlie  vintage  and  the  wine  is  equally  dSd' 

Fif  h.  The  tenant  must  make  all  the  manure  he  can  with  hs  horses 
and  sheep, iind  put  it  on  the  farm;  if  it  is  necessary  to  use  commercial 
fertilizers,  the  tenant  bears  one-third  of  the  cost  commercial 

Sixth.  Once  during  his  lease  the  tenant  must  pay  half  the  exnense 
ditches*     '"^^*°'       "'""'^  ""^"P^^  ^^^^'^  condition  the  draTnsa^id 

Seventh.  The  tenant  must  cut  down  all  the  dead  trees:  the  small 
bmiches  are  tor  him,  but  the  trunk  and  large  branches  areThe  land- 

The  tenant  is  to  enjoy  certain  benefits :  a  garden  of  17A  ares ;  a  lot, 
Jo  ares,  for  us  slieep;  a  poultry  yard;  he  can  sow  70  ares  of  stubble 
m  oats  for  his  flock  to  pasture  on;  the  sixth  cutting  of  lucern  and  the 
SY  "i?^^^°^\^^«  fl«o  for  his  flock;  he  is  to  have  the  trimmings 
rom  the  ohve  and  mulberry  trees,  any  large  branches,  however, Tu?? 
be  divided  v^-ith  the  landlord  ;  and  from  November  to  February  he  can 
turi.  his  fleck  into  the  woodland  belonging  to  the  domain.  ^ 
,n  Jil  ?  I?  P-*^^  ^f"^  the  making  of  the  main  ditches,  but  the  tenant 
must  keep  them  in  order.    In  case  it  should  be  necesskry,  owing  to  a 

the  seed  ""^  **  ^*'^''  '"  ''®^®''^^  ^^^  landlord  pays  for  one-half 

bv  htrinfi  fh^i^'j/T' *  part,  and  on  the  account  current  kept 
.1  r  ^  .^°i  *^®  landlord  any  money  due  him  from  the  landlord  is 
appUed  to  the  payment  of  his  share  of  fertilizers.  *'*"«'w«  w 


452  IRRIGATION   IN   EUROPE — FRANCE. 

The  landlord  is  to  have,  under  his  "  titre  de  sonqnets,"  300  francs, 
payable  in  money  or  wheat ;  also,  6  pairs  of  chickeus,  3  ducks,  12  dozen 
eggs,  and  for  the  use  of  the  chateau,  whenever  he  is  living  on  the  domain, 
such  fruits,  vegetables,  and  milk  as  may  be  necessary.  Half  the  honey 
is,  also,  his. 

These  items  are  taken  from  a  copy  of  the  lease.  The  tenant  farmer 
can  not  complain  that  his  work  and  compensation  are  not  sufiftcientlv 
indicated  as  to  details  in  this  agreement. 

There  is  an  overseer  on  the  domain,  charged  with  the  general  super- 
vision of  the  estate,  selling  the  crops,  buying  the  fertilizers,  etc.  He 
works  the  year  round  on  the  domain,  the  two  farms  excepted:  hai?  a 
garden  of  8  ares  75  centares  for  his  vegetables,  and  a  pig.  His  pay 
is  700  francs  per  annum,  or  about  $140.  His  especial  care  is  to  culti- 
vate the  reserve  of  10  hectares,  7  hectares  of  which,  set  in  lucern  and 
meadow  grass,  are  represented  in  the  accompanying  plan. 

The  water,  which  comes  from  a  branch  of  the  Canal  des  Alpines,  and 
not  from  the  Eoubine  de  Lamotte,  is  let  into  the  reserve  at  the  "  Mar- 
telli6re  de  prise;"  after  which  it  is  conducted  by  the  "flliole  principale" 
through  the  center  of  the  reserve,  and  <'  fllioles  secoudaires  d'  arrosage" 
conduct  it  at  equal  distances  over  the  reserve.  The  "  fllioles  "  are  irri- 
gating ditches,  and  the  field  is  so  prepared  that  the  ground  slopes 
slightly  from  the  "fllioles"  in  both  directions.  When  the  water  is  let 
in  there,  it  flows  through  the  fllioles  irrigating  the  land  on  both  sides, 
and  the  excess  of  water  is  drained  off  into  the  "fosses  d'^coulement" 
or  drainage  ditches.  These  ditches  empty  into  a  "  foss6  de  colatnre," 
which  carries  oflt"  the  excess  of  frrigatioii  from  the  entire  fleld,  the  "fosses 
d'6coulement"  passing  undor  the  farm  road  or  "cliemiu  (Pexploitation,^ 
and  empting  into  the  "foss6  de  colature"  on  the  opposite  side  of  the 
road.  The  " flliole'?  takes  the  water  from  the  branch  Canal  des  Alpines, 
and  by  means  of  a  siphon  carries  it  under  the  public  road,  and  so  con- 
ducts it  into  the  estate  where  it  is  distributed  over  the  flelds  by  smaller 
fllioles. 

The  longitudinal  section  on  the  plan  marked  "  Luzerne  1873  "  is  140 
metres  in  length,  t.  e.,  from  the  flliole  principale  to  the  fosse  de  colature, 
and  43  metres  in  width,  i.  e.,  from  the  flliole  secondaire  to  the  chemin 
d'  exploitation. 

Frdm  this  fleld  of  7  hectares  (the  plan),  5^  hectares  of  which  are  in 
lucerne,  5  lucerne  crops  are  made  a  year.  A  smaller  growth,  called  the 
sixth  crop,  is  pastured  to  the  sheep. 

The  oj  hectares  yielded : 

Kilogriunmea. 

First  cuttiDK 1  650 

Dfloond cutting 2  200 

Third  cutting ".■.■-■.::■.::".■.:■.:■.■.::::::    3,m 

Fourth  cutting 2  750 

Fifth  cutting 1  650 

Bixth  cutting  (estimate  of)  pastured  to  sheep !!!1J.'!!^II!II!!  '450 

For  the  year , 12~000 

The  crop  sold  for  from  7  to  10  francs  the  100  kilogrammes,  »>r  from  840 
to  1,200  francs  the  hectare. 

The  mowing  costs  7  francs  the  hectare,  and  is  done  by  men  at  5  francs 
a  day,  from  4  a.  m.  to  7  p.  m.  Haymaking  is  done  by  women  at  1  franc 
26  centimes  (25  cents^^a  day.  The  field  is  irrigated  four  times  for  each 
mowing  or  cutting.  This  the  overseer  does,  each  irrigation  taking  only 
2  or  3  days.  All  he  has  to  do  for  this  is  to  regulate  the  sluices,  the 
ground  being  so  leveled  off  that  the  excess  of  water  rups  off  easily, 


r  \ 


300  francs, 
is,  12  dozen 
the  domain, 
f  the  honey 

ant  farmer 
sufficiently 

eral  snper- 
8,  etc.  He 
»ted:  has  a 
:.  His  pay 
is  to  culti- 
lucern  and 

.Ipines,  and 
the  "  Mar- 
principale" 
'arrosage'* 
ss  "  are  irri- 
und  slopes 
(urater  is  let 
both  sides, 
3oulement" 
s  colatnre," 
the  "fosses 
ploitation,** 
side  of  the 
es  Alpines, 
\m\  so  con- 
bj  smaller 

373  "  is  140 
le  colature, 
he  chemia 

hich  are  in 
,  called  the 


Kilogrammes. 
1,650 
2,200 
3,300 
2,760 
1,650 
450 

...      12,000 

^r  from  840 


at  5  francs 
1  at  1  franc 
iS  for  eacii 
aking  only 
luices,  the 
easily, 


IBSIOATION   IN   EUROPE— FKANCE.  453 

40  c„bic  metres  the  hectar"'  hfto  ™*r  ftZ  S^Xi  i'!''"'"'  ^  '» 

Deducting  expense  of  irriKation  mannre^^^  f.  .*?  ^*  iiiofrrammee. 

'"S.  the  'acerne'irops.  gave  K??anrp"r„^flt''^*/C»r  """  '"'^''^ 

in  all.'    The  seek  eost  atSfS'JlfC^": """"""' "  '«"--» 
the'-SS  TZr"''  "'  '"' ""' '  '^'^  «'""« ""o  "-t  ™turns  .boat 

and  sheet-iron  slide,  40  fS  e2h  ^  '"  'mg»ti„n,  stone  work, 
ret?™  at  thirSne.  ""'**'"  " ^- ""  "">  P"*"-  """^e  »•">-*  the  same 

t»  obtain  as  satisfactory  infOTmaUon  MmShlf /""'"'— '"  "''■er 
in  this  department  I  vi8itedTSl?nm™rt^  concerning  irrigation 
miles  from  Marseilles,  in  Z  Orm  It  Z^Z^^^'lT.I^  ?he"'  "? 
gating  season  being  over  the  canal  and  ditoh  were  drv  •  i>n?L  ?Si.T" 
abled  me  to  see  the  construction  I  enntiA^Vja  *w    %'■    ?  '^  this  en- 

The  ground  m  its  natural  state  produces  absolutelv  nnthin^     a 

small  earth  ridges  6  to  8  incherhiS  tA.  tt^  iti^.^^'^^^^}""^'^^^ 
pex«^o  inat  as  the  section  is  arranged  in'tlie  longituSf  plancS  w^tli 
the  boorselets,  or  ridges,  and  the  pipes  about  30  S  apaS^^h  m^^^^^ 


454 


IRRIGATION  IN  EHROPE — FRANCE. 


section  on  the  plan  can  be  irrigated  in  turn.  The  ground  having  been 
seeded  in  grass  the  water  is  turned  on,  and  75  litres  a  second  are  used  to 
irrigate  the  section.  The  section  is  watered  once  a  week  during  the 
season.  In  other  words  the  men  employed  night  and  day  in  watering 
the  section  must  get  round  <he  fourteen  planches  in  the  week. 

The  water  thus  spread  over  the  ground  comes  from  the  Durance  and 
is  heavily  charged  with  mud.  It  is  this  mud  deposited  by  the  water 
that  forms  with  the  sand  a  soil  strong  enough  to  produce  remunerative 
crops  of  hay. 

The  cost  of  labor  in  preparing  this  land— f.  e.,  the  first  outlay— was 
from  600  to  600  francs  the  hectare. 

The  annual  expense  per  hectare  is: 

Francs. 

Water,  1^  litre > 60 

Fertilizer , "."*'"!'!'!""!!'''I^     90 

Mowing  hay './//////////////////..'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.,'..'.'.'.'.'.    12 

Curing  suiuo "!!!!"!J""l^!!!!!i!  20 

Putting  same  in  granary !'....!'.'...*.!. !!"!""!!! !!"     15 

Wages  to  man  for  watering  each  hectare  during  seauuu '..'.'..'.'.'.'.'.'.      6 

203 

Cost  of  putting  down  1  hectare  in  meadow,  say  500  francs. 

Francs. 
Yield  per  annum  of  hay  on  this  section,  per  hectare,  6,000  to  8,000  kilos,  or  say 

7,000  at  6  francs  the  kilo 420 

Anuual  expense,  as  above "]      203 

Annual  returns .j 217 

In  1875  and  1876,  it  will  be  remembered,  hny  brought  12, 16,  and 
even  18  francs  the  kilo.    Six  francs  the  kilo  is  about  $12  per  ton. 

The  section  above  described,  without  irrigation,  would  produce  abso- 
lutely nothing.  This  part  of  the  domain  prior  to  the  work  expended  on 
it  had  no  value  at  all,  the  property  having  been  purchased  for  the  fine 
chateau,  and  as  a  game  preserve. 

A  section  of  meadow  10  years  old,  adjoining  the  one  above  described, 
presented  a  magnificent  appearance.  The  stony  ground  had  been 
covered  3  to  4  inches  deep  with  the  canal  mud,  and  the  yield  from  this 
per  hectare,  was  10,000  kilogrammes  the  seas'u.  The  hay  is  cut  five 
times  during  the  season ;  what  is  called  the  ^  xth  crop  being  pastured 
to  the  sheep  in  the  autumn. 

For  a  day's  labor  a  man  is  paid  60  cents,  women  25  cents. 

The  machines  used  on  the  domain  are  English  make— a  Howard  mower 
and  a  Wood  rake. 

A  small  railroad  (Ohemin  de  fer  Decauville)  forms  a  part  of  the  farm 
machinery.  This  is  very  light  in  construction,  and  is  moved  from  one 
section  to  another  as  the  hay  is  cured,  women  carrying  the  hay  in  bas- 
kets and  putting  it  in  the  small  cars.  One  horse  then  pulls  the  mini- 
ature train  to  the  granary. 

This  building,  of  stone  and  mortar,  is  about  160  feet  long,  60  high, 
and  60  from  side  to  side.  A  part  of  one  side  is  open,  there  being  no 
windows  in  it.    The  cost  of  same  was  $12,000. 

The  only  American  implement  on  the  domain  was  one  four-pronged 
stable  fork. 

Some  indication  of  the  climate  mav  be  ""[yen  froni  th?.  fgint  th"t  *.l)"i"\ 
was  one-half  inch  of  ice  on  the  pond8,'^and  still  water,  which  did  not  melt 


IRRIGATION   IN   EUROPE — PRANCE. 


iviuff  been 
are  used  to 
[luring  the 
1  wateriug 
k. 

trance  and 

the  water 

innerative 

itlay — was 


Franca. 

..  60 

...  90 

..  12 

,..  20 

..  15 

..  6 

203 


455 


Francs, 


or  say 

420 

203 

217 

2, 16,  and 
'  ton. 

iuce  abso- 
pended  on 
>r  the  fine 

lesoribed, 
had   been 

from  this 
is  cut  five 

pastured 


ird  mower 

'  the  farm 
from  one 
ay  in  bas- 
the  mini- 

;,  60  high, 
)  being  no 

r-pronged 


d  not  melt 


during  tne  day  the  sun  being  partially  obscured.    There  was  no  wind 

i^i  JJh^'  ^"J  'l'^.^'"^  ^^  ^^^  ""'^'■^^  «»"'^^  ^^e  "'ferred  from  obserT  nff 
how  the  roof  of  the  granary-a  tile  roof,  very  well  made  and  flrmlf 
secured  to  the  wall-had  to  be  weighted  down  with  irge'bowhlers  to 
prevent  its  being  carried  away  by  the  wind.  "owKiers  to 

PartN — Conclusion. 

REPLIES  TO   THE  IRRIGATION    QUESTIONS  OBTAINED  THROUGH  THE 
ENGINBER-INOHLBF  OP  THE  DEPARTMENT. 

In  response  to  a  request  for  information  upon  Irrigation  the  «n 
gineor-ni-ch,ef  of  the  department  has  had  the  kindness  to  supply  me 
with  the  following  answers  to  the  questions  obtained  from  h  s  su^T 
ordina  esin  certain  arrondissemeuts  and  cantons.    A  circular  note  was 
sent  with  the  questions :  ^^ 

(1)  Areas  of  land  uuder  irrigation;  compare  with  the  nonirrisable  and  oultivaMA 
areas  when  possible.     Also,  quantity  and  quality  of  crops  grown  oultivable 

(2)  bo.irces  of  water  supply,  whether  from  rivers,  streams,  springs,  lakes  well- 
reservoirs,  catchment  basins,  or  tanks,  etc.  °f""S»,  la&ea,  wella, 

(3)  Charactt-r  of  works  used  for  storage  and  distribution  of  water 

(4)  llieBystemof  water  distribution,  whether  governed  bylaws  rnles  utiH  ™„„ 
ations  or  custom.     Give  duty  of  water  per  hectare,  i.  e.,  tbe  amount  used  nerTec" 

tare  and  per  season  ;  the  cost  or  rental  to  user;  temire  of  owuershipof  water  and 
whether  the  same  be  public  or  private,  national  or  community  f  '    °^ 

o&  precipi Sion.'"™"''  '"  '''"^''"'  ^^^^""^  '*"*  "^^^''^  «*  ^'^ '  ^^^^^^  rainfall  or 

(6)  Antiquity  or  otherwise  of  irrigation  systems  within  the  section  treated  of  anH 

whether  the  same  are  maintained  at  public  or  private  expense.  ''^^'^a  <",  and 

To  which  questions  the  agent,  Voyer,  for  the  Canton  des  Martigues 
has  replied  as  follows :  w^^ues 

(1)  Commune  des  Martigues,  irrigated  (about) Hectares. 

Commune  de  Chateau neuf,  irrigated  fabont)  ...     tn 

Not  irrigated .    "0 

**  1,000 

^  Crops  consist  of  wheat,  primeurs,  fruits,  olives,  and  dried  vegetables.    Very  little 

•  Ci^  ^'^  the  commune  des  Martigues,  Port-de-Bouc,  and  Gignac  from  the  Durance  • 
m  those  of  Manguaue  and  St.  Victoret  from  la  Cadifere  (strlam) :  in  those  of  Cha' 
teau  neuf  Carry,  and  le  Rove  from  springs  and  wells  ^  * 

.  (3)  ^°  *^e  ,<^«™°'?ne8  des  Martigues,  Port-de-Bouc,  and  Gignac  the  water  is  bron^hf 
m  canals  and  distributed  in  the  town  by  means  of  fountain^.  There  are  soLeTeUs 
In  those  of  Marignane  and  St.  Victoret,  where  the  stream  la  Cadifere  snpplierth^ 
iiTigation,  only  water  for  domestic  use  is  obtained  from  ciste.ns  and  wells.^  In  thosi 
of  tie  Rove,  Carry,  and  Cbateauneuf,  for  the  most  part,  there  is  an  abundant  qS 
tity  of  spring  water.    F<.r  domestic  use  there  are  wells.  """"uani,  quan- 

(4)  In  the  commuue  des  Martigues  the  distribution  of  water  is  governed  bv  a  law 
and  prefectora  decree  of  July  9,  1884.  The  concessions  for  water  are  for  at  leattfif 
teen  years.  Water  for  the  irrigating  season  is  sold  at  30  francs  the  litre.  For  coni 
tinual  use  and  for  houses  there  is  a  special  rate. 

The  irrigating  canal  is  tbe  property  ef  the  commune. 

The  commune  of  Port-de-Bouo  has  a  canal,  taken  from  the  Martigues  Canal  for 
which  it  pays  610  francs  a  year'for  a  litre  a  second.  iaaitiKueB  v.anai,  ror 

agcd*by  rsySte!*^  Martigues  and  of  St.  Victoret  the  use  of  the  water  ia  man- 

1.?°  ^I^f, conimjine  of  Cbateauneuf  the  irrigation  is  not  governed  by  any  law  or  reira. 
lation,_the  water  belonging  exclusively  to  the  pronrietors.  ^  ^ 

(5)  xne  nature  oi  the  climate  and  of  the  soiris  warm.    The  soil  is  limestone. 


1 


\  y 


456  IRRIGATION   IN   EUROPK — FRANCE. 

The  average  rainfall  at  the  obuervatory  of  Portde-Bouo  is  as  foIlowB : 


Year. 

Averase 
rainfall. 

Tear. 

Average 
raiu&U. 

1882 

tnm. 
641 

462 
488 
588 

1888 

mm. 
SM 

1888 

1887 

892 

1884 

1888 

1885 

(6)  In  certain  communes  the  expense  falls  on  the  communes ;  in  others,  in  general, 
on  the  proprietors. 

The  oonstrnotion  of  the  irrigating  canal  of  Martigues  and  its  management  dat« 
from  IbSO. 

'MARSEILLES. 

(1)  The  city  of  Marseilles  is  so  divided  up  that  it  is  difficult  to  give  the  exact 
amount  of  land  irrigated.  The  Marseilles  Canal  irrigates  about  3,500  hectares  with 
4,600  litres  per  second. 

The  crops  are  hay,  wine,  wheat,  and  olives. 

(ri)  The  irrigating  water  is  obtained  from  rivers,  streams,  springs,  and  wells.  The 
rivers  are  the  Durance  and  the  Huveaune;  the  streams  are  the  Jarret  and  les  Ayga- 
lades. 

(3)  The  water  from  the  Durance  is  bronght  to  Marseilles  by  a  canal.  Its  distribu- 
tion is  accomplished  by  tapping  the  said  canal  at  different  points. 

That  from  the  Huveaune  is  brought  in  a  canal,  and  is  also  used  for  motive  power. 
This  branch  goes  by  the  name  of  the  Canal  of  St.  Marcel  and  St.  Guinez.  It »  con- 
structed of  stone  (masonry)  and  earth. 

(4)  The  water  from  the  Durance,  as  well  as  that  from  the  Huveaune,  is  governed 
by  regulations  as  to  its  distribution ;  that  of  the  streams  by  .usage. 

The  water  concessions  for  the  ci  ty  of  Marseilles  are  for  fifty  years.  The  cost  per 
annum  is  80  francs  a  litre  per  second.  The  Marseilles  Canal  belongs  to  the  commune 
of  Marseilles.  The  Huveaune  branch  belongs  to  private  parties.  The  water  that 
passes  into  the  streams  de  Jarret  and  des  Aygalades  belongs  to  the  riparian  owners. 

(5)  The  nature  of  the  climate  is  generally  warm.  The  mean  temperature  from  1886 
to  1887  was  14.20°.    The  rainfall  (mean)  from  1866  to  1887  was  526.68  millimetres. 

(6)  The  construction  of  the  Marseilles  Canal  dates  from  1839  to  1847.  The  cost  of 
maintenance  is  borne  by  the  city  of  Marseilles.  The  construction  of  the  canal  of 
St.  Marcel  dates  back  to  1417.  The  expense  of  maintenance  f^ls  on  the  riparian 
proprietors. 

THK  CANTON  OF  ISTBB8. 


T 

ii 

is 

8C 

tl 
& 


(1)  The  number  of  hectares  irrigated  is  about  3,000.  There  are  about  3,100  hectares 
cultivated,  but  not  irrigated. 

The  crops  are  hay,  wheat,  olives^  almonds,  and  wine.  Hay,  wheat,  and  olives  take 
up  about  three-fourths  of  the  cultivated  land.  The  total  value  of  the  orops  is  about 
650,000  francs. 

(2)  There  are  two  canals,  les  Alpines  and  les  Craponnes. 

(3)  The  water  is  taken  from  the  river  Durance  by  means  of  floating  bars  (onvrages 
mobiles),  dikes,  or  other  works,  and  is  conducted  by  the  canals  already  named.  It  is 
divided  and  distributed  by  secondary  canals,  sluices  being  used  to  regulate  the  flow. 
The  only  plans  I  know  of  are  those  of  the  branch  canal  of  St.  Mitre,  to  be  obtained 
from  the  commune  of  St.  Mitre. 

(4)  The  distribution  of  the  water  is  governed  by  particular  regulations,  which 
vary.  The  amouut  used  per  hectare  during  the  summer  season  is  2^  litres.  The 
concessions  for  water  are  perpetual.  For  the  canal  de  Craponne  they  are  gratis,  and 
for  les  Alpines  at  a  certain  sum.  The  annual  expense  is  very  changeable,  and  goes 
from  15  to  45  francs  per  hectare.  The  canals  belong  to  private  parties  or  to  associa- 
tions. 

(5)  The  soil  of  the  canton  of  Istres  is  atony  and  rocky.    The  climate  is  temperate. 

(6)  The  canal  de  Craponne  was  constructed  in  1560 ;  that  of  les  Alpines  in  1870. 
The  expense  of  maintenance  is  borne  by  those  who  use  them. 


' 


Ai: 
Ge 
La 

c^ 


IRBIGATION   IN  EUROPE — FRANCE. 


457 


mm. 


802 


AHRONDI88RMKNT  D'aRIJ{8. 

(1)  In  the  coiDiiinnes  of  Mouri^u  and  les  Hiiiit  f  h*.™  :<. .,«  '     j       ,     .    . 

the  commune  of  Manssane,  of  ItiesKares  onlv  in  h!  T  '"^^  "n«l«r ini«ation ;  In 
and  garden;  in  the  comnlune  trPamdow/of  VlStt^^^^^^ 
meadow  and  garden;  in  the  commune  of  Fontvieille?lL'f}J?f^*'*''?fiV'"K"«'''*''' 
vineyards,  are  irrigated.  '  on wieiiie,  .i,9b2  hectares,  180  hectares 

(2)  Springs  and  streams. 

(5)  The  climate  is  dry  and  the  soil  calcareous. 

(6)  The  expense  of  irrigation  h  borne  by  private  parties. 


TARABCON. 

pliS  o^'a^arS  ?rr&''.^7h"e^pffi*  f  c?o;:r^^^^^^^^^      ^^  ^'T  -"^  «^  ^^^^ 
piments.     The  vine  is  treated  by  submers  onT  ^h«  .ZVJ"^^'  *^!r*  ''  <^?»»t«.|and . 
fehdne  the  sand  protects  it  from  tL  p2  (pbTlloxeraV    Th^  IV^-^  banks  of  the 
largely  used  to  r.place  the  destroyed  vineyards  ^'  American  plants  are 

(2)  Water  is  supplied  by  two  canals  from  the  Durance      Th«  t.„+»-  <• 
canals  is  used  for  snbraercinc  the  vinaH  hut   ,n  fi  L    i  a     ^.**®'^  ^™™  t^ese 

(4)  The  distribution  of  water  is  governed  bv  rules  wK  H?«  n.,,  .V^  I  "''^.*'^- 
structed  to  see  are  observed.  For  the  dutv  of  wafAr  ««r  i^,:  i^^  '"^  ^""'"''^  ^''^  '"- 
of  the  canal  at  St.  Reucy  ^    *     *'"  ^^"^  hectare  appfy  to  the  office 

Bio^iTf^r'te^yefrl"''  ''''  '"*^  ^«  ''  ^'""^«  P«^  ^««*-«  t^«  --on,  and  the  conces- 

is  llpotd  oT:iVuvia\m'e*El6if  ^^^  ^^^T?"    ''*'«  ^i^^  '^  '"^^  ?'-"» 

(6)  Apply  to  the  canal  des  Alpines. 


' 


CANTON  OF  AUBAGNS. 
(1) 


Commune. 


Aiibagne 

Gemenog 

lift  Penile 

Ctjes 


Total 
area. 


Jlectaret 
5,  f)  18. 63 
3, 193.  78 
356. 12 
3, 881. 17 


Area  of      . 
arable      -^reaof 
laud  not  .  „  »n?  . 
Irrigated,  "rigated. 


Hectare*. 
2, 259. 03 

602. 38 
93.07 

766.59 


Hectares. 

677. 33 

2U8. 46 

83.45 


-.£>• 


■I 


458  '  IRRIGATION   IN   EUROPE — FRANCE. 

In  the  four  conituuuea  the  crops  coDHist  of  cereala,  forage,  lind  divers  vegetables. 

(2) 


Commune. 


Anbn){ne 5 

Qemeuoa 5 

LkPenne 

Cnjea 


Source  of  irrigation. 


PnrftDoe  (branch  of  the  Canal  de  Marseille). 

Iluveaiine 

Durance 

SprhiK  (St  Pom) 

Diirpnco 

Nntural  Hprlnga  (Mair6) 

Huveaiiue 

No  part  of  the  commune  irri)(ated    


Are* 
irripi'-jid. 


H«etart$. 

44B 

234.88 

111.50 

tW.M 

&2.S0 

M.IO 

a.ss 


(3)  Tlie  water  of  the  Durance  'vn  conveyed  to  Anbagne  by  a  canal,  for  the  most 
part  of  inaHonry,  and  is  a  branch  of  the  Canal  de  Marseilles.  It  is  distribnt'  d  by  thft 
cantonniers  (roadmen),  who  tap  the  main  branch  and  stipply  the  water  to  the  differ- 
ent proprietors  by  means  of  pipes  of  masonry.  The  water  of  the  Huveanne  is  taken 
from  the  river  at  Pont  de  I'Etoile  and  conveyed  through  an  earthen  canal  to  Gast, 
Beaudin,  and  Camp-Major,  Pipes  convey  the  water  from  the  canal  to  the  different 
lands  irrigated. 

Oemenos:  The  water  of  the  Dnrance  is  conveyed  and  distribnted  as  in  the  com- 
mnne  of  Aubagne.  As  regards  the  spring  St.  Pons,  tho  water  is  brought  to  Gemeuoa 
by  a  simple  conduit,  partly  earthen,  part  masonry,  and  conveyed  to  the  different 
districts  by  pipes. 

La  Penne  :  The  water  of  the  Durance  is  conveyed  and  distributed  as  at  Aubagne. 
The  water  of  tlie  Mair6  comes  from  natural  springs  and  is  collected  in  an  earthen 
canal.  The  lands  traversed  by  th(»  canal  are  iiri^atcd  in  turn,  that  is,  when  there  is 
water  in  that  part  of  the  canal  wliich  passes  througli  the  estate.  The  Hnveauue 
supplies  water  to  the  communes  of  Aubagne  and  La  Penne,  which  is  distribnted  by 
a  canal  passing  through  the  different^fstates. 

The  plans  for  the  cou.struction  of  the  ciinal  of  the  Durance  are  kept  at  the  mairie 
of  Marseilles  (the  bureau  dn  canal).  Of  the  other  canals  of  irrigation  in  tho  com- 
mune of  Aubagne  there  exi.st  no  i)laus. 

As  regards  the  canal  of  the  Durance,  which  supplies  the  comninnes  of  Aubagne, 
Gemenos,  and  La  Penne,  there  are  certain  regulations.  Every  conc^esionaire 
(grantee)  has  a  right  to  34  litres  per  sccond.4luring  a  |>eriod  of  three  hours  in  every 
one  hundred  and  two  hours.  From  April  1  to  September  30  the  distribution  continues 
day  and  night. 

The  (quantity  of  water  supplied  in  the  season  per  hectare  is  15,811,200  litres.  The 
concession  is  for  50  years.  The  cost  is  80  francs,  yearly,  per  litre,  besides  400  francs 
for  initial  expense  of  laying  on  and  15  francs  per  tap.  The  canal  is  the  property  of 
the  town  of  Marseilles. 

Tho  waters  of  the  Huveaune  are  divided  between  three  syndicates,  Gast,  Bdaudi- 
uard,  and  Camp-Major.  The  dl.stribution  is  regulated,  fivery  proprietor  takes  his 
turn ;  the  one  begins  when  the  other  has  terminated.  He  has  a  right  to  all  the  water 
passing  through  the  pipes  for  a  certain  period,  which  varies  according  to  the  extent 
of  the  land  to  he  irrigated;  in  general,  every  eight  days.  The  quantity  supplied 
per  hectare  is  variable,  depending  on  the  amount  supplied  by  the  river.  The  con- 
cessions are  perpetual.  The  proprietors  pay  an  annual  rent  of  60  francs  per  hectare 
at  Gast  and  Beandinard,  and  40  francs  at  Camp-Major.  The  construction  of  the  taps 
is  at  the  charge  of  the  syndicates,  who  are  theproprietorsof  the  canals  of  irrigation. 
The  distribution  continues  from  April  1  to  September  30,  day  and  night. 

The  river  Huveaune  being  sometimes  dry,  the  syndicates  of  Gast  and  Beandinard 
have  a  concession  from  the  Canal  de  Marseille,  the  former  of  40  litres,  the  latter  (xf  30 
litres,  affording  the  necess.ary  water  in  case  of  need. 

The  water  from  the  spring  of  St.  Pons  is  distributed  by  tho  cantonniers  (roadmen) 
of  the  f  yndioate  of  Gemenos.  The  proprietors  are  supplied  with  water  in  their  turn. 
They  have  a  right  to  all  the  water  passing  through  the  pipes  during  a  period,  vary- 
ing according  to  the  extent  of  land  to  be  irrigated.  The  turn  comes  round  generally 
every  ten  days.  The  quantity  of  water  is  variable.  The  concessions  are  perpetual. 
The  proprietors  pay  a  rent  of  .32  francs  per  hectare.  The  syndicate  is  the  proprietor 
of  the  canal  and  constructs  the  taps.  The  distribution  continues  from  April  1  to 
Septembers,  day  and  night. 


ttlRtOATloK   IN   ECftOPE— FRANCE. 


459 


Btetartt. 

44a 

234.33 

lll.RO 

06.06 

62.60 

S4.10 

0.85 


(5)  The  climate  of  AuhnKiio  in  milrt  ;  about  14  dosrees  on  the  averaffn  •  thA  ».il  u 
olay-l.meHtoae     Average  rainfall  from  18^2  to  18H7  ab«„t  565  .ninurtnt; 


8T.  n(5MY. 
(1) 

Commune. 

Total 
nrea. 

Arable 

lain), 

IrriKaied 

or  not. 

Land 
iirrigated. 

St.  K6my 

Eyra^nrg 

Graveson 

Masblano ] 

IlecUirei. 

8,760 

2,016 

2,  292 

148 

Uectcreii. 

8,164 

1,700 

1,982 

121 

Heclarei. 

885 

210 

140 

26 

SfTh^Ti^n.?'  ^"'"^V  ^'"^1'  •'T'  'J^''.'^^'  Vrinnnn,,  vegetables,  and  oats, 
riri  Jo    D"ni"ce  mipphes  water  for  irrigation.    In  the  communes  of  St.  Kdmv  and 

sni„t't".a^irXT.v™ibr'"''"  ""5»"°  -^-'^  «-"'•- 

r./tL^h^  ^'^^^^  r['^-  '"'gat'o"  purposes  is  brought  by  the  north  branch  of  the  Canal 
nL  i  ^i'^'"^'-  ^,*m'  'I'^f"^"'**''^  '>y  "leans  of  main  conduits  which  supply  Irondrrv 
pipes     About  a  kilometre  to  the  oast  of  St.  R^my  the  canal  is  divided   into  tw« 

GmveS  "'  "*  "^''''  '"PP"'^  ®*-  ^'™y  '^"'^  M^'^^^^-J  t'^^  o'the^EyJagues  and 

a  g^nrarmToF'tZfaU^irr/aVe^"  *'^  ''^^^^  "'  *^«  "«"«^  ^*  «*•  ^^^^^  ^»*«-P'y 

1HK7^  '^!lJ^ '^"^"■''i"*ion  Of  tlie  water  is  according  to  a  regulat,ion  dated  January  18 
Tl.7n    1"«"t'ty  «f  water  supplied  is  1.07  litPes  per  hectare  fi"m  April  Ito  October 

£i;:£.fof-fhi'SnXfX  ATp^^r^'  ^^  ''^  ^'^^-*^  «^  therrErc^o^p^-*-  li 

E'^ralJit^^^l^rbrnlfsl^tW?^^^^^^^^^    ^^« -™«  ^^  *^«  -«  with^S K  *f 

i8.^oi  Sfe'wSrg^^avelir"^  "'  '""^  ''  *''  "°'*'  "'"^  ''"''  "^"^  P"^"^^^'    ^^^^  ««^ 
In  the  territory  of  Mailiaane,  parts  of  the  southwest  of  Graveson   and  the  no-th 

7afnf«^  i'Sf^pf  *^'  '?i3  '«  "^  *  "''^  vegetable  character.    The 'averag'rn^ii 
fi(  Th«  ?n  ^,*^"y  .f*"-  *!>«  yea^s  1«82  to  1885,  inclusive  was  593  niillhnetrfs 
(6)  The  construction  of  the  works  connected  with  the  Canals  of  th«   Ai«5««- 

™  ?'f  ""^  ^r^«,""«  *"*^  S*^-  "^"'y)  •i''t««  f™™  1856,  and  the  expense  of  m«SS 
nance  is  borne  by  the  company  which  has  the  concession.  ^^Pense  ot  mainte- 

nnWnr"TK  ''°*'*  "^  the  Rdal  of  St.  Rdmy  is  at  the  expense  of  Mr.  Bernard  nro- 
pnetor.  The  expense  of  the  maintenance  of  the  R<Sal  of  Evragueris  borne  n'^Hv 
by  the  commune  and  partly  by  the  miUowners  of  this  narf.  nf  tE  ,^«L-  ""1?""^ 


4G0 


IRRIGATION    IN   EUROPE — FRANCE. 


(1) 


Coismnne. 


BubentAnne.. 
Oh»teaiirui:aril 

>(ovnH 

KOKIIUDM < 


Total 


ArcM  nnl-     Area  Irrt' 


Htotaru. 

2,989 

3,«6» 

2,<I37 

•08 


tSrabla. 


Utetaru. 

i.eso 

2.8S0 

2,030 

720 


S*etaru. 
12S 
2,400 
40f 

aoo 


The  chief  crops  consist  of  oereaU,  vines,  olives,  vegetables,  oats,  barley,  peaches. 

*^(2rThe'Diirance"8api)lio8  water  to  the  tlifferout  branches  of  the  Canal  of  the  Alpines 
and  those  of  Chateaurenard  and  St.  An.liol.  Chateaurenard  is  partly  supplied  by 
the  Anjruillou  and  the  R6al,  which  are  natural  streams. 

(3)  Ae  water  is  derived  from  canals  which  are  kept  m  reserve  by  means  of  sluices, 
»nd  distributed  by  snmll  trenches  called  '<tilioles.''  The  two  branches  of  the  Canal 
of  the  Alpines  which  irrigate  Barbentenne  and  Koguonas  have  a  tap  in  common  on  the 
Durance,  at  Puech,  nea  Aoves.    The  tap  of  the  cwnal  of  Chateaurenard  is  about  300 

^"rheCa'uafo/'st. Yndtoiisabranohof  the  Canal  of  Brisgelin,  which  is  .applied 
by  the  Durance  near  Mallemost.  A  secondary  branch  of  the  Canal  of  the  Alpines, 
■which  irrigates  Noves,  is  supplied  by  the  main  branch,  which  also  has  a  tap  at  MaUe- 

™Th'ere  are  no  rdaiis  existing  of  the  works  connected  with  these  canals.  There  is 
simply  a  genernl  man  of  the  lands  irrigated,  which  can  be  procured  at  the  company  s 
office  at  St.  R6u.y.  The  syndicate  of  the  Canal  of  Chateaurenard  have  a  general 
plan  of  the  lands  irrigated  and  of  the  works  constructed  in  laH7,  which  can  be  pro- 
cured at  the  office  of  the  syndicate  at  Aries  from  the  engineer.       ,  ^   ,  .      ,,        ,     „ 

(4)  Canal  of  Chateaurenard:  The  distribution  of  water  is  regulated  by  "gardes 
in  accordance  with  a  profectoraJ  regulation  dated  September25, 1858.  The  quantity 
of  water  per  hectare  is  not  limited.  The  syndicate  of  Chateaureuard  is  empowered 
to  take  3  cubic  inches  per  second  from  the  Durance :  and  from  the  R6al,  only  once  a 
week.  It  has  right  to  all  the  water  of  the  Anguillon  extending  from  the  wooden 
bridge  to  the  Durance.    The  concession  is  annual.         ,.,,„.  .         ' 

The  annual  payments  for  irrigation  are  as  follows:  First  class,  16  francs  per  hec- 
tare;  second  class,  U  francs  per  hectare;  third  class,  6  francs  per  hectare.  The 
canal  of  Chateaurenard  belongs  to  a  syndicate.  The  Anguillon  belongs  to  the  syndi- 
cate formed  for  draining  the  marshes  of  the  Anguillon  as  far  as  the  wooden  bridge; 
from  the  wooden  bridge  to  the  Durance  it  is  the  property  of  the  Chateaurenard  syn- 
dicate.   The  bed  of  the  R^al  belongs  to  Mme.  la  Marquise  de  Valory ;  tue  water  to 

Canal  des  Alpines:  The  distribution  of  water  is  regulated  by  "gardes"  according 
to  a  prefectoral  regulation  of  January  18,  1865.  The  quantity  of  water  supplied  is 
1.07  litres  per  hectare  during  the  period  of  irrigation  ;  that  is.  from  April  1  to  Octo- 
ber 1.  The  tax  is  35  francs  per  hectare,  and  the  engagement  must  be  for  a  minimum 
period  of  3  years.  The  main  and  secondary  branches  belong  to  the  Cie.  Fran9ai8e 
d'lrrijration  and  the  ditches  and  trenches  to  the  irrigators.  ,  ,  ^  ^        „        ,   „ 

(5)  Branch  of  the  ciinal  (St.  Andiol) :  The  distribution  is  regulated  by  a  "garde' 
(keeper).  The  quantity  of  water  per  hectare  is  not  and  can  not  be  limited,  the  vol- 
ume being  very  variable.  The  concessions  are  perpetual.  The  annual  charge  is  7 
francs  per  hectare.    The  oaual  and  trenches  belong  to  a  syndicate  of  irrigators. 

The  climate  is  rather  dry  and  generally  mild  when  the  mistral  is  not  prevalent. 
The  soil  is  gravelly,  but  with  the  exception  of  some  districts  is  very  fertile  and  well 
adapted  for  the  culture  of  primeurs.  Some  districts  of  Chateaurenard  are  also  very 
fertile,  the  soil  being  sandy.    A  strong  vegetable  soil  prevails  m  the  commu'ie  of 

There  is  no  water  gauge  in  the  communes  of  Barbentanne,  Chateaurenard,  and 
Noves,  but  the  average  rainfall  is  about  .'bOO  millimetres. 

(li)  The  canal  of  Chateaureuard  was  constructed  from  1789  to  1795,  according  to  a 
design  of  1783,  and  is  maintained  by  the  syndicate.  The  Anguillon  and  the  R6al  have 
existed  from  time  immemorial,  and  the  expense  is  bcMue  part  by  the  syndicate  ot  the 
Chateaurenard  and  part  by  the  ■'  Syndicat  des  Marais ; "  the  R6al,  part  by  the  syn- 
dicate of  the  Chateaureuard  and  part  by  the  commune  of  Eyragues. 
'  The  two  branches  of  the  "Canal  des  Alpines"  were  constructed  m  18b8.  Jhat  ol 
Noves  in  1855.  The  expense  is  borne  by  the  "  Cie.  Frauyaise  dliiigaliou."  iiio  irri- 
gators maintain  in  order  the  small  ditches. 


Otll- 

Area  Irri- 

bla. 

gated. 

ar*t. 

Htetaru. 

J, 680 

12S 

■2.8M 

2,4M 

2,030 

40» 

720 

MO 

irley,  peaches, 


teaureoard,  and 


a  1868.    That  of 


IRHIOATION    IN   EUROPE— PRANCK. 


4fil 


The  "AsHociatioii  Syndicate"  of  tlm  nntntnnno  «r  v„  .  . 

bought  at  that  date  /rem  m!  rt'^^totUrtr^ra^L  of ThoTan"«l'Sr\'".f'i'''  l'^.'' 
•zp«nM  of  maiutenanoe  ia  borne  by  the  Hyndicute;  ^°'"*'^-     ^'*" 

LA   CIOTAT. 

(1)  It  ia  Boarcely  pomible  to  atate  the  exact  area  of  land  lrrl»af«^  k 
greater  part  of  the  30  lltren  of  water  co„c(,de,l  to  La  Cioa^bv  the  citJ'nfM"'^ •,*,*"* 
nerve  to  simply  the  w.tnta  of  the  population      How.rvlp  a  ftx-   »°«  ^'ty  of  MarneilleH 
land  are  HliKl.tly  iirinated.  I'-'ia^'on.     However,  a  few  gardens  and  tracts  of 

T.^"^1''*''^P'"*^"*'^^"  '*'■*'  ""i  «Hvc»,  aiul  pine  wood. 
Vi)  The  Durance  supplies  the  water 
.(3)  It  is  stored,  in  r.^ervoirs.  ^  The  distribution  is  effected  by  nieans  of  cast-iron 


,(3.     

^F^f  Th'l  *?/'!•  T'*/?  *  r?K«»'»ting  anparatns  provided  with  alock 
__11^.,.^??  distribution  is  in  accortlauce  with  regulations. 


Sof-  T»»«  f  r^«;:- 3*30  i' muHbeTlu^dleTte^ 
leth  of  a  module  to  2}  litrr:;  ^cr  second.  These  conces! 
11,"  torininate  on  the  aist  of  February,  1903. 


Bnpplied  is  the  same  at  ail  seasons, 
each  allowed  from  one-twentic 

"*TL  ^^'""^  *™  V  *"  |"°»t'«n.:  torininate  on  the  aist  of  Pebruarv  I'OOS 

^  The  charge,  not  including  the  initial  expense  of  laying  on,  Ko'francs  per  mod- 

(5)  The  climate  is  very  mild,  almost  warm.     The  soil  boinirfnp+hfl  «,-.„»        ..       , 
ia  scarcely  fertile.     The  average  rainfall  is  aboilt  U9  90  m    ifn^^trcs  pe^aiZ^^ 

(0)  The  niniignration  of  the  canal  took  place  in  1883.     The  commune  o^  Tpi,*   . 
beara  the  expense  of  maintenance.  *  "" 'ornmune  or  La  Ciotat 

LOCATION. 

(1) 


Canals. 


Canal  of  the  Btel 

Canal  of  the  B«alot.. 

Canal  of  La  Fare 

Canal  of  La  Bosque  t 


*  From  the  top. 


£ztent  of 

land 
irrigated. 


KUomttret. 

•a  2 

*2.8 

6.8 


Area 
Irrigated. 


Bectare$, 

120. 0004 

M.  0002 

800. 0000 


Cnltivable 
land  not 
inigalud. 


Beetaret. 


4,295  0006 
1, 067. 0000 


fin  course  of  construotion. 


(2)  The  water  is  supplied  by  the  river  (I'Arc). 

^^l  ^ox  7**?'"  '*  ''<''^"J«?  ^y  means  of  sluices  in  masonry.    The  plan  of  th«  r^noi 
of  the  B^al  18  in  care  of  M.  Alphaise  (at  Bi^rre)  proprietor  of  the  canal      Ti.l^i        I 

ff/Tr«"  **  **••"  ^^*'r  ""^  ^'^  ^.''''^'  *^«  a^chivSf  [he  syndicate:  ffi  ?  an  of 
works         ''"'  '"  '°  *^'  possession  of  the  engineer  of  Aix,  ^ho  is  director^of  the 

(4)  The  distribution  of  the  water  is  regulated  bv  a  syndicate     Thn  a™ar„„„  i 

is  2  liters  per  second  and  per  hectare  for^Bdal  L7b&,IuAI  lilr  for  K^^^ 
The  concessions  are  perpetual.  '        '  ^  '"'"^  ^or  i^a  i;  are. 

The  charge  for  orchards  is  4  francs  per  hectare ;  meadows.  8  francs  ner  beota™ 

Alpfer*'  ^'''^«**"^  La  Fare  belong  to  priv'ate  individuaVsTKrtJ  Monsienr 

bS  'Si  mmrmetre*s!"'^''^*^ '  *^'  '""  ^'^^'"^-  ^^''''««  ^'^'^f'^"  ^*  *h«  S»«°«  de 
«f  ^J^LT*  ®  """"^^^  ^""^^  constructed  at  the  end  of  the  sixteenth  century.  The  exnenses 
proprietors!""'  *'"  ''^       '^  '*°°"''^'^  ^^  *^'  syndicate,  and  are  born^e  by  the  ri?ar?aa 

(1)  Auriol:  xr      .      ^ 

Meadows  and  vegetables Heo.  Are.  Cent. 

Arable  land  (oats,  olives,  vines) i  jok 

Hills  and  heaths i'^?^ 

Eoquevaire:  ^' ''^^ 

Meadows,  vegetables,  and  vines 30 

Arable  land  (wheat,  olives,  capers,  etc) .'."' 1  n^Q 

Hills  and  heaths '."'"'. 1  937 

iol  ^^'ij"^  ?^^  Rpquevairo  are  irrigated  by  the  Huveau  (river). 
Bluice.  "        '^"'^'''''*^  *^*^  ^'^^^^  '^  collected  in  a  miUdam  by  means  of  « 


0 

«0 

5 

85 

5 

82 


0 
41 
67 

55 
98 
10 


J 


■•rf*i:- 


462 


IRRIGATION   IN   EUROPE — FRANCE. 


The  volume  of 


(4)  The  di»t/ibution  of  the  water  is  regulated  by  the  syndicate, 
water  is  irregular.    M.  de  Remusat  is  the  owner  of  the  milldam. 

Roquevaire :  The  water  is  distributed  from  Saturday  12  a.  m.  till  Sunday  12  a  m 
and  18  regulated  by  usage.     It  is  supplied  to  all  the  riparian  proprietors  who  bear  the 
expense  ot  maintenance.    M.  Lieutand  is  the  owner  of  the  milldam. 

(5)  Auriol :  Climate,  cold  ;  soil,  clayey  limestone. 

Roquevaire :  Climate,  temperate,  allowing  primeurs  to  be  cultivated.    There  isno 
ram  gauge  in  either  locality. 

(6)  Auriol:  The  milldam  and  sluice  were  constructed  in  the  fifteenth  centurv 
They  are  kept  in  order  by  the  proprietor,  M.  de  Remusat. 

Roquevaire:  The  milldam  and  sluice  were  constructed  in  the  sixteenth  oentorv 
Ihey  are  kept  in  order  by  the  riparian  proprietors. 


:- 


ARLES. 


(1). 


Commune. 

Area. 

Cultivable  lands. 

Irrigated 
lands. 

Extent 
cultivable. 

Extent 
irrigated. 

Crops. 

• 

Hectares. 
102,383. 

37, 591  ■ 

Arable  land,  cereals  . . . 

Meetares. 

14,  000 

8,000 

200 

0,000 

1,500 

200 

300 

4,000 

20 

20 

Vines 

Gardens 

Vines  .... 
Gardens  .. 
Meadows  . 

Aries 

200 
6,000 

VoRotables,  etc. 
Forage. 

Meadows 

Olives 

Olives,  etc 

Arable  land,  cereals . . . 
Vines 

Stes.  Maries. . 

Gardens 

20 
20 

Vegetables,  etc. 
Forage. 

Meadows 

Total.. 

34, 240 

6,  240 

In  the  commune  of  Aries  the  vines  are  submerged  during  the  winter.  The  gardens 
are  for  the  most  part  irrigated  by  hydraulic  pumps. 

(2)  In  the  Camargue,  by  the  Grand  and  Petit  Rh6ne;  in  the  T,  by  the  Durance 
the  water  is  conveyed  by  an  extension  of  the  Chateaurenard  Canal. 

In  the  Plan  du  Bourg  by  the  Durance,  the  trenches  of  Langlade  and  Myrol'  sunnlv 
the  water.  ^*^ ' 

In  the  Crau,  by  the  Durance,  the  canal  of  Craponne  supplies  the  water. 
In  Stes.  Maries,  by  the  Petit  Rh6ne. 

(3)  In  the  Camargue  the  water  is  obtained  by  tapping  the  Grand  and  Petit  RhOno. 
The  water  of  the  Durance  is  conveyed  to  the  Crau,  and  the  Plan  du  Bourg  by  the 
canals  of  Langlade  and  Craponne  and  the  ditch  Myrol. 

The  water  is  distributed  by  means  of  "  filioles  "  or  secondary  pipes.  The  plans  of 
the  Canal  do  Craponne  can  be  seen  at  the  olitices  of  the  8ocift('"'auonyme  of  the  canal 
at  Aries.  Schemes  for  the  irrigation  of  the  Camargue  are  deposited  at  the  olflces  of 
the  engineer  at  Aries. 

The  distribution  of  the  water  in  the  canals  of  the  Camargue  are  under  no  regula- 
tions. The  .water  of  the  canals  of  Craponne,  Langlade,  and  Myrol  is  distributed  bv 
means  of  dams  m  masonry.  The  quantity  supplied  is  1.20  litres  per  hectare,  except 
during  the  month  of  March,  the  time  of  stubble  cutting.  The  concessions  are  op- 
tional. The  charge  is  13  Iraucs  to  the  Craponne  Company  nnd  11  francs  to  the  syndi- 
cate, in  all  24  francs  per  hectare.    The  canals  beloug  to  private  parties  or  to  syndi- 

(5)  The  climate  is  generally  dry,  especially  in  summer,  when  rain  is  infrequent. 
The  soil  is  siliceous  and  very  pervious.  That  of  the  Camargue  and  the  Plan  du  Bourg 
produced  by  alluvial  deijosits  of  the  Gaud  Petit  Rh6ne  is  very  hard  siliceous  lime- 
etone,  and  saturated  with  salt  to  a  great  depth. 

(6)  The  canal  of  Craponne  was  constructed  in  the  middle  of  the  sixteenth  century 
by  Adam  de  Craponne.  The  canal  of  Langlade  was  made  after  that  of  Craponne.  so 
also  the  ditch  of  Myrol.  ' 

The  expense  of  maintenance  is  borne  by  their  proprietors  and  the  syndicates. 


United  States  Consulate, 

Muruilics,  Fwruary  4,  1890, 


Charles  B.  Trail, 

Vonsul, 


The  volume  of 


IBEIGATION   IN   EUROPE— PRANCE.  463 

[IndoBure  in  Consul  TraU's  report-Translation  of  letter  of  Mr  t 

bridges  Calvado^'        ^'  ^"''*'"''  «"«*  engineer  of  roads 

DBPAKTMBNT  OF  CALVADOS. 

leS  =o?»,1SSr  ''"'  '""«^^°«  -^-  *^«  -eral  qSiol^rkfd  .f/our 

4^.^:it^^:tC.^^^^^^  time  the  utmost  has  been 

and  it  is  to  be  supposed  that  the  suTfaP^  nf  fi?»  .    »."'gation  are  therefore  very  rare 
gatlon.    This  sutfLeT according  to  a  statement  ^IT^^J^"^^  '^  ^^'^^'^y  "nde^r Trri! 
(or  3,390  acres).    Thi^  small  proportioS^herrffL'" »  m'^'  T"**  ""^^  ^'372  hectares 
ta,in8  552,000  hectares,  or  1.364,544  acre?),  i^explaTnecrbw  "^^^'^  «°n! 

wh.ch  rather  needs  being  made  s.l.U'u:^X:^':X^^^^ 

wilerWf  fltd*o*?  ^^fd'  ^atrT^^^  ''''''  '^«''*'^-«  (^  '^'^'^  -"«)  are  irregularly 

(af  &  wat'StedfnrTr?-"'';"'^  '^PP""*^  *°  permanent  meadows 
.   S  The  wol^srns         K^trrmTfrlh:  cU  fT'^^' 

irrigation  generally  consist  of  bar' S  with  waterfat^^^^^  '^\^,^^T  ""''^  ^^^ 
highest  water.     These  bars  are  authorized  bv  a  nreWnrt^^  ^^  aBovethe 

the  dimensions  and  dispositions.  Moreover  evervbodv  1..  o^  "''^'''"'1  prescribing 
inquiry,  obtain  the  authorization  ot  S  a  stSaA  wi^inif*f  ?"  ad"iini8trative 
water,  after  he  has  used  it,  to  be  returaed  to  its  n^t ,?r  J  ^'"^  '^  ?  borderer,  said 

however,  of  the  rights  of  third  parSs  "'^^"'"^  ''""'^^'  "°fler  all  reserves, 

a  io^\eS^„:J\l^t^ptt  bu'Awf "'"  ^^«  °'  «  ^"-*«  ''^--'^ '  there  are  none  of 

Feteril^ttrdte^K 

ment  of  sixteen  bars  constructed  in  tTe  river  liUeTrlfrrfor-r^'^  '^^  eatablish- 

^^^^tor'^^^-"'-^^^^'--    Tbetrf^tcrofrraliftTe^^refil 

a  syndic^l  association  to  secnro  0^0,1°  hand  ZSat.Kfot^ 
of  meadows  and  on  the  other  the  work! i^of  the  nS  o?.«  f  f  ''■'"*''''"  ^^^'^  ^*='-««) 
industrious  valley,  where  there  are  at  least  eie-hfvv«T  ^''"f"'"'«'l  «>t>iated  in  an 
syndicate  is  regulated  by  a  .lecreo  ,lated  June  l5  'VJ  ?  **'•."■•}'"«  .^"'1  brooks.  This 
the  waters  and  settled  the  dftes  and  hours  of  ,I«in  ,  .i'  ''^"  '  ^t'l.i.lates  the  use  of 
the  wants  of  the  factories.  ''"'''' ''"'^  ^'^"^«  "^  "«>»JS  the  water,  always  considering 

^z:^:z:^'^z:i7'^i:^^x^'i^^^  ^^^p-^-t  (according  to 

provided  (for  riverLe^-pers,  prlntLrcSi  rexpe?,s.^'°;?,  T^  -peiises^are 

rendered  executory  by  the  prefect  aid  wbinl.u,., Til  V„+i '1'  .,  •■'  "^  "'eans  of  a  roll 
the  district.  commissiLed  I  that  cXct  By  m^aTonilLAl  tuf^'' '' '*"'^"««  "^ 
portioned  between  the  interested  land  mvn„,..i., .  "\¥"'*  r<»ll  tlie  expenses  are  ap- 
e.ty.    There  are  no  feeffr  the  use  of  ^^3^^^^^^ 

the  adjoining  landlords.  TbesSSassLI^iS.TM  r  ^'^  ''"'"i"""  P^Pei-tyof 
under  the  rules  of  the  law  dTtenSariHsf  n.r.Hi«  1 1  ''"jr^  pievious  to  1865  are 
ce.uber  22,  1888.  '  ^^^'''  ^'^'i'^i'^^'  l>y  tl^*'  recent  law  dated  De- 

SlSri^if  SiS-^lir&K^f  --^^^^  -  ^««  -'"-etres  (.7*  inc"  .s). 

;^jm^  sous,  heaths,  and  waste  lands ""^  ^    ^"'^ 

Calcareous  soil 150,000  =  370,800 

Gravel  soil 150,000  =  370,800 

Stonysoil ""•■ 8,500=    21,212 

Sandy  soil 5,000=    12.360 

Marshvsoil ""  2,.'-)00=     6,180 

Diversesoils 70,500  =  174,276 

pd  artificial  meadows!  ^*'''^^^^^""'^^''"'^'""*'  ^^^^'^^"  *'^^*^«)  »*  "atural 

p.  LUCBAU, 


:ii 


;! 


I 


464 


IBRIGATION  IN   EUROPE — FKANCE. 


COGNAC. 

REPORT  ST  OONSVL  EARLJB. 

This  part  of  France  is  quite  abundantly  watered  •  the  DhirAnfn  fi. 
Nee,  and  many  other  smaller  streams  tra^rae  ^and  so  f«r  «!.!.'  *l® 
servation  extends,  the  question  with  farmers  her^iswhaffn^^  "^t 
surplus  water  rather  than  any  question  of  in     atTon      ahA  ^"^  ^'}^ 
dikes,  and  ditches  are  exclusively  for  th^nurnnspnf  ..tl    •  ^-^  ''*°*''' 
flow  or  for  draining  wet  or  subme^ed  laS    ThI  h1'^'"'°/  ^^^^- 
bottoms  are  generally  broad  and  levfl  and  ver'v  suSfect  In  nv"'!  ^''? 
the  great  detriment  of  the  grass  planted  ?heIeol  tCrecedln^  wJ.'  ^ 
leave  a  tine  deposit  of  mud  on  the  stems  and  h^  r  «="^?  f^       °^  "^^t^vs 
drying  with  thl.  hay,  becomes  a  dustTrrdam^^^^^^^^^ 
It.    At  this  moment,  when  the  new  hay  crop  is  ^omf  fn  .^  ^""f'^F 
almost  all  the  horses  of  the  arrondissenLt  aro  affW^,!  wH .    ™^''^^^' 
cough  like  that  of  hay  fever.  "'»««"'e"t;  aro  atlected  with  a  severe 

The  highlands  of  this  arrondissement  are  auife  nnf  ^f  f>.^  i.  . 
my  judgment,  of  any  practicable  system  of  Sat^on  ni  h'^"'^-?'  ^^ 
quire  it.  Some  seasons  are  said  to  be  very  dry  but  a  nmf  r^nL^""^^'  '*  T" 
1  take  it,  is  a  rather  rare  occurrence  ffi^ofnKho^^.^'^^"^''^' 
the  climate  appears  to  be  its  humlSV.  The'^S'^l^t?^^^^^^^^^  ^' 
Peem  to  me  quite  sufficient  bv  themaplvAs  fL  l^;i  ™"'^^",r?8  or  dims 
little  stirred^o  furnish  all  the  plaXequl^^^^         meanwhile  being  a 

u  Edwaed  p.  Earle, 

United  States  Consulate,  Gonaul. 

Cognac,  France,  July  27, 1889. 


HAVRE. 

REPORT  OF  CONSUL  DVFAIS. 

This  service  is  under  the  immediate  management  of  th«  nhiaf  ^„  • 

The  fact  that  Mr.  Guinette  de  Eoohftmnnf  +i.^  i.«„^ 
port  of  Havre,  has  been  abLnt  f«  some  ^e'el,  the^„W°r''  "'  *! 
officer  who  could  give  me  the  desir«l  infrnTm-.H™         ?  Goverument 
case  for  not  reporing  before  thfa'*Frl'°S'i°K„"ed  'IZf^  ^^- 

sides  the  above  named,  are  Mr.  Snnnn    of  noL. .    ^i"    _\"^'^^i?'^»  ^.^ 


-   ■■■«<■  lMliM>l 


IRRIGATION   IN  EUROPE— FRANCE. 


465 


lUe-et-Vilaine,  Flouand  de  Fo'^-zerov.  T.aTTci  tito„       •  j. 
dressed  myself  for  the  requirevuSmatfon  ^^  li^^k*^  ''^'''^^  '^■ 
the  two  first  named,  they  very  ZS  v  nn^ilri*^  *^®  exception  of 
the  letters  herewith 'incloVdTLcomS^^^^  »>^ 

If  Messrs.  Sucan,  of  Calrados,  and  Perrin  nf  Arn  J  !{^^   i^   ,°"' 
my  questions  I  will'make  a  suplCntarv  "^^^^^^^  ^°«7«^ 

not  wish  to  delay  my  answer  Lger  than  Si^t:^TecZlT'    '' 

F.  F.  DUFAIS, 

United  States  Consulate,  Consul, 

Havre,  August  19, 1889. 


[Xran..Uonof  .letter  fro.  A.  Gouton.  chief  .,Wof  roaa«  and  brid.es  of  the  I,*p„..e.t 

dApartemknt  de  la  manchk. 


de 


T  i    .•.  Cherbourg  Auaunty7  isuo 

properly  called,  practiced  in  Ihis  department  for  «,L^^'^  "  ^'^  "*"«  irrigation, 
trary  the  climate,  whichis  a  most  tSerate  one  n.STf  "^^^^P^S-On  the  con! 
dnring  the  Wintei  months,  by  r.tn:7i'^:^S :':}^: ^'^^Z7.l  ''''^  '°^^'^°^« 
Jfio^T  ''''''''  --arks,  permit  me  to  sum  up  tlie^^rS^  questions  1  to  6 

cnS!?viter?aSl'^^L  wVgr^:f ^iorU",!! ^c'nmr^^^^^     7^*^  nonirrigahle  or 

exSL^XTat^Sf  TiaS /^^^  is  almost 

the  average  annual  rainfaU  at  ChSur^T  Isi^nv  ^rir*"/'"^  ^^°H'"'°^ 
m  to  42fnche8).  .  There  are  numerous   pfingsbf"LTnd  st^^^^^^^^    1,  nlf  '"f '?^ 
ra^ThereT'n:**^  rare  exceptions,  thlt  laluis  are  b^hrg  ovSweS  '  °"^^'" 

on^Sriped  mrdowa!""""'  ""'^'  ''"''''  *^^"^^-  ^^  the^istribuS  of  the  water 

e^^Slil^'Ll  t"h:t^w?oKfSf29.'?87l t;r].yv  ~47  ^^^  ^^.^'•''Jr  '''' '''' 
of  irrigation  occasion  syndical  as'sociSons  su^  t'^o  tb'e'lJw  of  June '^^^^  *1^^ '  ''''^' 

uai:*4^^Sfrt£^;u^:rco^s^^^^  -  -  ^^^  ^-ds  of  mdivid. 

tu^e'^roTvtTpT  ?L*trtm:n"r^o7'  Zt^  e^^  if  as  detrimental  to  agricul- 


H.  Ex.  45- 30 


A.  GOUTON, 


»*y8|**' 


^^^  lERIGATION   IN   EUROPE— -PRANCE. 

[TraneUtlon  of  .  letter  from  L<io„  Rousseau  chief  engineer  of  the  Department  of  Die  .nd  VUiJne. 
DEPARTMENT  OF  ILLB  AND  VILAINB. 

nhi^f  T?    •         ^  «     ,  L:6oN  Rousseau, 

Chtef  Engineer  of  Roads  and  Bridges,  Ille  and  Vilaine. 


ITrau.at.on  of  a  letter  from  Mr.  -uan^-le -^^^^^^^^  Bugin.r  of  Eoad.  and  Bridge. 

DEPAKTMKNt  OF  MAYENNB. 

be  diffloult  toT,„  iS  »Zoi.e  manu«?  lepartment  «  con™«ed,  bm  It  would 

small  dams  and  to  turn  the  water  intntrfl.w.Kr.+   courses,  where  it  is  easy  to  construct 

Sit— r.rSH  Sirlr  =^^^^^^^ 

in  an  interesting  or  precise  manner.  aaaressing  to  me,  can  be  answered 

Accept,  etc., 

Flouand  dk  Fourzekoy. 


NICE. 

JtSPOST  BY  OONSUZ  EATHEWAT. 
AREA  IRRIGATED. 

i,ol^^.r?"'^°^®.^'*^*''®'^^"'^®"«»*^8  Of  Circular,  dated  May  2  1889  T 
have  the  honor  to  report  as  follows  •  "^    '         ' 

general  agriculture,  and  to  no  grSnTanfs  wSvetrndTnlifsmaU 


IRRIGATION   IN  EUROPE— FRANCE. 


. 


467 

city  of  Nice  reuder  such  use  Kw  mmS  ""^'^^  ^^  *»>« 

natural  supply  precludes  its  sysneuiet ic  anj/^  ?^^  "'*"  "'^''?*^^  ^^'^^^^ 
except  iu  the  valleys  of  the  Var  an  i^eL^eJ ;    er^ ^  ""''^-^  ^'^'"*^' 

here  is  practiced,  production  is  doubled  witLiitl^i^..^^  irrigation 
the  crop.  Sterile  soils  loner  „3".;  "  "'"J^^^'^thequa  tyof 
and  in  /nany  localities  to  usure  v  .1S..i''^T  ^"^  ^^^'^  abundantly, 
it  is  of  absolute  necessity.  ^^^  '^^''^°'*  *«  ^^^^  busbandman 

WATER  SOURCES. 

primitive  machinery  into  distributi  L  taJE  .m  ^  ^'""^^"^  ^"^  ^^^te 
favored  spots,  and  the  streams  and  r^ve"s  of    h^^i^T'"'^/^^^  '"^ 

rentially  full,  butof  skrunken  uarLllvThaLf  V''""^''^''  at  times  tor- 
of  summer.  There  are  no  imSant  Llv^fr^'*^^""' '"*'  '"^  t^«  ^^^ts 
tion  proper.    The  new  "  CWa Jnie  gI^^SS^  '',?'^^  ^^^  i">ga- 

city  of  iice  and  its  neigSnftow^l  atf  vMnf^?^".^'^^ '^ 
has  an  excess  of  water  avaSe  frirrilr      1^^  ^  """^  ^^^  Littoral, 
general  requirements  of  agri^lt^re  is  s^^^^^^^  ^^"^^>  f«r  th^ 

it  is  destruction  to  the  profit  ot"  the  .r^rPH^  ^^^\  '"  "'^^'^  ""^^^^ 
ever,  the  farmers  pos8es8^reatoomn1«ppnn  "l^^^""  ^^'^^  ^^»«'  l^^^v- 
their'  fathers  are  qurgo'od  enoTgffrjK' 'S^  t'  "^V^^^^^«  «^ 
mental  uudertakings  with  distavor  ami  yielSuctanti  t/f^^  ?P'"- 
m  their  customs  and  inherited  slow,  patent  methoSsoJ  labo?^  '^''"^'' 

its  works  established  at  a  cost  of  12  0oo'oT)0%v?''"''i/"  ^^^^'^^^ 
obtained  from  the  river  VeSe  in  thevSv^f".? \  ^^^  ""PP'^  i» 
about  30  miles  from  Nice,  frZwhiJh  r  ver  it  Li?i  ff.""^"^^^  ,^l^«tant 
of  i,000  litres  each  second,  in^n  open  cemented  ti^^^  ''^^^ 

reservoir  on  the  heights  in  the  subCL  of  afd  citv  ^^  '^  ^  distributing 

the"rrS;^!^S,SiS  SS^^iJI^^^  r^^P'^  *^^  «^^^'  ^' 
daily,  for  its  abattoirs,  sewerrStai^s  LdTbl  ^  w^^^^^  ""T' 

for  domestic  uses,  also  provided  bv  siLiTn  !,!l  •  ,  ' •  -"^^^e  water 
sepai^te  source,  viV,  the  tnou^Sn  fefs  of  "gaKhS  «^  u"^  " 
the  aforesaid  concession  from  the  SfnfP  tL  L»;  J^h^cle."    Under 

the  term  thereof  viz  unHl  TQ79  tn  '^f?'  1  ^TP'*"-^  covenants  during 
works  forthe publ  c  tltmty ot^th^ TeSonan!!\n\1  ^^.'^ft?^"^"  ^^  their 
prices  therein  stipulated^  Otl^erS^th^lnth^/"S^^^''^^'  ^^-^^^^ 
unsubjected  generally  to  the  Goverument^J^r^^  1 

pipes  ar^  in  all  cIsrarfhe'ci^rTe^XroprTer^         ^^'  ^^™« 

-  SOIL  AND  CLIMATE. 


468 


IRRIGATION   IN   EUROPE— HOLLAND. 


tion.    The  climate  owing  to  the  conflguration  of  the  coast,  the  new 
counterforts  of  A  i,s,  and  the  proximity  of  the  sea,  which  serves  ^1 
vast  reflector  of  the  sunbeams,  is  semitropical   in  character     The  soil 
producing  two  or  more  variable  crops  a  yiar,  isalluviatwithahumous 
surface,  and  a  gravelly  substratum,  and  quickly  absorbrall  mo"sTure 

ium.Tf  7sS  TT''''''^  ^^"'^^'^^  ^*°'  '"  "^^"^  7^°'  a°^l  in  July 'and 
August  780  F.    In  winter  it  averages  62°  F 

clomlT  ^^^  ^"^  November  more  than  100  days  are  usually  without 
The  average  rainfall  is  from  8  to  100  centimetres  per  annum. 

Albert  N.  Hatheway, 
United  States  Consulatm,  Consul. 

Nice,  August  23,  1889. 


HOLLAND. 

REPORT  BT  VI0E.C0N8UL  VINKE,  OF  AMSTERDAM. 

There  are,  as  fr  r  as  I  am  aware,  no  instances  of  irrigation,  prooerlv 
so  called,  m  application  in  the  Netherlands.  s^tiou,  properly 

By  tar  the  largest  proportion  of  pasture  and  arable  land  in  this  conn 
try  IS  more  than  amply  supplied  with  water,  being  intersected  w?fh 
rivers,  canals,  and  wac-nways  in  every  possible  direction  *^ 

As  the  beds  of  these  rivers  and  canals  are  in  many  instances  abovo 
the  eyel  of  the  surrounding  country,  it  is  an  easy  and  smpt  matter  to 
flood  .he  surrounding  meadows  when  required,  which  is  generaHv  done 
when  necessary  m  the  winter  and  spring  months;  theSus  water 

8t'e"'S  poweT'"'*'^^"""'^  '^""^  '"'"  ''''  '"^'^  «^  canal  iy:i:dt 
A  large  proportion  of  the  inner  part  of  the  country  consists   how 
ever,  of  sandy  mire  and  heath,  and  constant  efforts  are  beWmade To 
reclaim  this  ground  but  up  to  the  present  such  efl^orts  have  been  nrin 
cipally  directed  to  the  cultivation  of  timber.  ^ 

Alb.  Vinke, 

United  States  Consulate,  ^*''  *''^  ^'^""^y  ^^"*"^- 

Amsterdam^  August  27,  1889. 


REPORT  BT  OONSVL  ELLIS,  OF  ROTTERDAM. 

Lands  in  Holland  have  been  reclaimed  from  the  sea  bv  building 
frelrrtgated      ''^  ""'  '''  ^"''^^"    '''''''  '''  ""'''  "«  ^'"^  iSids  whic^ 

That  the  farms  near  the  rivers  in  dry  seasons  are  supplied  with  water 
through  the  canals  without  any  charge  being  made  therefor 

That  the  farmers  in  Holland  sufter  from  an  excess  of  WRtrr  on  their 
lands,  and  that  each  farmer  has  the  use  of  a  mill  (windmi  1)  to VumD 
out  the  water  from  their  lands  into  the  canals  and  rivers.  ^^      ^  ^ 

Ihat  there  is  no  storage  of  water  for  the  purposes  ^>^-  irrigation,  and 
that  the  annual  rainfall  is  «x(iP.ssive  as  oon^'or^'  wif    -.„,---'' 


IRRIGATION   IN   EUROPE— ITALY.  4^9 

than  their  flows,  and  from  which  waTe/^w^hr.*^ '°  ^9^  lands  lower 
to  be  distributed  by  use  of  nromTr  iTowtr  T^  ?  •  \!''""f  ^  ^"^^  reservoirs 
to  my  last  remark/let  me  Se^ZZflZ^'^^^' '^"^^«-  ^»  ^««l>««t 
found  to  be  so  serviceable  inSlando/etriSf'^^  ?^^^"  ^^"'i"^"^ 
purpose  of  pumping  water  t^hSh^r?J!L''^^''J^^^''^'^''^^^'^^^^ 
have  for  his  own  use  the  neces^ari  nowirT!  t'  ^""^^  ^^'"^^"^  ^^^^  «o«ld 
respect  to  this,  Americarpumps^a^e TfJh!?  nf  ^- i^'™i  However,  with 
assume  that  there  will  beCd^Stv  fn  LTHh"^.^'^^  ?u"'"'*°^  ^  °^»«<^ 
can  build  the  reservoirs  and  fill  them.        '''^^"**"^^»S  ^^e  water  if  you 

HowAKD  Ellis, 
United  States  Consulate  Gomul. 

Rotterdam,  Netherlands,  October  7, 1889. 


ITALY. 

GENOA. 

repout  by  consul  flexobbb. 

district  require  it  or  admit  o^t,  for  ie  ^ons  give^'^^^^^^^^^^^  '^^ 

^^^'S^^'iSfi^.^t^  east  coast, 

tainous  audit  ha^but verySS^bS^ 

that  only  about  oiie-fifth  S  thA  Innii  ?  .  ^-"i''.  indeed,  it  is  estimated 
and  this^one  hftirow ingfo  verv^rr.i  ''  f-^P''^^]^  of  cultivation, 

divided  into  thousands  of  S  f.ff^'^*'''''"^*'*'"  ^^  <^^e  country,  is 
somanysmallTts  sotosnS^  ^°d  there  like 

^.Sprin^gs,  sman Xams  P^S  ?  ve?s''' "X  Sf*'"?.^^  ^^^«'^^^^^- 
district,  and  the  tillable  land  is  whnV  f^I  Plentiful  m  this  cons,  iar 
soil  which  retains  SturrVlo^^fiJ^o  People  calUfmflr,  that  is,  a 
tracts  require  water  ngwhi^h  ?s^no^^^^^^  ^^^^^  ^•"^ll 

streams,  and  rivers  ^^^^7"^^Z^^ :Tt.t:.S^ ^ 

James  Fletcher, 
United  States  Consulate,  Comul. 

Genoa,  Italy,  July  31, 1889. 


NAPLES. 

REPORT  BY  COmVL  OAMPHAVSEIT. 

in  this  country,  I  immediatelv  »u\^\\cu\ft    J^l-  '"^e'l^'^V  "»  praeticeu 
the  tea  p.viu'^s  ^^^^tS^.^L^S^:^^^'^ 


470 


IRRIGATION   IN   EUROPE — ITALY. 


frrtZi.M.f  Hl!^^r"'''V'  "*"  ^^'•^^^^^""rses,  there  were  no  lantls  tuMler 
PaS      hILiJ.  •  '  '^I'^^^V-^'*  l'r«^'»c««-    It  in  claimed  that  the  geolotr- 
cal  and  1  tlologioal  couditions  of  the  country  are  such  thit  it  wmihl 
be  .uipossible  to  carry  any  system  of  irrigation  into  e^ct  "^ 

th^llT^-'^  tlPl,end8  absolutely  on  the  rain  falling  mainly  durinff 
the  months  from  November  to  April.    The  average  annual  rainf^n^f 
smd  to  be  about  20  inchea.    There^^are  some  lands  fudTrivar/rfili 
tZn  frnf  "^T  T'^'}^  l^^ousing  to  the  respective  la"dfwners?8 
taken  from  we  Is  at  a  depth  varying  from  25  to  100  feet  watJr  beinff 

the  coasts  of  the  Adriatic  and  Mediterranean  wells  are  Sed  by  the 

filtration  of  saltwater.    Some  of  these  belong  to  communS  bit  no 

dehnite  law  or  regulations  appear  to  exist  for  the  use^ distribution  of 

n^this  aSt  *\'''  'f  ""  ''''^'''''^  ^^°^  ^"  '^^  true  sense  of  the  word 
in  this  district.    I  inclose  a  copy  of  the  law  concerning  the  deriv-ition 

of  public  waters,  and  also  a  publication  discussing  a  iXectforsum^^^^^^^ 
mg  the  province  of  Bari  with  water  for  donK^stic  punSs 

Edward  Oamphausen, 
United  States  Consulate,  Consul. 

^faplcn,  Italy,  Septmibcr  6,  1889. 


PALERMO. 

report  by  consul  carroll. 

introductoky  remarks. 

I  have  the  honor  to  inclose  herein  rather  imperfect  renlies  to  thA 
questions  propounded  as  to  the  system  of  irrigation  obtaining  in  tins 
province  there  being  none  worthy  of  mentionSn  tL^otC  pro  i^ 
embraced  in  this  district.    Prior  to  1860  the  water  for  irr  ga tTon  w^ 
S'co^Srs."'"^'^'^^^^'  ^^^  -^^^^^^^^^y^  -d  convenro?rT 

public  or  private  individual,  had  an  interest,  so  thatTow  it  con  rols  all 
the  water  formerly  owned  by  the  religious  bodies  in  question,  whTch  bv 

Sued     S  tlrTr^^  '^  '^'  municipality  and  prfvate  per'son    coS^ 
Dined,     ihis  water  the  government  either  sells  or  rents. 
There  appears  to  be  little  or  nothing  of  interest  in  the  means  em 

tfel'T^^I""  ^"^"'^^  ^^'^'  I  ^'  '  «e«  and  leLrn  and  i?" «  not 
therefore  deemed  proper  to  dwell  at  length  upon  the  matter 

REPLIES  TO  CIRCULAR. 

Area  irrigM--TheTe  are  508,601  hectares  of  land  embraced  in  the 
province  of  Palermo,  of  which  one-fortieth  is  cultivable  and  irritable 

l:^i,ll'^Z'STor  ""'^^"  '"^^^"-'^^^'^^"^  -  tlie  ave^!;!^e 
Water  supply. —Water  is  derived  principallv  from  deep  wells  nninns 
tubes  or  pipes  communicatiiiP-  with    n,,.  Q,]i.>oo.,t  ,v,„....4-^:-,„    "    '    ,. 
as  by  rivers,  ekeams,  »prmgB:and  Mi;'  in  a'.;r;iim"Sl;*gree  du^S^^^ 


' 


t 
I 

i 
t 

E 

t 

ii 
h 

d 

61 


IRRIGATION   IN   EUROPE— ITALY  47^ 

certain  montlis  of  the  vear     Thn  o»^  1 

said  to  be  decreasin^r.  ^  ^"°  ^"PP'^  of  spnng  water  is,  however, 

Water  distribution.—The  distriUniir^r,  ^f       ^      . 
owners,  viz,  the  municipalitv  ?h«Sl   ""^  T*"*®'  '^  governed  by  its 
and  is  based  upon  IhJ^Zl^ni'el^^^^^^ 

lermo  centuries  ago.  The  ani.  .iff  ^^^^f^  "^  the  municipality  of  Pa 
300  to  350  cubic  4ires  perTeTtare^Cd'  "''''  '"  *'^  ^^«^«««  ^«  *™^ 
a  SfnZfp'o^n^p^^^^^^^^^^^^  -ajer  can  be  conveyed  to 

can  be  irrigated  weeklyrtCchargetLrSor  h'L"^^''):''^^  "^'^''^  l^'^res 

Irrigation  is  commenced  on  Anfn  15  «?/  ?^'"^  ^  ^'*^««  Pe''  I'our. 
annuany.    For  obvious  reasons  it  is  Jo't  resorS"J;;^'''•^'P*.''"^«^  1^' 
excepting  in  prairie  lands,  for  promot°nl7hT.w  i""  *^""°^  ^'^^  ^'^'^r 

Climate  and  8oil.~.The  average  an  n?i  f    *^®^elopraeut  of  grass. 
of  Palermo  is  170  centigrade  ^^^  temperature  of  the  province 

coL"t*ve\v  warn"'"'  '^^""^  *^^  '''^^'^  ^'  temperate  and  on  the  sea- 

rait^t^Mty  it  Se^'tXr""^'  ^^  *^^  '^^-««^  -^-'"te  absence  of 

^^^^^^^^t^Z^  Bain 

pumps,  wells;  fallsfrese^vofrs  etc  has  oK'^'^T*""''  consisting  S 
the  auspices  of  the  muniSitv  of  Palermn  .^f  ^?  ^'°*""««  ""^er 
persons,  but  since  1S66  thrgovernmeS^  T,?' n'!f'v^°'*  P"^^te 
longing  to  religious  bodies,  it  SL  In  tw.?"*'"'"^'^  *^^  ^'"^ter  be- 
erty  belonging  thereto.    The  grefnlu.  ,K  ^"  P^^P" 

water.    The  expense  is  defrayefTtSe'e^e'l^V'e^w^^^^^^^^^  *^^« 

Philip  Carkoll, 
United  States  Consulate  Consul, 

^alci-mo,  Italy,  October  7, 1889, 


MESSINA. 

REPORT  BY  CONSUL  JONES. 
ANTIQUITY  OF  IRRIGATION. 

MSni'^S^^^^  -land  by  the 

extended  their  sway.  Xfus  of  Z  i^nfX"'™  ^^^'"'^^  gradually 
still  in  use  relating  parthularlv  to  frSi  ?''*'^','  '-^fi-^'^^Itural  terms 
plants,  all  testify  to  their  fnrmar.  ll  ^^V*""'  ''^"'^  numerous  African 
first  began  the  Jle  oi"  he  »Sa  .  rSo^r  If '''  ^'\f'''  ''"''  ^^^  ^^ey 
towers  (giarraton)  or  cisteS  riria^.1  ^'wl ''"^ -Z^"  v^ater  into  water 
means  ot"  small  di  ches  sala??  .nff^'  ^^^/'"^^  '^  "^""^  distributed  by 
to-day.  (^'*J'**^'  ^""^  ^^'^  Js  the  system  in  general  use 

iu^S.il;;l.:::^;!^l^'i^tSL^:?^^^'""^"^  -  '^^^  p---e  as 

here.  '  ^'*''^'"  ^"^*=  ^^'^ter  veins  are  not  as  numerous 

endless  eUai..  of  i.„„  br.S'li,;:iW^i''USuleTi"A^ 


472 


IRRIOATIOV   IN   EUROPE — ITALY. 


the  seasiore  too  expennh^  '^''^'  "'^^'^  '''  trau«„ortation  from 

J.re^  irrigated. 


Oranges  and  lemona 

Market  gardens* [ '.".'!."." " 

Flaxandhemp 

Indian  corn 

Legumes  (beans) ........." 

Fruit  trees  (peaches,  pears,  etc.")'! 

Keedcane .'..../., 

Marshes 


Heot«re8. 
.     7,600 

800 

200 
.  1, 000 
.     1,400 

500 
.     2, 000 

500 


Total 

MODE  OP  IRRIGATION. 

spacesroiLgrantlemon  f^^^^^^  *'^"''  ''  ''''  S^'^-*"^  '^"l^ivated  m  th^^^^ai;; 


r 


^ 


IRRIGATION    IN   EUROPE-ITALY.  47^ 

pass  into  tlio  "(liHfrihufinrrw 

dptti»or"tn.,i;'SS'L;,7r'r  th-'ousl.  gattora  oallc.  ..„„„. 
distributing  rraorvoir  to  differmVi;,.,  ^'',''  ""t*"-  l«  carried  from    tim 

latter  are  kuovf  u  as  "  brinai."         '  "'""^  <"■  "P""  on  top ;  the 


Section  of  "brlnso." 


..fa.:;it»Xe7t.\°„ard"srdnLt'^''*»"^ 

WATER  DISTKiBUTION. 

V^l^^^^t:  IZ  r f S\Krr  -^-  *^e  water  is 

which  it  would  be  impossTbTe  to  enu  ,  rate  'S^i'^  '}^  localityind 
gation  purposes  is  so  complicated  a  matter' thnf?f''  ^^\^^^^  f«^  irri- 
cise  y,  but  this  much  cau  be  said    Inthllt  •  ''^''  "''^  ^«  ^^^d  pre- 

?eJ'2„lr''*-'-'^«-""-»'™'^^eJ^^o'- 

watr&?  b]:'?„X/e  K'pTiXSor'r  ''°'""»'-  »- 
on  community  la. id.  P^iv^te  parties  or  because  its  source  is 

turbed  enjoyment  are  ,.  Lsar/  rcieate  Urby  pret^JpSou" '  "  "'»• 

CLIMATE. 

8ot>  winterstCtherltV;  mR'^o*  ,"'"™"."'  »'  "«>'  -  8'°  F- 
tbia  tem„erut„re  VTeZs£]-,,?X%  loZltio^'^'  '""""'«'  ""' 
tops  ,  '  .e  mountains  for  sevor^l  „  nH  i  •  l'^^'?"-  ^now  co\  .ts  the 
every  ,   ar    .aH.es  thVSore  c       -'u^^  the  winter,  and  nearly 

At  Messina  th.  emperarurechanffeV^^^^^^^^  ground  for  a  few  hours, 
that  pass  through  the  strap's.  From  '  o  ober  ?oXl'  T''"'  '''^  ^^^^^> 
quently ;  m  January  and  February  i.  ini  f  ^  December  u  aius  fre- 
April  it  rains  constantly  oTriJltuTl^f  ^"^""W  ^"  ^'  '^  ^^»d 
September,  with  an  oc.^ioS  Livv  own  5'"'  "\Mayand  i.tsts  to 
inches.  Duri;  -thesnrinnnri  .^,7  ^°"'"'"''-  Annual  rainfall,  22 
mountains;   it  ^rlJelyS. ;'",?« ^^^^^S  ^'^  P^^^^»  «°  ^^^ 

Frost  in  April  inflict  consid\.nlhl:i;;;ia^e''  ^™''   "^^"^  f''^^'^^""^ 
pri;:Si!:^S^^'l'r  SnSh'  -Uons^ean„g  upon  n  ngation  in  this 
in  any  other  portion^^S^^^^  .S  ?^r  S^E^S^t^: 


474 


IRRIGATION    IN   EUROPE — ITALY. 


IBEIOATION  WORKS. 

capital  of  «180,0()()  undertook,  u,,rerSrter  fr^ thr?rZn''fi''  ' 

ri  rer.r.srp°„:u'^iK,TS 

^30  000  vnr/ia  irtti«\  ^<?  ^1  \    ».    "  o^«»u8  long;  ana  the  other  to  the  left 

pasture  la„l  revfiri'lnlr^oriat"'  ?he  v'/^tiftPclav  fa?,^'?' 
thia  plain  appear  to  be  adapted  to  rice  culture  onl/    A.,»i  C         '  '■" 

«et  «>  grow  on  thU  UlaodVwUeuner'vt'TsaU^brn^  Z.^' A^  S 


* 


foriiiBtrnO' 
the  numer- 
irrifration, 
jver  would 
fthof  this 
le  dry  beds 
uilated  for 
jon  the  air. 


8  yet  been 
my  with  a 
rbon  Gov- 
:  a  portion 
A  rough 
principal 
to  the  left 
he  ocean, 
were  also 
tches,  the 
he  canals 
ndency  to 
feet  wide 
368.    The 
?he  depth 
age  mean 
3r  second. 
.  to  Octo- 

leffnmes, 
Summer 
lands  in 
n  area  is 
't  by  the 
ultivate. 
has  the 
:he  com- 

h  irriga- 
anisetta. 
base,  15 
the  river 
[lescend- 
An  ir- 
Tigated, 
3rm  138 

At  the 
rge,  the 

gap  80 
he  dam. 
;er  side, 
iioating 
he  dam 
ass  are 
As  the 


IBRIOATION   IN   EUKOPE-siciLy. 


oi^^t;^^  ^s:::!f:^^:::^ztri  *"«  ^^-^^  w"^<-'.  i-  times 

ing  'frsts!  fa^"ir  Ss^r/i'^^  T^ «^'  ^-^e  «"-  in  drain 
an.l  torrents  in  uoVthern  ,Zn5e?tml  IfaT'^'^  '"^  ^^^  course  of  riverJ 
for  sale,  however,  treating  of  JhLl  iJlt^u  ^a'"aWe  documents  S 
minister  of  public  works.^A«  "'«««  ^orks  have  been  published  by  the 
hshed  treating  of  works  of  irriga  ion  ZtT'"':^  '^P""'^  ^as  been  pu^ 
necess.»ry  to  apply  to  the  severa?  Sec  ires  Iftu  "^"'««  ''  ^^^'^  be 
By  the  law  of  25th  December  18HSfhf?i"^  *^®  «®^eral  provinces 

Kr«  or  commune  aclvt""es'at'Sn^'atT"?^         Provfd'ed  the 
of  the  sum  loaned  by  the  state.  "^  *^  ^''''^^  «q»?»l  to  one-tenth 

-^  Wallace  S.  Jones, 

United  States  Consulate,  Consul 

Messina,  September,  1889. 


SICILY. 

^        nEPonr  nr  consxil  jones  of  mess^a: 

mRIGATION  OP  ORANGE  AND  LEMON  GROVES. 

lemon'sl'^efsTt^rsfbJe^t^^^^^^^^^        ^«  ^^^^^  *"  «--  oranges  or 
months.    Thereare,hoCver  fav^^^^^^^^^^  i^^Zt^Z 

40  miles  south  of  Messina)  whereTwf.fff/^;"'^ 
the  trees  retain  their  vi^or  duHnT/i!  I  ''^*®'' ''^'"'''  "» the  subsoil 
uo..irngated  to  irrigated  groves  "Li  ?nirT''- .  '^^^  proportion  of 
10-year  old  lemon  trees  thit  are  wlterod  .i^  '"  ^^^^"^J-    ^^e  hundred 

-trn:  ^^.::^::z^r^^-^^^  times  durmg  the 

watering  at  'least  35o"cubrS; tres  Tou^d^r '^  ^  T"^'  ^"^  atUh 
2.47  acres).  At  the  last  sprinTworkint  nfl?  '''"°r''  ^^  the  hectare 
m  order  to  obtain  an  equa  distribution!.?  .h^  *T'  ^^^  ^^»^'  i«  trenched! 
are  opened  (generally  about  6  nr^hii  f  *^®  '''''^'•^^-  Parallel  trenches 
bottom)  betten  thi  rows  o?  t  et  th 'Inf^"'^  5-^"'*^'^  ^"^«  «"  tb' 
vided  into  symmetrical  squares  or  divSrons.™'^'^^'  '^^'"  **«•"&  ^i- 


476 


IRKIQATION   IN   EUROPE — SICILY. 


To  illustrate :    Lef  us  suppose  the  land  to  be  laid  off'  as  in  figure  1.    T 


TTT  ridge  surrounding  a  section  of  the  grove.    NNNN  beds  aitemaHn  <, 
with  the  furrows  RRRR  permit  the  circulation  of  X  water  w^^^^^ 

Ta^TfS^^T^^  1^4 """"^r'^  ^^'  ^«  ^i^^^ted from  its  course  bv'hluin^ 
down  the  ridge  at  X  and  made  to  run  into  the  furrows  RRRrSS! 
opening  at  X  is  closed,  and  the  water  is  now  turned  fn  I?  V  S'=«^^ 
^V^^'  \'^^^^  *b?^^t«^  distributes  ilL^fTquallyfsatur^tin^ 
ra^n  '  ""'"'^  '"'"''^  *^'  ^^*^^  "^^^  ^^«  ^o«*«  «f  tr^^esfretardf^^^^^^^^ 

mii^^nCr  ?.®  «j*"at«d  <>^  a  rather  steep  hillside,  the  water  will  be 

wise  it  woul7rnn^^7''^  ^^-T  ^^Y^  ^^  ^^^^  Serpentine  fash  oJ,^thi 
wise  it  would  run  off  too  rapidly  and  cause  washes.  ' 


If  1 

reser^ 

stone 

point 

The 

suppl; 

times 

unless 

trench 

metho 

fruit,  < 

One 

3year 

eighth 

weeklj 

It  is 

are  soi 

inches: 

Thism 

down. 

on  the 

are  cut 

provide 

water. 

the  wat 

Bastii 

good  pr 

to  go  wi 

leaves  t 

ing  heaN 

iu  Sepce 


gure  1.    T 


iernating 
r,  which, 
^  hauling 
IR.  The 
[id  so  on. 
the  beds 
g  evapo- 

r  will  be 

D,  Othtf- 


IBRIGATION  IN  EUBOPE-SICILY.  477 


^mm- 


SSWf  . 


"^-fsmwm 


wgfO 


r  J2tK  ^^ZtrXt^iC:^^^^^^^^  the  distributing 

times  when  the  water  must  be  numld  ,^^  ^^u^'''"'  or  spring.  Often- 
unless  it  be  otherwise  stipulated^ Ibe^.o;!^.?.^?'^^^^  "'^  t«°ant, 
trenches  as  to  collect  the  water  in  a  hn sin  Au^^^i^^'  "^'^  «^  arrange  his 
method  is  not  to  be  commended  for^f.  5^^  ?^*  «^  the  trees.  Th  s 
fruit,  of  the  lemons  more  esSif?'  la^fj'  *^"  development  of  the 
,  ii"«y«ar  old  orange  or  leCn  &««  2,u]d  ir''/'' ^^^  ^'  ^^«t-^«^=- 
3year  old  require  water  once  everv  fw^wJ^^  '^^t®''®^  ^"ce  a  week, 
eighth  year  once  every  two  week?  ZYtu  f?^^'/™"  the  fourth  t<^ 
weekly  irrigation  is  required  duTfng  the  ml  of  fh«  ^^«««>ot,  however, 
It  IS  alwavs  nrRfiiroKi^  4-^  «"i«iig  lue  lue  ot  the  tree. 

are  sometiS  w^trel  Vs  u'K^^^^  ^^o^ated  trees 

inche8indianieter)^otfarfromfeeesa^^^^^^^  (3  feet  long  by  4 

This  method  has  the  advantage  of  !!.^;.J^'°^  t^^^^'^'e  with  w^^^^ 

down.  The  beds  of  the  Senf s  suck  dnT^/i?^  ^^^^  *«  «««d  its  roots 
on  the  hillsides.  To  bring  th"-8wS  tofh*^^  "^f ""  ^'^'"  <^b«  «P"ngs 
are  cut  across  the  torrent  beds  down  t!?,^'''  '"/^^^^  ^^^''^ue  ditchfs 
provided  with  numerourioop  holes  In  n..on  ""^^^^  ^"^°«'  '-^"^  ^^  ^rainr! 
wat^r.  These  drains,  follovv^^,gmoreorT«\?hiv''  ^'^^  "  *^  ««"««<=  ^l^e 
Cstd'Sit^-  f  r  V^  *^'  rigKdTeft^  ^"°'  ^'  ^^^  ^-^'  -"^ 

good  prices  :tCilfrequeTtkT^^^^^^  ^^^^^«  commands 

to  go  without  wa^er  dSfjun^e  STlw^h  'f  ^°*'  ^"«^  ^'^^  tr«es 
leaves  turn  yellow  and  there  is  ffrp?Mi^*-^t^.®  f.''^®«  ««ffer  badly,  the 
ing  heavily  and  frequentVrnlSVtoTrL'it"'  '^^'  ^°^  ^«^'»  ^^ter 
m  September,  and  iL  that  way  pTduVe  ll"  C^^^^^      '°  P"'  '^  ^'^-^^ 

Wallace  S.  Jones, 
United  St  a  two  n/^T.Tr«,,, (innoui 

Messina,  September  13,  1889. 


478 


lEEIGATION  JN  EUROPE— SICILY. 


SICILY. 
CATANIA,  CALLANISETTA,  AND  SYRACUSE. 

REPORT  BY  CONSUL  LAMANTIA,  OF  OATAHIA. 


Province  of— 

Catania 

Caltanissetta  . . . 
Syracuse  


Square 
kilometres. 


Acres. 
...   7,410 
...  7,904 
...  1,235 
1,235 


5, 102. 19 
--..  3,768.27 

PEOVINCE  OF  OATANIA.  ' 

larly  irrigated,  viz:     ''"'"^^^^^  ^^"**'  20,000  acres  of  which  are  regu- 

Orange  gardens 

Kitchen  gardens 

Rice  plantations .' 

Indian  corn  fields ..."...".'. 

produce  obtained  of  said  Soo  acres  of  i^^^^^^^^^  irrigated.    The 

Orange  groves,  471  000  mro  nrnr,„  !      i  '^"^^ted  land,  are  as  follows : 

eral  quantitSnd  qSt^L  uf^^^^^^^^  '""''^"'i '  ^J*"^""  S-^^^«"«'  ««^- 

ofri^ej  cornfleld8,t000bu«hel«^^^^^^^^^ 

an^^r^^rStTn^s^a^^^^^^^^^^^      '^^^^^^  -  derived  from  natural 

^'^^re"^"fo.!mj^^^^^^  ^^^«fif-^  springs,  nanielv, 

pumps  worked  b?  rat^;^? ^^^^0^^^^^^  "°^  *^^  "^^^  «^-'-ted  b^ 

nea^^e^EYvtrTlci^^^^^^^  ''-'^^  -'  Catania  and 

Eiver  Simeto.    But  ?he  Srelites^  T^'  ^"^  ^"^^'^  ^^^ 

Aderno,  and  OalaJabiaL^  I^e  als^o^^n^^^^^^^^  ^^  ^^^^^r^^' 

disgorge  abundantly  at  the  fo^of  Knt  Ftn«     tJ    ?P^!?g«  ^^»^i«h 

kitchen  gardening   s  eouallv  w^taLn  k  .^;    ^^^  '^^^  used  for 

wells;  the  rice  flefdranrcornSta^^^^^^^^  «Prings  or  artificial 

of  Catania,  by  the  River  Simeto                '  ^  ^""^  ^"^^  ^"  ^^^  ^^^^ 

whSTultrK.^^^^^^^^  8i-to  there  is  a  company 

Said  company  obtlfned  rconcesron  bv  1^  ^Rn"'?  *^^  ^'''''  ^'^^'^^'^ 
1852,  with  appropriate  r^SLT  B 't'^if  orle'To  utilfr^^^^^^  '" 

m  a  more  rational  and  practical  sv^tS!  «  «ov!^«J  -^^  ^'"^  ^^'"^^^^^ 

up  with  the  viewof  distriCw  tf«  J^L  ^•^''**'°P^"^     ^^'"ff  tostart 
scriptions  of  th^new  law  iusi"?^^^^^^  ^^^^  ^^^  P^e- 

utilization  of  the  waters  for  rrii«^?^.    ^  *^^  ^^""^T  Gdvernmeut  for  the 
property,  but  the  d  stribnfh  3  h      P^rPO«e«.    The  rivers  are  national 

is  ruled  brthesarcom"  v  ""^.^f"^^  ^^^  ®"°^*^'  ^«  ^^'>^^  ^t^^d' 

we!ls  the  iW  L«  lr'"i''l'^^.:=„Z?L^^.«  waters  obtained  by  artificial 

■  'i-^^'^'  I'xuvisiona,  as  iLe  person  who  has  dug 


IBBIGATION  IH  EHSOPE— SICILY. 


tor     tea,  Zl'uTJ:%t':i^Zrr'"?-  ■■««-»'.PropHe. 

connected  together  each  as  well  '  ^'t^'  these  two  species  of   and  Ire 
aif "  P^^^^«  ^^«  ^"^atTn  ilder"lfira^^^^  i*  °^ay  be  sifd  C 

metr^yt^^^ornl- -^^^^^^^  ^^^^  ^/I.  *'^^  '''''^''  ^«  ^«  ^o  60  centi- 
ucej  but  in  years  when  the  rainfall  t  J!n  T.'"^'  «*^«  «"fflcent  prod- 
many  springs  get  driednp  with  Jreit  11"'  ^?  ^^.,*^  centimetres  K 

this  consular  district  is  bv  use  o-Xtf!,'.*^^  irrigating  system  in 
and  artificial  springs,  and'caoaJs       "'''  ^'"^^^  *"^«"^  ri^sf  natural 

E^na  rtTtt^%rrrrncr  ^ar  from  the 

swollen  up  by  the  waters  of  several  fnrrpf.ff^'  '''I'?  ^^^^^  'saving  been 

private  estates.  aitoaes  for  tlie  distribution  of  the  water  to 

«  P'^^Z"V^tb{S^X.nutJ^irf  '"T  -  *  ''"-"S  drain,  wlieh 


.  r 


480 


IRRIGATION  IN  EUROPE — SICILY. 


From  the  dike  to  the  said  dram  there  is  a  distance  of  132.16  metres- 
and  an  equal  dustance  exists  between  the  dike  and  the  drain  of  the  left 
hand  canal,  which  is  provided  with  only  one  postern     Th is  last  rmmS 
canal,  30  kilometres  long,  near  the  railway  stat^H^tU  S  InasSa 
has  a  waterfall  of  sixty-dyuamo  horse  power,  and  it  is  also  providS 
with  numerous  smaller  canals  for  the  distribution  of  water      ^^^^"^^ 

Ihe  right-hand  canal  runs  on  by  the  plain  of  Gerbino  wafflrincr  tv  ^ 
and  at  the  left-hand  of  the  Dittafno  Riband  has  aJ^o  a  S^ 
by  whicli  two  inills  are  worked,  giving  yearly  rental  of  2,500  iTres        ' 
r..^/  ""'f  r  *'^*^l.'^^d  ,^y  t'^ese  works  is  of  about  62,381,000  gallons 
per  day  of  twenty-four  hours,  but  double  this  quantity  might  be  given 
should  afrriculture  require  it.  feuf  «je  given, 

In  summer  season,  from  the  1st  of  April  to  the  31st  of  September  the 
water  is  sold  at  the  rate  of  $65  per  4,400  gallons.    In  winter  f imp  Vnm 

MoJIalnf  ''  ''^  '''  ^'^P"^'  t»^e  Pn-islotred  to1a\'S 

For  consumption  m  the  summer  months  the  water  is  generally  leased 

to  the  proprietors  by  contracts  for  thirty  years,  which  eive  a  vppr^v 

rental  of  760  11  res  not  including  the  leases  for  t^eTve  months  on^y     ^ 

rJ:^^i:iZ^,:^!'  ^^«^^^^"*^^  ^^  ^-"^  -ce  a  month,  a^'the 

The  part  of  country  irrigated  by  the  Simeto  extends  to  the  left  band 

of  the  nver,  the  canals  stretching  as  far  as  tha  city  of  Catania  all  the 

canals  irrigating  aboutlOO  square  miles.    The  hills  near Motta  and  Mis! 

terbianco,  by  means  of  said  waters  have  been  reduced  into  luxuriant 

orange  gardens  and  orchards,  but  the  lowlands,  owing  to  the  argSon^ 

c^rptl^KS^i;.^^'^"^'  "°^^^  irrigation,  ar^e  used  as^n^nd^ 

that  since  ]86;5  the  greatest  progress  has  been  made  in  ^very  branch 
of  culture  and  the  hydraulic  works  in  this  island  have  beenTumerous 
as  IS  testified  by  the  many  new  or  ange  gardens,  orchards,  and  kSen 
gardens,  as  it  results  from  the  information  given  to  me  by  competent 


Irrigated  lands  in  Sicily  in  1865. 


Province. 

By  rivers. 

By  canals. 

By  springs. 

Total  sur- 
face. 

• 

Palermo 

Messina J. 

Catania...: 

Hectares. 

2,614 

1,359 

2,701 

4,985 

709 

650 

218 

Hectares. 

767 
1,101 

012 
2,581 
3,577 

142 

131 

Hectares. 

452 

2,228 

6,089 

2,207 

522 

087 

777 

Hectares. 
3, 8i:3 
4,668 

Syracuse  

8,402 

Ciiltanisnetta 

Girgenti 

Trapani 

9,723 
4,808 
1,679 
1,126 

13,886 

8,911 

12,  262 

34,  259 

In  the  —         """fioPE— SICILY 

irriaaied  i^^^. 


_____^J^J«  Aedmo«^  IK  1865 


I 


^-'^«  '-*  <»  X.™,,,,  ,„  ,,^ 


«ilce^^ud,ug  nc  oatlS  n«.-^®  ^^*ei"s  sfconned  ?,?«'.  "'^''^^  the  west 
<*«  wate*  b.'  1J'tJ»f  "iemiy  Sa?  JJ",  S*?J  «'"»'™'"  «  wort  of 


482 


IBRIOATION  IN  EUROPE— SICILY. 


t'^t^el  1  Jt ^i^Ke^"^^^^^^^^  ^«^^^t  Of  the  dike,  and  abont 

results  obtained  bv  this  hvdmuS  wrfrv^**  ^^T^^  ^f  the  water.    The 

portanpe  for  all  those  Lndowners  ^^^^^  ^T  of  the  greatest  im! 

.     irrigating  their  estates  "  ^^"^  *'®  »^  favorable  condition  for 

and  aul'ssl^o\'Xle"t"d"a^^^^^^  totally,  as  by  spell, 

ment  of  the  cotton  plantaSofSh^^i^  occupat  on  by 'the  develop-' 
about  1,000  tons  of  wtton.      '  ^^""^  *  ^^^'^^  "»ean  produce  of 

PaOVlNOB  OP  PALERMO. 

sibfrX^rspVnge  1^1^^  H^  ^--d«'  -here  it  is  impos 
which  may  stop  thf  iaif;'aL  /ann^^^^^^  construction  of  such  ZTb 
vines  and  then  use  it  in  the  snmma^f  ^  1"  ^^^  ^'^^^r  time  in  the  ra 

By  this  device  the  artificial  ,^^^^^^  purposes 

structed  molded  as  the  aSntAn«J^Vf/^****^omraon  in  Italy)  all  con- 

later  on,  introduced  by  the  Moors  in  Sn^^-^  "^''^.^^^  and  Romais,  which 
Notwithstanding  there  are  no  rerrvol^s  In'  l^^  ^^'  "^^  ^f  paLtanos 
may  g,ve  an  account  of  selerTof  thf  m  *h*!^«o«s»Iar  district,  yet  I 
island,  in  the  province  of  PaSmL  5T  ^^rthy  of  mention  in  this 
of  this  kind,  c^^nsS^d  irSTas'tTentur/'"'"  '^'  f'^'  ^  '^^^^^o  ' 
belonging  to  the  Prince  of  Lampedur  «?f,-  iV°k  ""^  ^^^  ^^^^^^^  '>nce 
and  bears  the  name  of  BillierKrv;,/'  '*'"  ^  ^^  '^"^  ""^^^  ^ai^rmo 

calcareous  soil.  ^'"xiMiruccea  m  the  gorge  of  a  ravine,  on  solid 

8tr^n\Jhe'nS'^"J^^^^^^^^  of  the  ravine,  the  dike  is 

two  walls  ..74  metres  long  bv  I'l  widr  Ji  •  i'^^f'or  are  to  be  seen 
angle,  inclosing  an  area  of  8.18  66  Lrsf^/^l''^'^^"'*  'o  it  in  right 
hectolitres  of  water  (6,188,000  galioS'         ^'""^  ^'^'^  ^o"*^^'^  28.t91 

whi^h\rtrjS:rJv^S^,?;e^%^^^^^  ^^ve  a  canal, 

,^^tbo?t  damaging  theldgef  SXSf  ^hf^lf '"X''*^""^^°t  -ater 
shouW  have  been  corroded.  ^^'^h'  *^^®^  «<>  many  years, 

water'Jd'th^rdfmel*o'f%&^^  t^-e  is  poured  the 

Another  reservoir  of  considfir^hji!?-  ^^^  reservoir  is  void, 

near  the  village  of  mLSoThk  ^'""^"f'.ons,  called  «Godrano»is 
same  has  a  leLth  of  liQ-^mlf'  '^^  neighborhood  of  Palermo  ThP 
area  of  1.27  heTref^'aris"''  '  "^"'^  «^  ''  -«*«'«'  o'ccupy'ng'^a'n     ^ 

from  r Stiof  o^^rbJe^re?l^^^^^^^^^^       l^  «i«"^'  -  «till  very  far 
In  conclusion,  I  must  sto J^  ?ho?      ^^^dmont  and  Lombardy. 

are  of  the  greatWTefpt  a^^cu  tuTrS.?^  T\''  «P""^  ^^^er 
utilized  the  watersof  such  sSlsDrJnLnn^^^^^^^^         by  their  help  are 

roll  did  it.  "^  P^*^'  of  said  reservoirs,  but  I  suppose  Consul  Oar- 

Vincent  Lamantia, 
^^™_States  Consulate,  ^o^**^ 

^atantii,  Italy,  iSvptemher  18, 1889, 


IBBIQATION  IN  EUROPfi-, 

PORTUGAL 


SPAIN. 


483 


CAPE  VERDE. 

r^^S^^^^^t^t^^  in  t..  colon,  . 

^  Mature  has  been  so  unhn.    .  ^  '^^^'^  «°«I»  «« 

base  of  the  moul^Lins  in  'hf  w^J^«'  i««"iQrthfoafirh?hV'^^^^«  ^*'8<=' 
It  therefore  bpfaml    '      *"®  bottoms  of  the  fi^f,.  ^  ,,  *^®  ^<^ck8  at  the 

tied  near  a  spring?  v^^k'^'^  ^^^^  the  inhabSf?"^^',^"^  ^^^ines^ 
J«Iands  are  soSte  from^'^^V^^^f  ^^^  towns  aSd'S?"^^  ^^^e  set- 
*rom  1  to  3  miles  on  dnT  ^""^^^  ^^^r  that  all  tS  /^"^ges  on  these 

^  It  would  be  drfflcnlt  t^nhf  '^'  ^^«^ds  of  "omen    "^^^^  ^«  ^'^^Sht 

St'lSt"^-^^^^^^^^^^  ,,  ,,  ,,^ 

some  landholders  fi??^*^^«^^^'^"on,annnfo'^^^^^^    ^^  statistics  on 
only  lands  reT^viL'^^rr^  "^P^  ^^^^^^  from 

United  States  Dnxrc.  ^^''^''  ^^^«^' 

v«  Consulate,  C7on«itt 


SPAIN. 

?^^  WS?^  -  r  as  those 

^  The  hydrSS  works  lortT'^iPP^^  «^«tem    ''"^'"^  '"  ^^^  Protection 
they  are  in  mfm/  .o      '«  and  even  requirps   «i"  J^  ,    , ,  "'«  extent  of 

•^  ^»  ^^*>yj  I  have  the 


484 


IRRIGATION   IN   EUROPE — SPAIN. 


pointed  by  tLe  tTiiUed  Stales  Sfi"?"  t  "i?  '»"?'»'  ""'n-n'ttee  ap. 

forestry  eugiu^er  fo^t^'d^^'tricfof\^^^^^^  ^^""^n^' '«  ^J^^^l^'^f 

both  at  home  and  abro^     He  rece^tfv    n'  ?h^  *  ^"'''^?  authority 

ministerio  de  fomento  (the  denar?m«nf  ^^^    ^^  """"^  °^  t^«  Spanish 

culture,  industry,  and  comn^lrP«f  tn!i  ^'"^^.^^"Jg  P»bllo  works,  a«ri- 

the  Intemationa^l'  OongrS  of  plris  on  C^//?,.^^«  <ii«C"/«ion8  h'eld  at 

streams.    His  views  upon  the  suhLT»*S!  ?,<^'^'^^.t'«?  of  t^e  water  of 

gation,"aremarkablee88av  mAf  J  i  o  ^^^  ^H''^'^  *^®«  «f^na»x  d'irri- 
tiflc  men.  ®^^^^'  ""^^  *^«  approval  of  eminent  foreign  scien- 

^^k^^Z'iii:^^^^^^^^  -tains  an  elaborate 

Spain  ;  also  useful  s^gSs  restl^  fn^^^^^  ^""^  reservoirs  built  in 
concerning  construction  Can%S  3  «S^  ^'-  P^^«*'cal  observations 
means  to  secure  the  succesHoSlhtln  «r?fT'''"'^  ^^'"  '«'  '^"^^  th«  best 

First  of  all  I  will  now  nZrn„fi     ^^^^P^^ses  for  irrigation, 
by  Mr.  LlauradJ,  namSy    "  **  prominent  conclusions  arrived  at 

prJdiV^fruirvattiVecLt^^^^^  ^T^^«-  --eases  the 

irrigation  becomes  abXternecessarv  wT«h  ^1  ^^"^^^^  countries 
to  overcome  the  consequS  of Teq/^iTaSf  *'''"'''^^  ^'""^^*  «^ 
doS^tC^^^^^^^  to  store  up  water 

1.  Irrigation  works  whfch  can  be  ach^v«d  h*""  •  ^'^  ^'^T °*  «'^««««  = 

2.  Irrigation  schemes  whkTh  Scesstlte  ft -"f^^  individual  effort, 
sidies  of  the  Government  necessitate  the  interposition  and  sub- 

pay  for  water  covers  th«  nTUS  J^      ,  •  *^®,  ^^^  ^bich  consumers 
terestcorrespondTngtocamSHLl^^^^^  them,  the  amount  of  in 

the  business  must  riultTfalZtr^,^"^,  ^  ^^''  P'^^^'    ^ther.  ise 
It  can  not  be  absolutely  asseSiM^^  "^^^^^  though 

clearly  evidences  that  assertion     TLnnl.?^^'''^'^™*"^'**^*tion, 

tioned  canal  cost  the  Governmrt^bout  20^^^^^^  "f  ^*^S  ^^^^'^e"" 

and  since  the  reign  of  Carios  ITI  i,  « „, -3^^^^  $4,000,000), 

our  days,  the  immediate  TrL7,;«r.^^^/*  ''^^^^  ^  b«  ^o'-ked,  up  to 
tion  aggl-egat^s  the  sum  of  37,0^  '^^  ^^^^^  by  the  administra- 
meager  yield  in  proportion  to  the  caS  wil  '^  ^  annoally,  a  very 
however,  far  from  bein^  raino,irf^?li  '"vested.  But  the  business, 
the  outlays  by  creat  S|  Xt  soured  i'  of *w '  ^n'  ^^f^'^^  compensated 

iiiiguuou  tanu  must  be  rated  cheap".      "'  ""^'"*''^"''^"  ""'^  raiuieiB,  the 


1 
t 
t 
t 

a 
& 

tl 
th 
b8 
in 

pp 

C 

sati 
tor' 
gat' 
com 

T 

wea 


«ma>.T,ON  w  EUEoPE-sPAm. 


at 


Tlie  modest  vet  mio-i.t,,.  i  *86 

success  lunny  works  hrSt^rt"™  »'  Pfra'c  soirit  is  „hi„  »       ■ 
prises  due  to  th^^„it  '\  °'*'!  J- '"l-crior  to  the  1  mft^d'°  *"  f '"<"■«  "ith 

,.Tbatdoes„otm"SKttheo"*'°''''""^°'-  ''^" 

"'^'^^tZ^-.tllS^^Br '''"•'■''  «""'-'' "«  -'owed  to  „„,„p. 

As  regards  iTeattoS  of  ''™"f.'"«  Pu'b™  w^^ '"«'  ""curate 

«^niss?e :  ziriP^ "  ":'rSoS^t  fe--* »»«" 

Tlie  Spanish  pen  nsuKf  ™f^  °«*  P^^ve  SC      ^'^^'"  *^«*  ti»e 

metres  abovfthTfeiefi^r^^  ^''««)'  ^ith  e/J?at?J^/«f  Prisps  ibou^ 
nearly  2,000  kilometres  of  ll''''^"'  ""^'^  tabl.  Slpn  '' n"^  ^'^"0 
by  different  seas  and  facfn/d?r''  ^^^e^ding  a^Sng^^^^^^^^^^  and 

The  coDtrasting  condit SL    ?^';^°^  cardinal  points  of  thl^'f^'^'^^bed 
cumstauces  can  wp?i  k  ^  ^  ®^  climate  enioved  «^S.  v  ^®  ^^^^e. 
sense,  rather  tLri  ,^  ^""agined,.  they  aT^^o  mw  l",^  to  local  cir- 

continentjo/nedTothrrest^oTr"^"'  «P^^  ^'^p^Jf^ef  bv  Sf '°  *^'« 
the  Pyrenees  an/i  ,.„  VY^  *^*  ^"rope  throne-h  ^1,1        "y  itself  a  vast 

temperature  'with  T'*^'''"  ^^^  ««ale  of  subtron^lf  °"»*«"'  range  of 
wintVs,as?n  ScSidrnTi-^'^f^^^^^^'^sint^^^^^  ^^  «»l>aU)ine 

of  meteorologicaiobservi?:    ^  ^'^»^«  '^t  the  hereto  ?nSf'?"^'  ^'  ^'^«ial 
Pliysical  conSouenofifl?-'?"^  (inclosure  Kri)  ffiv«?£?^^^«"°^°'arv 
in  the  qnaHtlTonhrsin  .ir^  !?-  ^^"°««  'lion?  "  '^'^  ^^'^^  of  th'I 

conditions,  frorextrTmi  ''"^'^i^^'^  layers ^'dj^^^^'^.^f.^aked  soil  ap 
the  least  fitted^  frSl"^^^«*"^«  to  the  most  comnltt«  ^^'^^^^^^^^ 

Amoncr  othpr  noo,.i,„    ^    .  •'"wxeoi  are  bene- 

P«.vmees:  ^'■'-«'»  m^,  referring  to" the  above.«,eati„.ed 


486 


IRRIGATION  IN  EUROPE — SPAIN. 


cattle  and  a  good  number  of  horses  and  sheep,  besides,  as  refers  only 
to  the  province  of  Oviedo,  and  nearly  equal  proportionate  ciphers  are 
appliablf  for  the  reiuainiug  three  provinces,  r> specially  for  Santander 
m  order  to  examine  the  cultivation  of  meaduvfs  as  it  is  practiced  here 
we  must  snppose  their,  divided  in  two  groups,  namely,  irrig  ted  and 
not  irrigated  meadows.  The  first  ones  are  generally  lyin'^o  ^he  d(v 
chvities  or  in  the  valleys,  in  the  neighborhood  of  some  spring  or*^ brook 
the  water  of  which  may  be  easily  drained  j  and  the  last-mentioned 
meadows  occupy  the  table-lands  on  the  tops  of  mountains  and  all  such 
places  not  much  accessible  for  irrigating  them  by  artificial  means,  which 
enjoy  no  other  irrigation  but  that  imparted  by  eventual  rains. 

Ihe  irrigated  meadows,  in  their  turn,  form  two  groups,  in  the  first  of 
which  are  included  those  the  products  of  which  are  consumed  by  cattle 
on  the  meadow  itself,  the  summer  harvest  excepted,  this  being  mowed 
and  stored  tor  steble  food.  In  the  second  group  'are  comprised  th6 
meadows  the  produce  of  which  is  mowed  and  cattle  fed  therewith  when 
yet  green,  and  which  furnish,  besides,  the  summer  harvest,  like  the 
meadow  ands  of  the  first  group.  In  these  irrigations  last  during  all  the 
year,  and  are  only  ,li8continued  as  long  as  the  cattle  are  kept  within  the 
stable,  this  being  done  in  the  months  of  ipril,  September,  and  Octo- 
ber, on  fine  days  in  winter,  when  tardy  frosts  are  feared,  and  during  20 
to  30  days  before  harvrsting  the  hay.  ^ 

Not  irrigated  meadows,  in  spite  of  the  moist  climate,  yield  consider- 
ably less  than  the  irrigated  ones,  irrigation  being,  therefore,  indis- 
pensable If  It  18  desired  to  obtain  abundant  pasture  and  hay 

Ihe  remark  has  already  been  made  that  the  water  used  for  this  kind 
of  cultivation  is  either  drawn  from  brooks  or  from  little  perennial 
springs,  as  well  because  of  the  continuity  and  facility  of  their  utiliza- 
tion as  on  account  of  the  difficulties  met  with  in  the  drainage  from 

sbpeness  '"'''^  ^^""^  ^^^'^""^  *'*"^""^  ^^^^  ^^^  *"^  ^°  eiccssive 
The  system  for  irrigation  of  meadow  lands  most  commonly  applied 
in  these  provinces  IS  that  denominated  "irrigation  by  inclined  chan- 
nels," or  also  ''spike  channels"  (riego  por  requeras  inoliuada^"  or  »  re- 
queras  en  espiga").  The  distribution  channels  are  devised  nearly  in 
the  sense  of  the  greatest  slopeness  of  the  ground;  lue  irrigating  chan- 
nels  connect  with  them  and  spread  out  to  right  and  left.  A  rapid  sec- 
tional  change  takes  place  in  the  distribution  channels  at  the  point,  where 
they  separate  into  branches  with  the  irrigating  channels.  The  last 
mentioned  channels,  by  having  a  gradually  narrowing  section  from  their 
Pn?  !r^.P^'''°\^'*''.?  ^"^  *^^  opposite  end,  pour  out  the  water  b^  -etting 
inundated.     Another  contrivance  is  also  combined  with  thL  brieflv 

^^fSif  ^'«<^"K'''^  ^y^^^'"'  ^^^^^  consists  of  collecting  channels, 
called  "azarbes,"  dug  on  the  natural  lines  of  junction  on  the  meadow 
ground,  terminating  m  an  outlet  channel.  Sometimes,  when  the  extent 
of  the  meadow  is  not  considerable,  or  when  the  quantity  of  water  avail- 
able is  but  small,  the  collecting  channels  are  changed  into  new  feeding 
channels  for  the  supply  of  other  lots  situated  farther  down. 

vVithin  the  four  provinces  above  named  discrimination  of  three  dif- 
terent  climates  and  regions  must  be  made,  depending  from  situption 
whether  on  the  seashore,  inland  valleys,  and  mountains. 

ihe  climate  on  the  seashore  is  mild  j  orange  trees  can  thrive  in  the 

aulJt''''  "^  *^  ^^"^^.®  ^^^  ^^^°***®  ^«  *"^^»^  J  t^ere  orange  trees,  as 
also  grape  vines,  only  thrive  in  sheltered  places.  The  climate  on  the 
mountains  18  cold;  they  generally  in  winter  are  covered  with  snow. 
Here  lies  the  center  of  the  Oantabrian  Mountains,  a  branch  of  the 


Spike  Channels. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


Z 
^ 


{< 


"^ 


z 


1.0    f^» 


I.I 


^ 


2.8 


1^   1^ 


*t.o 


2.5 
2.0 


^1^ 


PhntnoTpnliir 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  NY.  14580 

(716)  87i-4S03 


<^ 


^^X-^Q 


ll" 


<^^ 


'^ 


IBBIGATION  IN  EUROPE—SPAIN.  437 

the  inland  valley  of  CaSm^ffaSarffl^;^  J''!  ^'f^^^^'  temperature  at 
(1872-74),  a8  recorded brtheforestr^^^^^^  P«"«^^  ^f  ^  jears 

(incloaure  No.  2),  was  48?  heat  in  S  ^"ff'o««F»  .^r.  Luis  Calderon 
the  lowest,  whic'^,  like  the  ottr  e^trenfrt'emn  J".  '^'  «^'^^°^^'  ^"^^ 
occurs,  was  40  below  zero.  Manrvears  fh«  A.  P^'^'l'"'®'  ^ery  seldom' 
00.  When  the  thermometer  po^Kit  80  or  u.g''''*l?''^  "«^^^  ^^^^^^^ 
on  the  mountain  pastures  SSest  ^al^^d  ?n'  ^f  V^"«rally  falls 
in  the  shape  of  snow.  "^gaest,  called  "  puertos  »  or  "  harbors," 

The  forestal  and  cattle-raising  industriea  arA  tu^ 
prominent  riches  in  these  provides  psnipia^  .**^®  ™08t  genuine  and 
der.  The  structure  of  theS  consistiS^S '"  ^"^'^i^^  '^""^  ^^atan- 
by  mountains,  with  varied  but  forth«  mnff''r/*"'^y«  «»^'-<>""ded 
safe  cultivation,  it  is  obvious  that  a^lTf  *  ^^^  ^""^  «*<^«P  «Jopes  for 
flat  lands  of  sm'all  extent' Z  nevlr  ftS  "'^rpl^  /^^  ^""^^'^  ^"^^ 
in  exchange  for  the  forest  and  ca  tletntrests^tht«  fJ.^  ^"* 

immense  room  in  the  best  conditions  for  success  a^th^  P/«P«^*»?"ately 
and  continuous  mists  coverinff  almnaf Tnnofo  fi '  ,  ®  frequent  rains 
the  year  those  mountarns  SfaJn  a  mn«;'*^  ^  J","^,  ^^^"  «^^««°«  «f 

character  to  vigorous  spontaSs^^getaTon  tS^IS''^  ^f^  "^^'«* 
grounds  being  abundant  and  of  snPh  JS       ,-.     <'<^™'n"nal  pasture 

are  most  of  them  intended  to  hardest  fodS?.?''^!-^^:,''^^"'^^  meadows, 

ing  the  time  the  atmosSrica!  Sm«n^^^^       feeding  the  cattle  dur-' 

As  the  period  when  this  occura  is  no  wiff,^"''^?'"  *  ^^^^^c*  grazing. 

.  in  the  year,  the  cattle  rSswfndast^vl^opr^^^^^  '^''^  ""^  ^"^  «»<>°ths 

greater  increase  as  soon  as  the  iZi  lo  ?   ^^  susceptible  of  a  far 

vated  and  larger  quSie's  o'^/a^e^rodutr  wTh  ^^ ^""^ .P^^'"' 

fodder  indispensable  for  one  he^Hf  crtfe^n  nf w  ^^"^ -^"^"^'^^  ^^ 

head  will  then  be  fed  here,  heeau^^fhl  tJ^yJ^     other  provinces  three 

housed  is  much  shorter     A  rflrmnnln!  f^'""^  ''^^"^  ^^""^  ^  be  kept 

visable  unless  the  absurd  ^riScSe  shonW  Iff?  I^r'^,  '^,^"  ''  "^^  ^^- 

the  enormous  wealth  StK^uS  «5^^^  ^"^  ^^*"^1«" 

the  high  meadows  (puertos)  represent    "  ^'^""^  ^'^""^'  "^ 

asIriseSmtreirafct^^^^^^^^ 

raised  until  two  ye^rs  oW  wEi'non  illT^'^-^'^^'^'^"  ^«  cat"e  are 
on  the  seashore  devSe  themse'Z  to  ff^^  '"^  *^^  ^^'^''"  ^^^'^^  '^"d 
In  the  first-mentioned  rSTnatural  as  w^^  "^  ^^  ^""  ^^«^'^- 

are  abundant,  while  in  the  othnr  nIrL  ?h  !    ^^  ^f '^  "^ea^ows  (puertos) 

**"on^e^r^r/iin""^-«^^^^^^^^ 

cou'^t^rir/^rn  ,\t  i^s^m^oTSr  ~  ^  ^^  the  rainiest 
cial  irrigation,  would  often  be^^^^  ^han  that  of  artifl- 

importance,  mCly  to  oSin  na?^^^^^^^  ^"  ^^'^  «f '^o  l't«e 

ities  of  meteoric  wUrnsX^oS  ritlVTo^^^^  *'^  •^^«^"^- 

Mayans  w&t^^^^^  *^«  -nths  of 

gether  inundaWwhen  sfrrgSts  ar^^  i''?i?  ''  ^'^'  ^'^^^- 

of  water  might  protect  the  8oflS,«ffi^^'  ""  ^^'^®''  ^^^^^  the  cover 

In  normal  fearrSciellv^irifrrf  ^^^J^"'','^"^ 


488 


IRBIGATION  IN  EUROPE— SPAIN. 


tricts  of  Cabuerniffa  and  R«  J..       ^'""^'*'''^°  ^'^e  neighboring  dis 
«  Asturian"  race,T4in"ce  ofed^  iuX«"^'^'  ^""**"^«''  ^"d  the 

For  centuries  the  mouutain  wnSi.l^ic    /a^°J°^  ^^^^  reuown. 
viding  ^ith  superior  trberLkS^^^^^  been  pro- 

yards,  also  (beech)  cooperies  for  orenaS  K^""^*"^  merchant  ship- 
and  wheat-flour  exportations  to  the  KlL  '^f '  ^.'  ^^''^^  ^^'^  ^'4 
caped  the  total  devastahnn  fw  ».„   u      'l?®'    ^^®y  l»ave  ftcarcelv  ea 

Spain.  The  causro^such  bl^nd  dr..^f  ?  *^^  ^**«  ^^  P^^ic  forS  ?n 
selfish  fnin.>a>,-^„^i. ,,  "^'r  '^  '"d  destruction  is  nartlv  im..nfo^  ^  xu" 


Spain.    The  ^«se°;f  sTh  bS  dTtSo^  """  «f  PPblio  ftS 
to  the  electoral  agen'tS'rhJsene^or,  *^^^^^^^ 


selfish  luiviiauuu  or  "caciquism*"  in  Si.Qin  *r  ^'"'"•^  »uiputcu  co  me 
given  to  the  electoral  ae^nia  t^A  ^*^'*,  *^®  "»"•«  of  "  cacique"  is 
controls  the  vS,  wwTleaned  nrfnil'^^''^^  prevalence  in  the  Sricts 
disturbs  the  sound  orSs  of  pol^^^^^^^^  *«°d«n«^  ««  deeply 

pernicious  eflFects  acting  th«mf  ^""  ^?*'*' ^'^^  in  this  country  its 
Ues,  where  it  caTses' alfeat^Sy  trSTh';?;.Sr  *^^  ^"^-^  Ku' 
of  common  interest  and  thelTemry^t^naf^^^ 

es^j/eXirorra  S  t^fparlt 

the  same.    That  dut^i  completelTne  J^^^^^  ,*^.^  "gh<«  to  "se 

repealed,,  it  is  not  enforS  as  it L^ht  to*^^^  °^*  »>««« 

not  one  excepted,  profess  "  caciVuism  »  ^^^  All  political  factions, 

that  hinders  the  proper  efflcacitva^n  f?,^®.*^^«™o«t  dreadful  scourge 
quires  an  urgent  eradkatSnVfifa      functions  of  laws  and  that  re 
uufortunatel/the  same  as  w?th  Jertafffnfi'rSfir^"'^^*'^  "caciqSLm- 
nature  J  all  physicians  know  V  «,  ri     ^'^^^^'^^  ^^'^ting  the  human 
patients'  health  neZ  improves     1/^0^-^  ^  "^^«  ^^^^'  l>"t  the 

promoter  and  guardian  o??ommonintei^^sT^^^^^^  T^^'"  *^  ^^  th« 

ful  adviser  to  the  central  powTfn  matf^rf  LIS?  *'^^  ^^^^omes  thelaw- 
tration,  many  wrongs  are  ascribed  to Thfr.*^*'° ^  ^.  P^l^^^^  adminis- 
thoughtless  mannef  of  whTch  J's  merelv  a  w '?""*  ^^  f "  ^°j««*  »°d 
instrument.  *^  merely  a  harmless  and  unconscious 

BtaVceTaUeXg^SSe^  o-  the  circum- 

which  form  the  great  weam.nffL®/^*^'^^--*'iose  t^o  branches 
their  being  so  cbsely  c™  ected  wiJh^v?*'''?-^^  P^jovinces-because  of 
cultura  y  la  administraninn  m,l^  •  ,*^^'g»tion.  The  book  "La  aari- 
a.practiil  woTk?X  rpSsTSTto'ex^^^^^^^^  fuUy  illustrate 'wlJL 
nicipai  district  in  the  province  o^sinS  J  i^.l"^^^  drawn  from  a  mu- 
ism  "opposes  in  SpaiH^^brrefX  «i/' ^^'^  *^^^'^.™«<^'«''«  "  ca«^^^^^ 
interests.  All  the  adva^taglousTn^laSlELTT'^"  "^^^  ^^  ««'a 
high  character  and  intelligence  who  d.,r1n„i^®  endeavors  of  a  man  of 
the  head  of  the  municipa  itrScKvenfvt-'*"\^^  ^^^'^  ^as  at 

to  ameliorate  the  pubHc  iu^strwi^^**^'^ 
uism,"  with  whom  ffhadT£t^Z.nn?°  demolished  by  "c^ 
struggles.  *"  ^^^^  ^^n^e  continually  to  fight  tenacious 

paS^o^SplS^^^^gS^^^^^  «^?f «-« »-  this  northern 

and  Sussex.  ^"  ^^®  southeast  of  England,  such  as  Kent 

mate^:aSwir^r^^^^^^^ 

humidity,  and  as  a  natural  stove  wi^f^^^iV'  'P^'-^S^'  *«  ^^sorb  the 


I 


IBBIGATION  IN  EUROPE— SPAIN. 


I 


elevated  plateau  Kid  Castile  ^^^  T^'i^^'^^  be  faSing  on  fbe 
^e  year  come  from  the  west  nortb  wp  J  S'^'  ''^'?*»  P^«^»"  longest  iu 
rITu-    ^5f  «*«<^«ortheastwTnd8a^^^^^^^^  *^«  periodffrom 

Be^pt.mberorOctober,wl.entheyS.lffi^^^^^^^^ 

an?itXi;tsTre1&^^^^  those  .^ere  this  consulate 

more  extensively  at  Leon  whS^h^T  ^^  artificial  means  is  practirp^ 
Santander  and  Oviedo    K^Es,a  S.'?  •^"-  '^'  "o^thwest  s^5e  with 
hectares  (32126  acres)     Whlnni..^  irrigates  there  about  13  ooo 
mates  Counted  onlfto  m%i%eZZmi%\^\'r\^'''^^^^^ 
(1869)  the  sum  of  3,250,000  pesetL  rSo^im  'S^^^',^"*  ^^  ^ears  later 
carries  a  quantity  of  6/480  eulifn  mi?      '^^?^'  ^^^  been  expended     It 
was  built  by  grait  to  X?e?gn  p^STco^nf  ^''  f  «^"^-    ^  cana 
ment  the  annual  rate  farmeFs  hlJ^M  company.    According  to  agree- 
pesetas  to  97.27  pesetas  Ss  89  to  i%  i^F?^  ^*''  V^^'  ^^"^s  from  iS 
gated.    Notwithstanding  the  vfiarifn^  ^°''  ^^^^  ^^^tare  of  land  irr^ 
has  been  8J  per  cen t  Se  c^'taf  iSXf  V^^^^  t,y  the  company 
cient  to  pay  the  interest  to  cSoifhl^' '*  ^^''^^  "'^tP 
management,  and  of  interest  necessalvVnJ!  ^^P.-"'"-"  ^^  maintenance, 
met  with  some  embarrassSLTe/h^?,  ^^v^^^^^  The  company 

a  formal  written  engagement  how  fa  rhL  ""*  having  secured  through 
tion  of  water.  Until  a  vear  wC  IJ^^  ^^"^  *«  ^^^^  "Pon  conramo- 
country  the  attitude  o^Tep^^t  of  m^n?;  ^'^"^^^  P^^^^^^^d  in  Th^e 

o\l^eraSc^l--£S-^^^^ 

distance  of  2%^S:tt'i^,^X%'e%^^^^  '^.  ^f «"«  -o««es  a 
two  branches  at  El  Serron  PaiA,^  f  ^®/»  Santander,  dividinfr  in 
64,432  kilometres  long,  do^^n  to Ta^^dobd  1  'S'.^'  *^«  ^^^^^  dTiur^ 
Jit«  S**"*  78,929  kilomeWs  lon^,  to  S^^^  ^^«^  4^"  ^*^«^'  t^«  Canal  de 
cereal  production  in  the  north  cXdfnrH  •  ^  Kioseco,  the  center  of 
granero  de  Espafia,"  or  "the  corn  barn  o/q'  ^.^T^^^  Spaniards  «el 
Canal  deCastUla  f^om  Alar  del  Rav  to  F?  fi?^""'  .  ?^^  «««t*on  of  the 
tion  of  <•  Canal  del  Norte  »  and  is  7i  1?!  i  •?'^"^"  ^^^^^  t^e  denomina- 
The  Canal  de  Casfilll  fi  d-       ^*'^^  kilometres  long. 

navigated  by  trgTs'Si^ng  S  aCtls  t  ^^f.  *- transportation, 
also  as  a  motive  force  fo^aS  numW  nn°'' *^^^ 
Butthesamei8scarcelvufiftdf«a»,^T^f  of  large  mills  and  factories 
noteworthy  works  aXveaioeks  on  Jh^^^^^^^^  ^t«  S 

on  the  Canal  del  Iforte  and  T^^JS  ^  ^^?*^  ^^  Oampos,  twenty-four 
Canal  del  Norte  section  th«  3  ®^°  •*'°  *^^  ^^^^l  del  Sur.  On  the 
second,  being  distributed  between  ZZ'n t'"  '1"'' ^^''^^  ^^^^^ Pe? 
r?^?  «"»>  «  "metres  to  the  £af  de?  Sur  an5^7«  "'  l^  '^"  proportion 

at^  th.  botto.1  of  the  caS78fnir;  SeT^S  r^pjl!-^?'??^ 


490 


IRRIGATION  IN  EUROPE-— SPAIN. 


of  the  last  century,  was  interrun?«fj  I^h        T^'f^  ^'^^^^  '»  tJ*e  middle 
the  reign  of  Queen  Isabel  II     ^'  *"^  '^^''^^^  '^^  completion  during 

mos"  XafsL^XeltXlTrfe"^^^^^^  ""''''''''  *<>  *he  growth  of 
the  boundless-looSg  cor&r'of  tiTnntr  "^^  ^^  ^^  """^^  ^^^^  «»» 
The  arable  surface  of  the  soH  ,«  fJ^  °f^*^f™  Provinces  of  Castile, 
iious  perspective  of  vast  r)fin  MnT^  ^"**  ^^''^'l®'  *^^"fifJ^  t^e  monoto- 
.  «eein/tha?it  is  lltToSZ^yaSeT^^ftl  "'^^'^  '"''J"  ^"^''«««' 
prejudice  is  most  prevalent  there  aZn„  ^.•^^^f^''^''^'^^^^^'^^^ 
only  good  for  sparrows  to  build  t^Pir^^^^^    cultivators  "that  trees  are 

-^^^^'t^elon^^^^^^^^  wheatflour  from  Castile 

enthusiastic  fever  existed  then  ?h^«®V'' ^°?l'"°"'' ^"^nti tie  An 
phrase,  ^'AgnrisolTsne^^J.^^^^^  S«*"«-     The  boasting 

at  SevastopoPof  wheX  CasSiarffr.*,^^^  ("Water  and  sun,  and  waf 
situation  ii  those  years  wSsrin^^^^^^^^  expressed  their  prosperous 
that  it  became  a  proveSi^  LnLT  a  ^  pronounced  and  repeated 
were  erected  on  the  canal  and?£  i?'    ^  ^''®^*  """"ber  of  flour  mills 

the  production  of  cerS     Those  e--^^  '•  ^'"'  ""^^  ^''^""  '« 

which  agriculture  ZTLor^d  hJ^  ^^'Z^'h  '"^^dental  causes  by 
Castile  devote  theircareno7nn?vT^  ^^''^^  i«°^  *««•  ^^^mers  i J 
grape-vine  plan  Snsraud  LTtLlTalfl^"^  ^^«°  *^  «^*^°d  the 
agricultural  progress  if  thevwmw^^  improvements  in  modern 
of  other  countrifs.    liriS^w^^^^  ""'^^  ^^^  ^^«^P  production 

ble  result  of  a  varied  ciftivS"     '      '*""''"'  *  "*"^"«  *«  *^«  P^^fit*" 

onro?rrgrifu&'3ls'^^^^^^^^^^^  *^^  ^f  ?"«  P^«--«e  Alava,  is 

through  artifidalirStionthafJl^^^^^^  ^^°^^'«  »^«  ol>tained 

of  fruits  and  vegetaWes  •  ?t  is  the  rlohL'.*  ""^1  productive  in  all  kinds 
in  the  northern  region  Vthr,ive^^^^^  kitchen  garden 

Fuentibre(Fon8lberus)  near  LvnnL  «?  ""'/^I  ^''"''^^  «^  ^b*ch  is  at 
navigable  LtSaraS'sSifsTa^^^^^^^^^^  ,  ?i«  river  becomes 

others  of  the  most  impSnt  1?X«Sn?  *^®  Canal  Imperial,  and  some 
Spain  is  more  used  fSSin  ^fi  fi^'^^f'^'  ^''•^  "*»  ^^^^^  "^^r  in 
ture  are  considerable    '"'^^^'^"^  ^^«  advantages  it  affords  to  agricul- 

nomLa?K?"L'a  eU^^^^^^^^^^  all  „.    .  the  de- 

to  France  and  also  sSd  toofhl^^  is  obtained  and  moatfy  exported 
Fruits  and  vegSles  fcanScn^^  ^^  ^"^^^  ^°^^  SantSnder. 

cans  in  importfnt  q^n  Zs  ?or  h'om^  ^'^t'  '*"-^  ^^«  P^^P^^^^  in 

The  practical  and  Ce  iZffouSnw  ff^T^r'\'"'°P""°- 
nation  in  the  south  of  SnaTn   i^fiff  ^  *^-®  ^""^^^  '^""«&  ^^^ir  domi- 
and  Granada,  mSaiLd^?Wenm-  ^^  ^^^^"^'*'  ^"^«*a, 

are  the  basis  of  the  new  laws  framed  Sr''n"-^  by  careful  tradition 
who  wiU  enjoy  certairprtvile^S  t/«I  ^"  •'''■7^^^>"^  corporations 
tially  in  the  rieht  that  wh«n  i!l       ^5T  P"vileges  consist  substpn- 

or  syndicatesXy  can  appofnt^t'^^^^^^^^^^  ^^  "Sindicatos" 

ceediDgs  being  public  veS  LS  iL  !^"  independent  courts,  all  pro- 
courts^or  wate?  SsbSs'  delg\t?rnrpiri^^^^^       independ'ent 

Plained,  artSlcial  S^galio^exS  ^Tn^^^ult  i^o^^^^^  '^ 


1 


^ 


I  the  feeders 

tLe  middle 

tion  duriug 

growth  of 
uoh  felt  ou 

of  Castile, 
lie  monoto- 
h  aridness, 
ere,  for  the 
t  trees  are 
"shelter  for 

om  Castile 
;itie8.    An 
)  boasting 
u,  and  war 
►rosperous 
repeated 
flour  mills 
8  given  to 
causes  by 
armers  in 
stend  the 
n  mi'dern 
roduction 
le  profita- 

Alava,  is 

obtained 

all  kinds 

in  garden 

ich  is  at 

becomes 

and  some 

river  in 

>  agricui- 

r  the  de- 
exported 
ntauder. 
pared  in 

• 

}ir  domi- 
Murcia, 
'adition, 
•rations, 
lubstpn- 
licatoa  " 
all  pro- 
Pendent 

)  above- 
ave  6JL 

3Ct. 


^ 


IRRIGATION   IN  EUROPE— SPAIN.  ,49^ 

ir^^'^^ltl^^^^^  «r  tf  *'^^-«*  ^y^-nlic  con. 

are  110  lakes  formed  by  Tiytll]nlJS^V\^''^^^  «^  "atu^.  There 
tnbution  in  "naturalVeS  "  t^sunnW  h"'  ^ater  for  further  dTs 
vated  places,  sometimes  on  the  moSri'f  '*"'*' ^"  suitable  ele- 
albuheras"  or  by  the  more  modem  n^^tl^.^^  reservoirs,  called 
the  water  is  stored  up.  "Acequia  »  f as  man?  °^f  ^'^  *'^  ^""^  where 
means  exclusively  "  irrigation  canal  '>     ""^^^  ^^^^s  of  Arabic  source) 

tem^IteTa^r^^^^^^^  -^th  *'l  ?',-^^«  irrigating  sys- 

there  they  know  what  ?reatTalue  waS  1^^^^  a|ricufture. 

folly  look  that  tHe  ground  be  well  K!h  L^^°^^®^ '  ^^ey  always  care- 
both  from  canals  Ind  from  r^Sl  is  eou^^^^^^ 

because  otherwise  some  parts  of  the  soillin  l^  beneficial  to  the  plants, 
while  other  parts  remain  dry'and  in  some  it ^r^  T^'^'^  ^^^h  wate^ 
the  humus,  the  salts,  and  oxides  th^rThloff^  ^^^®^  will  carry  away 
fZfl*"  ^id  vegetatioL.    Sy  knows  SeUer'thSff,*'  contained  in  ml 
the  flowers  and  buds  when  the  uIantrftr«tni''^^®y^^^to  retrench 
aware  that  a  smaller  number  makes  frni?!  J^  overcharged,  as  they  are 
the  quality  J  nobody  else  knows  bettetwVZr'"'"  ^°^  ^'"Proves 
the  precocious  ears,  one  by  one!  Sith  t hi  n,ir«T  ^'^  p'"®'^  ^^^^  ^o  select 
species  and  accelerating  tKSi^dfnrr,?.f'^P^^®.nf  a«ieliorating  the 
remain  constantly  nearffiSntaS^Jn^f  Ta  ^he  Valencia  farmers 
tion  they  realize  in  that  Sate  an  «hm,H'    l^  ^S^:^"^^  ^''^Acial  irriga 
.products.  ""^^  *"  abundant  and  incessant  crop  of  rich 


United  States  Consulate, 

atantander,  November  7, 1889, 


Olodomibo  Pebez, 

Consul. 


492 


IBRIOATION   IN   EUROPE— SPAIN. 


[InolMnre  1  In  Co,.»ul  Pere.'.  report.] 


riMM 


Average  temperatnre. 


7esr8. 


Verj;»nk ,  ,„ 

Bilbio ; 1867-1872 

Ovicdo 18eft-I873 

»-??:::•"•""•■—"":::::  K^^^ 

Colmbm....; 1866-1874 

Lisbon...... 1868-1874 

Salaruanca., 188^-1874 

Valladolld... 1865-1874 

Burgos 186R-1874 

Soria....  1885-1874 

SarajjOM* 1865-1874 

flnesoa 1865-1874 


Barcelona 

^?r::::::-"'"---"-"- 

Albaoete..... 

Cludad  Beal 

Madrid 

Jaen........:; 

Granada..." 

Seville 

Carifft ; • 

8.  Pemando  (Cadiz)" '..'.'. 

Halaga  


Places. 


Vergara. 
Bilbao. 


1865-1874 

1885-1874 

1865^1874 

186^1874 

1865-1874 

186^1874 

1868-1874 

1868-1874 

1865-1874 

1867-1872 

1865-1874 

1885-1874 

1867-1874 

1867-1874 

1878-1880 


Fears, 


1867-1872 


Oviedo 1 1865-1873 


Santiago^ .,„ 

Oporto " 

Coimhra 

Lisbon I^!I!*" 

Salamanca 

ValladoHd 

Bnriros  ....    _  

Soria .7" 

Saragossa 111?!'^"' 

finesoa 

Barcelona  ... 

Alicante .' 

Knroia ~..I'm.""" 

Albaoete .....    '  '"•"" 

Clndad  Heal ..  ' 

Madrid * 

Jaen 

Granada .' ~ 1867-1872 

Seville 1865-1874 

Carifa 1865-1874 

ar^ernando  (cadiV)-:::::;::::::;;  }^UUi 

1878-1880 


1865-1874 

1865-1874 

1868-1874 

1865-1874 

1865-1874 

1866-1874 

1866-1874 

1865-1874 

1865-1874 

1865-1874 

1865-1874 

1865-1874 

186,^-1874 

1866-1874 

1866-1874 

1865-1874 

1866-1874 

1866-1874 

1865-1874 


tly  during  the 


ipersture. 


IRRIGATION   IN   EUROPE-SPAIN  .oo 


Vergara 

Bilbao , 

Oviodo....       1806-1873 

Santia^io  ....".'.".".".'." 1HU5-I87* 


1805-1874 

1800- 1H74  I  iu 

1805-1874     43 

1808-1874 

1805-1874 

1805-1874 

1805-1874 


Oporto 

Coimbra 

liiKbon 

Salamanca...! 
Valladolid.. 

Jn'Kos ; 

Soria ,  

Saragossa..  180.5-1874 

Hueaca..        1805-1874 

Barceloua.l 1885-1874 

-Alicante  ..'.V." 1806-1870     U 

Murcla...         1865-1874     11 

AlbHceto...'.' 1805-1874     18 

Ciudad  Real    1868-1874     14 

Madrid '.".', 1806-1874     18 

Juen ".'.'."_' I  1805-1874  |  30 


40     44 

S2  I  43 
31 


42 
43 
26 
34 
30 
21 
22 


Graaada. 

Seville...  

Uarifa. ....■*." 

|^^«i>ando  (C'adlV)". 


1867-1872 
1865-1874 
1865-1874 
1867.1874 

1867-1874  I  36  I  26 
187W880     11     U 


25  24 
23  26 
22  18 
20  I  20 


30 
24 

12 
38  20 
31       9 

23  10 

24  13 
30     19  I  32 
28     18     24 

22  13     18 

23  15  22 
21  14  21 
19  9  23 
14  I    6     14 

6  13 
8  18 
8  U 
8  I  14 
28 
20 

7 

4 

3 

7 

2 


100     107 
136  I    73 


114 
72 
77 
108 
02 
67 
80 
73 


112     182 
128     150 

85  I  150  130 
117  141 
190  102 
177  75 
130 
148 
144 
170 
84 


113 

125 
87 
84 

102 

120 

162  j  136 
.,  .  '21  137 
W  I  188  153 
*8  I  252  I    59' 


27  I  13 
7 


22 
15 
10 
28 
7 


44 

64 

64 

60 

95 

76 

78 

50 

71 

07  I 

84 


130  191 

133  139 

134  100 

103  85 
133  171 
146  165 
105  68 
201  115 

104  91 
07  190 

187  150 


111 

130 

137 
03 
81 
67 

107 
54 
54 
38 
03 
131 

87 

61 

64 
102 

40 

80 

60 

48 


NW. 

NE.-SW. 

NK.-SW. 

SW, 

"n. 

NW. 
NE. 
NB. 

NE.        , 
NW. 
NW. 
S. 

asw. 
w, 

SB. 

S.  SB. 

SB. 

W. 

NE. 

W.NW. 

SW. 

SW. 

B. 

SE.-WNW." 


[Inoloenre  2  In  Consul  Perez's  report] 


Months. 


1872. 


Kain 
days. 


January »« 

February ' ^'' 

March  ....  "" 

April ;;;; 

May t..'.'. 

Juno "J."' 

July mill 

Angnut lllllll'"' 

September ...."." 

October .1. .".".' ' ' 

November.....'.""**"'" 
December  ....111 


-,       _.     I  Aver- 
Quantity ,    age 
of  rain!  |temper- 
ftture. 


mm. 

205.  70 

42.20 

50.05 

175.  25 

07.65 

88.40 

87.85 

'.*  75 

15.00 

101.30 

160.00 

108. 60 


10.64 

13.72 

13.64 

15.37 

16.13 

20.17 

23.22 

23.45 

22.67 

16.00 

13.17 

11.32 


mm. 

68.65 
203.55 
160. 70 
183.20 

02.10 
07.70 
32.40 
45.40 
36.60 
144.60 
54.05 

3.60 


mm. 
500.0 
870.0 
50.00 
357. 60 
06.00 
148.  40 
100.  80 
5.30 
60.30 
106.  80 
273,  40 
584.80 


o 

11.42 
11.46 
12.64 
16.50 
17.  .58 
19.60 
22.25 
22.80 
31.63 
17.71 
W.67 
8.29 


494 


IRRIQATrON   IN  2UR0PE — SPAIN. 

SPAIN. 


MMPOBTBT  OOKaUL  ISORAEAU,  Of  CADIZ 

ter^irexi8rr/s,r^^^^^^^  the  lat 

theoretical  and  of  uo  interest  oivaln«?^7  ^  *.''®  regarded  as  merely 
time  of  the  Moors,  aSdneranromfilSmar'''''^  -'5^  ^*^«  ^'•«'»  thi 
terns  of  irriffatioaS^?„trprov?ucS^m^^^^^^  ?'^'"?'  «y«- 

ada  and  to  a  lesser  extent  in  Srn  iSus?'  ^'^'°'^"'  *"^  ^^^°- 

oranges,  ^alms,  grapeTa^o  her  s'emT^^^^^^^^^ 

through  the  lands  and  fed  from  tUriv^r  anH  ?n  5i  *'',^®^^''.®  *^"& 
irrigation  is  done  by  a  sort  of  wSer  raispr  ?mm  ^^^  ^^^u  <>«a''ties  the 
sisting  of  a  chain  of  bucSs  gdng  over  ^^^^^^  ^«^^««'  «<>«■ 

the  well,  flllinff  and  emnJvimr  ifv  T?i  ^^  *®  they  come  up  from 

blinded  anima  IVhorseo^ow  o^x  or  mnl«''P''**'^"  "°?  P^^P«"«d  by  a 
kept  within  the  circle  of  thr'nnrLK  ®'  F'''^  '"''""d  »»d  round,  and 
thi  animTto  thTpivotal  p^^^^^^  head  of 

long  around  the  circKithrt  a  dr^v^^^^^^^^  ^?/"'«  ^^«"«  a"  ^^^ 

engine  is  in  use  among  large  protXesTblf  tlie  iraTsTg?ea1r 

saireSril^L^^^^^^^^^^^  -d  only  in  summer,  and  the 

rive'ro^So^eTaVln^S^^^^^^  *\^  '^4  is  salty  and  the 

retain  the  water.       ^"''''"^"^  ^^"^  h»8  been  built  in  recent  years  to 

of tL"dr"cultf  bu?  i?  fsteSvedVhatrhf  J V«  ^^^ V^  '"^^^  -^--« 
and  non.irrigated  lanVs  is  a^lt^  ^^t^alue  ''''^''  ^''"^''"  ^^"^^*«^ 

diJ?nTe\imeTfThr "^iTert"^^^^^^  T'^  -«"^-«"^  «"  as  it 
at  Granada  a  sort  of  Zirt  Sh  f  K  *T'  *^®  ^,^°'«-  ^^r  instance, 
customs  of  ceXfes^o  pL? on  J^^^V,  If  ^^  court,"  has  existed  by  the 

irrigaM™;^i^t°bL*™„a7ll''I*tr^,^™  ""'  '??"'™  "'  any  expert,  on 
subiects.  '     '^'^^'"Si's'ied  writer  and  interested  in  agricultural 


United  States  Consulate, 

Cadiz^  August  13, 1889. 


Dabius  H.  Ingeaham, 

OomuU 


INDEX. 


Part  I.— Canals. 


Boatmen's  corporations  in  France,  lia 
Cana  and  railway  nmiufonance.  200. 
CwiaU  and  reference*  thereto  i 
America) 
Canadian  t 
Beanhamolu,  10. 80, 3S,  39, 44. 

CaTbatS!?^.'"'^''^' ="'•«'•«.«. 

Carrlbon,21,42. 

Chnmbly,  23, 28, 85. 

Chats,  35, 43. 

Chlsholm  liaplds,  84. 

Corn  wall  10, 27, 29, 35, 30, 44. 

Chute  i  Blondeau,  21, 35. 

De^ardine,  12,  27, 36, 44. 

Farrand'i  Point,  3L 

Galops,  32, 39. 

Qrenyllle,  21,42. 

Laohlne,  10, 20, 29, 80, 82, 35, 38, 44. 

Lake  Bobcaygeon,  34. 

Montreal  and  Kingston  eystem,  44,48. 
Muiray  Bay, 40.  ..         ,  ", »«. 

Riplde  Flatf  11*3^  ^^^"^  ""^'g^tion,  23, 44. 

Kideau,  15, 21, 29, 3i5, 42, 44. 

Klver  Tay  navigation,  22, 20, 36. 44. 

River  Trent,  29, 33, 35, 45. 

St.  Ann's  Lock,  29, 36, 42, 44. 

St.  Lawrence  navigation,  16, 85, 41 

Bt.  Onrs  Lock  and  Dam,  36. 

SjTstems  of  Canada,  rivers  of,  48-62. 

Toronto  and  Geoiglan  Bay  Canal,  43. 

Upp,er  Ottawa  navigation,  43. 

Welland-bistory  of  construction,  12 :  w. 
rai  way  traffic  13, 16  j  tonnage,  ]6j  ooAtro 
and  tolls,  16 ,  description  01*24, 29, 30 -Im 
provement,  33, 35,  Improyements,  41. 44 

Canal  des  Rontours,  60. 
La  Riviere  Sal6e,  60. 
Lamentin  Canal,  00, 
Asiatic : 
Chinese. 

Grand  (Imperial)  CanaL  60-09. 
ifapanese. 

Kioto  and  Lake  Biwa  Canal,  03. 
Australasia. 

New  South  Wales,  canals  in,  73, 74, 76. 
ifiuropean :  »     »     i 

Belgium : 

Large  canals,  79. 

Small  canals,  fcO. 

Blaton  Canal,  87.      '  - 

Bossnyt  k  Courtrai,  92, 95, 90. 

Biiisoels  Canal,  8a 

Canal  dit  de  Bacoordement  ^  Sand,  93. 95. 

Canal  di  Loo,  93, 95.  ' 

Denner,  90. 

Dendre,  93, 95. 

Dyle,  90. 

Grand  par  Bruges  &  Ostende,  92, 95, 86. 

Haut-Escant  River,  93. 86.  ' 

Lya  River,  92, 85, 86. 


Bdirium— Continued. 
Meuso-Soheld  (history  of).  83-80 
Moervaert,  91, 95,  88. 
Nieimort  par  Fumes,  83, 96. 
Ourthe,90.  ' 

Plaseohendaele  k  Nleuport,  92, 95. 96 
PommeroBul  and  Antofng  Canal.  sS:' 
Ron  ore  k  la  Lys,  92, 95.  ' 

oanibre  Lys,  90. 
Schlpdonck,  02, 95, 90. 
Stekene,  95, 96. 
Temeu7,(  n,  01, 95, 96. 
Tariihout-Antworp  Canal,  80. 
Ypres^  ITier  River,  93, 95. 
Tzer  Kiver,  83, 95. 
Denmark : 
Odense  Canal,  97, 98. 
Frederick  VII  Canal,  98. 
f^ranne  : 
Ardennes,  105. 
Aire,  106, 113. 
Aries  a  Bouo,  105. 
Aisne,  105. 
Alsne  la  Marne,  105. 
Berry,  106. 
Blavet,  105. 
Bourbourg,  106. 
Bourgogne,  106, 118. 
Briare,  105. 
Caen  to  the  Sea,  130. 
Calais,  105. 
Canal  de  Gr.we,  113. 
Canal  St.  Deuis,  113. 
Canal  St.  Martin.  113. 
Garonne,  105,  n 
Denle  (history  oi;,  107. 
De  la  Charento  k  la  Sendre,  105. 
S®  I'J^'""®  Marne,  105. 
De  I'Est,  105. 

De  la  Marne  au  Ehin,  105. 
De  I'Ouroq,  1015, 113. 
De  Marans  h,  la  Eochello,  105. 

B:frQ\^L\itiok'"' <'*''*"«"«''•  ^2'>- 

Dive  et  du  CIiouo,  113. 
D'Orleans,  105, 112. 
Drot,  13. 
Dn  Centre,  105. 
Dn  Havre  k  Tancarvillo,  105 
Du  Loing,  105, 112. 
Du  Nivornais.  105. 
Dunkirk-Fumes,  113. 
Du  Eoanne  &  Digoin,  105. 
Du  Rhone  k  Cette,  105. 
Du  Rhone  au  Rhin,  105 
Forez  (irrigating)  122. 
Haute  Seine,  108. 
Hazebrouok,  106 
llle-et-Ranoe,  105. 
Lateral  k  la  Loire,  105. 
Lateral  k  la  Marae,  105. 
Lateral  k  I'Oise,  105, 

495 


v.... 


496 


INDEX — CANALS. 


C»n»Iii  »n<l  i«n.r«nMii  thsreto-Contlmwa. 
Kurcppan-CmtliiiW,  ^vumuihiu. 

Kraiic«_Co  1 1  tlu  ueU. 
I'll  nal,  118. 
Jf  1.11105.112.118. 

St.  i)ji!i«r  ik  w»My,  na. 

SoiiD^n,  lofl. 

Bariil)rekl'Otae,lOfl,lH. 
Sommi),  109. 
S«it<!li««,  118. 
8vlvere«,l  113. 

lauimrviUn,  lod. 
Oertnany: 

AU«oe-L<)rraine  Rhino  RliOne.  131 

Breu»oli,  139.  HO,  U8. 

BromberB,  153. 

CMalised  rlreri,  147-lSO. 

BIder,  134 

Blblni  K()(t«t,  134. 

Kma-Ithin,  134. 

®^  *'ri»<lrioh«Kraben  Sechenbnrger, 

Hadainar.    :i4. 
}Iamino-()Hi«.  184. 
II  ante-Etna,  134, 
Johannlabnru,  134, 151. 
Ja<Ie,  184. 
Kalaerfahrt,  IBS. 
Konigafahrt,  1S8. 
KunU  William,  IBL 
Kraflohl,  16.1. 
Ludwig'a,  134. 
HoMlle,  144,  Ufl. 
Nied  (project  for),  144. 
Rhiii».Haliit).  140-142. 149. 

8    *"  W?''*'**'  '^  «l«">rip"0J»).  185, 148. 

Sarr'Coai  Canal,  142-144, 140. 

Seohenburger,  181, 1S2. 

Skaliat^-Angerapp,  161. 

Straaburff  canal  system,  139, 139, 140. 

Weichsel,  163. 
Greece  i 

Corinth  Canal  (sUtistios),  1B4, 
Riiaaia: 
Marie  canal  ayatem  (hiatorv  of)  1S8.  lai 
PieliaoJfg  (l^nland),  166.    ^     ''  *''  "*' 
PM^ma  (Finland),  165. 
Saima  (Finland),  166. 
Tickbvlnakv  canal  ayatem,  103. 
Viahnivolodak  canal  system,  191. 
Volga-Baltic  (history  of),  189, 168. 
Sweden : 
Dalaknd,  169, 168. 
Gota,  187, 108, 169. 
Einda,  166, 168. 
SSdertolge,  166. 168. 
Stnimabolm,  166, 1681 
Trollhltttan,166,199. 
United  Kingdom  i 
Knglan'l : 

w  Ji!Slf„"'*.  Calder  navigation,  ITl-191, 210. 
BuT  m]"™  *"  Liverpool,  209, 215, 2J19. 
Oaerdyke  (ancient  canal),  170. 

Ch!,tel\^219.'''''''*"'«»"''"- ^'^-^O'- 
Coventry,  209. 
Blle8mere,215,219.220. 
Fossdyke  (ancient  canal),  199, 170, 
Grand  Junction,  209,  227. 
Leeds  and  Liverpool,  101-193, 214. 220. 
I.«e  Conservancy,  228. 
MMjohe8t«r  Ship  Canal,  214  (history  and 
slatiatics),  221-229.  \"«w«jf  luiu 

Regent'a,  229, 228. 
Shrewabnry,  215, 210. 
Shropshire  Union,  215. 
Surrey,  227. 
T^t  and- Mersey,  209. 
^Tharfe  River  Navigation,  193-198. 

Barrow  Navigation,  233, 234. 
Coal  Island  Coual,  237. 


161, 


*^'k.!I^'°''  references  thereto-C-nUnn^d. 
Knroi)fl«n— (Joiillnned.  uMuma, 

Unlt«il  Klngdom-Oontimied. 
liiih— Continued. 
Grand  Caiia!,  2.13.  234, 
Lagan.  2.13,  2.14,  2:19. 
I^ngh  CoiTib,  233. 
Newry ,233. 
Royal  Canal,  284. 
Shannon  Navigation,  233. 
UUtcr  (;anal,  2.13,  287. 
Upper  and  Lower  Uann.  238. 
Upper  Uuyue,  283. 
Bootoh: 
CaMonlan  (.'anal.  241. 145 
Crlnan  Caiml,  242,  245,  240. 

a:s:ia^""-^«'24i 

Welsh ; 
Brecon  and  Abnrcavenny  Canal  248 
01araorgan«hlr«  Cunal,  247  24^ 
MonmouthHlilr.)  oaniiU.  248. 
Noath  Canal,  248. 

canal  conatiuctlon  (lilntory  of  etal  • 
Coiitln.-nt  of  Anierioa:  '        ' ' 

frail. k.li«»   /— ..    „    -_ 


Ci^iiulian  (gunonil),  0-12, 28, 36  87  48. 

Beanharnola,  30.  •«'>'">i «'.«». 

Burlington  Hay.  26, 43. 

Carillon,  21, 42. 

Caugbnawaga,  46. 

Ohambly  Canal,  23. 

Cbat«,  48. 

Cblsholm  Raplda,  84. 

Chute  k  Blondeau,  31. 

Cornwall,  89. 
Culbnte,  43. 
I>enjaidln»,27. 
Fanand'a  Point,  81, 
Galopa  Canal,  32. 
GrenviUe  Canal,  21, 27, 41 
Laoblne  Canal,  20, 32, 88. 
Lake  Bobcaygeon,  84. 
Murray  Hay  40. 

Ra?ide'Flat:8i.'°''''*'=<'''''P''"- 

Kiflean,  16, 21. 

Rlvor  lay  nirvigaticn,  22. 

2.*;i^^«''<»  navigation,  18-20, 49, 

T~^?  B.""*  Georgian  Bay,  46. 

w  H*  Kiver  navigation,  33, 45. 

^^'««1, 12, 19, 17, 34, 33, 41 
_^  williamabarg,  81. 
British  GnUn^68. 
French  West  Indies.  00. 
Oontinont  of  Asia  t 
China,  94, 66-99. 
Japan,  03, 64. 
Australasia . 

Kew  South  ■Wales.  71-77. 
Europe : 

Belgium,  70-82, 83-90, 01=91 
Denmark,  97-100. 

France,  100, 107, 10'>-112, 128, 129, 132 
0?^^f54.'*^^*''  <»  »"»"««'l  rivers)  147-150. 
Ru88ia,'l65ll93,ig& 
Sweden,  199-198. 
United  Kingdom : 

""liiWi^^f^  '''■  »».  200-202. 215. 
Ireland,334-237. 
Scotland,  238-247. 
W>ilu8,247. 
Canal  and  raUway  transportatlona : 
American  i 

Canadian.  14. 18. 
European: 
Belgian,  83, 08,  »7, 
French,  117, 133. 
Rusaian,  163. 
United  Kingdom  : 

*'23^'m '*^'  ^"'  ^^  ^'''  **""^"'  2^-2% 

Irish,  236i  237. 
Scotch,  241, 247. 
Welsh,  249. 


G( 
G( 

J 
( 


:  oanaUi 


-'^.  20,  30, 31, 35, 89, 40. 


0«n»l  frrantfl  In  France  111  ii.i 

CWofbull,ll„Ka,Hll,?pVo;;,;; 

AiiiorlrHu  :  •         •  ;, 

roiiadlnn,  17, 19,  20, 24 

A.i.l.'c''*-''^*' *»•"•«■ 

Jn|>niioNn,  S3, 
Aimtniliuiaii : 

Npw  South  Waloii,  73-77 
Biiriipnan  : 

UolKiuri,  83. 

iW.,,  10:.-1U8,  106,  107-100.111,  113,119.120, 

aoniinn,  133, 13ft-148, 
Orrok,  186 
KiihkIiiii,  16fi, 
Swi«ll»li,  189. 
Uiiltml  KliiKiIdtn  ! 

Avlh\'?o'  ''"•  "*"■  '*'•  "*''  2«.  24S.  246. 

''tUtSroa  "  •"'•"'P'"""«  transportation : 

fViinl),  lO.!,  109, 129. 

Oonmiii,  141). 

BueliHh,  1U2. 
Extont  and  capacity  of  canalg— 

Ain«rican: 

Canadian  canaU,  ?o.  2i   22  23  Oi  on  <w  no  ». 
32.n.4,35,3«,3H,39,SI?;2i^^2«,31. 

I'Veiicli  West  Indies,  60. 
AHlntic : 

Jiii)anB»o.  63, 64. 

(.'hlnPHe,  64,08,87. 
Aii«lrnlaHian: 

Now  South  Wales,  73, 74. 
Kuropean: 

BelHlan,  79,  80, 84, 02, 03. 

French,  106, 106. 

Oernian,  135,  138,  139, 140. 

r,„  wl^l^"",'^  diiijciiglons,  140. 150  161 
flrepk,  the  Corinth  canal.  154.  '  "' 

KasHian,  168-183, 105. 
SwodLsh,  1G6-188. 
United  Kingdom: 
KiiKllsh :  British  canals.  203. 
Irisli,  236,  237.  '     * 

Scotch,  238-240, 
Welsh,  248. 
Frnighl  rates  and  frclcht- 
Belgian,  86,  88,  90,  87.       " 
Chluuao,  65. 

French,  116, 118,118, 129. 
(lerinan,  143. 

Kusslan,  159,  ICO,  161-165. 
Swcdisli,  1C8,  Ifi'j. 
TT.iited  Kingdom : 
Kngli8h,200,202,207. 
Goole,  portof,  176. 

""poserio?.*  ""'•''"'«''  "'  ^"S"*  «'anal8-    pro 

''ii:s,'8ti6r»6?""^"^'''°^«-'^«= 

Chinese,  05. 


INDEX — CANALS. 


H.  Ex.  45—32 


497 

tjnrnmn,  183, 134. 
niMHian,  16.1. 
iJnit.,.1  KiuKdomi 

Kiigliih,  204,217. 
Irlsli,  2;i,1,2,'l7. 

K'g'Ud'tn.Tni'i'^lHf ,.?'"-•''''•.»*■ 

«i;lKian:   itighta  of,  85;  locomotion    ««    i     . 
«5,-  «'«ageandho'uf,,H7rC°n^  s«Ho'    '"".*•• 
French  'h?  "'  '""«*". »«(  navd"u  w""'  •""•"■ 

t«wlDK,    canal  «nl  Ing  vLmI^  r:''''''"''7 
Katlon,ll6;  cable  towh.g    17  ' '   ""*'"  ""vf. 

rir'''"^"";,  "'""»  «"•'  tonnago  13S  l/W-iao 
Ureek:  Corinth  Canal,  185  '  ''  "^"^ 
Kusslan,  188-163.  ' 

&^r''.'"'l;.«»\'«'"'»team,I68,l99. 
united  Kingdom  ■ 

EiiKllHh:    ualdor  and    Ilihbs    lofl-ssna    «... 
steamnrs  and  tags,  216  211       ^''«-^>   '"l 
Scotch,  244.  '        • 

Railways,  Early,  EnRllHl,,  171. 
Hallway  rates  in  England,  212. 

iffin*"'"'''*'"*'^'''^"''''''"*!)' 
Canadian,  i7, 36, 44. 
Frencli,  120-122, 129 
Uiissiaii,  165. 

Tons'"'''  '^^'  ^*''  ^*^'  2"'  2**- 
Canadian,  16. 

Belgian,  83, 86, 89, 92. 96  lia. 
Danish,  OH.  ''"'^iH*. 

French,  102, 118. 
Greek,  158. 
Swedish,  168,169. 
United  Kingdom: 

Scotch,  244. 
Snez  Canal,  210. 
Trallic : 
American: 
Canadian  (Welland),  14, 15, 16. 
French  West  Indies,  01. 
Asiatic : 

Chiuo.'ie,  64,  08, 09. 
European : 
Belgian,  87,  89,  90,  94,  05. 
French,  109,  110,  111,  112, 118  131  132 
Greetm^^'  ""'  ""'  ^^""^"IJ,  163. 
Rusji.in,  165-16,3, 165. 
Swedisli,  167-109. 
United  Kingdom : 

fHsll;2K6!''-"''''"''^'«'21«'216,a27,229. 

Scotch,  239, 243, 244, 245, 248, 
Wharves : 

Facilities  at  Montreal,  48. 

Rates  in  EngJand,  191. 
Wharf  river  navigation,  193-18* 


498 


INDEX— IBEIQATION. 


Part  II.— Iekigation. 

CONTINENT  OF  AFBICA. 


EGYPT. 


ra^es^ome  .U^.  .70;  work  of  E^S  ^J^^SiT^S^^^  Sr^c^t 

L^MflnZ^G.'"'  '^'''^  ^^^^"  P^«J«°*'  ^^ '  '^^  Kom  Ombos  scheme,  876. 
Expenditures  for  irrigation,  277. 

Eegul^tin^g  the  Nile  ^ood.  system  of  irriga^on  in  Upper  Egypt,  279 ;  water  distribu. 
The  Eaiyau  Moeris,  history  of  and  statistics  relative  to  (Cope  Whitehouse),  281-300. 


MADAGASCAR. 


Water  supply,  climate,  eoU,  etc.;  antiquity  of  irrigation, 


300. 


MADUIRA. 


SOUTH  APBICA. 

Irrigation  in  Capo  Colony,  the  Orange  Free  State,  and  the  South  African  Eepublic, 

CONTINENT  OF  AMERICA. 

THE  ABGENTINE  REPUBUO. 
Sources  of  water  supplj ,  317. 


BRAZIL. 


Sahia,  326. 
Para,  326. 


BRITISH  GtJIANA. 

Drainage  and  water  ways  of  British  Guiana,  326  j  sugar  estates,  328. 

COLOMBIA, 

Panama:  No  irrigation  needed  in  the  district,  328. 


•MMi 


INDEX— .IBRIGATION. 


499 


CHILI. 


KCUAOOB. 
DUTCH  GUIANA. 

No  irrigation  needed,  rainfall.  331. 

VENEZUELA, 

Irrigation,  water  supply  and  dlBtribntion,  331,  332. 

NICARAGUA. 

Flooding  chocolate  estntea,  332. 

SALYASOB. 

No  irrigation  needed,  rainfall,  333. 

SPANISH  WEST  INDIE8. 

«»«,^  *  Cut, ,  D«rip«„„  „t  di„H«.,  teig.ti™  b,  „p.„  a^„,  333. 

MEXICO. 

coanuila  .-Water  supply  and  distribut  011  W  -i^ifl 

CONTINENT  OF  ASIA. 

ASIA  MINOH. 

SiJoa:  Irrigation  not  necessary,  342.  tr  ,         vo, 

PALESTINK. 

m  Jor^n  V.n^ :  I,.  aeH.,  gard...,  .„„,  oU„a,e,  „„.,  „,,„,  „,,  3^ 

The  king's  garden,  Jerusalem,  343. 

Jafff  fn'l?«^' P°°^' ''"'^  eardens,  343-345. 
Jafla  anu  Its  orauge  groves,  345. 
Climate,  soil,  rainfall,  etc.,  346. 347. 

ATRIA. 

^^'SoW'c^aaT^^^^^  -HRatfon,  348;  water  d.stribu- 

worksclimate  and  8oil/35  Sfall    s?3?  ?''f  n'**  ''*'?''*«'  ^SO;  irrigation 

general  remarks,  353-355.'  '  '*'"*'*"'  ^o^J  <l«vvfall,  antiquity  of  irri/ation. 

Water  wheels  of  Hameth,  356. 

,;"  g«l™;'S8°.  "'"""■'  "•""  ■'"'i"'"'.  »i  """•ate,  «.ll,  crop.,  and  mode,  «n„,. 
'TS^SiSAt""""''*"'''''""''^' ««•<"%•'«*  crop.,  „!„,.,,,„„,„,., 


500 


INDEX — IBRIGATION. 


CEYLON. 

Ancient  tanks,  canals,  etc.,  systems  of  irrigation,  water  supply,  etc.,  359,  360. 

CHINA. 

Areas  irrigated,  sources  of  water  supply,  water  distribution,  361 :  climate  and  doil, 
antiquity  of  irrigation,  362. 

JVeio  Chwang :  Irrigation  by  wells  and  water  wheels,  362. 

Formosa  :  Modes  of  irrigation,  367. 

Ningpo :  Water  supply  and  distribution,  modes  of  irrigation,  climate,  363 :  antiquity 
of  irrigation,  364. 

Promnce  of  Fo-Kten :  Rice  cultfvation,  water  supply,  modes  of  irrigation,  364:  irri- 
gation appliances,  the  river  Min,  365;  areas  irrigated,  366. 

Province  of  Eiangau:  Water  supply,  modes  of  irrigation,  366,  .367. 

iSAanjrAai :  Modes  of  irrigation,  367. 

PHILIPPINE  ISLANDS. 

Water  supply  and  modes  of  irrigation,  368. 

glAM. 

Area  irrigated,  water  supply  and  distribution,  modes  of  irrigation,  climate,  antiauitv 
of  irrigation,  369.  >         ^     j 

AUSTRALASIA. 

JVew  South  Wales :  Introductory,  371 ;  areas  irrigated,  372 ;  water  supply,  373 ;  modes 
of  irrigation,  375;  water  distribution,  376;  climate,  rainfa?  etc., '378;  antiquity 
of  irrigation,  379.  Development  of  irrigation  in  New  South  Wales,  380-389  (pub- 
lic watering  places,  385-387) ;  authorities  on  irrigation,  388 ;  meteorology  in  rela- 
lation  to  water  supply,  389-392 ;  irrigation  in  New  South  Wales,  paper  by  James 
Wilson,  of  the  Pastoral  and  Agricultural  Association  of  Sydney,  398. 

Mildura  irrigation  settlement,  393. 


'■ 


HAWAIIAN  ISLANDS. 

EflFectsof  irrigation  on  production;  water  supply,  394;  cost  of  water,  ownershin 
climate,  raiufall,  antiquity  of  irrigation,  395. 

Irrigation  on  the  island  of  Oahu:  Necessity  for  irrigation,  396;  the  duty  of  water 
396,398;  water  supply,  398;  supply  for  springs,  389;  artesian  well  supply,  400^ 
pumping  works  and  cost  of  pumping,  401 ;  storage  reservoirs  and  rainfall.  403- 
405;  Kahnku  rancho,405  ' 

CONTINENT  OF  EUROPE. 

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 

Crops,  409;  cultivation,  410;  rainfaU,  411;  temperature,  412;  area  irrigated,  water 
supply,  412;  mode  of  irrigating  and  water  distribution,  413;  publications  relat- 
ing to  irrigation,  414  ;  quantity  of  water  required  for  irrigating,  415 ;  antiquity 
of  irrigation,  cauals,  416.  ^     ^ 

BELGIUM. 

Irrigating  canals  and  their  uses,  416,417;  results  of  irrigation,  417,418;  modes  of 
irrigation,  water  distribution  and  supply,  etc.,  419, 420. 

•    .  FRANCE. 

Aiea  irrigated,  water  supply  and  distribution,  422;  irrigation  works,  422-425 ;  antiq- 
uity of  irrigation,  4'25. 

Btuehes  du  Rhone:  Topography,  soil,  climate,  forests,  etc.,  426-434. 

Irrigating  canals,  thoir  origin  and  mp.nagement,  434-441 ;  Canal  de  Crapponne. 

Weather  observations,  441-445. 


INDEX — IRRIGATION. 


501 


Bottchea  du  Rhone—Contiflned. 

Cognac,  464.  '       /• 

^Tf  •M^a'/onneT46.^' '"  '''""^''  '"^ ''  d^P"*'"^"*  of  lile  and  VUaine.  department 
^ice ;  Area  irrigated,  466 ;  water  sources,  soil  and  climate,  467. 


Bivera  and  canals  of  Holland,  468. 


HOIilAKD. 


ITALY. 


Genoa :  Water  snpply  and  topography  of  the  districts,  469. 
mipUa :  Rainfall  and  water  supply  of  the  district,  469 

SiuUy :  Irrigation  of  lemon  and  orange  groves,  475-477 


PORTUGAL. 


Cape  Verde,  483. 


SPAIN. 
^llt:lS^X^^r9t'''''  ^^'' '  °»«*°°'°l08i«al  obseryationa,  492,  493. 


